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Ðà ` àà0  à(e)à h àSimplification€of€Regulationsà‚#p"p"I(#.îî@(#(##à62ˆÐ ä"¼" ÐÌò òà ` àSection€13à  àAdministrative€Procedure€and€Ð ”$l$ Ðà ` àà0  àJudicial€Reviewó óà‚#p"p"I(#.àà/(#(##à63à @x àˆÐ l%D% ÐÌà ` àà0  à(a)à h àExemptionà‚#p"p"I(#.ŽŽ,(#(##à63ˆÐ  'ø ' Ðà ` àà0  à(b)à h àPublic€Participationà‚#p"p"I(#.  7(#(##à63ˆÐ ø'Ð!( Ðà ` àà0  à(c)à h àProcedures€Relating€to€Civil€Penalties€and€Sanctionsà‚#p"p"I(#.””W(#(##à63ˆÐ Ð(¨") Ѐà ` àà0  à(d)à h àImposition€of€Temporary€Denial€Ordersà‚#p"p"I(#.ææH(#(##à63ˆÐ ¨)€#* Ðà ` àà0  à(e)à h àAppeals€from€License€Denialsà‚#p"p"I(#.$$?(#(##à64ˆÐ €*X$+ ЀÌÐ 0,&- Ðò òà ` àSection€14à  àAnnual€Reportó óà‚p"p"I(#.œœ-à64ˆÐ ( ÐÌà ` àà0  à(a)à h àContentsà‚#p"p"I(#.øø+(#(##à64ˆÐ Ü´ Ðà ` àà0  à(b)à h àReport€on€Certain€Export€Controlsà‚#p"p"I(#.``D(#(##à65ˆÐ ´Œ Ðà ` àà0  à(c)à h àReport€on€Negotiationsà‚#p"p"I(#.  9(#(##à65ˆÐ Œ d Ðà ` àà0  à(d)à h àReport€on€Exports€to€Controlled€Countriesà‚#p"p"I(#.®®L(#(##à65ˆÐ d < Ðà ` àà0  à(e)à h àReport€on€Domestic€Economic€Impact€of€Exports€toÐ< (#(# Ðà ` àà0  àà h àControlled€Countriesà‚#p"p"I(#.zz7(#(##à65ˆÐ  ì Ðà ` àà0  à(f)à h àAnnual€Report€of€the€Presidentà‚#p"p"I(#.``A(#(##à66ˆÐ ì Ä ÐÌò òà ` àSection€15à  àAdministrative€and€RegulatoryÐ œt  Ðà ` àà0  àAuthorityó óà‚#p"p"I(#.  )(#(##à66ˆÐ tL  ÐÌà ` àà0  à(a)à h àUnder€Secretary€of€Commerceà‚#p"p"I(#.22>(#(##à66ˆÐ (  Ðà ` àà0  à(b)à h àIssuance€of€Regulationsà‚#p"p"I(#.FF:(#(##à66ˆÐ Ø  Ðà ` àà0  à(c)à h àAmendments€to€Regulationsà‚#p"p"I(#.””<(#(##à66ˆÐ ذ  ÐÌò òà ` àSection€16à0  àDefinitionsó óà‚#p"p"I(#.``+(#(##à66ˆÐ ˆ` ÐÌò òà ` àSection€17à0  àEffects€on€Other€Actsó óà‚#p"p"I(#.¤¤5(#(##à67ˆÐ < ÐÌà ` àà0  à(a)à h àIn€Generalà‚#p"p"I(#.tt-(#(##à67ˆÐ ðÈ Ðà ` àà0  à(b)à h àCoordination€of€Controlsà‚#p"p"I(#.¨¨;(#(##à67à€@(#(#K(#(#(#àˆÐ È  Ðà ` àà0  à(c)à h àCivil€Aircraft€Equipmentà‚#p"p"I(#.¤¤;(#(##à67ˆÐ  x Ðà ` àà0  à(d)à h àÔ_ÔNonproliferationÔ_Ô€Controlsà‚#p"p"I(#.ìì<(#(##à67ˆÐ xP Ðà ` àà0  à(e)à h àTermination€of€Other€Authorityà‚#p"p"I(#.ŒŒA(#(##à68ˆÐ P( Ðà ` àà0  à(f)à h àAgricultural€Act€of€1970à‚#p"p"I(#.ŒŒ;(#(##à68ˆÐ ( ÐÌò òà ` àSection€18à0  àAuthorization€of€Appropriationsó óà‚#p"p"I(#.  ?(#(##à68ˆÐ ذ ÐÌà ` àà0  à(a)à h àRequirement€of€Authorizing€Legislationà‚#p"p"I(#.øøI(#(##à68ˆÐ Œd Ðà ` àà0  à(b)à h àAuthorizationà‚#p"p"I(#.hh0(#(##à68ˆÐ d < ÐÌò òà ` àSection€19à  àEffective€Dateó óà‚p"p"I(#.\\.à68ˆÐ "ì! ÐÌò òà ` àSection€20à  àTermination€Dateó óà‚p"p"I(#.€€0à68ˆÐ È# # ÐÌò òà ` àSection€21à0  àSavings€Provisionó óà‚#p"p"I(#.xx1(#(##à68ˆÐ |%T% ÐÌà ` àà0  à(a)à h àIn€Generalà‚#p"p"I(#.tt-(#(##à68ˆÐ 0'!' Ðà ` àà  à(b)à h àAdministrative€Proceedingsà‚p"p"I(#.jj=à68ˆÐ (à!( ÐÐ  à(¸") ÐÓ0 °øXŽX°,X°` h0ÓÝ ƒüœÿÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà@;;#ìàðð€ðð€ðð€ðð€ðð€ðð€ðð€ððˆÐ ( Ðò òÌÒ(€X€°(#°(#(Òà@cc¸ àSTATUTORY€CITATIONSˆÐ ذ Ðó óÌÔ#†XçüX%&o¶\#ÔÔ‡ô—IòXXçüÔExport€Administration€Act€of€1979,€Pub.€L.€96„72,€93Ð ˆ ` ÐStat.€503,€as€amended€by:Ð L $ ÐÌð"ðà0  àInternational€Security€and€Development€Act€ofÐ Ô ¬ Ð1980€€(Section€111),€Pub.€L.€96„533И pÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àExport€Administration€Amendments€Act€ofÐ  ø  Ð1981,€Pub.€L.€97„145Ðä¼ ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àExport€Administration€Act€of€1979,Ð lD  ÐExtension,€Pub.€L.€98„108Ð0 ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àExport€Administration€Act€of€1979,Ð ¸  ÐExtension,€Pub.€L.€98„207Ð|T ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àExport€Administration€Act€of€1979,Ð Ü ÐExtension,€Pub.€L.€98„222ÐÈ ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àExport€Administration€Amendments€Act€ofÐ P( Ð1985,€Pub.€L.€99„64ÐìÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àOmnibus€Diplomatic€Security€and€Anti„Ð œt ÐTerrorism€Act€of€1986,€Pub.€L.€99„399Ð`8ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àTax€Reform€Act€of€1986€(Section€2),€Pub.€L.Ð èÀ Ð99„514Ь„ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àExport€Administration€Act€of€1979,Ð 4  ÐAuthorization,€Pub.€L.€99„633ÐøÐ ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àNational€Defense€Authorization€Act€for€FiscalÐ € X" ÐYears€1988€and€1989,€Pub.€L.€100„180ÐD!#ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àOmnibus€Trade€and€Competitiveness€Act€ofÐ Ì"¤% Ð1988,€Pub.€L.€100„418Ð#h&ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àUnited€States„Canada€Free„TradeÐ %ð( ÐImplementation€Act€of€1988€Pub.€L.€100„449ÐÜ%´)ÀÀ ÐÌð"ðà0  àAnti„Terrorism€and€Arms€Export€AmendmentsÐd'p(#p(# ÐÌð"ðà0 p àExport€Administration€Act€of€1979Ð ìÄ@ Ð(extension),€Pub.€L.€103„277аˆAp(#p(# ÐÌð"ðà0 p àAct€to€Provide€References€in€Law€to€CommitƒÐ 8C Ðtees€and€Officers€of€the€House€of€RepresentaƒÐ üÔD Ðtives,€Pub.€L.€104„14ÐÀ˜Ep(#p(# ÐÌð"ðà0 p àGeneral€Accounting€Office€Act€of€1996Ð H G Ð(Section€128),€Pub.€L.€104„316Ð äHp(#p(# ÐÌð"ðà0 p àOmnibus€Consolidated€and€EmergencyÐ ”lJ ÐSupplemental€Appropriations€Act€of€1999,Ð X 0K ÐPub.€L.€105„277Ð!ôLp(#p(# ÐÌ€ð"ðà p àPub.€L.€106„508,€November€13,€2000.Ð ¤"|N ÐÌà@­­5 àðð€ðð€ðð€ðð€ðð€ðð€ðð€ððˆÐ ,$P ÐÌÌà p àÐ  x&P S Ðò òÓ! °°§ð°øXŽX!ÓAN€ACT€TOó ó€provide€authority€to€regulate€exports,€toÐ ( Ðimprove€the€ef‚ficiency€of€export€regulation,€and€toÐ îÆ Ðminimize€interference€with€the€ability€to€engage€inÐ ²Š Ðcommerce.Ð vN ÐÌà   àBe€it€enacted€by€the€Senate€and€the€House€ofÐ þ Ö ÐRepresentatives€of€the€United€States€of€America€inÐ  š ÐCongress€assembled,Ð † ^ ÐÌÌò òÓ  Óà@@¹ ¹ ¸ àÔ#†XçüXòô—IbV#ÔSection€1.€€€€Ð Ò ª  ÐSHORT€TITLEÔ‡ò—IòXXçüÔÐ ¾–  Ðó óÓŒfÓÌÌÔ#†XçüXòò—Iûf#ÔÔ‡ô—IòXXçüÔThis€Act€may€be€cited€as€the€ð ðExport€Administra‚tionÐ 2  ÐAct€of€1979ððÔ#†XçüXòô—Igg#ÔÔ‡ô—IòXXçüÔÔ#†ô—Iòòô—I=#ÔÔ‡ô—Iòòô—IÔ.Ð öÎ  ÐÌÌò òÓ  Óà@@¹ ¹ ¸ àÔ#†XçüXòô—Ih#ÔSection€2.Ð B ÐÓ€hÓÓ  ÓFINDINGSÔ‡ò—IòXXçüÔÐ . Ðó óÓðhÓÌÌÔ#†XçüXòò—Ii#Ôԇ“¨ÂXXçüÔThe€Congress€makes€the€following€findings:Ð ¢z ÐÌà   àò ò(1)ó óà  àThe€ability€of€United€States€citizens€to€engage€inÐ Ú Ðinternational€commerce€is€a€fundamental€concern€of€UnitedÐ ¶Ž ÐStates€policy.Ð f> ÐÌà   àò ò(2)ó óà  àExports€contribute€significantly€to€the€economicÐ Æž Ðwell-being€of€the€United€States€and€the€stability€of€the€worldÐ zR Ðeconomy€by€increasing€employment€and€production€in€theÐ * ÐUnited€States,€and€by€earning€foreign€exchange,€therebyÐ Ú² Ðcontributing€favorably€to€the€trade€balance.€€The€restriction€ofÐ Šb  Ðexports€from€the€United€States€can€have€serious€adverseÐ :! Ðeffects€on€the€balance€of€payments€and€on€domesticÐ êÂ" Ðemployment,€particularly€when€restrictions€applied€by€theÐ š r# ÐUnited€States€are€more€extensive€than€those€imposed€by€otherÐ J!"$ Ðcountries.Ð ú!Ò% ÐÌà   àò ò(3)ó óà  àIt€is€important€for€the€national€interest€of€the€UnitedÐ Z#2' ÐStates€that€both€the€private€sector€and€the€FederalÐ $æ( ÐGovernment€place€a€high€priority€on€exports,€consistent€withÐ ¾$–) Ðthe€economic,€security,€and€foreign€policy€objectives€of€theÐ n%F* ÐUnited€States.€Ð &ö+ ÐÌà   àò ò(4)ó óà  àThe€availability€of€certain€materials€at€home€andÐ ~'V!- Ðabroad€varies€so€that€the€quantity€and€composition€of€UnitedÐ 2( ". ÐStates€exports€and€their€distribution€among€importingÐ â(º"/ Ðcountries€may€affect€the€welfare€of€the€domestic€economy€andÐ ’)j#0 Ðmay€have€an€important€bearing€upon€fulfillment€of€the€foreignÐ B*$1 Ðpolicy€of€the€United€States.Ð ò*Ê$2 ÐÌà   àò òÐ R,*&4 Ðà  à(5)ó óà ø àExports€of€goods€or€technology€without€regard€toÐ (4 Ðwhether€they€make€a€significant€contribution€to€the€militaryÐ Ü´5 Ðpotential€of€individual€countries€or€combinations€of€countriesÐ Œd6 Ðmay€adversely€affect€the€national€security€of€the€UnitedÐ <7 ÐStates.Ð ìÄ8 ÐÌà  àò ò(6)ó óà ø àUncertainty€of€export€control€policy€can€inhibit€theÐ L $: Ðefforts€of€United€States€business€and€work€to€the€detriment€ofÐ  Ø; Ðthe€overall€attempt€to€improve€the€trade€balance€of€the€UnitedÐ ° ˆ< ÐStates.Ð ` 8= ÐÌà  àò ò(7)ó óà ø àUnreasonable€restrictions€on€access€to€world€suppliesÐ À ˜? Ðcan€cause€worldwide€political€and€economic€instability,Ð tL@ Ðinterfere€with€free€international€trade,€and€retard€the€growthÐ $üA Ðand€development€of€nations.Ð Ô¬ B ÐÌà  àò ò(8)ó óà ø àIt€is€important€that€the€administration€of€exportÐ 4 D Ðcontrols€imposed€for€national€security€purposes€give€specialÐ èÀ E Ðemphasis€to€the€need€to€control€exports€of€technology€(andÐ ˜p F Ðgoods€which€contribute€significantly€to€the€transfer€of€suchÐ H G Ðtechnology)€which€could€make€a€significant€contribution€toÐ øÐ H Ðthe€military€potential€of€any€country€or€combination€ofÐ ¨€I Ðcountries€which€would€be€detrimental€to€the€national€securityÐ X0J Ðof€the€United€States.Ð àK ÐÌà  àò ò(9)ó óà ø àMinimization€of€restrictions€on€exports€of€agriculturalÐ h@M Ðcommodities€and€products€is€of€critical€importance€to€theÐ ôN Ðmaintenance€of€a€sound€agricultural€sector,€to€a€positiveР̤O Ðcontribution€to€the€balance€of€payments,€to€reducing€the€levelÐ |TP Ðof€Federal€expenditures€for€agricultural€support€programs,Ð ,Q Ðand€to€United€States€cooperation€in€efforts€to€eliminateÐ Ü´R Ðmalnutrition€and€world€hunger.Ð ŒdS ÐÌà  àò ò(10)ó óà è àIt€is€important€that€the€administration€of€exportÐ ìÄU Ðcontrols€imposed€for€foreign€policy€purposes€give€specialÐ  xV Ðemphasis€to€the€need€to€control€exports€of€goods€andÐ P(W Ðsubstances€hazardous€to€the€public€health€and€theÐ ØX Ðenvironment€which€are€banned€or€severely€restricted€for€useÐ °ˆY Ðin€the€United€States,€and€which,€if€exported,€could€affect€theÐ ` 8Z Ðinternational€reputation€of€the€United€States€as€a€responsibleÐ !è[ Ðtrading€partner.Ð À!˜\ ÐÌà  àò ò(11)ó óà è àAvailability€to€controlled€countries€of€goods€andÐ  #ø^ Ðtechnology€from€foreign€sources€is€a€fundamental€concern€ofÐ Ô#¬_ Ðthe€United€States€and€should€be€eliminated€throughÐ „$\` Ðnegotiations€and€other€appropriate€means€whenever€possible.Ð 4% a ÐÌà  àò ò(12)ó óà è àExcessive€dependence€of€the€United€States,€itÐ ”&l c Ðallies,€or€countries€sharing€common€strategic€objectives€withÐ H' !d Ðthe€United€States,€on€energy€and€other€critical€resources€fromÐ ø'Ð!e Ðpotential€adversaries€can€be€harmful€to€the€mutual€andÐ ¨(€"f Ðindividual€security€of€all€those€countries.Ð X)0#g Ðò òÌÌÌÐ ,ð%k ÐÓ  Óà@@@@ ¸ àÔ#†XçüX“¨pi#ÔSection€3.€€Ð ( ÐDECLARATION€OF€Ð ì ÐPOLICYÔ‡ò—IòXXçüÔÐ Ø Ðó óÓí~ÓÌÔ#†XçüXòò—Iy#ÔÔ‡ô—IòXXçüÔThe€Congress€makes€the€following€declarations:Ð ° ˆ ÐÌà   àò ò(1)ó óà  àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€to€minimizeÐ 8  Ðuncertainties€in€export€control€policy€and€to€encourageÐ þ Ö Ðtrade€with€all€countries€with€which€the€United€States€hasÐ  š Ðdiplomatic€or€trading€relations,€except€those€countriesÐ † ^  Ðwith€which€such€trade€has€been€determined€by€theÐ J"  ÐPresident€to€be€against€the€national€interest.Ð æ  ÐÌà   àò ò(2)ó óà  àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€to€use€exportÐ –n  Ðcontrols€only€after€full€consideration€of€the€impact€onÐ \4  Ðthe€economy€of€the€United€States€and€only€to€the€extentÐ  ø  Ðnecessary--Ð ä¼  ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àto€restrict€the€export€of€goods€andÐ lD Ðtechnology€which€would€make€a€significant€contributionÐ 2  Ðto€the€military€potential€of€any€other€country€orÐ öÎ Ðcombination€of€countries€which€would€proveÐ º’ Ðdetrimental€to€the€national€security€of€the€United€States;Ð ~V ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(B)ó óà p àto€restrict€the€export€of€goods€andÐ Þ Ðtechnology€where€necessary€to€further€significantly€theР̤ Ðforeign€policy€of€the€United€States€or€to€fulfill€itsÐ h Ðdeclared€international€obligations;€and€Ð T, ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(C)ó óà p àto€restrict€the€export€of€goods€whereÐ Ü´ Ðnecessary€to€protect€the€domestic€economy€from€theÐ ¢z Ðexcessive€drain€of€scarce€materials€and€to€reduce€theÐ f> Ðserious€inflationary€impact€of€foreign€demand.Ð *  ÐÌà   àò ò(3)ó óà  àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€(A)€to€applyÐ ² Š" Ðany€necessary€controls€to€the€maximum€extent€possibleÐ x!P# Ðin€cooperation€with€all€nations,€and€(B)€to€encourageÐ <"$ Ðobservance€of€a€uniform€export€control€policy€by€allÐ #Ø% Ðnations€with€which€the€United€States€has€defense€treatyÐ Ä#œ& Ðcommitments€or€common€strategic€objectives.Ð ˆ$`' ÐÌà   àò ò(4)ó óà  àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€to€use€itsÐ &è) Ðeconomic€resources€and€trade€potential€to€further€theÐ Ö&® * Ðsound€growth€and€stability€of€its€economy€as€well€as€toÐ š'r!+ Ðfurther€its€national€security€and€foreign€policyÐ ^(6", Ðobjectives.Ð ")ú"- Ðò òÌà   à(5)ó óà  àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States--Ð ¨*€$/ ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àto€oppose€restrictive€trade€practices€orÐ 2, &1 Ðboycotts€fostered€or€imposed€by€foreign€countriesÐ (1 Ðagainst€other€countries€friendly€to€the€United€States€orÐ ìÄ2 Ðagainst€any€United€States€Ð °ˆ3 Ðperson;Ð tL4 ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(B)ó óà Ø àto€encourage€and,€in€specified€cases,Ð ü Ô6 Ðrequire€United€States€persons€engaged€in€the€export€ofÐ  š7 Ðgoods€or€technology€or€other€information€to€refuse€toÐ † ^8 Ðtake€actions,€including€furnishing€information€orÐ J "9 Ðentering€into€or€implementing€agreements,€which€haveÐ  æ: Ðthe€effect€of€furthering€or€supporting€the€restrictiveÐ Ò ª; Ðtrade€practices€or€boycotts€fostered€or€imposed€by€anyÐ –n< Ðforeign€country€against€a€country€friendly€to€the€UnitedÐ Z2 = ÐStates€or€against€any€United€States€person;€andÐ ö > ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(C)ó óà Ø àto€foster€international€cooperation€andÐ ¦~ @ Ðthe€development€of€international€rules€and€institutionsÐ lD A Ðto€assure€reasonable€access€to€world€supplies.Ð 0 B ÐÌà  àò ò(6)ó óà ø àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€that€theÐ ¸D Ðdesirability€of€subjecting,€or€continuing€to€subject,Ð ~VE Ðparticular€goods€or€technology€or€other€information€toÐ BF ÐUnited€States€export€controls€should€be€subjected€toÐ ÞG Ðreview€by€and€consultation€with€representatives€ofРʢH Ðappropriate€United€States€Government€agencies€andÐ ŽfI Ðprivate€industry.Ð R*J ÐÌà  àò ò(7)ó óà ø àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€to€use€exportÐ Ú²L Ðcontrols,€including€license€fees,€to€secure€the€removalÐ  xM Ðby€foreign€countries€of€restrictions€on€access€to€suppliesÐ d<N Ðwhere€such€restrictions€have€or€may€have€a€seriousÐ (O Ðdomestic€inflationary€impact,€have€caused€or€may€causeÐ ìÄP Ða€serious€domestic€shortage,€or€have€been€imposed€forÐ °ˆQ Ðpurposes€of€influencing€the€foreign€policy€of€the€UnitedÐ tLR ÐStates.€€In€effecting€this€policy,€the€President€shall€makeÐ 8 S Ðreasonable€and€prompt€efforts€to€secure€the€removal€orÐ ü ÔT Ðreduction€of€such€restrictions,€policies,€or€actionsÐ À!˜U Ðthrough€international€cooperation€and€agreement€beforeÐ „"\V Ðimposing€export€controls.€€No€action€taken€inÐ H# W Ðfulfillment€of€the€policy€set€forth€in€this€paragraph€shallÐ  $äX Ðapply€to€the€export€of€medicine€or€medical€supplies.Ð Ð$¨Y ÐÌà  àò ò(8)ó óà ø àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€to€use€exportÐ X&0 [ Ðcontrols€to€encourage€other€countries€to€take€immediateÐ 'ö \ Ðsteps€to€prevent€the€use€of€their€territories€or€resourcesÐ â'º!] Ðto€aid,€encourage,€or€give€sanctuary€to€those€personsÐ ¦(~"^ Ðinvolved€in€directing,€supporting,€or€participating€inÐ j)B#_ Ðacts€of€international€terrorism.€€To€achieve€thisÐ .*$` Ðobjective,€the€President€shall€make€reasonable€andÐ ò*Ê$a Ðprompt€efforts€to€secure€the€removal€or€reduction€ofÐ ¶+Ž%b Ðsuch€assistance€to€international€terrorists€throughÐ ( Ðinternational€cooperation€and€agreement€beforeÐ ìÄ Ðimposing€export€controls.€Ð °ˆ ÐÌà   àò ò(9)ó óà  àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€to€cooperateÐ 8  Ðwith€other€countries€with€which€the€United€States€hasÐ þ Ö Ðdefense€treaty€commitments€or€common€strategicÐ  š Ðobjectives€in€restricting€the€export€of€goods€andÐ † ^ Ðtechnology€which€would€make€a€significant€contributionÐ J " Ðto€the€military€potential€of€any€country€or€combinationÐ  æ  Ðof€countries€which€would€prove€detrimental€to€theÐ Ò ª  Ðsecurity€of€the€United€States€and€of€those€countries€withÐ –n  Ðwhich€the€United€States€has€defense€treaty€commitmentsÐ Z2  Ðor€common€strategic€objectives,€and€to€encourage€otherÐ ö  Ðfriendly€countries€to€cooper‚ate€in€restricting€the€sale€ofР⺠ Ðgoods€and€technology€that€can€harm€the€security€of€theÐ ¦~  ÐUnited€States.Ð jB  ÐÌà   àò ò(10)ó óà € àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€thatÐ òÊ  Ðexport€trade€by€United€States€citizens€be€given€a€highÐ ¸ Ðpriority€and€not€be€controlled€except€when€suchÐ |T Ðcontrols€(A)€are€necessary€to€further€fundamentalÐ @ Ðnational€security,€foreign€policy,€or€short€supplyÐ Ü Ðobjectives,€(B)€will€clearly€further€such€objectives,€andÐ È  Ð(C)€are€administered€consistent€with€basic€standards€ofÐ Œd Ðdue€process.Ð P( ÐÌà   àò ò(11)ó óà € àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€toРذ Ðminimize€restrictions€on€the€export€of€agriculturalÐ žv Ðcommodities€and€products.Ð b: ÐÌà   àò ò(12)ó óà € àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€to€sustainÐ ê Ðvigorous€scientific€enterprise.€€To€do€so€involvesÐ °ˆ  Ðsustaining€the€ability€of€scientists€and€other€scholarsÐ tL! Ðfreely€to€communicate€research€findings,€in€accordanceÐ 8 " Ðwith€the€applicable€provisions€of€law,€by€means€ofÐ ü Ô# Ðpublication,€teaching,€conferences,€and€other€forms€ofÐ À!˜$ Ðscholarly€exchange.Ð „"\% ÐÌà   àò ò(13)ó óà € àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€to€controlÐ  $ä' Ðthe€export€of€goods€and€substances€banned€or€severelyÐ Ò$ª( Ðrestricted€for€use€in€the€United€States€in€order€to€fosterÐ –%n) Ðpublic€health€and€safety€and€to€prevent€injury€to€theÐ Z&2 * Ðforeign€policy€of€the€United€States€as€well€as€to€theÐ 'ö + Ðcredibility€of€the€United€States€as€a€responsible€tradingÐ â'º!, Ðpartner.Ð ¦(~"- ÐÌà   àò ò(14)ó óà € àIt€is€the€policy€of€the€United€States€toÐ .*$/ Ðcooperate€with€countries€which€are€allies€of€the€UnitedÐ ô*Ì$0 ÐStates€and€countries€which€share€common€strategicÐ ¸+%1 Ðobjectives€with€the€United€States€in€minimizingÐ (1 Ðdependence€on€imports€of€energy€and€other€criticalÐ ìÄ2 Ðresources€from€potential€adversaries€and€in€developingÐ °ˆ3 Ðalternative€supplies€of€such€resources€in€order€toÐ tL4 Ðminimize€strategic€threats€posed€by€excessive€hardÐ 8 5 Ðcurrency€earnings€derived€from€such€resource€exportsÐ ü Ô6 Ðby€countries€with€policies€adverse€to€the€securityÐ À ˜7 Ðinterests€of€the€United€States.Ð „ \8 Ѐ€Ð H 9 ÐÌÔ#†XçüXòô—Iä#Ôò òÓ  Óà@@!!5 àSection€4.Ð Ð ¨; ÐGENERAL€PROVISIONSÐ ¼”< Ðó óÓ:§ÓÌò òÔ‡ô—IòXXçüÔ(a)ó óà  àTypes€of€Licenses.--€€Under€such€conditions€as€mayÐ ”l > Ðbe€imposed€by€the€Secretary€which€are€consistent€withÐ Z2 ? Ðthe€provisions€of€this€Act,€the€Secretary€may€requireÐ ö @ Ðany€of€the€following€types€of€export€licenses:Р⺠A ÐÌà  àò ò(1)ó óà ø àA€validated€license,€authorizing€a€specificÐ jBC Ðexport,€issued€pursuant€to€an€application€by€theÐ 0D Ðexporter.Ð ôÌE ÐÌà  àò ò(2)ó óà ø àValidated€licenses€authorizing€multiple€exports,Ð |TG Ðissued€pursuant€to€an€application€by€the€exporter,€in€lieuÐ BH Ðof€an€individual€validated€license€for€each€such€export,Ð ÞI Ðincluding€but€not€limited€to€the€following:РʢJ ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(A)ó óà Ø àA€distribution€license,€authorizingÐ R*L Ðexports€of€goods€to€approved€distributors€or€users€of€theÐ ðM Ðgoods€in€countries€other€than€controlled€countries,Ð Ü´N Ðexcept€that€the€Secretary€may€establish€a€type€ofÐ  xO Ðdistribution€license€appropriate€for€consignees€in€theÐ d<P ÐPeople's€Republic€of€China.€€The€Secretary€shall€grantÐ (Q Ðthe€distribution€license€primarily€on€the€basis€of€theÐ ìÄR Ðreliability€of€the€applicant€and€foreign€consignees€withÐ ° ˆS Ðrespect€to€the€prevention€of€diversion€of€goods€toÐ t!LT Ðcontrolled€countries.€€The€Secretary€shall€have€theÐ 8"U Ðresponsibility€of€determining,€with€the€assistance€of€allÐ ü"ÔV Ðappropriate€agencies,€the€reliability€of€applicants€andÐ À#˜W Ðtheir€immediate€consignees.€€The€Secretary'sÐ „$\X Ðdetermination€shall€be€based€on€appropriateÐ H% Y Ðinvestigations€of€each€applicant€and€periodic€reviews€ofÐ  &äZ Ðlicensees€and€their€compliance€with€the€terms€ofÐ Ð&¨ [ Ðlicenses€issued€under€this€Act.€€Factors€such€as€theÐ ”'l!\ Ðapplicant's€products€or€volume€of€business,€or€theÐ X(0"] Ðconsignee's€geographic€location,€sales€distribution€area,Ð )ô"^ Ðor€degree€of€foreign€ownership,€which€may€be€relevantÐ à)¸#_ Ðwith€respect€to€individual€cases,€shall€not€beÐ ¤*|$` Ðdeterminative€in€creating€categories€or€general€criteriaÐ h+@%a Ðfor€the€denial€of€applications€or€withdrawal€of€aÐ ,,&b Ðdistribution€license.Ð ( ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(B)ó óà p àA€comprehensive€operations€license,Ð °ˆ Ðauthorizing€exports€and€Ô_ÔreexportsÔ_Ô€of€technology€andÐ vN Ðrelated€goods,€including€items€from€the€list€of€militarilyÐ :  Ðcritical€technologies€developed€pursuant€to€section€5(d)Ð þ Ö Ðof€this€Act€which€are€included€on€the€control€list€inÐ  š Ðaccordance€with€that€section,€from€a€domestic€concernÐ † ^ Ðto€and€among€its€foreign€subsidiaries,€affiliates,€jointÐ J " Ðventurers,€and€licensees€that€have€long„term,Ð  æ  Ðcontractually€defined€relations€with€the€exporter,€areÐ Ò ª  Ðlocated€in€countries€other€than€controlled€countries,Ð –n  Ð(except€the€People's€Republic€of€China)€and€areÐ Z2  Ðapproved€by€the€Secretary.€€The€Secretary€shall€grantÐ ö  Ðthe€license€to€manufacturing,€laboratory,€or€relatedР⺠ Ðoperations€on€the€basis€of€approval€of€the€exporter'sÐ ¦~  Ðsystems€of€control,€including€internal€proprietaryÐ jB  Ðcontrols,€applicable€to€the€technology€and€related€goodsÐ .  Ðto€be€exported€rather€than€approval€of€individual€exportÐ òÊ  Ðtransactions.€€The€Secretary€and€the€Commissioner€ofÐ ¶Ž ÐCustoms,€consistent€with€their€authorities€under€sectionÐ zR Ð12(a)€of€this€Act,€and€with€the€assistance€of€allÐ > Ðappropriate€agencies,€shall€periodically,€but€not€lessÐ Ú Ðfrequently€than€annually,€perform€audits€of€licensingÐ Æž Ðprocedures€under€this€subparagraph€in€order€to€assureÐ Šb Ðthe€integrity€and€effectiveness€of€those€procedures.Ð N& Ðà   àÌà   àà  àò ò(C)ó óà p àA€project€license,€authorizing€exports€ofÐ Ö® Ðgoods€or€technology€for€a€specified€activity.Ð œt ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(D)ó óà p àA€service€supply€license,€authorizingÐ $ü Ðexports€of€spare€or€replacement€parts€for€goodsÐ ê Ðpreviously€exported.Ð ®†  ÐÌà   àò ò(3)ó óà  àA€general€license,€authorizing€exports,€withoutÐ 6 " Ðapplica‚tion€by€the€exporter.Ð ü Ô# ÐÌà   àò ò(4)ó óà  àSuch€other€licenses€as€may€assist€in€the€effectiveÐ „"\% Ðand€efficient€implementation€of€this€Act.Ð J#"& ÐÌò ò(b)ó óà  àControl€List.„„€€The€Secretary€shall€establish€andÐ Ò$ª( Ðmaintain€a€list€(hereinafter€in€this€Act€referred€to€as€theÐ ˜%p) Ðð ðcontrol€listðð)€stating€license€requirements€(other€thanÐ \&4 * Ðfor€general€licenses)€for€exports€of€goods€andÐ  'ø + Ðtechnology€under€this€Act.€Ð ä'¼!, ÐÌò ò(c)ó óà   àForeign€Availability.„„€€In€accordance€with€theÐ l)D#. Ðprovisions€of€this€Act,€the€President€shall€not€imposeÐ 2* $/ Ðexport€controls€for€foreign€policy€or€national€securityÐ ö*Î$0 Ðpurposes€on€the€export€from€the€United€States€of€goodsÐ º+’%1 Ðor€technology€which€he€determines€are€availableÐ (1 Ðwithout€restriction€from€sources€outside€the€UnitedÐ ìÄ2 ÐStates€in€sufficient€quantities€and€comparable€in€qualityÐ °ˆ3 Ðto€those€produced€in€the€United€States€so€as€to€renderÐ tL4 Ðthe€controls€ineffective€in€achieving€their€purposes,Ð 8 5 Ðunless€the€President€determines€that€adequate€evidenceÐ ü Ô6 Ðhas€been€presented€to€him€demonstrating€that€theÐ À ˜7 Ðabsence€of€such€controls€would€prove€detrimental€to€theÐ „ \8 Ðforeign€policy€or€national€security€of€the€United€States.€Ð H 9 ÐIn€complying€with€the€provisions€of€this€subsection,€theÐ  ä: ÐPresident€shall€give€strong€emphasis€to€bilateral€orÐ Ð ¨; Ðmultilateral€negotiations€to€eliminate€foreignÐ ”l< Ðavailability.€€The€Secretary€and€the€Secretary€ofÐ X0 = ÐDefense€shall€cooperate€in€gathering€informationÐ ô > Ðrelating€to€foreign€availability,€including€theРภ? Ðestablishment€and€maintenance€of€a€jointly€operatedÐ ¤| @ Ðcomputer€system.Ð h@ A Ðò òÌ(d)ó óà ø àRight€of€Export.--€€No€authority€or€permission€toÐ îÆ C Ðexport€may€be€required€under€this€Act,€or€underÐ ´ŒD Ðregulations€issued€under€this€Act,€except€to€carry€outÐ xPE Ðthe€policies€set€forth€in€section€3€of€this€Act.Ð <F ÐÌò ò(e)ó óà  àDelegation€of€Authority.--€€The€President€mayÐ ÄœH Ðdelegate€the€power,€authority,€and€discretion€conferredÐ ŠbI Ðupon€him€by€this€Act€to€such€departments,€agencies,€orÐ N&J Ðofficials€of€the€Government€as€he€may€considerÐ êK Ðappropriate,€except€that€no€authority€under€this€Act€mayÐ Ö®L Ðbe€delegated€to,€or€exercised€by,€any€official€of€anyÐ šrM Ðdepartment€or€agency€the€head€of€which€is€notÐ ^6N Ðappointed€by€the€President,€by€and€with€the€advice€andÐ "úO Ðconsent€of€the€Senate.€€The€President€may€not€delegateÐ æ¾P Ðor€transfer€his€power,€authority,€and€discretion€toÐ ª‚Q Ðoverrule€or€modify€any€recommendation€or€decisionÐ nFR Ðmade€by€the€Secretary,€the€Secretary€of€Defense,€or€theÐ 2 S ÐSecretary€of€State€pursuant€to€the€provisions€of€this€Act.Ð ö ÎT ÐÌò ò(f)ó óà  àNotification€of€the€Public;€Consultation€withÐ ~"VV ÐBusiness.„„€€The€Secretary€shall€keep€the€public€fullyÐ D#W Ðapprised€of€changes€in€export€control€policy€andÐ $àX Ðprocedures€instituted€in€conformity€with€this€Act€with€aÐ Ì$¤Y Ðview€to€encouraging€trade.€€The€Secretary€shall€meetÐ %hZ Ðregularly€with€representatives€of€a€broad€spectrum€ofÐ T&, [ Ðenterprises,€labor€organizations,€and€citizens€interestedÐ 'ð \ Ðin€or€affected€by€export€controls,€in€order€to€obtain€theirÐ Ü'´!] Ðviews€on€United€States€export€control€policy€and€theÐ  (x"^ Ðforeign€availability€of€goods€and€technology.Ð d)<#_ ÐÌò ò(g)ó óà  àFees.„„€€No€fee€may€be€charged€in€connection€withÐ ì*Ä$a Ðthe€submission€or€processing€of€an€export€licenseÐ ²+Š%b Ðapplication.Ð ( Ðà@¸ ¸ ¸ àˆÌÌò òÓ  Óà@@€€ ¸ àÔ#†XçüXòô—Iµ§#ÔSection€5.€€€€Ð tL ÐNATIONAL€SECURITY€CONTROLSÔ‡ô—IòXXçüÔÐ ` 8 Ðó óÓüËÓÌò ò(a)ó óà   àAuthority„„Ð  è ÐÌà   àò ò(1)ó óà  àIn€order€to€carry€out€the€policy€set€forth€inÐ š r Ðsection3(2)(A)€of€this€Act,€the€President€may,€inÐ ` 8  Ðaccordance€with€the€provisions€of€this€section,€prohibitÐ $ü  Ðor€curtail€the€export€of€any€goods€or€technology€subjectÐ èÀ  Ðto€the€jurisdiction€of€the€United€States€or€exported€byÐ ¬„  Ðany€person€subject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€UnitedÐ pH  ÐStates.€€The€authority€contained€in€this€subsectionÐ 4  Ðincludes€the€authority€to€prohibit€or€curtail€the€transferÐ øÐ  Ðof€goods€or€technology€within€the€United€States€toÐ ¼”  Ðembassies€and€affiliates€of€controlled€countries.€€ForÐ €X  Ðpurposes€of€the€preceding€sentence,€the€term€ððaffiliatesððÐ D Ðincludes€both€governmental€entities€and€commercialÐ à Ðentities€that€are€controlled€in€fact€by€controlledР̤ Ðcountries.€€The€authority€contained€in€this€subsectionÐ h Ðshall€be€exercised€by€the€Secretary,€in€consultation€withÐ T, Ðthe€Secretary€of€Defense,€and€such€other€departmentsÐ ð Ðand€agencies€as€the€Secretary€considers€appropriate,Ð Ü´ Ðand€shall€be€implemented€by€means€of€export€licensesÐ  x Ðdescribed€in€section4(a)€of€this€Act.Ð d< Ѐ€€€Ð ( Ðà   àò ò(2)ó óà  àWhenever€the€Secretary€makes€any€revision€withÐ ìÄ Ðrespect€to€any€goods€or€technology,€or€with€respect€toÐ ²Š Ðthe€countries€or€destinations,€affected€by€export€controlsÐ vN Ðimposed€under€this€section,€the€Secretary€shall€publishÐ : Ðin€the€òòFederal€Registeróó€a€notice€of€such€revision€andÐ þÖ  Ðshall€specify€in€such€notice€that€the€revision€relates€toРš! Ðcontrols€imposed€under€the€authority€contained€in€thisÐ † ^" Ðsection.Ð J!"# ÐÌà   àò ò(3)ó óà  àIn€issuing€regulations€to€carry€out€this€section,Ð Ò"ª% Ðparticular€attention€shall€be€given€to€the€difficulty€ofÐ ˜#p& Ðdevising€effective€safeguards€to€prevent€a€country€thatÐ \$4' Ðposes€a€threat€to€the€security€of€the€United€States€fromÐ  %ø( Ðdiverting€critical€technologies€to€military€use,€theÐ ä%¼) Ðdifficulty€of€devising€Ð ¨&€ * Ðeffective€safeguards€to€protect€critical€goods,€and€theÐ l'D!+ Ðneed€to€take€effective€measures€to€prevent€the€Ô_ÔreexportÔ_ÔÐ 0(", Ðof€critical€technologies€from€other€countries€to€countriesÐ ô(Ì"- Ðthat€pose€a€Ð ¸)#. Ðthreat€to€the€security€of€the€United€States.€Ð |*T$/ ÐÌà   àò ò(4)ó óà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àNo€auÔ_ÔthorityÔ_Ô€or€permission€may€beÐ ,Ü%1 Ðrequired€under€this€section€to€Ô_ÔreexportÔ_Ô€any€goods€orÐ (1 Ðtechnology€subject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€UnitedÐ ìÄ2 ÐStates€to€any€country€which€maintains€export€controlsÐ °ˆ3 Ðon€such€goods€or€technology€cooperatively€with€theÐ tL4 ÐUnited€States€pursuant€to€the€agreement€of€the€groupÐ 8 5 Ðknown€as€the€Coordinating€Committee€[CoordinatingÐ ü Ô6 ÐCommittee€for€Multilateral€Export€Controls],€orÐ À ˜7 Ðpursuant€to€an€agreement€described€in€subsection€(k)€ofÐ „ \8 Ðthis€section.€€The€Secretary€may€require€any€personÐ H 9 ÐÔ_Ôreexport‚ingÔ_Ô€any€goods€or€technology€under€thisÐ  ä: Ðsubparagraph€to€notify€the€Secretary€of€such€Ô_ÔreexportsÔ_Ô.€Ð Ð ¨; ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(B)ó óà Ø àNotwithstanding€subparagraph€(A),€theÐ X0 = ÐSecretary€may€require€authority€or€permission€toÐ ö > ÐÔ_ÔreexportÔ_Ô€the€following:Р⺠? ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)ó óà Ø à€€supercomputers;ÐjB A(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(ii)ó ó€€goods€or€technology€for€sensitiveÐ ôÌ C Ðnuclear€uses€(as€defined€by€the€Secretary);к’D(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(iii)ó ó€€€devices€for€surreptitious€interception€ofÐ BF Ðwire€or€oral€communications;€and€ÐàG(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(iv)ó óà È àgoods€or€technology€intended€forÐ hI Ðsuch€end€users€as€the€Secretary€may€specify€byÐ V.J Ðregulation.ÐòK(#(# ÐÌà  àò ò(5)ó óà ø àò ò(A)ó óà Ø àExcept€as€provided€in€subparagraph€(B),Ð ¢zM Ðno€authority€or€permission€may€be€required€under€thisÐ h@N Ðsection€to€Ô_ÔreexportÔ_Ô€any€goods€or€technology€subject€toÐ ,O Ðthe€jurisdiction€of€the€United€States€from€any€countryÐ ðÈP Ðwhen€the€goods€or€technology€to€be€Ô_ÔreexportedÔ_Ô€areÐ ´ŒQ Ðincorporated€in€another€good€and„„Ð xPR ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)ó óà Ø à€€the€value€of€the€controlled€United€StatesÐ !ØT Ðcontent€of€that€other€good€is€25€percent€or€less€ofÐ Æ!žU Ðthe€total€value€of€the€good;€or€ÐŠ"bV(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(ii)ó óà È àthe€export€of€the€goods€or€technologyÐ $êX Ðto€a€controlled€country€would€require€onlyÐ Ø$°Y Ðnotification€of€the€participating€governments€of€theÐ œ%tZ ÐCoordinating€Committee.Ð`&8 [(#(# ÐÌFor€purposes€of€this€paragraph,€the€ð ðcontrolled€UnitedÐ è'À!] ÐStates€contentðð€of€a€good€means€those€goods€orÐ ¬(„"^ Ðtechnology€subject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€UnitedÐ p)H#_ ÐStates€which€are€incorporated€in€the€good,€if€the€exportÐ 4* $` Ðof€those€goods€or€technology€from€the€United€States€toÐ ø*Ð$a Ða€country,€at€the€time€that€the€good€is€exported€to€thatÐ ¼+”%b Ðcountry,€would€require€a€validated€license.Ð ( ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(B)ó óà p àThe€Secretary€may€by€regulation€provideÐ °ˆ Ðthat€subparagraph€(A)€does€not€apply€to€the€Ô_ÔreexportÔ_Ô€ofÐ vN Ða€supercomputer€which€contains€goods€or€technologyÐ :  Ðsubject€to€the€jurisdic‚tion€of€the€United€States.Ð þ Ö ÐÌà   àò ò(6)ó óà  àNot€later€than€90€days€after€the€date€of€theÐ † ^ Ðenactment€of€this€paragraph,€the€Secretary€shall€issueÐ L $ Ðregulations€to€carry€out€paragraphs€(4)€and€(5).€€SuchÐ  è  Ðregulations€shall€define€the€term€ð ðsupercomputerðð€forÐ Ô ¬  Ðpurposes€of€those€paragraphs.Ð ˜p  ÐÌò ò(b)ó óà  àPolicy€Toward€Individual€Countries„„Ð  ø  ÐÌà   àò ò(1)ó óà  àIn€administering€export€controls€for€nationalÐ ª‚  Ðsecurity€purposes€under€this€section,€the€President€shallÐ pH  Ðestablish€as€a€list€of€controlled€countries€those€countriesÐ 4  Ðset€forth€in€section€620(f)€of€the€Foreign€Assistance€ActÐ øÐ  Ðof€1961€[22€U.S.C.€ðð€2370(f)],€except€that€the€PresidentÐ ¼” Ðmay€add€any€country€to€or€remove€any€country€fromÐ €X Ðsuch€list€of€controlled€countries€if€he€determines€that€theÐ D Ðexport€of€goods€or€technology€to€such€country€would€orÐ à Ðwould€not€(as€the€case€may€be)€make€a€significantР̤ Ðcontribution€to€the€military€potential€of€such€country€orÐ h Ða€combination€of€countries€which€would€proveÐ T, Ðdetrimental€to€the€national€security€of€the€United€States.€Ð ð ÐIn€determining€whether€a€country€is€added€to€orÐ Ü´ Ðremoved€from€the€list€of€controlled€countries,€theÐ  x ÐPresident€shall€take€into€account„„Ð d< ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àthe€extent€to€which€the€country's€policiesÐ ìÄ Ðare€adverse€to€the€national€security€interests€of€theÐ ²Š  ÐUnited€States;Ð vN! ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(B)ó óà p àthe€country's€Communist€or€non„Ð þ Ö# ÐCommunist€status;Ð Ä!œ$ ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(C)ó óà p àthe€present€and€potential€relationship€ofÐ L#$& Ðthe€country€with€the€United€States;Ð $ê' ÐÌà   àò òà  à(D)ó óà p àthe€present€and€potential€relationships€ofÐ š%r) Ðthe€country€with€countries€friendly€or€hostile€to€theÐ `&8 * ÐUnited€States;Ð $'ü + ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(E)ó óà p àthe€country's€nuclear€weapons€capabilityÐ ¬(„"- Ðand€the€country's€compliance€record€with€respect€toÐ r)J#. Ðmultilateral€nuclear€weapons€agreements€to€which€theÐ 6*$/ ÐUnited€States€is€a€party;€and€Ð ú*Ò$0 ÐÐ ¾+–%1 Ðà  àà ø àò ò(F)ó óà Ø àsuch€other€factors€as€the€PresidentÐ (1 Ðconsiders€appropriate.Ð îÆ2 ÐÌNothing€in€the€preceding€sentence€shall€be€interpretedÐ vN4 Ðto€limit€the€authority€of€the€President€provided€in€thisÐ : 5 ÐAct€to€prohibit€or€curtail€the€export€of€any€goods€orÐ þ Ö6 Ðtechnology€to€any€country€to€which€exports€areÐ  š7 Ðcontrolled€for€national€security€purposes€other€thanÐ † ^8 Ðcountries€on€the€list€of€controlled€countries€specified€inÐ J "9 Ðthis€paragraph.€€The€President€shall€review€not€lessÐ  æ: Ðfrequently€than€every€three€years€in€the€case€of€controlsÐ Ò ª; Ðmaintained€cooperatively€with€other€nations,€andÐ –n< Ðannually€in€the€case€of€all€other€controls,€United€StatesÐ Z2 = Ðpolicy€toward€individual€countries€to€determine€whetherÐ ö > Ðsuch€policy€is€appropriate€in€light€of€the€factors€set€forthР⺠? Ðin€this€paragraph.Ð ¦~ @ ÐÌà  àò ò(2)ó óà ø àò ò(A)ó óà Ø àExcept€as€provided€in€subparagraph€(B),Ð . B Ðno€authority€or€permission€may€be€required€under€thisÐ ôÌ C Ðsection€to€export€goods€or€technology€to€a€countryÐ ¸D Ðwhich€maintains€export€controls€on€such€goods€orÐ |TE Ðtechnology€cooperatively€with€the€United€StatesÐ @F Ðpursuant€to€the€agreement€of€the€group€known€as€theÐ ÜG ÐCoordinating€Committee€or€pursuant€to€an€agreementÐ È H Ðdescribed€in€subsection€(k)€of€this€section,€if€the€exportÐ ŒdI Ðof€such€goods€or€technology€to€the€People's€Republic€ofÐ P(J ÐChina€or€a€controlled€country€on€the€date€of€theÐ ìK Ðenactment€of€the€Export€Enhancement€Act€of€1988,РذL Ð[August€23,€1988,€Title€II€„€Pub.€L.€100„418]€wouldÐ œtM Ðrequire€only€notification€of€the€participatingÐ `8N Ðgovernments€of€the€Coordinating€Committee.€Ð $üO ÐÌà0  àà ø àò ò(B)ó ó€ò ò(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)ó óà Ø à€€The€Secretary€may€require€a€license€forÐ ¬„Q Ðthe€export€of€goods€or€technology€described€inÐ rJR Ðsubparagraph€(A)€to€such€end€users€as€the€SecretaryÐ 6 S Ðmay€specify€by€regulation.Ðú ÒT(#(# Ѐ€€€€€€€Ð ¾!–U Ðà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(ii)ó ó€The€Secretary€may€require€any€personÐ ‚"ZV Ðexporting€goods€or€technology€under€this€paragraphÐ H# W Ðto€notify€the€Secretary€of€those€exports.Ð $äX(#(# ÐÌ€€€€€à ø àò ò(C)ó óà Ø àThe€Secretary€shall,€within€3€monthsÐ ”%lZ Ðafter€the€date€of€the€enactment€of€the€ExportÐ Z&2 [ ÐEnhancement€Act€of€1988,€determine€which€countriesÐ 'ö \ Ðreferred€to€in€subparagraph€(A)€are€implementing€anÐ â'º!] Ðeffective€export€control€system€consistent€withÐ ¦(~"^ Ðprinciples€agreed€to€in€the€Coordinating€Committee,Ð j)B#_ Ðincluding€the€following:Ð .*$` ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)ó óà Ø à€€national€laws€providing€appropriateÐ ¶+Ž%b(#(# Ðcivil€and€criminal€penalties€and€statutes€ofÐ ( Ðlimitations€sufficient€to€deter€potential€violations;ÐìÄ À À ÐÌà0   àà  àà € àò ò(ii)ó óà ` à€€a€program€to€evaluate€export€licenseÐ tL Ðapplications€that€includes€sufficient€technicalÐ :  Ðexpertise€to€assess€the€licensing€status€of€exportsÐ þ Ö Ðand€ensure€the€reliability€of€end„users;Рš À À ÐÌà0   àà  àà € àò ò(iii)ó ó€€an€enforcement€mechanism€thatÐ J " Ðprovides€authority€for€trained€enforcement€officersÐ  è  Ðto€investigate€and€prevent€illegal€exports;€ÐÔ ¬  À À ÐÌà0   àà  àà € àò ò(iv)ó óà ` à€€a€system€of€export€controlÐ \4  Ðdocumentation€to€verify€the€movement€of€goods€andÐ "ú  Ðtechnology;€andÐæ¾  À À Ѐ€€Ð ª‚  Ðà0   àà  àà € àò ò(v)ó óà p à€€procedures€for€the€coordination€andÐ nF  Ðexchange€of€information€concerning€violations€ofÐ 4  Ðthe€agreement€of€the€Coordinating€Committee.ÐøÐ  À À ÐÌThe€Secretary€shall,€at€least€once€each€year,€review€theÐ €X Ðdetermination€made€under€the€preceding€sentence€withÐ D Ðrespect€to€all€countries€referred€to€in€subparagraph€(A).€Ð à ÐThe€Secretary€may,€as€appropriate,€add€countries€to,€orР̤ Ðremove€countries€from,€the€list€of€countries€that€areÐ h Ðimplementing€an€effective€export€control€system€inÐ T, Ðaccordance€with€this€subparagraph.€€No€authority€orÐ ð Ðpermission€to€export€may€be€required€for€the€export€ofÐ Ü´ Ðgoods€or€technology€to€a€country€on€such€list.Ð  x ÐÌ€€€€€ò ò(3)ó óà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àNo€authority€or€permission€may€beÐ ( Ðrequired€under€this€section€to€export€to€any€country,Ð îÆ Ðother€than€a€controlled€country,€any€goods€orÐ ²Š  Ðtechnology€if€the€export€of€the€goods€or€technology€toÐ vN! Ðcontrolled€countries€would€require€only€notification€ofÐ : " Ðthe€participating€governments€of€the€CoordinatingÐ þ Ö# ÐCommittee.Ð Â!š$ ÐÌ€€€€€à  àò ò(B)ó óà p àThe€Secretary€may€require€any€personÐ J#"& Ðexporting€any€goods€or€technology€under€subparagraphÐ $è' Ð(A)€to€notify€the€Secretary€of€those€exports.Ð Ô$¬( ÐÌò ò(c)ó óà   àControl€List„„Ð \&4 * ÐÌà   àò ò(1)ó óà  àThe€Secretary€shall€establish€and€maintain,€asÐ æ'¾!, Ðpart€of€the€control€list,€a€list€of€all€goods€and€technologyÐ ¬(„"- Ðsubject€to€export€controls€under€this€section.€€SuchÐ p)H#. Ðgoods€and€technology€shall€be€clearly€identified€asÐ 4* $/ Ðbeing€subject€to€controls€under€this€section.Ð ø*Ð$0 ÐÐ ¼+”%1 Ðà  àò ò(2)ó óà ø àThe€Secretary€of€Defense€and€other€appropriateÐ (1 Ðdepartments€and€agencies€shall€identify€goods€andÐ îÆ2 Ðtechnology€for€inclusion€on€the€list€referred€to€inÐ ²Š3 Ðparagraph€(1).€€Those€items€which€the€Secretary€and€theÐ vN4 ÐSecretary€of€Defense€concur€shall€be€subject€to€exportÐ : 5 Ðcontrols€under€this€section€shall€comprise€such€list.€€IfÐ þ Ö6 Ðthe€Secretary€and€the€Secretary€of€Defense€are€unable€toÐ  š7 Ðconcur€on€such€items,€as€determined€by€the€Secretary,Ð † ^8 Ðthe€Secretary€of€Defense€may,€within€20€days€afterÐ J "9 Ðreceiving€notification€of€the€Secretary's€determination,Ð  æ: Ðrefer€the€matter€to€the€President€for€resolution.€€TheÐ Ò ª; ÐSecretary€of€Defense€shall€notify€the€Secretary€of€anyÐ –n< Ðsuch€referral.€€The€President€shall,€not€later€than€20Ð Z2 = Ðdays€after€such€referral,€notify€the€Secretary€of€hisÐ ö > Ðdetermination€with€respect€to€the€inclusion€of€suchР⺠? Ðitems€on€the€list.€€Failure€of€the€Secretary€of€Defense€toÐ ¦~ @ Ðnotify€the€President€or€the€Secretary,€or€failure€of€theÐ jB A ÐPresident€to€notify€the€Secretary,€in€accordance€withÐ . B Ðthis€paragraph,€shall€be€deemed€by€the€Secretary€toÐ òÊ C Ðconstitute€concurrence€in€the€implementation€of€theÐ ¶ŽD Ðactions€proposed€by€the€Secretary€regarding€theÐ zRE Ðinclusion€of€such€items€on€the€list.Ð >F ÐÌ€€€€€ò ò(3)ó óà ø àThe€Secretary€shall€conduct€partial€reviews€ofÐ ÆžH Ðthe€list€established€pursuant€to€this€subsection€at€leastÐ ŒdI Ðonce€each€calendar€quarter€in€order€to€carry€out€theÐ P(J Ðpolicy€set€forth€in€section€3(2)(A)€of€this€Act€and€theÐ ìK Ðprovisions€of€this€section,€and€shall€promptly€make€suchРذL Ðrevisions€of€the€list€as€may€be€necessary€after€each€suchÐ œtM Ðreview.€€Before€beginning€each€quarterly€review,€theÐ `8N ÐSecretary€shall€publish€notice€of€that€review€in€theÐ $üO ÐòòFederal€Registeróó.€€The€Secretary€shall€provide€a€30„dayÐ èÀP Ðperiod€during€each€review€for€comment€and€theÐ ¬„Q Ðsubmission€of€data,€with€or€without€oral€presentation,Ð pHR Ðby€interested€Government€agencies€and€other€affectedÐ 4 S Ðor€potentially€affected€parties.€€After€consultation€withÐ ø ÐT Ðappropriate€Government€agencies,€the€Secretary€shallÐ ¼!”U Ðmake€a€determination€of€any€revisions€in€the€list€withinÐ €"XV Ð30€days€after€the€end€of€the€review€period.€€TheÐ D#W Ðconcurrence€or€approval€of€any€other€department€orÐ $àX Ðagency€is€not€required€before€any€such€revision€is€made.€Ð Ì$¤Y ÐThe€Secretary€shall€publish€in€the€òòFederal€Registeróó€anyÐ %hZ Ðrevisions€in€the€list,€with€an€explanation€of€the€reasonsÐ T&, [ Ðfor€the€revisions.€The€Secretary€shall€use€the€dataÐ 'ð \ Ðdeveloped€from€each€review€in€formulating€UnitedÐ Ü'´!] ÐStates€proposals€relating€to€multilateral€controls€in€theÐ  (x"^ Ðgroup€known€as€the€Coordinating€Committee.€€TheÐ d)<#_ ÐSecretary€shall€further€assess,€as€part€of€each€review,Ð (*$` Ðthe€availability€from€sources€outside€the€United€StatesÐ ì*Ä$a Ðof€goods€and€technology€comparable€to€those€subject€toÐ °+ˆ%b Ðexport€controls€imposed€under€this€section.€€All€goodsÐ ( Ðand€technology€on€the€list€shall€be€reviewed€at€leastÐ ìÄ Ðonce€each€year.€€The€provisions€of€this€paragraph€applyÐ °ˆ Ðto€revisions€of€the€list€which€consist€of€removing€itemsÐ tL Ðfrom€the€list€or€making€changes€in€categories€of,€orÐ 8  Ðother€specifications€in,€items€on€the€list.€Ð ü Ô ÐÌà   àÌà   àò ò(4)ó óà  àThe€appropriate€technical€advisory€committeeÐ H  Ðappointed€under€subsection(h)€of€this€section€shall€beÐ  æ  Ðconsulted€by€the€Secretary€with€respect€to€changes,Ð Ò ª  Ðpursuant€to€paragraph€(2)€or€(3),€in€the€list€establishedÐ –n  Ðpursuant€to€this€subsection,€and€such€technical€advisoryÐ Z2  Ðcommittee€may€submit€recommendations€to€theÐ ö  ÐSecretary€with€respect€to€such€changes.€€The€SecretaryР⺠ Ðshall€consider€the€recommendations€of€the€technicalÐ ¦~  Ðadvisory€committee€and€shall€inform€the€committee€ofÐ jB  Ðthe€disposition€of€its€recommendations.Ð .  ÐÌà   àò ò(5)ó óà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àNot€later€than€6€months€after€the€date€ofÐ ¶Ž Ðenactment€of€this€paragraph€[August€23,€1988],€theÐ |T Ðfollowing€shall€no€longer€be€subject€to€export€controlsÐ @ Ðunder€this€section:Ð Ü ÐÌà0   àà  àà € àò ò(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)ó óà p à€€All€goods€and€technology€the€export€ofÐ Œd Ðwhich€to€controlled€countries€on€the€date€of€theÐ R* Ðenactment€of€the€Export€Enhancement€Act€of€1988Ð î Ðwould€require€only€notification€of€the€participatingÐ Ú² Ðgovernments€of€the€Coordinating€Committee,€exceptÐ žv Ðfor€those€goods€or€technology€on€which€theÐ b: ÐCoordinating€Committee€agrees€to€maintain€suchÐ &þ Ðnotification€requirement.Ðê À À ÐÌà0   àà  àà € àò ò(ii)ó óà ` à€€All€medical€instruments€andÐ rJ! Ðequipment,€subject€to€the€provisions€of€subsectionÐ 8 " Ð(m)€of€this€section.Ðü Ô# À À ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(B)ó óà p àThe€Secretary€shall€submit€to€theÐ „"\% ÐCongress€annually€a€report€setting€forth€the€goods€andÐ J#"& Ðtechnology€from€which€export€controls€have€beenÐ $æ' Ðremoved€under€this€paragraph.Ð Ò$ª( ÐÌà   àò ò(6)ó óà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àNotwithstanding€subsection€(f)€or€(h)(6)Ð Z&2 * Ðof€this€section,€any€export€control€imposed€under€thisÐ  'ø + Ðsection€which€is€maintained€unilaterally€by€the€UnitedÐ ä'¼!, ÐStates€shall€expire€6€months€after€the€date€of€theÐ ¨(€"- Ðenactment€of€this€paragraph,€or€6€months€after€theÐ l)D#. Ðexport€control€is€imposed,€whichever€date€is€Ð 0*$/ Ðlater,€except€that„„Ð ô*Ì$0 ÐÐ ¸+%1 Ðà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)ó óà Ø à€€any€such€export€controls€on€those€goÔ_ÔodsÔ_ÔÐ (1 Ðor€technology€for€which€a€determination€of€theÐ îÆ2 ÐSecretary€that€there€is€no€foreign€availability€hasÐ ²Š3 Ðbeen€made€under€subsection€(f)€or€(h)(6)€of€thisÐ vN4 Ðsection€before€the€end€of€the€applicable€6„monthÐ : 5 Ðperiod€and€is€in€effect€may€be€renewed€for€periodsÐ þ Ö6 Ðof€not€more€than€6€months€each,€and€Ð š7(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò òÐ (#(# Ðà0  àà ø àà è à(ii)€€€ó óany€such€export€controls€on€those€goodsÐ  ä: Ðor€technology€with€respect€to€which€the€President,Ð Ò ª; Ðby€the€end€of€the€applicable€6„month€period,€isÐ –n< Ðactively€pursuing€negotiations€with€other€countriesÐ Z2 = Ðto€achieve€multilateral€export€controls€on€thoseÐ ö > Ðgoods€or€technology€may€be€renewed€for€2€periodsР⺠? Ðof€not€more€than€6€months€each.(d)Ц~ @(#(# ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(B)ó óà Ø àExport€controls€on€goods€or€technologyÐ . B Ðdescribed€in€clause€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€or€(ii)€of€subparagraph€(A)€mayÐ ôÌ C Ðbe€renewed€only€if,€before€each€renewal,€the€PresidentÐ ¸D Ðsubmits€to€the€Congress€a€report€setting€forth€all€theÐ |TE Ðcontrols€being€renewed€and€stating€the€specific€reasonsÐ @F Ðfor€such€renewal.Ð ÜG ÐÌà  àò ò(7)ó óà ø àNotwithstanding€any€other€provision€of€thisÐ ŒdI Ðsubsection,€after€1€year€has€elapsed€since€the€last€reviewÐ R*J Ðin€the€òòFederal€Registeróó€on€any€item€within€a€categoryÐ îK Ðon€the€control€list€the€export€of€which€to€the€People'sÐ Ú²L ÐRepublic€of€China€would€require€only€notification€ofÐ žvM Ðthe€members€of€the€group€known€as€the€CoordinatingÐ b:N ÐCommittee,€an€export€license€applicant€may€file€anÐ &þO Ðallegation€with€the€Secretary€that€such€item€has€not€beenÐ êÂP Ðso€reviewed€within€such€1„year€period.€€Within€90€daysÐ ®†Q Ðafter€receipt€of€such€allegation,€the€Secretary„„Ð rJR ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(A)ó óà Ø àshall€determine€the€truth€of€the€allegation;Ð ú ÒT ÐÌà  àò òà ø à(B)ó óà Ø àshall,€if€the€allegation€is€confirmed,Ð „"\V Ðcommence€and€complete€the€review€of€the€item;€andÐ J#"W ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(C)ó óà Ø àshall,€pursuant€to€such€review,€submit€aÐ Ò$ªY Ðfinding€for€publication€in€the€òòFederal€Registeróó.Ð ˜%pZ ÐÌIn€such€finding,€the€Secretary€shall€identify€those€goodsÐ  'ø \ Ðor€technology€which€shall€remain€on€the€control€list€andÐ ä'¼!] Ðthose€goods€or€technology€which€shall€be€removed€fromÐ ¨(€"^ Ðthe€control€list.€€If€such€review€and€submission€forÐ l)D#_ Ðpublication€are€not€completed€within€that€90„dayÐ 0*$` Ðperiod,€the€goods€or€technology€encompassed€by€suchÐ ô*Ì$a Ðitem€shall€immediately€be€removed€from€the€control€list.Ð ¸+%b Їò ò(d)ó óà  àMilitarily€Critical€Technologies.--Ð ( ÐÌà   àò ò(1)ó óà  àThe€Secretary,€in€consultation€with€the€SecretaryÐ ²Š Ðof€Defense,€shall€review€and€revise€the€list€establishedÐ xP Ðpursuant€to€subsection(c),€as€prescribed€inÐ <  Ðparagraph(3)€of€such€subsection,€for€the€purpose€ofÐ  Ø Ðinsuring€that€export€controls€imposed€under€this€sectionÐ Ä œ Ðcover€and€(to€the€maximum€extent€consistent€with€theÐ ˆ ` Ðpurposes€of€this€Act)€are€limited€to€militarily€criticalÐ L $ Ðgoods€and€tech‚nologies€and€the€mechanisms€throughÐ  è  Ðwhich€such€goods€and€tech‚nologies€may€be€effectivelyÐ Ô ¬  Ðtransferred.Ð ˜p  ÐÌà   àò ò(2)ó óà  àThe€Secretary€of€Defense€shall€bear€primaryÐ  ø  Ðresponsibility€for€developing€a€list€of€militarily€criticalÐ æ¾  Ðtechno‚logies.€€In€developing€such€list,€primary€emphasisÐ ª‚  Ðshall€be€given€to--Ð nF  ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àarrays€of€design€and€manufacturingÐ öÎ  Ðknow-how,Ð ¼” ÐÌà   àò òà  à(B)ó óà p àkeystone€manufacturing,€inspection,€andÐ D Ðtest€equipment,Ð  â ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(C)ó óà p àgoods€accompanied€by€sophisticatedÐ ’j Ðoperation,€applica‚tion,€or€maintenance€know-how,€and€Ð X0 ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(D)ó óà p àkeystone€equipment€which€would€revealРภÐor€give€insight€into€the€design€and€manufacture€of€aÐ ¦~ ÐUnited€States€military€system,€which€are€not€possessedÐ jB Ðby,€or€available€in€fact€from€sources€outside€the€UnitedÐ . ÐStates€to,€controlled€countries€and€which,€if€exported,Ð òÊ Ðwould€permit€a€significant€advance€in€a€military€systemÐ ¶Ž  Ðof€any€such€country.Ð zR! ÐÌà   àò ò(3)ó óà  àThe€list€referred€to€in€paragraph€(2)€shall€beÐ !Ú# Ðsufficiently€specific€to€guide€the€determinations€of€anyÐ È! $ Ðofficial€exercising€export€licensing€responsibilitiesÐ Œ"d% Ðunder€this€Act.Ð P#(& ÐÌà   àò ò(4)ó óà  àThe€Secretary€and€the€Secretary€of€Defense€shallÐ Ø$°( Ðintegrate€items€on€the€list€of€militarily€criticalÐ ž%v) Ðtechnologies€into€the€control€list€in€accordance€with€theÐ b&: * Ðrequirements€of€subsection€(c)€of€this€section.€€TheÐ &'þ + Ðintegration€of€items€on€the€list€of€militarily€criticalÐ ê'Â!, Ðtechnologies€into€the€control€list€shall€proceed€with€allÐ ®(†"- Ðdeliberate€speed.€€Any€disagreement€between€theÐ r)J#. ÐSecretary€and€the€Secretary€of€Defense€regarding€theÐ 6*$/ Ðintegration€of€an€item€on€the€list€of€militarily€criticalÐ ú*Ò$0 Ðtechnologies€into€the€control€list€shall€be€resolved€byÐ ¾+–%1 Ðthe€President.€€Except€in€the€case€of€a€good€orÐ (1 Ðtechnology€for€which€a€validated€license€may€beÐ ìÄ2 Ðrequired€under€subsection(f)(4)€or€(h)(6)€of€thisÐ °ˆ3 Ðsection,€a€good€or€technology€shall€be€included€on€theÐ tL4 Ðcontrol€list€only€if€the€Secretary€finds€that€controlledÐ 8 5 Ðcountries€do€not€possess€that€good€or€technology,€or€aÐ ü Ô6 Ðfunctionally€equivalent€good€or€technology,€and€theÐ À ˜7 Ðgood€or€technology€or€functionally€equivalent€good€orÐ „ \8 Ðtechnology€is€not€available€in€fact€to€a€controlledÐ H 9 Ðcountry€from€sources€outside€the€United€States€inÐ  ä: Ðsufficient€quantity€and€of€comparable€quality€so€that€theÐ Ð ¨; Ðrequirement€of€a€validated€license€for€the€export€of€suchÐ ”l< Ðgood€or€technology€is€or€would€be€ineffective€inÐ X0 = Ðachieving€the€purpose€set€forth€in€subsection€(a)€of€thisÐ ô > Ðsection.€€The€Secretary€and€the€Secretary€of€DefenseРภ? Ðshall€jointly€submit€a€report€to€the€Congress,€not€laterÐ ¤| @ Ðthan€1€year€after€the€date€of€the€enactment€of€the€ExportÐ h@ A ÐAdministration€Amendments€Act€of€1985,€on€actionsÐ , B Ðtaken€to€carry€out€this€paragraph.€€For€the€purposes€ofÐ ðÈ C Ðthis€paragraph,€assessment€of€whether€a€good€orÐ ´ŒD Ðtechnology€is€functionally€equivalent€shall€includeÐ xPE Ðconsideration€of€the€factors€described€in€subsectionÐ <F Ð(f)(3)€of€this€section.Ð ØG ÐÌà  àò ò(5)ó óà ø àThe€Secretary€of€Defense€shall€establish€aÐ ˆ`I Ðprocedure€for€reviewing€the€goods€and€technology€onÐ N&J Ðthe€list€of€militarily€critical€technologies€on€an€ongoingÐ êK Ðbasis€for€the€purpose€of€removing€from€the€list€ofÐ Ö®L Ðmilitarily€critical€tech‚nologies€any€goods€or€technologyÐ šrM Ðthat€are€no€longer€militarily€critical.€€The€Secretary€ofÐ ^6N ÐDefense€may€add€to€the€list€of€militarily€criticalÐ "úO Ðtechnologies€any€good€or€technology€that€the€SecretaryÐ æ¾P Ðof€Defense€determines€is€militarily€critical,€consistentÐ ª‚Q Ðwith€the€provisions€of€paragraph€(2)€of€this€subsection.€Ð nFR ÐIf€the€Secretary€and€the€Secretary€of€Defense€disagreeÐ 2 S Ðas€to€whether€any€change€in€the€list€of€militarily€criticalÐ ö ÎT Ðtechnologies€by€the€addition€or€removal€of€a€good€orÐ º!’U Ðtechnology€should€also€be€made€in€the€control€list,Ð ~"VV Ðconsistent€with€the€provisions€of€the€fourth€sentence€ofÐ B#W Ðparagraph€(4)€of€this€subsection,€the€President€shallÐ $ÞX Ðresolve€the€disagreement.Ð Ê$¢Y ÐÌà  àò ò(6)ó óà ø àThe€establishment€of€adequate€export€controlsÐ R&* [ Ðfor€militarily€critical€technology€and€keystoneÐ 'ð \ Ðequipment€shall€be€accompanied€by€suitable€reductionsÐ Ü'´!] Ðin€the€controls€on€the€products€of€that€technology€andÐ  (x"^ Ðequipment.Ð d)<#_ ÐÌà  àò ò(7)ó óà ø àThe€Secretary€of€Defense€shall,€not€later€than€1Ð ì*Ä$a Ðyear€after€the€date€of€the€enactment€of€the€ExportÐ ²+Š%b ÐAdministration€Amendments€Act€of€1985€[July€12,Ð ( Ð1985],€report€to€the€Congress€on€efforts€by€theÐ ìÄ ÐDepartment€of€Defense€to€assess€the€impact€that€theÐ °ˆ Ðtransfer€of€goods€or€technology€on€the€list€of€militarilyÐ tL Ðcritical€technologies€to€controlled€countries€has€had€orÐ 8  Ðwill€have€on€the€military€capabilities€of€those€countries.Ð ü Ô ÐÌò ò(e)ó óà   àExport€Licenses.--Ð „ \ ÐÌà   àò ò(1)ó óà  àThe€Congress€finds€that€the€effectiveness€andÐ  æ  Ðefficiency€of€the€process€of€making€export€licensingÐ Ô ¬  Ðdeterminations€under€this€section€is€severely€hamperedÐ ˜p  Ðby€the€large€volume€of€validated€export€licenseÐ \4  Ðapplications€required€to€be€submitted€under€this€Act.€Ð  ø  ÐAccordingly,€it€is€the€intent€of€Congress€in€thisÐ ä¼  Ðsubsection€to€encourage€the€use€of€the€multipleÐ ¨€  Ðvalidated€export€licenses€described€in€section€4(a)(2)€ofÐ lD  Ðthis€Act€in€lieu€of€individual€validated€licenses.€Ð 0  ÐÌà   àò ò(2)ó óà  àTo€the€maximum€extent€practicable,€consistentÐ ¸ Ðwith€the€national€security€of€the€United€States,€theÐ ~V ÐSecretary€shall€require€a€validated€license€under€thisÐ B Ðsection€for€the€export€of€goods€or€technology€only€if--Ð Þ ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àthe€export€of€such€goods€or€technology€isÐ Žf Ðrestricted€pursuant€to€a€multilateral€agreement,€formalÐ T, Ðor€informal,€to€which€the€United€States€is€a€party€and,Ð ð Ðunder€the€terms€of€such€multilateral€agreement,€suchÐ Ü´ Ðexport€requires€the€specific€approval€of€the€parties€toÐ  x Ðsuch€multilateral€agreement;Ð d< ÐÌà   àò òà  à(B)ó óà p àwith€respect€to€such€goods€or€technology,Ð ìÄ Ðother€nations€do€not€possess€capabilities€comparable€toÐ ²Š  Ðthose€possessed€by€the€United€States;€orÐ vN! ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(C)ó óà p àthe€United€States€is€seeking€theÐ þ Ö# Ðagreement€of€other€suppliers€to€apply€comparableÐ Ä!œ$ Ðcontrols€to€such€goods€or€technol‚ogy€and,€in€theÐ ˆ"`% Ðjudgment€of€the€Secretary,€United€States€export€controlsÐ L#$& Ðon€such€goods€or€technology,€by€means€of€such€license,Ð $è' Ðare€necessary€pending€the€conclusion€of€suchÐ Ô$¬( Ðagreement.Ð ˜%p) ÐÌà   àò ò(3)ó óà  àThe€Secretary,€subject€to€the€provisions€ofÐ  'ø + Ðsubsection(1)€of€this€section,€shall€not€require€anÐ æ'¾!, Ðindividual€validated€export€license€for€replacementÐ ª(‚"- Ðparts€which€are€exported€to€replace€on€a€one„for„oneÐ n)F#. Ðbasis€parts€that€were€in€a€good€that€has€been€lawfullyÐ 2* $/ Ðexported€from€the€United€States.Ð ö*Î$0 ÐÐ º+’%1 Ðà  àò ò(4)ó óà ø àThe€Secretary€shall€periodically€review€theÐ (1 Ðprocedures€with€respect€to€the€multiple€validated€exportÐ îÆ2 Ðlicenses,€taking€appropriate€action€to€increase€theirÐ ²Š3 Ðutilization€by€reducing€qualification€requirements€orÐ vN4 Ðlowering€minimum€thresholds,€to€combine€proceduresÐ : 5 Ðwhich€appear€to€be€of€marginal€utility.Ð þ Ö6 ÐÌà  àò ò(5)à ø àó óThe€export€of€goods€subject€to€export€controlsÐ † ^8 Ðunder€this€section€shall€be€eligible,€at€the€discretion€ofÐ L $9 Ðthe€Secretary,€for€a€distribution€license€and€otherÐ  è: Ðlicenses€authorizing€multiple€exports€of€goods,€inÐ Ô ¬; Ðaccordance€with€section€4(a)(2)€of€this€Act.€€The€exportÐ ˜p< Ðof€technology€and€related€goods€subject€to€exportÐ \4 = Ðcontrols€under€this€section€shall€be€eligible€for€aÐ  ø > Ðcomprehensive€operations€license€in€accordance€withÐ ä¼ ? Ðsection€4(a)(2)(B)€of€this€Act.Ð ¨€ @ ÐÌà  àò ò(6)ó óà ø àAny€application€for€a€license€for€the€export€toÐ 0 B Ðthe€People's€Republic€of€China€of€any€good€on€whichÐ öÎ C Ðexport€controls€are€in€effect€under€this€section,€withoutÐ º’D Ðregard€to€the€technical€specifications€of€the€good,€forÐ ~VE Ðthe€purpose€of€demonstration€or€exhibition€at€a€tradeÐ BF Ðshow€shall€carry€a€presumption€of€approval€if„„Ð ÞG ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(A)ó óà Ø àthe€United€States€exporter€retains€title€toÐ ŽfI Ðthe€good€during€the€entire€period€in€which€the€good€isÐ T,J Ðin€the€People's€Republic€of€China;€andÐ ðK ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(B)ó óà Ø àthe€exporter€removes€the€good€from€theÐ  xM ÐPeople's€Republic€of€China€no€later€than€at€theÐ f>N Ðconclusion€of€the€trade€show.Ð *O ÐÌò ò(f)ó óà  àForeign€Availability.„„Ð ²ŠQ ÐÌà  àò ò(1)ó óà ø àForeign€Availability€to€Controlled€Countries.„„€Ð < S ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(A)ó óà Ø àThe€Secretary,€in€consultation€with€theÐ Æ!žU ÐSecretary€of€Defense€and€other€appropriate€GovernmentÐ Œ"dV Ðagencies€and€with€appropriate€technical€advisoryÐ P#(W Ðcommittees€established€pursuant€to€subsection€(h)€ofÐ $ìX Ðthis€section,€shall€review,€on€a€continuing€basis,€theÐ Ø$°Y Ðavailability€to€controlled€countries,€from€sourcesÐ œ%tZ Ðoutside€the€United€States,€including€countries€whichÐ `&8 [ Ðparticipate€with€the€United€States€in€multilateral€exportÐ $'ü \ Ðcontrols,€of€any€goods€or€technology€the€export€ofÐ è'À!] Ðwhich€requires€a€validated€license€under€this€section.€€InÐ ¬(„"^ Ðany€case€in€which€the€Secretary€determines,€inÐ p)H#_ Ðaccordance€with€procedures€and€criteria€which€theÐ 4* $` ÐSecretary€shall€by€regulation€establish,€that€any€suchÐ ø*Ð$a Ðgoods€or€technology€are€available€in€fact€to€controlledÐ ¼+”%b Ðcountries€from€such€sources€in€sufficient€quantity€and€ofÐ ( Ðcomparable€quality€so€that€the€requirement€of€aÐ ìÄ Ðvalidated€license€for€the€export€of€such€goods€orÐ °ˆ Ðtechnology€is€or€would€be€ineffective€in€achieving€theÐ tL Ðpurpose€set€forth€in€subsection(a)€of€this€section,€theÐ 8  ÐSecretary€may€not,€after€the€determination€is€made,Ð ü Ô Ðrequire€a€validated€license€for€the€export€of€such€goodsÐ À ˜ Ðor€technology€during€the€period€of€such€foreignÐ „ \ Ðavailability,€unless€the€President€determines€that€theÐ H  Ðabsence€of€export€controls€under€this€section€on€theÐ  ä  Ðgoods€or€technology€would€prove€detrimental€to€theÐ Ð ¨  Ðnational€security€of€the€United€States.€€In€any€case€inÐ ”l  Ðwhich€the€Presi‚dent€determines€under€this€paragraphÐ X0  Ðthat€export€controls€under€this€section€must€beÐ ô  Ðmaintained€notwithstanding€foreign€availability,€theРภ ÐSecretary€shall€publish€that€determination,€together€withÐ ¤|  Ða€concise€statement€of€its€basis€and€the€estimatedÐ h@  Ðeconomic€impact€of€the€decision.Ð ,  ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(B)ó óà p àThe€Secretary€shall€approve€anyÐ ´Œ Ðapplication€for€a€validated€license€which€is€requiredÐ zR Ðunder€this€section€for€the€export€of€any€goods€orÐ > Ðtechnology€to€a€controlled€country€and€which€meets€allÐ Ú Ðother€requirements€for€such€an€application,€if€theÐ Æž ÐSecretary€determines€that€such€goods€or€technologyÐ Šb Ðwill,€if€the€license€is€denied,€be€available€in€fact€to€suchÐ N& Ðcountry€from€sources€outside€the€United€States,Ð ê Ðincluding€countries€which€participate€with€the€UnitedÐ Ö® ÐStates€in€multilateral€export€controls,€in€sufficientÐ šr Ðquantity€and€of€comparable€quality€so€that€denial€of€theÐ ^6 Ðlicense€would€be€ineffective€in€achieving€the€purposeÐ "ú Ðset€forth€in€subsection€(a)€of€this€section,€unless€theÐ æ¾ ÐPresident€determines€that€approving€the€licenseÐ ª‚  Ðapplication€would€prove€detrimental€to€the€nationalÐ nF! Ðsecurity€of€the€United€States.€€€In€any€case€in€which€theÐ 2 " ÐSecretary€makes€a€determination€of€foreign€availabilityÐ ö Î# Ðunder€this€subparagraph€with€respect€to€any€goods€orÐ º!’$ Ðtechnology,€the€Secretary€shall€determine€whether€aÐ ~"V% Ðdetermination€of€foreign€availability€underÐ B#& Ðsubparagraph€(A)€with€respect€to€such€goods€orÐ $Þ' Ðtechnology€is€warranted.Ð Ê$¢( Ðà   à€Ð Ž%f) Ðà   àò ò(2)ó óà  àForeign€Availability€to€Other€Than€ControlledÐ R&* * ÐCountries„„Ð 'ð + ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(A)ó óà p àThe€Secretary€shall€review,€on€aÐ  (x"- Ðcontinuing€basis,€the€availability€to€countries€other€thanÐ f)>#. Ðcontrolled€countries,€from€sources€outside€the€UnitedÐ **$/ ÐStates,€of€any€goods€or€technology€the€export€of€whichÐ î*Æ$0 Ðrequires€a€validated€license€under€this€section.€€If€theÐ ²+Š%1 ÐSecretary€determines,€in€accordance€with€proceduresÐ (1 Ðwhich€the€Secretary€shall€establish,€that€any€goods€orÐ ìÄ2 Ðtechnology€in€sufficient€quantity€and€of€comparableÐ °ˆ3 Ðquality€are€available€in€fact€from€sources€outside€theÐ tL4 ÐUnited€States€(other€than€availability€under€license€fromÐ 8 5 Ða€country€which€maintains€export€controls€on€suchÐ ü Ô6 Ðgoods€or€technology€cooperatively€with€the€UnitedÐ À ˜7 ÐStates€pursuant€to€the€agreement€of€the€group€known€asÐ „ \8 Ðthe€Coordinating€Committee€or€pursuant€to€anÐ H 9 Ðagreement€described€in€subsection€(k)€of€this€section),Ð  ä: Ðthe€Secretary€may€not,€after€the€determination€is€madeÐ Ð ¨; Ðand€during€the€period€of€such€foreign€availability,Ð ”l< Ðrequire€a€validated€license€for€the€export€of€such€goodsÐ X0 = Ðor€technology€to€any€country€(other€than€a€controlledÐ ô > Ðcountry)€to€which€the€country€from€which€the€goods€orРภ? Ðtechnology€is€available€does€not€place€controls€on€theÐ ¤| @ Ðexport€of€such€goods€or€technology.€€The€requirementÐ h@ A Ðwith€respect€to€a€validated€license€in€the€precedingÐ , B Ðsentence€shall€not€apply€if€the€President€determines€thatÐ ðÈ C Ðthe€absence€of€export€controls€under€this€section€on€theÐ ´ŒD Ðgoods€or€technology€would€prove€detrimental€to€theÐ xPE Ðnational€security€of€the€United€States.€€In€any€case€inÐ <F Ðwhich€the€President€determines€under€this€paragraphÐ ØG Ðthat€export€controls€under€this€section€must€beÐ ÄœH Ðmaintained€notwithstanding€foreign€availability,€theÐ ˆ`I ÐSecretary€shall€publish€that€determination,€together€withÐ L$J Ða€concise€statement€of€its€basis€and€the€estimatedÐ èK Ðeconomic€impact€of€the€decision.Ð Ô¬L ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(B)ó óà Ø àThe€Secretary€shall€approve€anyÐ \4N Ðapplication€for€a€validated€license€which€is€requiredÐ "úO Ðunder€this€section€for€the€export€of€any€goods€orÐ æ¾P Ðtechnology€to€a€country€(other€than€a€controlledÐ ª‚Q Ðcountry)€and€which€meets€all€other€requirements€forÐ nFR Ðsuch€an€application,€if€the€Secretary€determines€thatÐ 2 S Ðsuch€goods€or€technology€are€available€from€foreignÐ ö ÎT Ðsources€to€that€country€under€the€criteria€established€inÐ º!’U Ðsubparagraph€(A),€unless€the€President€determines€thatÐ ~"VV Ðapproving€the€license€application€would€proveÐ B#W Ðdetrimental€to€the€national€security€of€the€United€States.€Ð $ÞX ЀIn€any€case€in€which€the€Secretary€makes€aÐ Ê$¢Y Ðdetermination€of€foreign€availability€under€thisÐ Ž%fZ Ðsubparagraph€with€respect€to€any€goods€or€technology,Ð R&* [ Ðthe€Secretary€shall€determine€whether€a€determinationÐ 'î \ Ðof€foreign€availability€under€subparagraph€(A)€withÐ Ú'²!] Ðrespect€to€such€goods€or€technology€is€warranted.Ð ž(v"^ ÐÌà  àò ò(3)ó óà ø àProcedures€for€Making€Determinations.„„Ð &*þ#` ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(A)ó óà Ø àThe€Secretary€shall€make€a€foreignÐ °+ˆ%b Ðavailability€determination€under€paragraph€(1)€or€(2)€onÐ ( Ðthe€Secretary's€own€initiative€or€upon€receipt€of€anÐ ìÄ Ðallegation€from€an€export€license€applicant€that€suchÐ °ˆ Ðavailability€exists.€€In€making€any€such€determination,Ð tL Ðthe€Secretary€shall€accept€the€representations€ofÐ 8  Ðapplicants€made€in€writing€and€supported€by€reasonableÐ ü Ô Ðevidence,€unless€such€representations€are€contradictedÐ À ˜ Ðby€reliable€evidence,€including€scientific€or€physicalÐ „ \ Ðexamination,€expert€opinion€based€upon€adequateÐ H  Ðfactual€information,€or€intelligence€information.€€InÐ  ä  Ðmaking€determinations€of€foreign€availability,€theÐ Ð ¨  ÐSecretary€may€consider€such€factors€as€cost,€reliability,Ð ”l  Ðthe€availability€and€reliabil‚ity€of€spare€parts€and€the€costÐ X0  Ðand€quality€thereof,€maintenance€programs,€durability,Ð ô  Ðquality€of€end€products€produced€by€the€item€proposedРภ Ðfor€export,€and€scale€of€production.€€For€purposes€ofÐ ¤|  Ðthis€subparagraph,€ð ðevidenceðð€may€include€such€itemsÐ h@  Ðas€foreign€manufacturers'€catalogues,€brochures,€orÐ ,  Ðoperations€or€maintenance€manuals,€articles€fromÐ ðÈ  Ðreputable€trade€publications,€photographs,€andÐ ´Œ Ðdepositions€based€upon€eyewitness€accounts.Ð xP ÐÌà   àà  àò ò(B)ó óà p àIn€a€case€in€which€an€allegation€isÐ Ø Ðreceived€from€an€export€license€applicant,€the€SecretaryÐ Æž Ðshall,€upon€receipt€of€the€allegation,€submit€forÐ Šb Ðpublication€in€the€òòFederal€Registeróó€notice€of€suchÐ N& Ðreceipt.€€Within€4€months€after€receipt€of€the€allegation,Ð ê Ðthe€Secretary€shall€determine€whether€the€foreignÐ Ö® Ðavailability€exists,€and€shall€so€notify€the€applicant.€€IfÐ šr Ðthe€Secretary€has€determined€that€the€foreignÐ ^6 Ðavailability€exists,€the€Secretary€shall,€upon€makingÐ "ú Ðsuch€determination,€submit€the€determination€for€reviewÐ æ¾ Ðto€other€departments€and€agencies€as€the€SecretaryÐ ª‚  Ðconsiders€appropriate.€€The€Secretary's€determination€ofÐ nF! Ðforeign€availability€does€not€require€the€concurrence€orÐ 2 " Ðapproval€of€any€official,€department,€or€agency€to€whichÐ ö Î# Ðsuch€a€determination€is€submitted.€€Not€later€than€1Ð º!’$ Ðmonth€after€the€Secretary€makes€the€determination,€theÐ ~"V% ÐSecretary€shall€respond€in€writing€to€the€applicant€andÐ B#& Ðsubmit€for€publication€in€the€òòFederal€Registeróó,€that„„Ð $Þ' ÐÌà0   àà  àà € àò ò(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)ó óà p àthe€foreign€availability€does€exist€and„„ÐŽ%f) À À ÐÌà0   àà  àà € àà p àò ò(I)ó óà ` à€€the€requirement€of€a€validatedÐ 'ð + Ðlicense€has€been€removed,ÐÞ'¶!, À À ÐÌà0   àà  àà € àà p àò ò(II)ó óà P à€€the€President€has€determined€thatÐ f)>#. Ðexport€controls€under€this€section€must€beÐ ,*$/ Ðmaintained€notwithstanding€the€foreign€availabilityÐ ð*È$0 Ðand€the€applicable€steps€are€being€taken€underд+Œ%1 À À Ðparagraph€(4),€orÐ(1(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àà Ø àò ò(III)ó ó€€in€the€case€of€a€foreign€availabilityÐ °ˆ3 Ðdetermination€under€paragraph€(1),€the€foreignÐ vN4 Ðavailability€determination€will€be€submitted€to€aÐ : 5 Ðmultilateral€review€process€in€accordance€with€theÐ þ Ö6 Ðagreement€of€the€Coordinating€Committee€for€aÐ  š7 Ðperiod€of€not€more€than€4€months€beginning€on€theÐ † ^8 Ðdate€of€the€publication;€orÐJ "9(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ø àà è àò ò(ii)ó óà È à€€the€foreign€availability€does€notÐ Ò ª; Ðexist.Иp<(#(# ÐÌIn€any€case€in€which€the€submission€for€publication€isÐ  ø > Ðnot€made€within€the€time€period€specified€in€theÐ ä¼ ? Ðpreceding€sentence,€the€Secretary€may€not€thereafterÐ ¨€ @ Ðrequire€a€license€for€the€export€of€the€goods€orÐ lD A Ðtechnology€with€respect€to€which€the€foreignÐ 0 B Ðavailability€allegation€was€made.€€In€the€case€of€aÐ ôÌ C Ðforeign€availability€determination€under€paragraph€(1)Ð ¸D Ðto€which€clause€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)(III)€applies,€no€license€for€suchÐ |TE Ðexport€may€be€required€after€the€end€of€the€9„monthÐ @F Ðperiod€beginning€on€the€date€on€which€the€allegation€isÐ ÜG Ðreceived.Ð È H ЀÌà  àò ò(4)ó óà ø àNegotiations€to€Eliminate€Foreign€Availability.„„Ð P(J ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(A)ó óà Ø àIn€any€case€in€which€export€controls€areÐ Ú²L Ðmaintained€under€this€section€notwithstanding€foreignÐ  xM Ðavailability,€on€account€of€a€determination€by€theÐ d<N ÐPresident€that€the€absence€of€the€controls€would€proveÐ (O Ðdetrimental€to€the€national€security€of€the€United€States,Ð ìÄP Ðthe€President€shall€actively€pursue€negotia‚tions€with€theÐ °ˆQ Ðgovernments€of€the€appropriate€foreign€countries€for€theÐ tLR Ðpurpose€of€eliminating€such€availability.€€No€later€thanÐ 8 S Ðthe€commencement€of€such€negotiations,€the€PresidentÐ ü ÔT Ðshall€notify€in€writing€the€committee€on€Banking,Ð À!˜U ÐHousing,€and€Urban€Affairs€of€the€Senate€and€theÐ „"\V ÐCommittee€on€International€Relations€of€the€House€ofÐ H# W ÐRepresentatives€that€he€has€begun€such€negotiations€andÐ  $äX Ðwhy€he€believes€it€is€important€to€national€security€thatÐ Ð$¨Y Ðexport€controls€on€the€goods€or€technology€involved€beÐ ”%lZ Ðmaintained.Ð X&0 [ ÐÌà  àà ø àò ò(B)ó óà Ø àIf,€within€6€months€after€the€President'sÐ à'¸!] Ðdetermination€that€export€controls€be€maintained,€theÐ ¦(~"^ Ðforeign€availabi‚lity€has€not€been€eliminated,€theÐ j)B#_ ÐSecretary€may€not,€after€the€end€of€that€6„month€period,Ð .*$` Ðrequire€a€validated€license€for€the€export€of€the€goods€orÐ ò*Ê$a Ðtechnology€involved.€€The€President€may€extend€the€6„Ð ¶+Ž%b Ðmonth€period€described€in€the€preceding€sentence€for€anÐ ( Ðadditional€12€months€if€the€President€certifies€to€theÐ ìÄ ÐCongress€that€the€negotiations€involved€are€progressingÐ °ˆ Ðand€that€the€absence€of€the€export€controls€involvedÐ tL Ðwould€prove€detrimental€to