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#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔSUPPLEMENT€NO.€12Ô#†%&z¶%%&´bD#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔˆÐ xÈ ÐINTERPRETATIONà‚êê:(#.8 8 àÔ#†%&z¶%%&´b—#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔSUPPLEMENT€NO.€13Ô#†%&z¶%%&´b#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔˆÐ P  ÐINTERPRETATIONà‚êê:(#.8 8 àÔ#†%&z¶%%&´bk#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔSUPPLEMENT€NO.€14Ô#†%&z¶%%&´bì#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔˆÐ (x ÐINTERPRETATIONà‚êê:(#.8 8 àÔ#†%&z¶%%&´b?#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔSUPPLEMENT€NO.€15Ô#†%&z¶%%&´bÀ#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔˆÐ P ÐINTERPRETATIONà‚êê:(#.8 8 àÔ#†%&z¶%%&´b#ÔÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶ÔSUPPLEMENT€NO.€16Ô#†%&z¶%%&´b”#ÔÔ% €š Ôò òˆÐ  Ø( ÐÑ"Ñâ âÑxÈÑâ âÑ  ÑØØÓ  ÓÒ(€X€°(#°(#(Òðð760.1Ô Ý ÃÔÐ Ø ÐÌDEFINITIONSÐ ˆ° Ðó óÓgÓÌIn€this€part,€references€to€the€EAR€are€referencesÐ 8 ` Ðto€15€CFR€chapter€VII,€subchapter€C.Ð  8 ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ‡&Ö#%%%&z¶Ô(a)€€Definition€of€"Person"Ô#†%&z¶%%&Ö#Ž#ÔÐ À è ÐÓ‚ÓÌFor€purposes€of€this€part,€the€term€"òòpersonóó"Ð n –  Ðmeans€any€individual,€or€any€association€orÐ Fn  Ðorganization,€public€or€private,€which€isÐ F  Ðorganized,€permanently€established,€resident,€orÐ ö  Ðregistered€to€do€business,€in€the€United€States€orÐ Îö  Ðany€foreign€country.€€This€definition€of€"person"Ð ¦Î  Ðincludes€both€the€singular€and€plural€and,€inÐ ~¦  Ðaddition,€includes:Ð V~  ÐÌÔ‡&´b%%%&z¶Ô(1)Ô#†%&z¶%%&´b#Ô€Any€partnership,€corporation,€company,€†††Ð . Ðbranc‚h,€or€other€form€of€association€orÐ â  Ðorganization,€whether€organized€for€profit€orÐ ºâ Ðnon-profit€purposes;Ð ’º ÐÌÔ‡8&´b%%%&z¶Ô(2)Ô#†%&z¶%%8&´bB#Ô€€Any€government,€or€any€department,€agency,Ð Bj Ðor€commission€of€any€government;Ð F ÐÌÔ‡<&´b%%%&z¶Ô(3)Ô#†%&z¶%%<&´bþ#Ô€€Any€trade€association,€chamber€of€commerce,Ð Îö Ðor€labor€union;Ð ªÒ ÐÌÔ‡=&´b%%%&z¶Ô(4)Ô#†%&z¶%%=&´bª#Ô€€Any€charitable€or€fraternal€organization;€andÐ Z‚ ÐÌÔ‡>&´b%%%&z¶Ô(5)Ô#†%&z¶%%>&´b4#Ô€€Any€other€association€or€organization€notÐ  6 Ðspecifically€listed€in€paragraphs€(a)(1)€through€(4)Ð ê   Ðof€this€section.Ð Â!ê! ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ‡&Ö#%%%&z¶Ô(b)€€Definition€of€"United€States€Person"Ô#†%&z¶%%&Ö#4#ÔÐ r#š# ÐÓ(ÓÌÔ‡B&´b%%%&z¶Ô(1)Ô#†%&z¶%%B&´bÅ#Ô€€This€part€applies€to€United€States€persons.Ð  %H% ÐFor€purposes€of€this€part,€the€term€"òòUnited€StatesÐ ü%$ & Ðpersonóó"€means€any€person€who€is€a€United€StatesÐ Ô&ü ' Ðresident€or€national,€including€individuals,Ð ¬'Ô!( Ðdomestic€concerns,€and€"controlled€in€fact"Ð „(¬") Ðforeign€subsidiaries,€affiliates,€or€other€permanentÐ \)„#* Ðforeign€establishments€of€domestic€concerns.€Ð 4*\$+ ÐThis€definition€of€"òòUnited€States€personóó"€includesÐ  +4%, ÐÌboth€the€singular€and€plural€and,€in€addition,Ð ¼,ä&. Ðincludes:Ð Ø. ÐÌà ® à(i)€€The€government€of€the€United€States€or€anyÐ ˆ°0 Ðdepartment,€agency,€or€commission€thereof;Ð `ˆ1 ÐÌà ® à(ii)€€The€government€of€any€State€of€the€UnitedÐ  83 ÐStates,€the€District€of€Columbia,€theÐ è 4 ÐCommonwealth€of€Puerto€Rico,€any€territory€orÐ À è5 Ðpossession€of€the€United€States,€or€anyÐ ˜ À6 Ðsubdivision,€department,€agency,€or€commissionÐ p ˜7 Ðof€any€such€government;Ð Hp8 ÐÌà ® à(iii)€€Any€partnership,€corporation,€company,Ð ø : Ðassociation,€or€other€entity€organized€under€theÐ Ðø ; Ðlaws€of€paragraph€(b)(1)(i)€or€(ii)€of€this€section;Ð ¨Ð < ÐÌà ® à(iv)€€Any€foreign€concern's€subsidiary,Ð X€ > Ðpartnership,€affiliate,€branch,€office,€or€otherÐ 0X? Ðpermanent€establishment€in€any€state€of€theÐ 0@ ÐUnited€States,€the€District€of€Columbia,€theÐ àA ÐCommonwealth€of€Puerto€Rico,€or€any€territory€orÐ ¸àB Ðpossession€of€the€United€States;€andÐ ¸C ÐÌà ® à(v)€€Any€domestic€concern's€foreign€subsidiary,Ð @hE Ðpartnership,€affiliate,€branch,€office,€or€otherÐ @F Ðpermanent€foreign€establishment€which€isÐ ðG Ðcontrolled€in€fact€by€such€domestic€concern.€€(SeeÐ ÈðH Ðparagraph€(c)€of€this€section€on€"Definition€ofÐ  ÈI Ð'Controlled€in€Fact'.")Ð x J ÐÌÔ‡C&´b%%%&z¶Ô(2)Ô#†%&z¶%%C&´b–##Ô€€The€term€"òòdomestic€concernóó"€means€anyÐ (PL Ðpartnership,€corporation,€company,€association,€orÐ  ,M Ðother€entity€of,€or€organized€under€the€laws€of,Ð Ü N Ðany€jurisdiction€named€in€paragraph€(b)(1)(i)€orÐ ´!ÜO Ð(ii)€of€this€section,€or€any€permanent€domesticÐ Œ"´P Ðestablishment€of€a€foreign€concern.Ð d#ŒQ ÐÌÔ‡D&´b%%%&z¶Ô(3)Ô#†%&z¶%%D&´bk%#Ô€€The€term€"òòforeign€concernóó"€means€anyÐ %<S Ðpartnership,€corporation,€company,€association,€orÐ ð% T Ðother€entity€of,€or€organized€under€the€laws€of,Ð È&ð U Ðany€jurisdiction€other€than€those€named€inÐ  'È!V Ðparagraph€(b)(1)(i)€or€(ii)€of€this€section.Ð x( "W ÐÌÔ‡E&´b%%%&z¶Ô(4)Ô#†%&z¶%%E&´bþ&#Ô€€The€term€"òòUnited€States€personóó"€does€notÐ (*P$Y Ðinclude€an€individual€United€States€national€whoÐ +,%Z Ðis€resident€outside€the€United€States€and€who€isÐ Ü+&[ Ðeither€employed€permanently€or€temporarily€by€aÐ ´,Ü&\ Ðnon-United€States€person€or€assigned€to€work€asÐ Ø Ðan€employee€for,€and€under€the€direction€andÐ °Ø Ðcontrol€of,€a€non-United€States€person.Ð ˆ° ÐÌà@±±¸ àEXAMPLES€OF€"UNITED€STATES€PERSON"ˆÐ 8 ` ÐÌThe€following€examples€are€intended€to€giveÐ è  Ðguidance€in€determining€whether€a€person€is€aÐ À è Ð"United€States€person."€€They€are€illustrative,€notÐ ˜ À Ðcomprehensive.Ð p ˜  ÐÌà F à(i)€€U.S.€bank€A€has€a€branch€office€in€foreignÐ  H  Ðcountry€P.€€Such€branch€office€is€a€United€StatesÐ ø  Ðperson,€because€it€is€a€permanent€foreignÐ Ðø  Ðestablishment€of€a€domestic€concern.Ð ¨Ð  ÐÌà F à(ii)€€Ten€foreign€nationals€establish€aÐ X€  Ðmanufacturing€plant,€A,€in€the€United€States,Ð 0X Ðincorporating€the€plant€under€New€York€law.Ð 0 ÐÌA€is€a€United€States€person,€because€it€is€aÐ ¸à Ðcorporation€organized€under€the€laws€of€one€ofÐ ¸ Ðthe€states€of€the€United€States.Ð h ÐÌà F à(iii)€€A,€a€foreign€corporation,€opens€an€officeÐ @ Ðin€the€United€States€for€purposes€of€solicitingÐ ð ÐU.S.€orders.€€The€office€is€not€separatelyÐ Èð Ðincorporated.Ð  È ÐÌA's€U.S.€office€is€a€United€States€person,€becauseÐ Px Ðit€is€a€permanent€establishment,€in€the€UnitedÐ (P ÐStates,€of€a€foreign€concern.Ð  ( ÐÌà F à(iv)€€A,€a€U.S.€individual,€owns€stock€in€foreignÐ °!Ø! Ðcorporation€B.Ð ˆ"°" ÐÌA€is€a€United€States€person.€€However,€A€is€not€aÐ 8$`$ Ð"domestic€concern,"€because€the€term€"domesticÐ %8% Ðconcern"€does€not€include€individuals.Ð è% & ÐÌà F à(v)€€A,€a€foreign€national€resident€in€the€UnitedÐ ˜'À!( ÐStates,€is€employed€by€B,€a€foreign€corporation.Ð p(˜") Ðà F àà Ü àà r àà  àà h àÌA€is€a€United€States€person,€because€he€is€residentÐ  *H$+ Ðin€the€United€States.Ð ø* %, ÐÌà F à(vi)€€A,€a€foreign€national,€who€is€resident€in€aÐ ¨,Ð&. Ðforeign€country€and€is€employed€by€a€foreignÐ Ø. Ðcorporation,€makes€occasional€visits€to€the€UnitedÐ °Ø/ ÐStates,€for€purposes€of€exploring€businessÐ ˆ°0 Ðopportunities.Ð `ˆ1 ÐÌA€is€not€a€United€States€person,€because€he€is€notÐ  83 Ða€United€States€resident€or€national.Ð è 4 ÐÌà ® à(vii)€€A€is€an€association€of€U.S.€firmsÐ ˜ À6 Ðorganized€under€the€laws€of€Pennsylvania€for€theÐ p ˜7 Ðpurpose€of€expanding€trade.Ð Hp8 ÐÌA€is€a€United€States€person,€because€it€is€anÐ ø : Ðassociation€organized€under€the€laws€of€one€of€theÐ Ðø ; Ðstates€of€the€United€States.Ð ¨Ð < ÐÌà ® à(viii)€€At€the€request€of€country€Y,€A,€anÐ X€ > Ðindividual€employed€by€U.S.€company€B,€isÐ 0X? Ðtransferred€to€company€C€as€an€employee.€€C€is€aÐ 0@ Ðforeign€company€owned€and€controlled€byÐ àA Ðcountry€Y.€A,€a€U.S.€national€who€will€reside€inÐ ¸àB ÐY,€has€agreed€to€the€transfer€provided€he€is€ableÐ ¸C Ðto€retain€his€insurance,€pension,€and€otherÐ hD Ðbenefits.€€Accordingly,€company€B€has€agreed€toÐ @hE Ðkeep€A€as€an€employee€in€order€to€protect€hisÐ @F Ðemployee€benefits,€and€company€C€has€agreed€toÐ ðG Ðpay€for€A's€salary.€€At€all€times€while€he€worksÐ ÈðH Ðfor€C,€A€will€be€under€C's€direction€and€control.Ð  ÈI ÐÌA€is€not€a€United€States€person€while€under€C'sÐ PxK Ðdirection€and€control,€because€he€will€be€residentÐ (PL Ðoutside€the€United€States€and€assigned€as€anÐ  (M Ðemployee€to€a€non-United€States€person.€€TheÐ Ø N Ðarrangement€designed€to€protect€A's€insurance,Ð °!ØO Ðpension,€and€other€benefits€does€not€destroy€hisÐ ˆ"°P Ðstatus€as€an€employee€of€C€so€long€as€he€is€underÐ `#ˆQ Ðthe€direction€and€control€of€C.Ð 8$`R Ðà@  < àˆÌà ® à(ix)€€A,€a€U.S.€citizen,€has€resided€in€Europe€forÐ è% T Ðthree€years,€where€he€is€a€self-employedÐ À&è U Ðconsultant€for€United€States€and€foreignÐ ˜'À!V Ðcompanies€in€the€communications€industry.Ð p(˜"W ÐÌA€is€a€United€States€person,€because€he€is€a€U.S.Ð  *H$Y Ðnational€and€because€he€is€not€a€resident€outside€Ð ø* %Z ÐÌthe€United€States€who€is€employed€by€other€thanÐ ¨,Ð&\ ÐÔ_Ôa€United€States€person.Ð Ø ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ‡&Ö#%%%&z¶Ô(c)€€Definition€of€"Controlled€in€Fact"Ô#†%&z¶%%&Ö#É;#ÔÐ ˆ° ÐÓ½;ÓÌÔ‡F&´b%%%&z¶Ô(1)Ô#†%&z¶%%F&´bX<#Ô€€This€part€applies€to€any€domestic€concern'sÐ 6 ^ Ðforeign€subsidiary,€partnership,€affiliate,€branch,Ð  : Ðoffice,€or€other€permanent€foreign€establishmentÐ ê  Ðwhich€is€"controlled€in€fact"€by€such€domesticÐ  ê Ðconcern.€€"Control€in€fact"€consists€of€theÐ š  Ðauthority€or€ability€of€a€domestic€concern€toÐ r š  Ðestablish€the€general€policies€or€to€controlÐ Jr  Ðday-to-day€operations€of€its€foreign€subsidiary,Ð "J  Ðpartnership,€affiliate,€branch,€office,€or€otherÐ ú"  Ðpermanent€foreign€establishment.Ð Òú  ÐÌÔ‡G&´b%%%&z¶Ô(2)Ô#†%&z¶%%G&´b2?#Ô€€A€foreign€subsidiary€or€affiliate€of€a€domesticÐ ‚ª  Ðconcern€will€be€presumed€to€be€controlled€in€factÐ ^†  Ðby€that€domestic€concern,€subject€to€rebuttal€byÐ 6^ Ðcompetent€evidence,€when:Ð 6 ÐÌà F à(i)€€The€domestic€concern€beneficially€owns€orÐ ¾æ Ðcontrols€(whether€directly€or€indirectly)€more€thanÐ –¾ Ð50€percent€of€the€outstanding€voting€securities€ofÐ n– Ðthe€foreign€subsidiary€or€affiliate;Ð Fn ÐÌà F à(ii)€€The€domestic€concern€beneficially€owns€orÐ ö Ðcontrols€(whether€directly€or€indirectly)€25Ð Îö Ðpercent€or€more€of€the€voting€securities€of€theÐ ¦Î Ðforeign€subsidiary€or€affiliate,€if€no€other€personÐ ~¦ Ðowns€or€controls€(whether€directly€or€indirectly)Ð V~ Ðan€equal€or€larger€percentage;Ð .V ÐÌà F à(iii)€€The€foreign€subsidiary€or€affiliate€isÐ Þ   Ðoperated€by€the€domestic€concern€pursuant€to€theÐ ¶!Þ! Ðprovisions€of€an€exclusive€management€contract;Ð Ž"¶" ÐÌ€à F à(iv)€€A€majority€of€the€members€of€the€board€ofÐ >$f$ Ðdirectors€of€the€foreign€subsidiary€or€affiliate€areÐ %>% Ðalso€members€of€the€comparable€governing€bodyÐ î% & Ðof€the€domestic€concern;Ð Æ&î ' ÐÌà F à(v)€€The€domestic€concern€has€authority€toÐ v(ž") Ðappoint€the€majority€of€the€members€of€the€boardÐ N)v#* Ðof€directors€of€the€foreign€subsidiary€or€affiliate;Ð &*N$+ ÐorÐ þ*&%, ÐÌà F à(vi)€€The€domestic€concern€has€authority€toÐ ®,Ö&. Ðappoint€the€chief€operating€officer€of€the€foreignÐ Ø. Ðsubsidiary€or€affiliate.Ð °Ø/ ÐÌÔ‡H&´b%%%&z¶Ô(3)Ô#†%&z¶%%H&´bºF#Ô€€A€brokerage€firm€or€other€person€which€holdsÐ `ˆ1 Ðsimple€record€ownership€of€securities€for€theÐ < d2 Ðconvenience€of€clients€will€not€be€deemed€toÐ  <3 Ðcontrol€the€securities.Ð ì 4 ÐÌÔ‡I&´b%%%&z¶Ô(4)Ô#†%&z¶%%I&´bòG#Ô€€A€domestic€concern€which€owns,€directly€orÐ œ Ä6 Ðindirectly,€securities€that€are€immediatelyÐ x  7 Ðconvertible€at€the€option€of€the€holder€or€ownerÐ Px8 Ðinto€voting€securities€is€presumed€to€own€orÐ (P 9 Ðcontrol€those€voting€securities.Ð ( : ÐÌÔ‡J&´b%%%&z¶Ô(5)Ô#†%&z¶%%J&´btI#Ô€€A€domestic€concern's€foreign€branch€office€orÐ °Ø < Ðother€unincorporated€permanent€foreignÐ Œ´ = Ðestablishment€is€deemed€to€be€controlled€in€factÐ dŒ > Ðby€such€domestic€concern€under€allÐ <d? Ðcircumstances.Ð <@ ÐÌà@qq, àEXAMPLES€OF€"CONTROLLED€IN€FACT"ˆÐ ÄìB ÐÌThe€following€examples€are€intended€to€giveÐ tœD Ðguidance€in€determining€the€circumstances€inÐ LtE Ðwhich€a€foreign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€otherÐ $LF Ðpermanent€foreign€establishment€of€a€domesticÐ ü$G Ðconcern€is€"controlled€in€fact."€€They€areÐ ÔüH Ðillustrative,€not€comprehensive.Ð ¬ÔI ÐÌà ® à(i)€€Company€A€is€incorporated€in€a€foreignÐ \„K Ðcountry.€€€Fifty-one€percent€of€the€voting€stock€ofÐ 4\L ÐA€is€owned€by€U.S.€company€B.Ð  4M ÐÌA€is€presumed€to€be€controlled€in€fact€by€B.€ThisÐ ¼!äO Ðpresumption€may€be€rebutted€by€competentÐ ”"¼P Ðevidence€showing€that€control€does€not,€in€fact,Ð l#”Q Ðlie€with€B.Ð D$lR Ðà ® àà D àà Ú àÌà ® à(ii)€€Company€A€is€incorporated€in€a€foreignÐ ô% T Ðcountry.€€Ten€percent€of€the€voting€stock€of€A€isÐ Ì&ô U Ðowned€by€U.S.€company€B.€€A€has€an€exclusiveÐ ¤'Ì!V Ðmanagement€contract€with€B€pursuant€to€which€AÐ |(¤"W Ðis€operated€by€B.Ð T)|#X ÐÌAs€long€as€such€contract€is€in€effect,€A€isÐ +,%Z Ðpresumed€to€be€controlled€in€fact€by€B.€€ThisÐ Ü+&[ Ðpresumption€may€be€rebutted€by€competentÐ ´,Ü&\ Ðevidence€showing€that€control€does€not,€in€fact,Ð Ø Ðlie€with€B.Ð °Ø ÐÌà F à(iii)€€Company€A€is€incorporated€in€a€foreignÐ `ˆ Ðcountry.€€Ten€percent€of€the€voting€stock€of€A€isÐ 8 ` Ðowned€by€U.S.€company€B.€€A€has€10€persons€onÐ  8 Ðits€board€of€directors.€€Six€of€those€persons€areÐ è  Ðalso€members€of€the€board€of€directors€of€U.S.Ð À è Ðcompany€B.Ð ˜ À ÐÌA€is€presumed€to€be€controlled€in€fact€by€B.€€ThisÐ Hp  Ðpresumption€may€be€rebutted€by€competentÐ  H  Ðevidence€showing€that€control€does€not,€in€fact,Ð ø  Ðlie€with€B.Ð Ðø  ÐÌà F à(iv)€€Company€A€is€incorporated€in€a€foreignÐ €¨  Ðcountry.€€Thirty€percent€of€the€voting€securities€ofÐ X€  ÐA€is€owned€by€U.S.€company€B€and€no€otherÐ 0X Ðperson€owns€or€controls€an€equal€or€larger€share.Ð 0 ÐÌA€is€presumed€to€be€controlled€in€fact€by€B.€€ThisÐ ¸à Ðpresumption€may€be€rebutted€by€competentÐ ¸ Ðevidence€showing€that€control€does€not,€in€fact,Ð h Ðlie€with€B.Ð @h ÐÌà F à(v)€€Company€A€is€incorporated€in€a€foreignÐ ð Ðcountry.€€In€A's€articles€of€incorporation,€U.S.Ð Èð Ðcompany€B€has€been€given€authority€to€appointÐ  È ÐA's€board€of€directors.Ð x  ÐÌA€is€presumed€to€be€controlled€in€fact€by€B.€€ThisÐ (P Ðpresumption€may€be€rebutted€by€competentÐ  ( Ðevidence€showing€that€control€does€not,€in€fact,Ð Ø   Ðlie€with€B.Ð °!Ø! ÐÌà F à(vi)€€Company€A€is€a€joint€venture€establishedÐ `#ˆ# Ðin€a€foreign€country,€with€equal€participation€byÐ 8$`$ ÐU.S.€company€B€and€foreign€company€C.€€U.S.Ð %8% ÐCompany€B€has€authority€to€appoint€A's€chiefÐ è% & Ðoperating€officer.Ð À&è ' ÐÌA€is€presumed€to€be€controlled€in€fact€by€B.€€ThisÐ p(˜") Ðpresumption€may€be€rebutted€by€competentÐ H)p#* Ðevidence€showing€that€control€does€not,€in€fact,Ð  *H$+ Ðlie€with€B.Ð ø* %, ÐÌà F à(vii)€€Same€as€(vi),€except€that€B€has€noÐ ¨,Ð&. Ðauthority€to€appoint€A's€chief€operating€officer.Ð Ø. ÐÌB€is€not€presumed€to€control€A,€absent€other€factsÐ ˆ°0 Ðgiving€rise€to€a€presumption€of€control.Ð `ˆ1 ÐÌà ® à(viii)€€Company€A€is€incorporated€in€a€foreignÐ  83 Ðcountry.€U.S.€€companies€B,€C,€and€D€each€ownÐ è 4 Ð20€percent€of€A's€voting€securities€and€regularlyÐ À è5 Ðcast€their€votes€in€concert.Ð ˜ À6 ÐÌA€is€presumed€to€be€controlled€in€fact€by€B,€C,Ð Hp8 Ðand€D,€because€these€companies€are€acting€inÐ  H 9 Ðconcert€to€control€A.Ð ø : ÐÌà ® à(ix)€€U.S.€bank€B€located€in€the€United€StatesÐ ¨Ð < Ðhas€a€branch€office,€A,€in€a€foreign€country.€€A€isÐ €¨ = Ðnot€separately€incorporated.Ð X€ > ÐÌA€is€deemed€to€be€controlled€in€fact€by€B,€becauseÐ 0@ ÐA€is€a€branchÐ àA Ðoffice€of€a€domestic€concern.Ð ¸àB ÐÌà ® à(x)€€Company€A€is€incorporated€in€a€foreignÐ hD Ðcountry.€€Fifty-one€percent€of€the€voting€stock€ofÐ @hE ÐA€is€owned€by€company€B,€which€is€incorporatedÐ @F Ðin€another€foreign€country.€€Fifty-one€percent€ofÐ ðG Ðthe€voting€stock€of€B€is€owned€by€C,€a€U.S.Ð ÈðH Ðcompany.Ð  ÈI ÐÌBoth€A€and€B€are€presumed€to€be€controlled€inÐ PxK Ðfact€by€C.€€The€presumption€of€C's€control€over€BÐ (PL Ðmay€be€rebutted€by€competent€evidence€showingÐ  (M Ðthat€control€over€B€does€not,€in€fact,€lie€with€C.€Ð Ø N ÐThe€presumption€of€B's€control€over€A€(and€thusÐ °!ØO ÐC's€control€over€A)€may€be€rebutted€by€competent€Ð ˆ"°P ÐÌevidence€showing€that€control€over€A€does€not,€inÐ 8$`R Ðfact,€lie€with€B.Ð %8S ÐÌà ® à(xi)€€B,€a€U.S.€individual,€owns€51€percent€ofÐ À&è U Ðthe€voting€securities€of€A,€a€manufacturingÐ ˜'À!V Ðcompany€incorporated€and€located€in€a€foreignÐ p(˜"W Ðcountry.Ð H)p#X ÐÌÌÌA€is€not€"controlled€in€fact"€under€this€part,Ð ¨,Ð&\ Ðbecause€it€is€not€controlled€by€a€"domesticÐ Ø Ðconcern."Ð °Ø ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ‡&Ö#%%%&z¶Ô(d)€Definition€of€"Activities€in€the€Interstate€orÐ `ˆ ÐForeign€Commerce€of€the€United€States"Ô#†%&z¶%%&Ö#®b#ÔÐ 6 ^ ÐÓ¢bÓÌÓ  Óà@@ÓÓ¸ àACTIVITIES€INVOLVING€UNITED€STATESÐ ä  ÐPERSONS€LOCATED€IN€THE€UNITED€†††Ð ¼ ä ÐSTATES€Ð ” ¼ ÐÓƒcÓÌÔ‡K&´b%%%&z¶Ô(1)Ô#†%&z¶%%K&´b;d#Ô€€For€purposes€of€this€part,€the€activities€of€aÐ Dl  ÐUnited€States€person€located€in€the€United€StatesÐ  H  Ðare€in€the€interstate€or€foreign€commerce€of€theÐ ø  ÐUnited€States€if€they€involve€the€sale,€purchase,€orÐ Ðø  Ðtransfer€of€goods€or€services€(includingÐ ¨Ð  Ðinformation)€between:Ð €¨  ÐÌà F à(i)€€Two€or€more€of€the€several€States€(includingÐ 0X Ðthe€District€of€Columbia);Ð 0 ÐÌà F à(ii)€€Any€State€(including€the€District€ofÐ ¸à ÐColumbia)€and€any€territory€or€possession€of€theÐ ¸ ÐUnited€States;Ð h ÐÌà F à(iii)€€Two€or€more€of€the€territories€orÐ @ Ðpossessions€of€the€United€States;€orÐ ð ÐÌà F à(iv)€€A€State€(including€the€District€ofÐ  È ÐColumbia),€territory€or€possession€of€the€UnitedÐ x  ÐStates€and€any€foreign€country.Ð Px ÐÌÔ‡L&´b%%%&z¶Ô(2)Ô#†%&z¶%%L&´b}h#Ô€€For€purposes€of€this€part,€the€export€of€goodsÐ  ( Ðor€services€from€the€United€States€and€the€importÐ Ü   Ðof€goods€or€services€into€the€United€States€areÐ ´!Ü! Ðactivities€in€United€States€commerce.€€In€addition,Ð Œ"´" Ðthe€action€of€a€domestic€concern€in€specificallyÐ d#Œ# Ðdirecting€the€activities€of€its€controlled€in€factÐ <$d$ Ðforeign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€other€permanentÐ %<% Ðforeign€establishment€is€an€activity€in€UnitedÐ ì% & ÐStates€commerce.Ð Ä&ì ' ÐÌÔ‡M&´b%%%&z¶Ô(3)Ô#†%&z¶%%M&´bk#Ô€€Activities€of€a€United€States€person€located€inÐ t(œ") Ðthe€United€States€may€be€in€United€StatesÐ P)x#* Ðcommerce€even€if€they€are€part€of€or€ancillary€toÐ (*P$+ Ðactivities€outside€United€States€commerce.€Ð +(%, ÐHowever,€the€fact€that€an€ancillary€activity€is€inÐ Ø+&- ÐUnited€States€commerce€does€not,€in€and€of€itself,Ð °,Ø&. Ðmean€that€the€underlying€or€related€activity€is€inÐ Ø. ÐUnited€States€commerce.Ð °Ø/ ÐÌÔ‡N&´b%%%&z¶Ô(4)Ô#†%&z¶%%N&´bfm#Ô€€Hence,€the€action€of€a€United€States€bankÐ `ˆ1 Ðlocated€in€the€United€States€in€providingÐ < d2 Ðfinancing€from€the€United€States€for€a€foreignÐ  <3 Ðtransaction€that€is€not€in€United€States€commerceÐ ì 4 Ðis€nonetheless€itself€in€United€States€commerce.€Ð Ä ì5 ÐHowever,€the€fact€that€the€financing€is€in€UnitedÐ œ Ä6 ÐStates€commerce€does€not,€in€and€of€itself,€makeÐ t œ7 Ðthe€underlying€foreign€transaction€an€activity€inÐ Lt8 ÐUnited€States€commerce,€even€if€the€underlyingÐ $L 9 Ðtransaction€involves€a€foreign€company€that€is€aÐ ü$ : Ð"United€States€person"€within€the€meaning€of€thisÐ Ôü ; Ðpart.Ð ¬Ô < ÐÌÔ‡O&´b%%%&z¶Ô(5)Ô#†%&z¶%%O&´b²p#Ô€€Similarly,€the€action€of€a€United€States€personÐ \„ > Ðlocated€in€the€United€States€in€providingÐ 8`? Ðfinancial,€accounting,€legal,€transportation,€orÐ 8@ Ðother€ancillary€services€to€its€controlled€in€factÐ èA Ðforeign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€other€permanentÐ ÀèB Ðforeign€establishment€in€connection€with€aÐ ˜ÀC Ðforeign€transaction€is€in€United€States€commerce.€Ð p˜D ÐBut€the€provision€of€such€ancillary€services€willÐ HpE Ðnot,€in€and€of€itself,€bring€the€foreign€transactionÐ  HF Ðof€such€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€permanent€foreignÐ ø G Ðestablishment€into€United€States€commerce.Ð ÐøH ÐÌÓ  Óà@@©©, àÔ  ÔACTIVITIES€OF€CONTROLLED€IN€FACTÐ €¨J ÐFOREIGN€SUBSIDIARIES,€AFFILIATES,Ð X€K Ðà@@. àAND€OTHER€PERMANENT€FOREIGN€Ð 0XL ÐÓêsÓà@ûû5 àESTABLISHMENTSˆÐ  0M ÐÌÔ‡P&´b%%%&z¶Ô(6)Ô#†%&z¶%%P&´bu#Ô€€Any€transaction€between€a€controlled€in€factÐ ¸!àO Ðforeign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€other€permanentÐ ”"¼P Ðforeign€establishment€of€a€domestic€concern€and€Ð l#”Q ÐÌa€person€located€in€the€United€States€is€an€activityÐ %DS Ðin€United€States€commerce.Ð ô% T ÐÌÔ‡Q&´b%%%&z¶Ô(7)Ô#†%&z¶%%Q&´b•v#Ô€€Whether€a€transaction€between€such€a€foreignÐ ¤'Ì!V Ðsubsidiary,€affiliate,€or€other€permanent€foreignÐ €(¨"W Ðestablishment€and€a€person€located€outside€theÐ X)€#X ÐUnited€States€is€an€activity€in€United€StatesÐ 0*X$Y Ðcommerce€is€governed€by€the€following€rules.€Ð +0%Z ÐÌÓ  ÓACTIVITIES€IN€UNITED€STATES€Ð ¸,à&\ ÐCOM††††‚MERCEÐ Ø ÐÓ+xÓÌÔ‡R&´b%%%&z¶Ô(8)Ô#†%&z¶%%R&´bœx#Ô€€A€transaction€between€a€domestic€concern'sÐ ˆ° Ðcontrolled€in€fact€foreign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€orÐ dŒ Ðother€permanent€foreign€establishment€and€aÐ < d Ðperson€outside€the€United€States,€involving€goodsÐ  < Ðor€services€(including€information€but€notÐ ì  Ðincluding€ancillary€services)€acquired€from€aÐ Ä ì Ðperson€in€the€United€States€is€in€United€StatesÐ œ Ä Ðcommerce€under€any€of€the€followingÐ t œ  Ðcircumstances:Ð Lt  ÐÌà F à(i)€€If€the€goods€or€services€were€acquired€forÐ ü$  Ðthe€purpose€of€filling€an€order€from€a€personÐ Ôü  Ðoutside€the€United€States;Ð ¬Ô  ÐÌà F à(ii)€€If€the€goods€or€services€were€acquired€forÐ \„  Ðincorporation€into,€refining€into,€reprocessingÐ 4\ Ðinto,€or€manufacture€of€another€product€for€theÐ  4 Ðpurpose€of€filling€an€order€from€a€person€outsideÐ ä  Ðthe€United€States;Ð ¼ä ÐÌà F à(iii)€€If€the€goods€or€services€were€acquired€forÐ l” Ðthe€purpose€of€fulfilling€or€engaging€in€any€otherÐ Dl Ðtransaction€with€a€person€outside€the€United€††††Ð D ÐStates;€orÐ ô ÐÌà F à(iv)€€If€the€goods€were€acquired€and€areÐ ¤Ì Ðultimately€used,€without€substantial€alteration€orÐ |¤ Ðmodification,€in€filling€an€order€from,€or€fulfillingÐ T| Ðor€engaging€in€any€other€transaction€with,€aÐ ,T Ðperson€outside€the€United€States€(whether€or€notÐ  , Ðthe€goods€were€originally€acquired€for€thatÐ Ü   Ðpurpose).€€If€the€goods€are€indistinguishable€as€toÐ ´!Ü! Ðorigin€from€similar€foreign-trade€goods€withÐ Œ"´" Ðwhich€they€have€been€mingled€in€a€stockpile€orÐ d#Œ# Ðinventory,€the€subsequent€transaction€involvingÐ <$d$ Ðthe€goods€is€presumed€to€be€in€United€StatesÐ %<% Ðcommerce€unless,€at€the€time€of€filling€the€order,Ð ì% & Ðthe€for††††eign-origin€inventory€on€hand€wasÐ Ä&ì ' Ðsufficient€to€fill€the€order.Ð œ'Ä!( ÐÌÔ‡S&´b%%%&z¶Ô(9)Ô#†%&z¶%%S&´bÆ#Ô€€For€purposes€of€this€section,€goods€orÐ L)t#* Ðservices€are€considered€to€be€acquired€for€theÐ (*P$+ Ðpurpose€of€filling€an€order€from€or€engaging€inÐ +(%, ÐÌÐ °,Ø&. Ðany€other€transaction€with€a€person€outside€theÐ Ø. ÐUnited€States€where:Ð °Ø/ ÐÌà ® à(i)€€They€are€purchased€by€the€foreignÐ `ˆ1 Ðsubsidiary,€affiliate,€or€other€permanent€foreignÐ 8 `2 Ðestablishment€upon€the€receipt€of€an€order€from€orÐ  83 Ðon€behalf€of€a€customer€with€the€intention€that€theÐ è 4 Ðgoods€or€services€are€to€go€to€the€customer;Ð À è5 ÐÌà ® à(ii)€€They€are€purchased€by€the€foreignÐ p ˜7 Ðsubsidiary,€affiliate,€or€other€permanent€foreignÐ Hp8 Ðestablishment€to€meet€the€needs€of€specifiedÐ  H 9 Ðcustomers€pursuant€to€understandings€with€thoseÐ ø : Ðcustomers,€although€not€for€immediate€delivery;Ð Ðø ; ÐorÐ ¨Ð < ÐÌà ® à(iii)€€They€are€purchased€by€the€foreignÐ X€ > Ðsubsidiary,€affiliate,€or€other€permanent€foreignÐ 0X? Ðestablishment€based€on€the€anticipated€needs€ofÐ 0@ Ðspecified€customers.Ð àA ÐÌÔ‡T&´b%%%&z¶Ô(10Ô#†%&z¶%%T&´b‡#Ô)€€If€any€non-ancillary€part€of€a€transactionÐ ¸C Ðbetween€a€domestic€concern's€controlled€foreignÐ l”D Ðsubsidiary,€affiliate,€or€other€permanent€foreignÐ DlE Ðestablishment€and€a€person€outside€the€UnitedÐ DF ÐStates€is€in€United€States€commerce,€the€entireÐ ôG Ðtransaction€is€in€United€States€commerce.€€ForÐ ÌôH Ðexample,€if€such€a€foreign€subsidiary€is€engagedÐ ¤ÌI Ðin€filling€an€order€from€a€non-United€StatesÐ |¤J Ðcustomer€both€with€goods€acquired€from€theÐ T|K ÐUnited€States€and€with€goods€acquired€elsewhere,Ð ,TL Ðthe€entire€transaction€with€that€customer€is€inÐ  ,M ÐUnited€States€commerce.Ð Ü N Ðà ® àÌÓ  Óà@@66 ¸ àACTIVITIES€OUTSIDE€Ð Œ"´P ÐUNITED€STATES€à@@« « ¸ àCOMMERCEÐ d#ŒQ ÐÓ~ŠÓÌÔ‡U&´b%%%&z¶Ô(11Ô#†%&z¶%%U&´b‹#Ô)€€A€transaction€between€a€domestic€concern'sÐ %<S Ðcontrolled€foreign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€otherÐ ð% T Ðpermanent€foreign€establishment€and€a€personÐ È&ð U Ðoutside€the€United€States,€not€involving€theÐ  'È!V Ðpurchase,€sale,€or€transfer€of€goods€or€servicesÐ x( "W Ð(including€information)€to€or€from€a€person€in€theÐ P)x#X ÐUnited€States,€is€not€an€activity€in€United€StatesÐ (*P$Y Ðcommerce.Ð +(%Z ÐÌÔ‡V&´b%%%&z¶ÔÐ °,Ø&\ Ð(12Ô#†%&z¶%%V&´bT#Ô)€€The€activities€of€a€domestic€concern'sÐ Ø Ðcontrolled€foreign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€otherÐ ´Ü Ðpermanent€foreign€establishment€with€respect€toÐ Œ´ Ðgoods€acquired€from€a€person€in€the€United€StatesÐ dŒ Ðare€not€in€United€States€commerce€where:Ð < d ÐÌà F à(i)€€They€were€acquired€without€reference€to€aÐ ì  Ðspecific€order€from€or€transaction€with€a€personÐ Ä ì Ðoutside€the€United€States;€and€Ð œ Ä ÐÌà F à(ii)€They€were€further€manufactured,Ð Lt  Ðincorporated€into,€refined€into,€or€reprocessedÐ $L  Ðinto€another€product.Ð ü$  ÐÌÔ‡W&´b%%%&z¶Ô(13)Ô#†%&z¶%%W&´by#Ô€€The€activities€of€a€domestic€concern'sÐ ¬Ô  Ðcontrolled€foreign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€otherÐ ˆ°  Ðpermanent€foreign€establishment€with€respect€toÐ `ˆ  Ðservices€acquired€from€a€person€in€the€UnitedÐ 8` ÐStates€are€not€in€United€States€commerceÐ 8 Ðwhere:Ð è ÐÌà F à(i)€€They€were€acquired€without€reference€to€aÐ ˜À Ðspecific€order€from€or€transaction€with€a€personÐ p˜ Ðoutside€the€United€States;€orÐ Hp ÐÌà F à(ii)€They€are€ancillary€to€the€transaction€withÐ ø  Ðthe€person€outside€the€United€States.Ð Ðø ÐÌÔ‡X&´b%%%&z¶Ô(14Ô#†%&z¶%%X&´bt“#Ô)€€For€purposes€of€this€section,€services€areÐ €¨ Ð"ancillary€services"€if€they€are€provided€to€aÐ \„ Ðcontrolled€foreign€subsidiary,€affiliate,€or€otherÐ 4\ Ðpermanent€foreign€establishment€primarily€for€itsÐ  4 Ðown€use€rather€than€for€the€use€of€a€third€person.€Ð ä   ÐThese€typically€include€financial,€accounting,Ð ¼!ä! Ðlegal,€transportation,€and€other€services,€whetherÐ ”"¼" Ðprovided€by€a€domestic€concern€or€an€unrelatedÐ l#”# Ðentity.Ð D$l$ ÐÌÔ‡Y&´b%%%&z¶Ô(15Ô#†%&z¶%%Y&´bý•#Ô)€€Thus,€the€provision€of€the€project€financingÐ ô% & Ðby€a€United€States€bank€located€in€the€UnitedÐ Ð&ø ' ÐStates€to€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€unrelatedÐ ¨'Ð!( Ðto€the€bank€is€an€ancillary€service€which€will€notÐ €(¨") Ðcause€the€underlying€transaction€to€be€in€UnitedÐ X)€#* ÐStates€commerce.€€By€contrast,€where€a€domesticÐ 0*X$+ Ðconcern,€on€behalf€of€its€controlled€foreignÐ +0%, Ðsubsidiary,€gives€a€guaranty€of€performance€to€aÐ à+&- Ðforeign€country€customer,€that€is€a€serviceÐ ¸,à&. Ðprovided€to€the€customer€and,€as€such,€brings€thatÐ Ø. Ðsubsidiary's€transaction€with€the€customer€intoÐ °Ø/ ÐUnited€States€commerce.€Similarly,€architecturalÐ ˆ°0 Ðor€engineering€services€provided€by€a€domesticÐ `ˆ1 Ðconcern€in€connection€with€its€controlled€foreignÐ 8 `2 Ðsubsidiary's€construction€project€in€a€third€countryÐ  83 Ðare€services€passed€through€to€the€subsidiary'sÐ è 4 Ðcustomer€and,€as€such,€bring€that€subsidiary'sÐ À è5 Ðforeign€transaction€into€United€States€commerce.Ð ˜ À6 ÐÌà@uu9 àGENERALˆÐ Hp8 ÐÌÔ‡Z&´b%%%&z¶Ô(16Ô#†%&z¶%%Z&´bE›#Ô)€€Regardless€of€whether€the€subsequentÐ ø : Ðdisposition€of€goods€or€services€from€the€UnitedÐ Ôü ; ÐStates€is€in€United€States€commerce,€the€originalÐ ¬Ô < Ðacquisition€of€goods€or€services€from€a€person€inÐ „¬ = Ðthe€United€States€is€an€activity€in€United€StatesÐ \„ > Ðcommerce€subject€to€this€part.€€Thus,€if€aÐ 4\? Ðdomestic€concern's€controlled€foreign€subsidiaryÐ  4@ Ðengages€in€a€prohibited€refusal€to€do€business€inÐ ä A Ðstocking€its€inventory€with€goods€from€the€UnitedÐ ¼äB ÐStates,€that€action€is€subject€to€this€part€whetherÐ ”¼C Ðor€not€subsequent€sales€from€that€inventory€are.Ð l”D ÐÌÔ‡[&´b%%%&z¶Ô(17Ô#†%&z¶%%[&´b{ž#Ô)€€In€all€the€above,€goods€and€services€will€beÐ DF Ðconsidered€to€have€been€acquired€from€a€personÐ ø G Ðin€the€United€States€whether€they€were€acquiredÐ ÐøH Ðdirectly€or€indirectly€through€a€third€party,€whereÐ ¨ÐI Ðthe€person€acquiring€the€goods€or€services€knowsÐ €¨J Ðor€expects,€at€the€time€he€places€the€order,€thatÐ X€K Ðthey€will€be€delivered€from€the€United€States.Ð 0XL Ðà ® àà D àà Ú àà p àÌà@©©4 àà@@BB¸ àLETTERS€OF€CREDITˆÐ à N ÐÌÔ‡\&´b%%%&z¶Ô(18Ô#†%&z¶%%\&´b¡#Ô)€€Implementation€of€a€letter€of€credit€in€theÐ "¸P ÐUnited€States€by€a€United€States€person€located€inÐ l#”Q Ðthe€United€States,€including€a€permanent€UnitedÐ D$lR ÐStates€establishment€of€a€foreign€concern,€is€anÐ %DS Ðactivity€in€United€States€commerce.Ð ô% T ÐÌÔ‡]&´b%%%&z¶Ô(19Ô#†%&z¶%%]&´b¯¢#Ô)€€Implementation€of€a€letter€of€credit€outsideÐ ¤'Ì!V Ðthe€United€States€by€a€United€States€personÐ €(¨"W Ðlocated€outside€the€United€States€is€in€UnitedÐ X)€#X ÐStates€commerce€where€the€letter€of€credit€(a)Ð 0*X$Y Ðspecifies€a€United€States€address€for€theÐ +0%Z Ðbeneficiary,€(b)€calls€for€documents€indicatingÐ à+&[ Ðshipment€from€the€United€States,€or€(c)€calls€forÐ ¸,à&\ Ðdocuments€indicating€that€the€goods€are€of€UnitedÐ Ø ÐStates€origin.Ð °Ø ÐÌÔ‡^&´b%%%&z¶Ô(20Ô#†%&z¶%%^&´b1¥#Ô)€€See€ðð760.2(f)€of€this€part€on€"Letters€ofÐ `ˆ ÐCredit"€to€determine€the€circumstances€in€whichÐ < d Ðpaying,€honoring,€confirming,€or€otherwiseÐ  < Ðimplementing€a€letter€of€credit€is€covered€by€thisÐ ì  Ðpart.Ð Ä ì ÐÌà@ãã ¸ àEXAMPLES€OF€ACTIVITIES€IN€THE€ˆÐ t œ  ÐINTERSTATE€OR€FOREIGN€COMMERCE€OFÐ Lt  Ðà@11¸ àTHE€UNITED€STATESˆÐ $L  ÐÌThe€following€examples€are€intended€to€giveÐ Ôü  Ðguidance€in€determining€the€circumstances€inÐ ¬Ô  Ðwhich€an€activity€is€in€the€interstate€or€foreignÐ „¬  Ðcommerce€of€the€United€States.€€They€areÐ \„  Ðillustrative,€not€comprehensive.Ð 4\ ÐÌÓ  Óà@@LL ¸ àUNITED€STATES€PERSON€LOCATED€INÐ ä  ÐTHE€UNITED€STATES€€Ð ¼ä ÐÓ¨ÓÌà F à(i)€€U.S.€company€A€exports€goods€from€theÐ l” ÐUnited€States€to€a€foreign€country.€€A's€activity€isÐ Dl Ðin€U.S.€commerce,€because€A€is€exporting€goodsÐ D Ðfrom€the€United€States.Ð ô ÐÌà F à(ii)€€U.S.€company€A€imports€goods€into€theÐ ¤Ì ÐUnited€States€from€a€foreign€country.€€A's€activityÐ |¤ Ðis€in€U.S.€commerce,€because€A€is€importingÐ T| Ðgoods€into€the€United€States.Ð ,T ÐÌà F à(iii)€€U.S.€engineering€company€A€suppliesÐ Ü   Ðconsulting€services€to€its€controlled€foreignÐ ´!Ü! Ðsubsidiary,€B.€€A's€activity€is€in€U.S.€commerce,Ð Œ"´" Ðbecause€A€is€exporting€services€from€the€UnitedÐ d#Œ# ÐStates.€€€Ð <$d$ ÐÌà F à(iv)€€U.S.€company€A€supplies€consultingÐ ì% & Ðservices€to€foreign€company€B.€€B€is€unrelated€toÐ Ä&ì ' ÐA€or€any€other€U.S.€person.Ð œ'Ä!( ÐÌA's€activity€is€in€U.S.€commerce€even€though€B,€aÐ L)t#* Ðforeign-owned€company€located€outside€the€††††UnitƒÐ $*L$+ Ðed€States,€is€not€subject€to€this€part,€because€A€isÐ ü*$%, Ðexporting€services€from€the€United€States.€€€€Ð Ô+ü%- ÐÐ ¬,Ô&. Ðà ® à(v)€€Same€as€(iv),€except€A€is€a€bank€located€inÐ Ø. Ðthe€United€States€and€provides€a€construction€loanÐ °Ø/ Ðto€B.Ð ˆ°0 ÐÌA's€activity€is€in€U.S.€commerce€even€though€B€isÐ 8 `2 Ðnot€subject€to€this€part,€because€A€is€exportingÐ  83 Ðfinancial€services€from€the€United€States.€€€€Ð è 4 ÐÌà ® à(vi)€€U.S.€company€A€issues€policy€directivesÐ ˜ À6 Ðfrom€time€to€time€to€its€controlled€foreignÐ p ˜7 Ðsubsidiary,€B,€governing€the€conduct€of€B'sÐ Hp8 Ðactivities€with€boycotting€countries.€Ð  H 9 ÐÌA's€activity€in€directing€the€activities€of€its€foreignÐ Ðø ; Ðsubsidiary,€B,€is€an€activity€in€U.S.€commerce.Ð ¨Ð < ÐÌÓ  ÓFOREIGN€SUBSIDIARIES,€AFFILIATES,Ð X€ > ÐAND€OTHER€PERMANENT€FOREIGN€Ð 0X? ÐESTABLISHMENTS€OF€DOMESTICÐ 0@ ЀCONCERNSÐ àA ÐÓh±ÓÌÓ5€¸5Óà ® à(i)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð ¸C Ðcompany€B,€purchases€goods€from€the€UnitedÐ hD ÐStates.Ð @hE ÐÌA's€purchase€of€goods€from€the€United€States€is€inÐ ðG ÐU.S.€commerce,€because€A€is€importing€goodsÐ ÈðH Ðfrom€the€United€States.€€Whether€A's€subsequentÐ  ÈI Ðdisposition€of€these€goods€is€in€U.S.€commerce€isÐ x J Ðirrelevant.€€Similarly,€the€fact€that€A€purchasedÐ PxK Ðgoods€from€the€United€States€does€not,€in€and€of€Ð (PL ÐÌitself,€make€any€subsequent€disposition€of€thoseÐ Ø N Ðgoods€an€activity€in€U.S.€commerce.Ð °!ØO ÐÌà ® à(ii)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð `#ˆQ Ðcompany€B,€receives€an€order€from€boycottingÐ 8$`R Ðcountry€Y€for€construction€materials.€€A€places€anÐ %8S Ðorder€with€U.S.€company€B€for€the€materials.Ð è% T ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€an€activity€in€U.S.Ð ˜'À!V Ðcommerce,€because€the€materials€are€purchasedÐ p(˜"W Ðfrom€the€United€States€for€the€purpose€of€fillingÐ H)p#X Ðthe€order€from€Y.Ð  *H$Y ÐÌà ® à(iii)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð Ð+ø%[ Ðcompany€B,€receives€an€order€from€boycottingÐ ¨,Ð&\ Ðcountry€Y€for€construction€materials.€€A€places€anÐ Ø Ðorder€with€U.S.€company€B€for€some€of€theÐ °Ø Ðmaterials,€and€with€U.S.€company€C,€an€unrelatedÐ ˆ° Ðcompany,€for€the€rest€of€the€materials.Ð `ˆ ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€an€activity€in€U.S.Ð  8 Ðcommerce,€because€the€materials€are€purchasedÐ è  Ðfrom€the€United€States€for€the€purpose€of€fillingÐ À è Ðthe€order€from€Y.€€It€makes€no€difference€whetherÐ ˜ À Ðthe€materials€are€ordered€from€B€or€C.Ð p ˜  ÐÌà F à(iv)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð  H  Ðcompany€B,€is€in€the€wholesale€and€retailÐ ø  Ðappliance€sales€business.€€A€purchases€finishedÐ Ðø  Ðair€conditioning€units€from€the€United€States€fromÐ ¨Ð  Ðtime€to€time€in€order€to€stock€its€inventory.€A'sÐ €¨  Ðinventory€is€also€stocked€with€air€conditioningÐ X€  Ðunits€purchased€outside€the€United€States.€€AÐ 0X Ðreceives€an€order€for€air€conditioning€units€fromÐ 0 ÐY,€a€boycotting€country.€€The€order€is€filled€withÐ à ÐU.S.-origin€units€in€A's€inventory.Ð ¸à ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€in€U.S.€commerce,Ð h Ðbecause€its€U.S.-origin€goods€are€resold€withoutÐ @h Ðsubstantial€alteration.Ð @ ÐÌà F à(v)€€Same€as€(iv),€except€that€A€is€in€theÐ Èð Ðchemicals€distribution€business.€€Its€U.S.-originÐ  È Ðgoods€are€mingled€in€inventory€withÐ x  Ðforeign-origin€goods.Ð Px ÐÌA's€sale€to€Y€of€unaltered€goods€from€its€generalÐ  ( Ðinventory€is€presumed€to€be€in€U.S.€commerceÐ Ø   Ðunless€A€can€show€that€at€the€time€of€the€sale€theÐ °!Ø! Ðforeign-origin€inventory€on€hand€was€€sufficientÐ ˆ"°" Ðto€cover€the€shipment€to€Y.Ð `#ˆ# ÐÌà F à(vi)€€A,€a€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.€company€B,Ð %8% Ðreceives€an€order€from€boycotting€country€Y€forÐ è% & Ðcomputers.€€A€places€an€order€with€U.S.€companyÐ À&è ' ÐB€for€some€of€the€components;€with€U.S.Ð ˜'À!( Ðcompany€C,€an€unrelated€company,€for€otherÐ p(˜") Ðcomponents;€and€with€foreign€company€D€for€theÐ H)p#* Ðrest€of€the€components.€€A€then€assembles€theÐ  *H$+ Ðcomputers€and€ships€them€to€Y.Ð ø* %, Ðà F àà Ü àà r àà  àà h àÌÐ ¨,Ð&. ÐA's€transaction€with€Y€is€an€activity€in€U.S.Ð Ø. Ðcommerce,€because€some€of€the€components€areÐ °Ø/ Ðacquired€from€the€United€States€for€purposes€ofÐ ˆ°0 Ðfilling€an€order€from€Y.Ð `ˆ1 ÐÌà ® à(vii)€€Same€as€(vi),€except€A€purchases€all€theÐ  83 Ðcomponents€from€non-U.S.€sources.Ð è 4 ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€not€an€activity€in€U.S.Ð ˜ À6 Ðcommerce,€because€it€involves€no€export€of€goodsÐ p ˜7 Ðfrom€the€United€States.€€It€makes€no€differenceÐ Hp8 Ðwhether€the€technology€A€uses€to€manufactureÐ  H 9 Ðcomputers€was€originally€acquired€from€its€U.S.Ð ø : Ðparent.Ð Ðø ; ÐÌà ® à(viii)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð €¨ = Ðcompany€B,€manufactures€computers.€€A€stocksÐ X€ > Ðits€general€components€and€parts€inventory€withÐ 0X? Ðpurchases€made€at€times€from€the€United€StatesÐ 0@ Ðand€at€times€from€foreign€sources.€€A€receives€anÐ àA Ðorder€from€Y,€a€boycotting€country,€forÐ ¸àB Ðcomputers.€€A€fills€that€order€by€manufacturingÐ ¸C Ðthe€computers€using€materials€from€its€generalÐ hD Ðinventory.Ð @hE ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€not€in€U.S.€commerce,Ð ðG Ðbecause€the€U.S.-origin€components€are€notÐ ÈðH Ðacquired€for€the€purpose€of€meeting€theÐ  ÈI Ðanticipated€needs€of€specified€customers€in€Y.€€ItÐ x J Ðis€irrelevant€that€A's€operations€may€be€based€onÐ PxK ÐU.S.-origin€technology.Ð (PL ÐÌà ® à(ix)€€Same€as€(viii),€except€that€in€anticipationÐ Ø N Ðof€the€order€from€Y,€A€orders€and€receives€theÐ °!ØO Ðnecessary€materials€from€the€United€States.Ð ˆ"°P ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€in€U.S.€commerce,Ð 8$`R Ðbecause€the€U.S.-origin€goods€were€acquired€forÐ %8S Ðthe€purpose€of€filling€an€anticipated€order€from€Y.Ð è% T Ðà ® àÌà ® à(x)€à p àA,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð ˜'À!V Ðcompany€B,€manufactures€typewriters.€It€buysÐ p(˜"W Ðtypewriter€components€both€from€the€UnitedÐ H)p#X ÐStates€and€from€foreign€sources.€€A€sells€itsÐ  *H$Y Ðoutput€in€various€places€throughout€the€world,Ð ø* %Z Ðincluding€boycotting€country€Y.€€Its€sales€to€YÐ Ð+ø%[ Ðvary€from€year€to€year,€but€have€averagedÐ ¨,Ð&\ Ðapproximately€20€percent€of€sales€for€the€past€fiveÐ Ø Ðyears.€€A€expects€that€its€sales€to€Y€will€remain€atÐ °Ø Ðapproximately€that€level€in€the€years€aheadÐ ˆ° Ðalthough€it€has€no€contracts€or€orders€from€Y€onÐ `ˆ Ðhand.Ð 8 ` ÐÌA's€sales€of€typewriters€to€Y€are€not€in€U.S.Ð è  Ðcommerce,€because€the€U.S.€components€are€notÐ À è Ðacquired€for€the€purpose€of€filling€an€order€fromÐ ˜ À ÐY.€€A€general€expectancy€of€future€sales€is€not€anÐ p ˜  Ð"order"€within€the€meaning€of€this€section.€€€€Ð Hp  ÐÌà F à(xi)à  à€U.S.€company€A's€corporate€counselÐ ø  Ðprovides€legal€advice€to€B,€its€controlled€foreignÐ Ðø  Ðsubsidiary,€on€the€applicability€of€this€Part€to€B'sÐ ¨Ð  Ðtransactions.Ð €¨  ÐÌWhile€provision€of€this€legal€advice€is€itself€anÐ 0X Ðactivity€in€U.S.€commerce,€it€does€not,€in€and€ofÐ 0 Ðitself,€bring€B's€activities€into€U.S.€commerce.€€€Ð à ÐÌà F à(xii)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð ¸ Ðcompany€B,€is€in€the€general€constructionÐ h Ðbusiness.€€A€enters€into€a€contract€with€boycottingÐ @h Ðcountry€Y€to€construct€a€power€plant€in€Y.€€InÐ @ Ðpreparing€engineering€drawings€andÐ ð Ðspecifications,€A€uses€the€advice€and€assistance€ofÐ Èð ÐB.Ð  È ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€in€U.S.€commerce,Ð Px Ðbecause€B's€services€are€used€for€purposes€ofÐ (P Ðfulfilling€the€contract€with€Y.€€B's€services€are€notÐ  ( Ðancillary€services,€because€the€engineeringÐ Ø   Ðservices€in€connection€with€construction€of€theÐ °!Ø! Ðpower€plant€are€part€of€the€services€ultimatelyÐ ˆ"°" Ðprovided€to€Y€by€A.€€€€Ð `#ˆ# ÐÌà F à(xiii)€€Same€as€(xii),€except€that€A€gets€noÐ %8% Ðengineering€advice€or€assistance€from€B.€Ð è% & ÐHowever,€B's€corporate€counsel€provides€legalÐ À&è ' Ðadvice€to€A€regarding€the€structure€of€theÐ ˜'À!( Ðtransaction.€€In€addition,€B's€corporate€counselÐ p(˜") Ðdraws€up€the€contract€documents.Ð H)p#* ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€not€in€U.S.€commerce.€Ð ø* %, ÐThe€legal€services€provided€to€A€are€ancillaryÐ Ð+ø%- Ðservices,€because€they€are€not€part€of€the€servicesÐ ¨,Ð&. Ðprovided€to€Y€by€A€in€fulfillment€of€its€contractÐ Ø. Ðwith€Y.€€€€Ð °Ø/ ÐÌà ® à(xiv)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð `ˆ1 Ðcompany€B,€enters€into€a€contract€to€construct€anÐ 8 `2 Ðapartment€complex€in€boycotting€country€Y.€€AÐ  83 Ðwill€fulfill€its€contract€completely€with€goods€andÐ è 4 Ðservices€from€outside€the€United€States.€€PursuantÐ À è5 Ðto€a€provision€in€the€contract,€B€guarantees€A'sÐ ˜ À6 Ðperformance€of€the€contract.Ð p ˜7 ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€in€U.S.€commerce,Ð  H 9 Ðbecause€B's€guaranty€of€A's€performance€involvesÐ ø : Ðthe€acquisition€of€services€from€the€United€StatesÐ Ðø ; Ðfor€purposes€of€fulfilling€the€transaction€with€Y,Ð ¨Ð < Ðand€those€services€are€part€of€the€servicesÐ €¨ = Ðultimately€provided€to€Y.€€€€Ð X€ > ÐÌà ® à(xv)€€Same€as€(xiv),€except€that€the€guaranty€ofÐ 0@ ÐA's€performance€is€supplied€by€C,€a€non-U.S.Ð àA Ðperson€located€outside€the€United€States.€Ð ¸àB ÐHowever,€unrelated€to€any€particular€transaction,Ð ¸C ÐB€from€time€to€time€provides€general€financial,Ð hD Ðlegal,€and€technical€services€to€A.Ð @hE ÐÌA's€transaction€with€Y€is€not€in€U.S.€commerce,Ð ðG Ðbecause€the€services€acquired€from€the€UnitedÐ ÈðH ÐStates€are€not€acquired€for€purposes€of€fulfillingÐ  ÈI Ðthe€contract€with€Y.€€€€Ð x J ÐÌà ® à(xvi)€€A,€a€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.€companyÐ (PL ÐB,€has€a€contract€with€boycotting€country€Y€toÐ  (M Ðconduct€oil€drilling€operations€in€that€country.€€InÐ Ø N Ðconducting€these€operations,€A€from€time€to€timeÐ °!ØO Ðseeks€certain€technical€advice€from€B€regardingÐ ˆ"°P Ðthe€operation€of€the€drilling€rigs.Ð `#ˆQ ÐÌA's€contract€with€Y€is€in€U.S.€commerce,€becauseÐ %8S ÐB's€services€are€sought€for€purposes€of€fulfillingÐ è% T Ðthe€contract€with€Y€and€are€part€of€the€servicesÐ À&è U Ðultimately€provided€to€Y.€€€€Ð ˜'À!V ÐÌà ® à(xvii)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð H)p#X Ðcompany€B,€enters€into€a€contract€to€sellÐ  *H$Y Ðtypewriters€to€boycotting€country€Y.€€A€is€locatedÐ ø* %Z Ðin€non-boycotting€country€P.€€None€of€theÐ Ð+ø%[ Ðcomponents€are€acquired€from€the€United€States.€Ð ¨,Ð&\ ÐA€engages€C,€a€U.S.€shipping€company,€toÐ Ø Ðtransport€the€typewriters€from€P€to€Y.Ð °Ø ÐÌA's€sales€to€Y€are€not€in€U.S.€commerce,€becauseÐ `ˆ Ðin€carrying€A's€goods,€C€is€providing€an€ancillaryÐ 8 ` Ðservice€to€A€and€not€a€service€to€Y.€€€€Ð  8 ÐÌà F à(xviii)€€Same€as€(xvii),€except€that€A's€contractÐ À è Ðwith€Y€calls€for€title€to€pass€to€Y€in€P.€€InÐ ˜ À Ðaddition,€the€contract€calls€for€A€to€engage€aÐ p ˜  Ðcarrier€to€make€delivery€to€Y.Ð Hp  ÐÌA's€sales€to€Y€are€in€U.S.€commerce,€because€inÐ ø  Ðcarrying€Y's€goods,€C€is€providing€a€service€to€AÐ Ðø  Ðwhich€is€ultimately€provided€to€Y.€€€€Ð ¨Ð  ÐÌà F à(xix)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð X€  Ðcompany€B,€has€general€product€liabilityÐ 0X Ðinsurance€with€U.S.€company€C.€€Foreign-originÐ 0 Ðgoods€sold€from€time€to€time€by€A€to€boycottingÐ à Ðcountry€Y€are€covered€by€the€insurance€policy.Ð ¸à ÐÌA's€sales€to€Y€are€not€in€U.S.€commerce,€becauseÐ h Ðthe€insurance€provided€by€C€is€an€ancillaryÐ @h Ðservice€provided€to€A€which€is€not€ultimatelyÐ @ Ðprovided€to€Y.€€€€Ð ð ÐÌà F à(xx)€€A,€a€controlled€foreign€subsidiary€of€U.S.Ð  È Ðcompany€B,€manufactures€automobiles€abroadÐ x  Ðunder€a€license€agreement€with€B.€€From€time€toÐ Px Ðtime,€A€sells€such€goods€to€boycotting€country€Y.Ð (P ÐÌA's€sales€to€Y€are€not€in€U.S.€commerce,€becauseÐ Ø   Ðthe€rights€conveyed€by€the€license€are€notÐ °!Ø! Ðacquired€for€the€specific€purpose€of€engaging€inÐ ˆ"°" Ðtransactions€with€Y.Ð `#ˆ# ÐÌÓ  ÓÔ‡&Ö#%%%&z¶ÔÔ& b Ô(e)€€"Intent"Ô#†%&z¶%%&Ö#Xè#ÔÐ %8% ÐÓLèÓÌÔ‡`&´b%%%&z¶Ô(1)Ô#†%&z¶%%`&´bÙè#Ô€€This€part€prohibits€a€United€States€personÐ ¾&æ ' Ðfrom€taking€or€knowingly€agreeing€to€take€certainÔ'b%wèÔÐ š'Â!( Ðspecified€actions€with€intent€to€comply€with,Ð r(š") Ðfurther,€or€support€an€unsanctioned€foreignÐ J)r#* Ðboycott.Ð "*J$+ ÐÌÔ‡a&´b%%%&z¶Ô(2)Ô#†%&z¶%%a&´bXê#Ô€€A€United€States€person€has€the€intent€toÐ Ò+ú%- Ðcomply€with,€further,€or€support€an€unsanctionedÐ ®,Ö&. Ðforeign€boycott€when€such€a€boycott€is€at€leastÐ Ø. Ðone€of€the€reasons€for€that€person's€decision€†Ð °Ø/ Ðwhether€to€take€a€particular€prohibited€action.€€SoÐ ˆ°0 Ðlong€as€that€is€at€least€one€of€the€reasons€for€thatÐ `ˆ1 Ðperson's€action,€a€violation€occurs€regardless€ofÐ 8 `2 Ðwhether€the€prohibited€action€is€also€taken€forÐ  83 Ðnon-boycott€reasons.€€Stated€differently,€the€factÐ è 4 Ðthat€such€action€was€taken€for€legitimate€businessÐ À è5 Ðreasons€does€not€remove€that€action€from€theÐ ˜ À6 Ðscope€of€this€part€if€compliance€with€anÐ p ˜7 Ðunsanctioned€foreign€boycott€was€also€a€reasonÐ Hp8 Ðfor€the€action.Ð  H 9 ÐÌÔ‡b&´b%%%&z¶Ô(3)Ô#†%&z¶%%b&´b8î#Ô€€Intent€is€a€necessary€element€of€any€violationÐ Ðø ; Ðof€any€of€the€prohibitions€under€ðð760.2.€€It€is€notÐ ¬Ô < Ðsufficient€that€one€take€action€that€is€specificallyÐ „¬ = Ðprohibited€by€this€part.€€It€is€essential€that€oneÐ \„ > Ðtake€such€action€with€intent€to€comply€with,Ð 4\? Ðfurther,€or€support€an€unsanctioned€foreignÐ  4@ Ðboycott.€€Accordingly,€a€person€whoÐ ä A Ðinadvertently,€without€boycott€intent,€takes€aÐ ¼äB Ðprohibited€action,€does€not€commit€any€violationÐ ”¼C Ðof€this€part.Ð l”D ÐÌÔ‡c&´b%%%&z¶Ô(4)Ô#†%&z¶%%c&´bñ#Ô€€Intent€in€this€context€means€the€reason€orÐ DF Ðpurpose€for€one's€behavior.€€It€does€not€mean€thatÐ ø G Ðone€has€to€agree€with€the€boycott€in€question€orÐ ÐøH Ðdesire€that€it€succeed€or€that€it€be€furthered€orÐ ¨ÐI Ðsupported.€€But€it€does€mean€that€the€reason€whyÐ €¨J Ða€particular€prohibited€action€was€taken€must€beÐ X€K Ðestablished.Ð 0XL ÐÌÔ‡d&´b%%%&z¶Ô(5)Ô#†%&z¶%%d&´bó#Ô€€Reason€or€purpose€can€be€proved€byÐ à N Ðcircumstantial€evidence.€€For€example,€if€a€personÐ ¼!äO Ðreceives€a€request€to€supply€certain€boycottÐ ”"¼P Ðinformation,€the€furnishing€of€which€is€prohibitedÐ l#”Q Ðby€this€part,€and€he€knowingly€supplies€thatÐ D$lR Ðinformation€in€response,€he€clearly€intends€toÐ %DS Ðcomply€with€that€boycott€request.€€It€is€irrelevantÐ ô% T Ðthat€he€may€disagree€with€or€object€to€the€boycottÐ Ì&ô U Ðitself.€€Information€will€be€deemed€to€be€furnishedÐ ¤'Ì!V Ðwith€the€requisite€intent€if€the€person€furnishingÐ |(¤"W Ðthe€information€knows€that€it€was€sought€forÐ T)|#X Ðboycott€purposes.€€On€the€other€hand,€if€a€personÐ ,*T$Y Ðrefuses€to€do€business€with€someone€who€happensÐ +,%Z Ðto€be€blacklisted,€but€the€reason€is€because€thatÐ Ü+&[ Ðperson€produces€an€inferior€product,€the€requisiteÐ ´,Ü&\ Ðintent€does€not€exist.Ð Ø ÐÌÔ‡e&´b%%%&z¶Ô(6)Ô#†%&z¶%%e&´by÷#Ô€€Actions€will€be€deemed€to€be€taken€withÐ ˆ° Ðintent€to€comply€with€an€unsanctioned€foreignÐ dŒ Ðboycott€if€the€person€taking€such€action€knew€thatÐ < d Ðsuch€action€was€required€or€requested€for€boycottÐ  < Ðreasons.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€mere€absence€ofÐ ì  Ða€business€relationship€with€a€blacklisted€personÐ Ä ì Ðor€with€or€in€a€boycotted€country€does€notÐ œ Ä Ðindicate€the€existence€of€the€requisite€intent.Ð t œ  ÐÌÔ‡f&´b%%%&z¶Ô(7)Ô#†%&z¶%%f&´bÚù#Ô€€In€seeking€to€determine€whether€the€requisiteÐ $L  Ðintent€exists,€all€available€evidence€will€beÐ (  Ðexamined.Ð Ø  ÐÌà@™™¸ àEXAMPLES€OF€"INTENT"ˆÐ ˆ°  ÐÌThe€following€examples€are€intended€to€illustrateÐ 8` Ðthe€factors€which€will€be€considered€inÐ 8 Ðdetermining€whether€the€required€intent€exists.€Ð è ÐThey€are€illustrative,€not€comprehensive.€€€€Ð Àè ÐÌà F à(i)€€U.S.€person€A€does€business€in€boycottingÐ p˜ Ðcountry€Y.€€In€selecting€firms€to€supply€goods€forÐ Hp Ðshipment€to€Y,€A€chooses€supplier€B€because€B'sÐ  H Ðproducts€are€less€expensive€and€of€higher€qualityÐ ø  Ðthan€the€comparable€products€of€supplier€C.€€AÐ Ðø Ðknows€that€C€is€blacklisted,€but€that€is€not€aÐ ¨Ð Ðreason€for€A's€selection€of€B.Ð €¨ Ðà F àà Ü àà r àà  àÌA's€choice€of€B€rather€than€C€is€not€action€withÐ 0X Ðintent€to€comply€with€Y's€boycott,€because€C'sÐ  0 Ðblacklist€status€is€not€a€reason€for€A's€action.Ð à   ÐÌà F à(ii)€€Same€as€(i),€except€that€A€chooses€B€ratherÐ "¸" Ðthan€C€in€part€because€C€is€blacklisted€by€Y.Ð h## ÐÌSince€C's€blacklist€status€is€a€reason€for€A'sÐ %@% Ðchoice,€A's€action€is€taken€with€intent€to€complyÐ ð% & Ðwith€Y's€boycott.€€€€Ð È&ð ' ÐÌà F à(iii)€€U.S.€person€A€bids€on€a€tender€issued€byÐ x( ") Ðboycotting€country€Y.€€A€inadvertently€fails€toÐ P)x#* Ðnotice€a€prohibited€certification€which€appears€inÐ (*P$+ Ðthe€tender€document.€A's€bid€is€accepted.Ð +(%, ÐÌA's€action€in€bidding€was€not€taken€with€intent€toÐ °,Ø&. Ðcomply€with€Y's€boycott,€because€the€boycott€wasÐ Ø. Ðnot€a€reason€for€A's€action.Ð °Ø/ ÐÌà ® à(iv)€€U.S.€bank€A€engages€in€letter€of€creditÐ `ˆ1 Ðtransactions,€in€favor€of€U.S.€beneficiaries,Ð 8 `2 Ðinvolving€the€shipments€of€U.S.€goods€toÐ  83 Ðboycotting€country€Y.€€As€A€knows,€such€lettersÐ è 4 Ðof€credit€routinely€contain€conditions€requiringÐ À è5 Ðprohibited€certifications.€€A€fails€to€takeÐ ˜ À6 Ðreasonable€steps€to€prevent€the€implementation€ofÐ p ˜7 Ðsuch€letters€of€credit.€€A€receives€forÐ Hp8 Ðimplementation€a€letter€of€credit€which€in€factÐ  H 9 Ðcontains€a€prohibited€condition€but€does€notÐ ø : Ðexamine€the€letter€of€credit€to€determine€whetherÐ Ðø ; Ðit€contains€such€a€condition.Ð ¨Ð < ÐÌAlthough€Y's€boycott€may€not€be€a€specific€reasonÐ X€ > Ðfor€A's€action€in€implementing€the€letter€of€creditÐ 0X? Ðwith€a€prohibited€condition,€all€available€evidenceÐ 0@ Ðshows€that€A's€action€was€taken€with€intent€toÐ àA Ðcomply€with€the€boycott,€because€A€knows€orÐ ¸àB Ðshould€know€that€its€procedures€result€inÐ ¸C Ðcompliance€with€the€boycott.Ð hD ÐÌà ® à(v)€€U.S.€bank€A€engages€in€letter€of€creditÐ @F Ðtransactions,€in€favor€of€U.S.€beneficiaries,Ð ðG Ðinvolving€the€shipment€of€U.S.€goods€toÐ ÈðH Ðboycotting€country€Y.€€As€A€knows,€theÐ  ÈI Ðdocumentation€accompanying€such€letters€ofÐ x J Ðcredit€sometimes€contains€prohibitedÐ PxK Ðcertifications.€€In€accordance€with€standardÐ (PL Ðbanking€practices€applicable€to€A,€it€does€notÐ  (M Ðexamine€such€accompanying€documentation.€€AÐ Ø N Ðreceives€a€letter€of€credit€in€favor€of€a€U.S.Ð °!ØO Ðbeneficiary.€€The€letter€of€credit€itself€contains€noÐ ˆ"°P Ðprohibited€conditions.€€However,€theÐ `#ˆQ Ðaccompanying€documentation,€which€A€does€notÐ 8$`R Ðexamine,€does€contain€such€a€condition.Ð %8S ÐÌAll€available€evidence€shows€that€A's€action€inÐ À&è U Ðimplementing€the€letter€of€credit€was€not€takenÐ ˜'À!V Ðwith€intent€to€comply€with€the€boycott,€because€AÐ p(˜"W Ðhas€no€affirmative€obligation€to€go€beyondÐ H)p#X Ðapplicable€standard€banking€practices€inÐ  *H$Y Ðimplementing€letters€of€credit.€€€€Ð ø* %Z ÐÌà ® àÐ ¨,Ð&\ Ð(vi)€€A,€a€U.S.€company,€is€considering€opening€aÐ Ø Ðmanufacturing€facility€in€boycotted€country€X.€€AÐ °Ø Ðalready€has€such€a€facility€in€boycotting€countryÐ ˆ° ÐY.€€After€exploring€the€possibilities€in€X,€AÐ `ˆ Ðconcludes€that€the€market€does€not€justify€theÐ 8 ` Ðmove.€€A€is€aware€that€if€it€did€open€a€plant€in€X,Ð  8 ÐY€might€object€because€of€Y's€boycott€of€X.Ð è  ÐHowever€Y's€possible€objection€is€not€a€reason€forÐ À è ÐA's€decision€not€to€open€a€plant€in€X.Ð ˜ À ÐÌA's€decision€not€to€proceed€with€the€plant€in€X€isÐ Hp  Ðnot€action€with€intent€to€comply€with€Y's€boycott,Ð  H  Ðbecause€Y's€boycott€of€X€is€not€a€reason€for€A'sÐ ø  Ðdecision.€€€€Ð Ðø  ÐÌà F à(vii)€€Same€as€(vi),€except€that€after€exploringÐ €¨  Ðthe€business€possibilities€in€X,€A€concludes€thatÐ X€  Ðthe€market€does€justify€the€move€to€X.€€However,Ð 0X ÐA€does€not€open€the€plant€because€of€Y's€possibleÐ 0 Ðobjections€due€to€Y's€boycott€of€X.Ð à ÐÌA's€decision€not€to€proceed€with€the€plant€in€X€isÐ ¸ Ðaction€taken€with€intent€to€comply€with€Y'sÐ h Ðboycott,€because€Y's€boycott€is€a€reason€for€A'sÐ @h Ðdecision.€€€€Ð @ ÐÌà F à(viii)€€A,€a€U.S.€chemical€manufacturer,Ð Èð Ðreceives€a€"boycott€questionnaire"€fromÐ  È Ðboycotting€country€Y€asking,€among€other€things,Ð x  Ðwhether€A€has€any€plants€located€in€boycottedÐ Px Ðcountry€X.€€A,€which€has€never€supported€Y'sÐ (P Ðboycott€of€X,€responds€to€Y's€questionnaire,Ð  ( Ðindicating€affirmatively€that€it€does€have€plants€inÐ Ø   ÐX€and€that€it€intends€to€continue€to€have€plants€inÐ °!Ø! ÐX.Ð ˆ"°" ÐÌA's€responding€to€Y's€questionnaire€is€deemed€toÐ 8$`$ Ðbe€action€with€intent€to€comply€with€Y's€boycottÐ %8% Ðbecause€A€knows€that€the€questionnaire€isÐ è% & Ðboycott-related.€€It€is€irrelevant€that€A€does€notÐ À&è ' Ðalso€wish€to€support€Y's€boycott.€€€€Ð ˜'À!( ÐÌà F à(ix)€€U.S.€company€A€has€a€manufacturingÐ H)p#* Ðfacility€in€boycotted€country€X.€€A€receives€anÐ  *H$+ Ðinvitation€to€bid€on€a€construction€project€inÐ ø* %, Ðboycotting€country€Y.€€The€invitation€states€thatÐ Ð+ø%- Ðall€bidders€must€complete€a€boycott€questionnaireÐ ¨,Ð&. Ðand€send€it€in€with€the€bid.€€The€questionnaireÐ Ø. Ðasks€for€information€about€A's€businessÐ °Ø/ Ðrelationships€with€X.€€Regardless€of€whether€A'sÐ ˆ°0 Ðbid€is€successful,€A€intends€to€continue€itsÐ `ˆ1 Ðbusiness€in€X€undiminished€and€in€fact€isÐ 8 `2 Ðexploring€and€intends€to€continue€exploring€anÐ  83 Ðexpansion€of€its€activities€in€X€without€regard€toÐ è 4 ÐY's€boycott.Ð À è5 ÐÌA€may€not€answer€the€questionnaire,€because,Ð p ˜7 Ðdespite€A's€intentions€with€regard€to€its€businessÐ Hp8 Ðoperations€in€X,€Y's€request€for€completion€of€theÐ  H 9 Ðquestionnaire€is€for€boycott€purposes€and€byÐ ø : Ðresponding,€A's€action€would€be€taken€with€intentÐ Ðø ; Ðto€comply€with€Y's€boycott.à Ð àÐ ¨Ð < Ðà ® àà D àà Ú àÌÌÔ  Ôò òÓ  Óðð760.2Ô €t6ÔÐ 0X? ÐÌPROHIBITIONSÐ àA Ðó óÓFÓÌÓ  ÓÔ‡&Ö#%%%&z¶Ô(a)€€Refusals€to€do€businessÔ#†%&z¶%%&Ö#Å#ÔÐ ¸C ÐÓ¹ÓÌÓ  Óà@@¸¸¸ àPROHIBITION€AGAINST€REFUSALS€Ð >fE ÐTO€DO€BUSINESSÐ >F ÐÓIÓÌÔ‡h&´b%%%&z¶Ô(1)Ô#†%&z¶%%h&´bÍ#Ô€€No€United€States€person€may:€refuse,Ð ÆîH Ðknowingly€agree€to€refuse,€require€any€otherÐ ¢ÊI Ðperson€to€refuse,€or€knowingly€agree€€€to€requireÐ z¢J Ðany€other€person€to€refuse,€to€do€business€with€orÐ RzK Ðin€a€boycotted€country,€with€any€business€concernÐ *RL Ðorganized€under€the€laws€of€a€boycotted€country,Ð  *M Ðwith€any€national€or€resident€of€a€boycottedÐ Ú N Ðcountry,€or€with€any€other€person,€when€suchÐ ²!ÚO Ðrefusal€is€pursuant€to€an€agreement€with€theÐ Š"²P Ðboycotting€country,€or€a€requirement€of€theÐ b#ŠQ Ðboycotting€country,€or€a€request€from€€€or€onÐ :$bR Ðbehalf€of€the€boycotting€coun‚try.Ð %:S ÐÌÔ‡i&´b%%%&z¶Ô(2)Ô#†%&z¶%%i&´b##Ô€€Generally,€a€refusal€to€do€business€under€thisÐ Â&ê U Ðsection€consists€of€action€that€excludes€a€personÐ ž'Æ!V Ðor€country€from€a€transaction€for€boycott€reasons.€Ð v(ž"W ÐThis€includes€a€situation€in€which€a€United€StatesÐ N)v#X Ðperson€chooses€or€selects€one€person€over€anotherÐ &*N$Y Ðon€a€boycott€basis€or€takes€action€to€carry€outÐ þ*&%Z Ðanother€person's€boycott-based€selection€when€heÐ Ö+þ%[ Ðknows€or€has€reason€to€know€that€the€otherÐ ®,Ö&\ Ðperson's€selection€is€boycott-based.Ð Ø ÐÌÔ‡j&´b%%%&z¶Ô(3)Ô#†%&z¶%%j&´bË!#Ô€€Refusals€to€do€business€which€are€prohibitedÐ ˆ° Ðby€this€section€include€not€only€specific€refusals,Ð dŒ Ðbut€also€refusals€implied€by€a€course€or€pattern€ofÐ < d Ðconduct.€€There€need€not€be€a€specific€offer€andÐ  < Ðrefusal€to€constitute€a€refusal€to€do€business;€aÐ ì  Ðrefusal€may€occur€when€a€United€States€personÐ Ä ì Ðhas€a€financial€or€commercial€opportunity€andÐ œ Ä Ðdeclines€for€boycott€reasons€to€consider€or€acceptÐ t œ  Ðit.Ð Lt  ÐÌÔ‡k&´b%%%&z¶Ô(4)Ô#†%&z¶%%k&´bR$#Ô€€A€United€States€person's€use€of€either€aÐ ü$  Ðboycott-based€list€of€persons€with€whom€he€willÐ Ø  Ðnot€deal€(a€so-called€"blacklist")€or€aÐ °Ø  Ðboycott-based€list€of€persons€with€whom€he€willÐ ˆ°  Ðdeal€(a€†so-called€"whitelist")€constitutes€a€refusalÐ `ˆ  Ðto€do€business.Ð 8` ÐÌÔ‡l&´b%%%&z¶Ô(5)Ô#†%&z¶%%l&´b &#Ô€€An€agreement€by€a€United€States€person€toÐ è Ðcomply€generally€with€the€laws€of€the€boycottingÐ Äì Ðcountry€with€which€it€is€doing€business€or€anÐ œÄ Ðagreement€that€local€laws€of€the€boycottingÐ tœ Ðcountry€shall€apply€or€govern€is€not,€in€and€ofÐ Lt Ðitself,€a€refusal€to€do€business.€€Nor,€in€and€ofÐ $L Ðitself,€is€use€of€a€contractual€clause€explicitlyÐ ü$ Ðrequiring€a€person€to€assume€the€risk€of€loss€ofÐ Ôü Ðnon-delivery€of€his€products€a€refusal€to€doÐ ¬Ô Ðbusiness€with€any€person€who€will€not€or€cannotÐ „¬ Ðcomply€with€such€a€clause.€(But€see€ðð760.4€of€thisÐ \„ Ðpart€on€"Evasion.")Ð 4\ ÐÌÔ‡m&´b%%%&z¶Ô(6)Ô#†%&z¶%%m&´bb)#Ô€€If,€for€boycott€reasons,€a€United€StatesÐ ä   Ðgeneral€manager€chooses€one€supplier€overÐ À!è! Ðanother,€or€enters€into€a€contract€with€oneÐ ˜"À" Ðsupplier€over€another,€or€advises€its€client€to€doÐ p#˜# Ðso,€then€the€general€manager's€actions€constitute€aÐ H$p$ Ðrefusal€to€do€business€under€this€section.€Ð  %H% ÐHowever,€it€is€not€a€refusal€to€do€business€underÐ ø% & Ðthis€section€for€a€United€States€person€to€provideÐ Ð&ø ' Ðmanagement,€procurement,€or€other€pre-awardÐ ¨'Ð!( Ðservices€for€another€person€so€long€as€theÐ €(¨") Ðprovision€of€such€pre-award€services€is€customaryÐ X)€#* Ðfor€that€firm€(or€industry€of€which€the€firm€is€aÐ 0*X$+ Ðpart),€without€regard€to€the€boycotting€orÐ +0%, Ðnon-boycotting€character€of€the€countries€inÐ à+&- Ðwhich€they€are€performed,€and€the€United€StatesÐ ¸,à&. Ðperson,€in€providing€such€services,€does€not€act€toÐ Ø. Ðexclude€a€person€or€country€from€the€transactionÐ °Ø/ Ðfor€boycott€reasons,€or€otherwise€take€actions€thatÐ ˆ°0 Ðare€boycott-based.€€For€example,€a€United€StatesÐ `ˆ1 Ðperson€under€contract€to€provide€generalÐ 8 `2 Ðmanagement€services€in€connection€with€aÐ  83 Ðconstruction€project€in€a€boycotting€country€mayÐ è 4 Ðcompile€lists€of€qualified€bidders€for€the€client€ifÐ À è5 Ðthat€service€is€a€customary€one€and€if€persons€whoÐ ˜ À6 Ðare€qualified€are€not€excluded€from€that€listÐ p ˜7 Ðbecause€they€are€blacklisted.Ð Hp8 ÐÌÔ‡n&´b%%%&z¶Ô(7)Ô#†%&z¶%%n&´bn0#Ô€€With€respect€to€post-award€services,€if€aÐ ø : Ðclient€makes€a€boycott-based€selection,€actionsÐ Ôü ; Ðtaken€by€the€United€States€general€manager€orÐ ¬Ô < Ðcontractor€to€carry€out€the€client's€choice€areÐ „¬ = Ðthem‚selves€refusals€to€do€business€if€the€UnitedÐ \„ > ÐStates€contractor€knows€or€has€reason€to€knowÐ 4\? Ðthat€the€client's€choice€was€boycott-based.€€(It€isÐ  4@ Ðirrelevant€whether€the€United€States€contractorÐ ä A Ðalso€provided€pre-award€services.)€€Such€actionsÐ ¼äB Ðinclude€entering€into€a€contract€with€the€selectedÐ ”¼C Ðsupplier,€notifying€the€supplier€of€the€client'sÐ l”D Ðchoice,€executing€a€contract€on€behalf€of€theÐ DlE Ðclient,€arranging€for€inspection€and€shipment€ofÐ DF Ðthe€supplier's€goods,€or€taking€any€other€action€toÐ ôG Ðeffect€the€client's€choice.€€(But€see€ðð760.3(d)€onÐ ÌôH Ð"Compliance€with€Unilateral€Selection"€as€it€mayÐ ¤ÌI Ðapply€to€post-award€services.)Ð |¤J ÐÌÔ‡o&´b%%%&z¶Ô(8)Ô#†%&z¶%%o&´b55#Ô€€An€agreement€is€not€a€prerequisite€to€aÐ ,TL Ðviolation€of€this€section€since€the€prohibitionÐ  0M Ðextends€to€actions€taken€pursuant€not€only€toÐ à N Ðagreements€but€also€to€requirements€of,€andÐ ¸!àO Ðrequests€from€or€on€behalf€of,€a€boycottingÐ "¸P Ðcountry.Ð h#Q ÐÌÔ‡p&´b%%%&z¶Ô(9)Ô#†%&z¶%%p&´bÜ6#Ô€€Agreements€under€this€section€may€be€eitherÐ %@S Ðexpress€or€implied€by€a€course€or€pattern€ofÐ ô% T Ðconduct.€€There€need€not€be€a€direct€request€fromÐ Ì&ô U Ða€boycotting€country€for€action€by€a€United€StatesÐ ¤'Ì!V Ðperson€to€have€been€taken€pursuant€to€anÐ |(¤"W Ðagreement€with€or€requirement€of€a€boycottingÐ T)|#X Ðcountry.Ð ,*T$Y ÐÌÔ‡q&´b%%%&z¶Ô(10)Ô#†%&z¶%%q&´bÎ8#Ô€€This€prohibition,€like€all€others,€applies€onlyÐ Ü+&[ Ðwith€respect€to€a€United€States€person's€activitiesÐ ¸,à&\ Ðin€the€interstate€or€foreign€commerce€of€theÐ Ø ÐUnited€States€and€only€when€such€activities€areÐ °Ø Ðundertaken€with€intent€to€comply€with,€further,€orÐ ˆ° Ðsupport€an€unsanctioned€foreign€boycott.€TheÐ `ˆ Ðmere€absence€of€a€business€relationship€with€or€inÐ 8 ` Ðthe€boycotted€country,€with€any€business€concernÐ  8 Ðorganized€under€the€laws€of€the€boycottedÐ è  Ðcountry,€with€national(s)€or€resident(s)€of€theÐ À è Ðboycotted€country,€or€with€any€other€person€doesÐ ˜ À Ðnot€indicate€the€existence€of€the€required€intent.Ð p ˜  Ðà F àà Ü àà r àà  àÌÓ  ÓEXAMPLES€OF€REFUSALS€AND€Ð  H  Ðà@@¿¿¸ àAGREEMENTS€TO€REFUSE€TOÐ ø  Ðà@@n n ¸ àDO€BUSINESSÐ Ðø  ÐÓ|<ÓÌThe€following€examples€are€intended€to€giveÐ €¨  Ðguidance€in€determining€the€circumstances€inÐ X€  Ðwhich,€in€a€boycott€situation,€a€refusal€to€doÐ 0X Ðbusiness€or€an€agreement€to€refuse€to€do€businessÐ 0 Ðis€prohibited.€€They€are€illustrative,€notÐ à Ðcomprehensive.Ð ¸à ÐÌà@ûû¸ àREFUSALS€TO€DO€BUSINESSˆÐ h ÐÌà F à(i)€€A,€a€U.S.€manufacturer,€receives€an€orderÐ @ Ðfor€its€products€from€boycotting€country€Y.€€ToÐ ð Ðfill€that€order,€A€solicits€bids€from€U.S.Ð Èð Ðcompanies€B€and€C,€manufacturers€ofÐ  È Ðcomponents€used€in€A's€products.€€A€does€not,Ð x  Ðhowever,€solicit€bids€from€U.S.€companies€D€orÐ Px ÐE,€which€also€manufacture€such€components,Ð (P Ðbecause€it€knows€that€D€and€E€are€restricted€fromÐ  ( Ðdoing€business€in€Y€and€that€their€products€are,Ð Ø   Ðtherefore,€not€importable€into€that€country.Ð °!Ø! ÐÌCompany€A€may€not€refuse€to€solicit€bids€from€DÐ `#ˆ# Ðand€E€for€boycott€reasons,€because€to€do€so€wouldÐ 8$`$ Ðconstitute€a€refusal€to€do€business€with€thoseÐ %8% Ðpersons.Ð è% & Ðà F àà Ü àà r àà  àÌà F à(ii)€€A,€a€U.S.€exporter,€uses€company€B,€a€U.S.Ð ˜'À!( Ðinsurer,€to€insure€the€shipment€of€its€goods€to€allÐ p(˜") Ðits€overseas€customers.€€For€the€first€time,€AÐ H)p#* Ðreceives€an€order€for€its€products€from€boycottingÐ  *H$+ Ðcountry€Y.€€Knowing€that€B€is€on€the€blacklist€ofÐ ø* %, ÐY,€A€arranges€with€company€C,€a€non-blacklisted€Ð Ð+ø%- ÐÐ ¨,Ð&. ÐU.S.€insurer,€to€insure€the€shipment€of€its€goods€toÐ Ø. ÐY.Ð °Ø/ ÐÌA's€action€constitutes€a€refusal€to€do€businessÐ `ˆ1 Ðwith€B.€Ð 8 `2 ÐÌà ® à(iii)€€A,€a€U.S.€exporter,€purchases€all€itsÐ è 4 Ðliability€insurance€from€company€B,€a€U.S.Ð À è5 Ðcompany€that€does€business€in€boycotted€countryÐ ˜ À6 ÐX.€€A€wishes€to€expand€its€operations€into€countryÐ p ˜7 ÐY,€the€boycotting€country.€€Before€doing€so,€AÐ Hp8 Ðdecides€to€switch€from€insurer€B€to€insurer€C€inÐ  H 9 Ðanticipation€of€a€request€from€Y€that€A€sever€itsÐ ø : Ðrelations€with€B€as€a€condition€of€doingÐ Ðø ; Ðbusiness€in€Y.Ð ¨Ð < ÐÌA€may€not€switch€insurers€for€this€reason,€becauseÐ X€ > Ðdoing€so€would€constitute€a€refusal€to€do€businessÐ 0X? Ðwith€B.Ð 0@ ÐÌà ® à(iv)€€U.S.€company€A€exports€goods€toÐ ¸àB Ðboycotting€country€Y.€€In€selecting€vessels€toÐ ¸C Ðtransport€the€goods€to€Y,€A€chooses€only€fromÐ hD Ðamong€carriers€which€call€at€ports€in€Y.Ð @hE ÐÌA's€action€is€not€a€refusal€to€do€business€withÐ ðG Ðcarriers€which€do€not€call€at€ports€in€Y.Ð ÈðH ÐÌà ® à(v)€€A,€a€U.S.€bank€with€a€branch€office€inÐ x J Ðboycotting€country€Y,€sends€representatives€toÐ PxK Ðboycotted€country€X€to€discuss€plans€for€openingÐ (PL Ða€branch€office€in€X.€€Upon€learning€of€theseÐ  (M Ðdiscussions,€an€official€of€the€local€boycott€officeÐ Ø N Ðin€Y€advises€A's€local€branch€manager€that€if€AÐ °!ØO Ðopens€an€office€in€X€it€will€no€longer€be€allowedÐ ˆ"°P Ðto€do€business€in€Y.€€As€a€result€of€thisÐ `#ˆQ Ðnotification,€A€decides€to€abandon€its€plans€toÐ 8$`R Ðopen€a€branch€in€X.Ð %8S ÐÌBank€A€may€not€abandon€its€plans€to€open€aÐ À&è U Ðbranch€in€X€as€a€result€of€Y's€notification,Ð ˜'À!V Ðbecause€doing€so€would€constitute€a€refusal€to€doÐ p(˜"W Ðbusiness€in€boycotted€country€X.Ð H)p#X ÐÌà ® à(vi)€€A,€a€U.S.€company€that€manufacturesÐ ø* %Z Ðoffice€equipment,€has€been€restricted€from€doingÐ Ð+ø%[ Ðbusiness€in€boycotting€country€Y€because€of€itsÐ ¨,Ð&\ Ðbusiness€dealings€with€boycotted€country€X.€€InÐ Ø Ðan€effort€to€have€itself€removed€from€Y'sÐ °Ø Ðblacklist,€A€ceases€its€business€in€X.Ð ˆ° ÐÌA's€action€constitutes€a€refusal€to€do€business€inÐ 8 ` Ðboycotted€country€X.Ð  8 ÐÌà F à(vii)€€A,€a€U.S.€computer€company,€doesÐ À è Ðbusiness€in€boycotting€country€Y.€€A€decides€toÐ ˜ À Ðexplore€business€opportunities€in€boycottedÐ p ˜  Ðcountry€X.€€After€careful€analysis€of€possibleÐ Hp  Ðbusiness€opportunities€in€X,€A€decides,€solely€forÐ  H  Ðbusiness€reasons,€not€to€market€its€products€in€X.Ð ø  ÐÌA's€decision€not€to€proceed€is€not€a€refusal€to€doÐ ¨Ð  Ðbusiness,€because€it€is€not€based€on€boycottÐ €¨  Ðconsiderations.€A€has€no€affirmative€obligation€toÐ X€  Ðdo€business€in€X.Ð 0X ÐÌà F à(viii)€€A,€a€U.S.€oil€company€with€operations€inÐ à Ðboycotting€country€Y,€has€regularly€purchasedÐ ¸à Ðequipment€from€U.S.€petroleum€equipmentÐ ¸ Ðsuppliers€B,€C,€and€D,€none€of€whom€is€on€theÐ h Ðblacklist€of€Y.€€Because€of€its€satisfactoryÐ @h Ðrelationship€with€B,€C,€and€D,€A€has€not€dealtÐ @ Ðwith€other€suppliers,€including€supplier€E,€who€isÐ ð Ðblacklisted€by€Y.Ð Èð ÐÌA's€failure€affirmatively€to€seek€or€secureÐ x  Ðbusiness€with€blacklisted€supplier€E€is€not€aÐ Px Ðrefusal€to€do€business€with€E.Ð (P ÐÌà F à(ix)€€Same€as€(viii),€except€U.S.€petroleumÐ Ø   Ðequip‚ment€supplier€E,€a€company€on€boycottingÐ °!Ø! Ðcountry€Y's€blacklist,€offers€to€supply€U.S.€oilÐ ˆ"°" Ðcompany€A€with€goods€comparable€to€thoseÐ `#ˆ# Ðprovided€by€U.S.€suppliers€B,€C,€and€D.€€A,Ð 8$`$ Ðbecause€it€has€satisfactory,€establishedÐ %8% Ðrelationships€with€suppliers€B,€C,€and€D,€does€notÐ è% & Ðaccept€supplier€E's€offer.Ð À&è ' ÐÌA's€refusal€of€supplier€E's€offer€is€not€a€refusal€toÐ p(˜") Ðdo€business,€because€it€is€based€solely€onÐ H)p#* Ðnon-boycott€considerations.€€A€has€no€affirmativeÐ  *H$+ Ðobligation€to€do€business€with€E.Ð ø* %, ÐÌà F à(x)€€A,€a€U.S.€construction€company,€enters€intoÐ ¨,Ð&. Ða€contract€to€build€an€office€complex€inÐ Ø. Ðboycotting€country€Y.€€A€receives€bids€from€BÐ °Ø/ Ðand€C,€U.S.€companies€that€are€equally€qualifiedÐ ˆ°0 Ðsuppliers€of€electrical€cable€for€the€project.€€AÐ `ˆ1 Ðknows€that€B€is€blacklisted€by€Y€and€that€C€is€not.Ð 8 `2 ÐA€accepts€C's€bid,€in€part€because€C€is€asÐ  83 Ðqualified€as€the€other€potential€supplier€and€inÐ è 4 Ðpart€because€C€is€not€blacklisted.Ð À è5 ÐÌA's€decision€to€select€supplier€C€instead€ofÐ p ˜7 Ðblacklisted€supplier€B€is€a€refusal€to€do€business,Ð Hp8 Ðbecause€the€boycott€was€one€of€the€reasons€for€A'sÐ  H 9 Ðdecision.Ð ø : ÐÌà ® à(xi)€€A,€a€U.S.€general€contractor,€has€beenÐ ¨Ð < Ðretained€to€construct€a€highway€in€boycottingÐ €¨ = Ðcountry€Y.€€A€circulates€an€invitation€to€bid€toÐ X€ > ÐU.S.€manufacturers€of€road-building€equipment.€Ð 0X? ÐOne€of€the€conditions€listed€in€the€invitation€toÐ 0@ Ðbid€is€that,€in€order€for€A€to€obtain€promptÐ àA Ðservice,€suppliers€will€be€required€to€maintain€aÐ ¸àB Ðsupply€of€spare€parts€and€a€service€facility€in€Y.€Ð ¸C ÐA€includes€this€condition€solely€for€commercialÐ hD Ðreasons€unrelated€to€the€boycott.€€Because€of€thisÐ @hE Ðcondition,€however,€those€suppliers€on€Y'sÐ @F Ðblacklist€do€not€bid,€since€they€would€be€unable€toÐ ðG Ðsatisfy€the€parts€and€services€requirements.Ð ÈðH ÐÌA's€action€is€not€a€refusal€to€do€business,€becauseÐ x J Ðthe€contractual€condition€was€included€solely€for€Ð PxK Ðlegitimate€business€reasons€and€was€notÐ (PL Ðboycott-based.Ð  (M ÐÌà ® à(xii)€Company€A,€a€U.S.€oil€company,€purƒÐ °!ØO Ðchases€drill€bits€from€U.S.€suppliers€for€export€toÐ ˆ"°P Ðboycotting€country€Y.€€In€its€purchase€orders,€AÐ `#ˆQ Ðincludes€a€provision€requiring€the€supplier€toÐ 8$`R Ðmake€delivery€to€A's€facilities€in€Y€and€providingÐ %8S Ðthat€title€to€the€goods€does€not€pass€until€deliveryÐ è% T Ðhas€been€made.€€As€is€customary€under€such€anÐ À&è U Ðarrangement,€the€supplier€bears€all€risks€of€loss,Ð ˜'À!V Ðincluding€loss€from€fire,€theft,€perils€of€the€sea,Ð p(˜"W Ðand€inability€to€clear€customs,€until€title€passes.Ð H)p#X ÐÌInsistence€on€such€an€arrangement€does€notÐ ø* %Z Ðconstitute€a€refusal€to€do€business,€because€thisÐ Ð+ø%[ Ðrequirement€is€imposed€on€all€suppliers€whetherÐ ¨,Ð&\ Ðthey€are€blacklisted€or€not.€€(But€see€ðð760.4€onÐ Ø Ð"Evasion".)Ð °Ø ÐÌà F à(xiii)€€A,€a€U.S.€engineering€and€constructionÐ `ˆ Ðcompany,€contracts€with€a€government€agency€inÐ 8 ` Ðboycotting€country€Y€to€perform€a€variety€ofÐ  8 Ðservices€in€connection€with€the€construction€of€aÐ è  Ðlarge€industrial€facility€in€Y.€€Pursuant€to€thisÐ À è Ðcontract,€A€analyzes€the€market€of€prospectiveÐ ˜ À Ðsuppliers,€compiles€a€suggested€bidders€list,Ð p ˜  Ðanalyzes€the€bids€received,€and€makesÐ Hp  Ðrecommendations€to€the€client.€€The€clientÐ  H  Ðindependently€selects€and€awards€the€contract€toÐ ø  Ðsupplier€C€for€boycott€reasons.€€All€of€A'sÐ Ðø  Ðservices€are€per‚formed€without€regard€to€Y'sÐ ¨Ð  Ðblacklist€or€any€other€boycott€considerations,€andÐ €¨  Ðare€the€type€of€services€A€provides€clients€in€bothÐ X€  Ðboycotting€and€non-boycotting€countries.Ð 0X ÐÌA's€actions€do€not€constitute€a€refusal€to€doÐ à Ðbusiness,€because,€in€the€provision€of€pre-awardÐ ¸à Ðservices,€A€has€not€excluded€the€other€bidders€andÐ ¸ Ðbecause€A€customarily€provides€such€services€toÐ h Ðits€clients.Ð @h ÐÌà F à(xiv)€€Same€as€(xiii),€except€that€in€compiling€aÐ ð Ðlist€of€prospective€suppliers,€A€deletes€suppliersÐ Èð Ðhe€knows€his€client€will€refuse€to€select€becauseÐ  È Ðthey€are€blacklisted.€€A€knows€that€including€theÐ x  Ðnames€of€blacklisted€suppliers€will€neitherÐ Px Ðenhance€their€chances€of€being€selected€norÐ (P Ðprovide€his€client€with€a€useful€service,€theÐ  ( Ðfunction€for€which€he€has€been€retained.Ð Ø   Ðà@¸ ¸ ¸ àˆÌA's€actions,€which€amount€to€furnishing€aÐ ˆ"°" Ðso-called€"whitelist",€constitute€refusals€to€doÐ `#ˆ# Ðbusiness,€because€A's€pre-award€services€have€notÐ 8$`$ Ðbeen€furnished€without€regard€to€boycottÐ %8% Ðconsiderations.€Ð è% & ÐÌà F à(xv)€€A,€a€U.S.€construction€firm,€provides€itsÐ ˜'À!( Ðboycotting€country€client€with€a€permissible€listÐ p(˜") Ðof€prospective€suppliers,€B,€C,€D,€and€E.€€TheÐ H)p#* Ðclient€independently€selects€and€awards€theÐ  *H$+ Ðcontract€to€C,€for€boycott€reasons,€and€thenÐ ø* %, Ðrequests€A€to€advise€C€of€his€selection,€negotiateÐ Ð+ø%- Ðthe€contract€with€C,€arrange€for€the€shipment,€andÐ ¨,Ð&. Ðinspect€the€goods€upon€arrival.€A€knows€that€CÐ Ø. Ðwas€chosen€by€the€client€for€boycott€reasons.Ð °Ø/ ÐÌA's€action€in€complying€with€his€client's€directionÐ `ˆ1 Ðis€a€refusal€to€do€business,€because€A's€†post‚-awardÐ 8 `2 Ðactions€carry€out€his€client's€boy†cott-basedÐ  83 Ðdecision.€€(Note:€Whether€A's€action€comes€withƒÐ è 4 Ðin€the€unilateral€selection€exception€depends€uponÐ À è5 Ðfactors€discussed€in€ðð760.3(d)€of€this€part).Ð ˜ À6 ÐÌà ® à(xvi)€€Same€as€(xv),€except€that€A€is€buildingÐ Hp8 Ðthe€project€on€a€turnkey€basis€and€will€retain€titleÐ  H 9 Ðuntil€completion.€€The€client€instructs€A€toÐ ø : Ðcontract€only€with€C.Ð Ðø ; ÐÌA's€action€in€contracting€with€C€constitutes€aÐ €¨ = Ðrefusal€to€do€business,€because€it€is€action€thatÐ X€ > Ðexcludes€blacklisted€persons€from€the€transactionÐ 0X? Ðfor€boycott€reasons.€€(Note:€Whether€A's€actionÐ 0@ Ðcomes€within€the€unilateral€selection€exceptionÐ àA Ðdepends€upon€factors€discussed€in€ðð760.3(d)€ofÐ ¸àB Ðthis€part).Ð ¸C ÐÌà ® à(xvii)€€A,€a€U.S.€exporter€of€machine€tools,Ð @hE Ðreceives€an€order€for€drill€presses€from€boycottingÐ @F Ðcountry€Y.€€The€cover€letter€from€Y's€procurementÐ ðG Ðofficial€states€that€A€was€selected€over€other€U.S.€Ð ÈðH Ðmanufacturers€in€part€because€A€is€not€on€Y'sÐ  ÈI Ðblacklist.Ð x J ÐÌA's€action€in€filling€this€order€is€not€a€refusal€toÐ (PL Ðdo€business,€because€A€has€not€excluded€anyoneÐ  (M Ðfrom€the€transaction.Ð Ø N ÐÌà ® à(xviii)€€A,€a€U.S.€engineering€firm€underÐ ˆ"°P Ðcontract€to€construct€a€dam€in€boycotting€countryÐ `#ˆQ ÐY,€compiles,€on€a€non-boycott€basis,€a€list€ofÐ 8$`R Ðpotential€heavy€equipment€suppliers,€includingÐ %8S Ðinformation€on€their€qualifications€and€priorÐ è% T Ðexperience.€€A€then€solicits€bids€from€the€topÐ À&è U Ðthree€firms€on€its€list-„B,€C,€and€D„-because€theyÐ ˜'À!V Ðare€the€best€qualified.€€None€of€them€happens€toÐ p(˜"W Ðbe€blacklisted.€€A€does€not€solicit€bids€from€E,€F,Ð H)p#X Ðor€G,€the€next€three€firms€on€the€list,€one€of€whomÐ  *H$Y Ðis€on€Y's€blacklist.Ð ø* %Z ÐÌÐ ¨,Ð&\ ÐÑzOYÑâ zâÑ°°Ñâ zâÑ  ÑA's€decision€to€solicit€bids€from€only€B,€C,€and€D,Ð Ø Ðis€not€a€refusal€to€do€business€with€any€person,Ð °Ø Ðbecause€the€solicited€bidders€were€not€selected€forÐ ˆ° Ðboycott€reasons.Ð `ˆ ÐÌà F à(xix)€€U.S.€bank€A€receives€a€letter€of€credit€inÐ  8 Ðfavor€of€U.S.€beneficiary€B.€€The€letter€of€creditÐ è  Ðrequires€B€to€certify€that€he€is€not€blacklisted.€€BÐ À è Ðmeets€all€other€conditions€of€the€letter€of€creditÐ ˜ À Ðbut€refuses€to€certify€as€to€his€blacklist€status.€€AÐ p ˜  Ðrefuses€to€pay€B€on€the€letter€of€credit€solelyÐ Hp  Ðbecause€B€refuses€to€certify€as€to€his€blacklistÐ  H  Ðstatus.Ð ø  ÐÌA€has€refused€to€do€business€with€another€personÐ ¨Ð  Ðpursuant€to€a€boycott€requirement€or€request.Ð €¨  ÐÌà F à(xx)€€U.S.€bank€A€receives€a€letter€of€credit€inÐ 0X Ðfavor€of€U.S.€beneficiary€B.€€The€letter€of€creditÐ 0 Ðrequires€B€to€provide€a€certification€from€theÐ à Ðsteamship€line€that€the€vessel€carrying€the€goodsÐ ¸à Ðis€not€blacklisted.€€B€seeks€payment€from€A€andÐ ¸ Ðmeets€all€other€conditions€of€the€letter€of€creditÐ h Ðbut€refuses€or€is€unable€to€provide€theÐ @h Ðcertification€from€the€steamship€line€about€theÐ @ Ðvessel's€blacklist€status.€€A€refuses€to€pay€B€on€theÐ ð Ðletter€of€credit€solely€because€B€cannot€or€will€notÐ Èð Ðprovide€the€certification.Ð  È ÐÌA€has€required€another€person€to€refuse€to€doÐ Px Ðbusiness€pursuant€to€a€boycott€requirement€orÐ (P Ðrequest€by€insisting€that€B€obtain€such€aÐ  ( Ðcertificate.€€(Either€A€or€B€may€request€anÐ Ø   Ðamendment€to€the€letter€of€credit€substituting€aÐ °!Ø! Ðcertificate€of€vessel€eligibility,€however.€€SeeÐ ˆ"°" ÐExample€(xxi)€below).Ð `#ˆ# ÐÌà F à(xxi)€U.S.€bank€A€receives€a€letter€of€creditÐ %8% Ðfrom€a€bank€in€boycotting€country€Y€in€favor€ofÐ è% & ÐU.S.€beneficiary€B.€€The€letter€of€credit€requires€BÐ À&è ' Ðto€provide€a€certification€from€the€steamship€lineÐ ˜'À!( Ðthat€the€vessel€carrying€the€goods€is€eligible€toÐ p(˜") Ðenter€the€ports€in€Y.€€B€seeks€payment€from€A€andÐ H)p#* Ðmeets€all€other€conditions€of€the€letter€of€credit.€Ð  *H$+ ÐA€refuses€to€pay€B€solely€because€B€cannot€orÐ ø* %, Ðwill€not€provide€the€certification.Ð Ð+ø%- ÐÐ ¨,Ð&. ÐA€has€neither€refused,€nor€required€another€personÐ Ø. Ðto€refuse,€to€do€business€with€another€personÐ °Ø/ Ðpursuant€to€a€boycott€requirement€or€requestÐ ˆ°0 Ðbecause€a€request€for€a€vessel€eligibilityÐ `ˆ1 Ðcertificate€to€be€furnished€by€the€steamship€line€isÐ 8 `2 Ðnot€a€prohibited€condition.€(See€Supplement€No.Ð  83 Ð1€of€this€part,€paragraph€(I)(B),€€ð ðShippingÐ è 4 ÐCertificateðð.)Ð À è5 Ðà ® àà D àà Ú àà p àÌà ® à(xxii)€€U.S.€bank€A€confirms€a€letter€of€credit€inÐ p ˜7 Ðfavor€of€U.S.€beneficiary€B.€€The€letter€of€creditÐ Hp8 Ðcontains€a€requirement€that€B€certify€that€he€is€notÐ  H 9 Ðblacklisted.€€B€presents€the€letter€of€credit€to€U.S.Ð ø : Ðbank€C,€a€correspondent€of€bank€A.€€B€does€notÐ Ðø ; Ðpresent€the€certificate€of€blacklist€status€to€bankÐ ¨Ð < ÐC,€but,€in€accordance€with€these€rules,€bank€