Mar. 27, 2003 CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS 26 Part 1 (§ 1.1551-1 to End) Revised as of April 1, 2003 Internal Revenue Containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect As of April 1, 2003 With Ancillaries

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 Table of Contents Page Explanation v Title 26: Chapter I—Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury (Continued) 3 Finding Aids: Table of CFR Titles and Chapters 631 Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR 649 Table of OMB Control Numbers 659 List of CFR Sections Affected 677

Cite this Code:CFR

To cite the regulations in this volume use title, part and section number. Thus, 26 CFR 1.1551-1 refers to title 26, part 1, section 1551-1. Explanation

The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Code is divided into 50 titles which represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. Each title is divided into chapters which usually bear the name of the issuing agency. Each chapter is further subdivided into parts covering specific regulatory areas.

Each volume of the Code is revised at least once each calendar year and issued on a quarterly basis approximately as follows:

Title 1 through Title 16

as of January 1

Title 17 through Title 27

as of April 1

Title 28 through Title 41

as of July 1

Title 42 through Title 50

as of October 1

The appropriate revision date is printed on the cover of each volume.

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 EFFECTIVE AND EXPIRATION DATES

Each volume of the Code contains amendments published in the Federal Register since the last revision of that volume of the Code. Source citations for the regulations are referred to by volume number and page number of the Federal Register and date of publication. Publication dates and effective dates are usually not the same and care must be exercised by the user in determining the actual effective date. In instances where the effective date is beyond the cut-off date for the Code a note has been inserted to reflect the future effective date. In those instances where a regulation published in the Federal Register states a date certain for expiration, an appropriate note will be inserted following the text.

 OMB CONTROL NUMBERS

The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-511) requires Federal agencies to display an OMB control number with their information collection request. Many agencies have begun publishing numerous OMB control numbers as amendments to existing regulations in the CFR. These OMB numbers are placed as close as possible to the applicable recordkeeping or reporting requirements.

 OBSOLETE PROVISIONS

Provisions that become obsolete before the revision date stated on the cover of each volume are not carried. Code users may find the text of provisions in effect on a given date in the past by using the appropriate numerical list of sections affected. For the period before January 1, 2001, consult either the List of CFR Sections Affected, 1949-1963, 1964-1972, 1973-1985, or 1986-2000, published in 11 separate volumes. For the period beginning January 1, 2001, a “List of CFR Sections Affected” is published at the end of each CFR volume.

 CFR INDEXES AND TABULAR GUIDES

A subject index to the Code of Federal Regulations is contained in a separate volume, revised annually as of January 1, entitled CFR Index and Finding Aids. This volume contains the Parallel Table of Statutory Authorities and Agency Rules (Table I). A list of CFR titles, chapters, and parts and an alphabetical list of agencies publishing in the CFR are also included in this volume.

An index to the text of “Title 3—The President” is carried within that volume.

The Federal Register Index is issued monthly in cumulative form. This index is based on a consolidation of the “Contents” entries in the daily Federal Register.

A List of CFR Sections Affected (LSA) is published monthly, keyed to the revision dates of the 50 CFR titles.

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There are no restrictions on the republication of material appearing in the Code of Federal Regulations.

 INQUIRIES

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 Raymond A. Mosley, Director, Office of the Federal Register. April 1, 2003. THIS TITLE

Title 26—Internal Revenue is composed of twenty volumes. The contents of these volumes represent all current regulations issued by the Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury, as of April 1, 2003. The first thirteen volumes comprise part 1 (Subchapter A—Income Tax) and are arranged by sections as follows: §§ 1.0-1-1.60; §§ 1.61-1.169; §§ 1.170-1.300; §§ 1.301-1.400; §§ 1.401-1.440; §§ 1.441-1.500; §§ 1.501-1.640; §§ 1.641-1.850; §§ 1.851-1.907; §§ 1.908-1.1000; §§ 1.1001-1.1400;§§ 1.1401-1.1503-2A;and§ 1.1551-1 to end. The fourteenth volume containing parts 2-29, includes the remainder of subchapter A and all of Subchapter B—Estate and Gift Taxes. The last six volumes contain parts 30-39 (Subchapter C—Employment Taxes and Collection of Income Tax at Source); parts 40-49; parts 50-299 (Subchapter D—Miscellaneous Excise Taxes); parts 300-499 (Subchapter F—Procedure and Administration); parts 500-599 (Subchapter G—Regulations under Tax Conventions); and part 600 to end (Subchapter H—Internal Revenue Practice).

The OMB control numbers for Title 26 appear in § 602.101 of this chapter. For the convenience of the user, § 602.101 appears in the Finding Aids section of the volumes containing parts 1 to 599.

CFRORDR.FRM <LRH>26 CFR Ch. I (4-1-03 Edition)</LRH> <RRH>Internal Revenue Service, Treasury</RRH> <CFRTITLE> <TITLEHD> <PRTPAGE P="1"/> <HD SOURCE="HED">Title 26—Internal Revenue</HD> <P>(This book contains part 1, § 1.1551-1 to End)</P> </TITLEHD> <CFRTOC> <PTHD>Part</PTHD> <CHAPTI> <SUBJECT> <E T="04">chapter i</E>—Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury (Continued)</SUBJECT> <PG>1</PG> </CHAPTI> </CFRTOC> </CFRTITLE> <CHAPTER> <TOC> <TOCHD> <PRTPAGE P="3"/> <HD SOURCE="HED">CHAPTER I—INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY (CONTINUED)</HD> </TOCHD> <EDNOTE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Editorial Note:</HD> <P>IRS published a document at 45 FR 6088, January 25, 1980, deleting statutory sections from their regulations. In Chapter I cross references to the deleted material have been changed to the corresponding sections of the IRS Code of 1954 or to the appropriate regulations sections. When either such change produced a redundancy, the cross reference has been deleted. For further explanation, see 45 FR 20795, March 31, 1980.</P> </EDNOTE> <SUBCHAP> <HD SOURCE="HED">SUBCHAPTER A—INCOME TAX (CONTINUED)</HD> </SUBCHAP> <PTHD>Part</PTHD> <PGHD>Page</PGHD> <CHAPTI> <PT>1</PT> <SUBJECT>Income taxes</SUBJECT> <PG>5</PG> </CHAPTI> <SUPPLPUB> <HD SOURCE="HED">Supplementary Publications:</HD> <P> <E T="03">Internal Revenue Service Looseleaf Regulations System.</E> </P> <P>Additional supplementary publications are issued covering <E T="03">Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Regulations,</E> and <E T="03">Regulations Under Tax Conventions.</E> </P> </SUPPLPUB> </TOC> <SUBCHAP TYPE="N"> <PRTPAGE P="5"/> <HD SOURCE="HED">SUBCHAPTER A—INCOME TAX (CONTINUED)</HD> <PART> <EAR>Pt. 1</EAR> <HD SOURCE="HED">PART 1—INCOME TAXES</HD> <CONTENTS> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">RELATED RULES</HD> <SECHD>Sec.</SECHD> <SECTNO>1.1551-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Disallowance of surtax exemption and accumulated earnings credit.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1552-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Earnings and profits.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Certain Controlled Corporations</HD> <SECTNO>1.1561-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effective date.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1561-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Limitations on certain multiple tax benefits in the case of certain controlled corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1561-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Determination of amount of tax benefits.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1561-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Apportionment of surtax exemption.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1562-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effective date.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1562-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Privilege of controlled group to elect multiple surtax exemptions.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1562-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Termination of election.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1562-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Consents to election and termination.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1562-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election after termination.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1562-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Continuing and successor controlled groups.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1562-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election for short taxable years.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1562-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of statutory periods of limitation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1563-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Definition of controlled group of corporations and component members.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1563-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Excluded stock.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1563-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Rules for determining stock ownership.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1563-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Franchised corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.1564-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Limitations on additional benefits for members of controlled groups.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Procedure and Administration</HD> <HD SOURCE="HD1">INFORMATION AND RETURNS</HD> <HD SOURCE="HD1">returns and records</HD> <HD SOURCE="HD3">Records, Statements, and Special Returns</HD> <SECTNO>1.6001-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Records.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6001-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Tax Returns or Statements</HD> <SECTNO>1.6011-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>General requirement of return, statement, or list.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6011-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns, etc., of DISC's and former DISC's.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6011-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Requirement of statement from payees of certain gambling winnings.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6011-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Requirement of statement disclosing participation in certain transactions by taxpayers.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6012-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Individuals required to make returns of income.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6012-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Corporations required to make returns of income.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6012-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns by fiduciaries.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6012-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Miscellaneous returns.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6012-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Composite return in lieu of specified form.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6012-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns by political organizations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6013-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Joint returns.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6013-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Joint return after filing separate return.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6013-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Treatment of joint return after death of either spouse.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6013-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Applicable rules.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6013-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election to treat nonresident alien individual as resident of the United States.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6013-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Joint return for year in which nonresident alien becomes resident of the United States.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6014-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Tax not computed by taxpayer for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1970.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6014-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Tax not computed by taxpayer for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Relief from joint and several liability on a joint return.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Relief from liability applicable to all qualifying joint filers.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Allocation of deficiency for individuals who are no longer married, are legally separated, or are not members of the same household.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Equitable relief.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time and manner for requesting relief.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Nonrequesting spouse's notice and opportunity to participate in administrative proceedings.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Tax Court review.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-8</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Applicable liabilities.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015-9</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effective date.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(a)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Declaration of estimated income tax by individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(b)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Joint declaration by husband and wife.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(c)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Definition of estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(d)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Contents of declaration of estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(e)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Amendment of declaration.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(f)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return as declaration or amendment.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(g)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable years of individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(h)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Estates and trusts.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(i)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Nonresident alien individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6015(j)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Applicability.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6016-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Declarations of estimated income tax by corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6016-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Contents of declaration of estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6016-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Amendment of declaration.<PRTPAGE P="6"/> </SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6016-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable year.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6017-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Self-employment tax returns.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Information <E T="04">Returns</E> </HD> <SECTNO>1.6031(a)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of partnership income.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6031(b)-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to partners (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6031(b)-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>REMIC reporting requirements (temporary). [Reserved]</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6031(c)-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Nominee reporting of partnership information (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6031(c)-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Nominee reporting of REMIC information (temporary). [Reserved]</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6032-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of banks with respect to common trust funds.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6033-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns by exempt organizations; taxable years beginning before January 1, 1970.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6033-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns by exempt organizations (taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969) and returns by certain nonexempt organizations (taxable years beginning after December 31, 1980).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6033-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Additional provisions relating to private foundations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6034-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of trusts described in section 4947(a)(2) or claiming charitable or other deductions under section 642(c).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6035-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of U.S. officers, directors and 10-percent shareholders of foreign personal holding companies for taxable years beginning after September 3, 1982.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6035-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of U.S. officers and directors of foreign personal holding companies for taxable years beginning before September 4, 1982.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6035-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of 50-percent U.S. shareholders of foreign personal holding companies for taxable years beginning before September 4, 1982.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6036-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Notice of qualification as executor or receiver.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6037-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of electing small business corporation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of domestic corporations with respect to annual accounting periods of certain foreign corporations beginning before January 1, 1963.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of United States persons with respect to annual accounting periods of certain foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1962.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of certain United States persons with respect to controlled foreign partnerships (CFPs).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038-3T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of certain United States persons with respect to controlled foreign partnership (CFPs) (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038A-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038A-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>General requirements and definitions.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038A-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Requirement of return.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038A-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Record maintenance.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038A-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Monetary penalty.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038A-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Authorization of agent.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038A-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Failure to furnish information.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038A-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Noncompliance.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038B-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting of certain transfers to foreign corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038B-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting of certain transactions to foreign corporations (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6038B-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting of certain transfers to foreign partnerships.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6039-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of corporations with respect to certain stock option transactions occurring on or after January 1, 1964.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6039-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to persons with respect to whom information is furnished.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of information as to payments of $600 or more.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of information as to payments to employees.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of information as to payments to employees (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Payments for which no return of information is required under section 6041.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Foreign-related items and other exceptions.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information as to actual owner.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns made on Forms 1096 and 1099 under section 6041; contents and time and place for filing.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Magnetic media requirement.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041-8</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Cross-reference to penalties.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6041A-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns regarding payments of remuneration for services and certain direct sales.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6042-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of information as to dividends paid in calendar years before 1963.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6042-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of information as to dividends paid.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6042-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Dividends subject to reporting.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6042-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to recipients of dividend payments.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6043-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return regarding corporate dissolution or liquidation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6043-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of information respecting distributions in liquidation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6043-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return regarding liquidation, dissolution, termination, or substantial contraction of organizations exempt from taxation under section 501(a).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6043-4T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns relating to certain acquisitions of control and changes in capital structure (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6044-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of information as to patronage dividends with respect to patronage occurring in taxable years beginning before 1963.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6044-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of information as to payments of patronage dividends.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6044-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Amounts subject to reporting.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6044-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Exemption for certain consumer cooperatives.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6044-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to recipients of patronage dividends.<PRTPAGE P="7"/> </SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6045-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of information of brokers and barter exchanges.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6045-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of information of brokers and barter exchanges (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6045-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Furnishing statement required with respect to certain substitute payments.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6045-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Furnishing statement required with respect to certain substitute payments (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6045-3T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information reporting for an acquisition of control or a substantial change in capital structure (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6045-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information reporting on real estate transactions with dates of closing on or after January 1, 1991.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6046-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns as to organization or reorganization of foreign corporations and as to acquisitions of their stock, on or after January 1, 1963.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6046A-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return requirement for United States persons who acquire or dispose of an interest in a foreign partnership, or whose proportional interest in a foreign partnership changes substantially.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6046-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns as to foreign corporations which are created or organized, or reorganized, on or after September 15, 1960, and before January 1, 1963.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6046-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns as to formation or reorganization of foreign corporations prior to September 15, 1960.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6047-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information to be furnished with regard to employee retirement plan covering an owner-employee.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of information as to interest paid in calendar years before 1983 and original issue discount includible in gross income for calendar years before 1983.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Interest and original issue discount subject to reporting in calendar years before 1983.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to recipients of interest payments and holders of obligations to which there is attributed original issue discount in calendar years before 1983.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of information as to interest paid and original issue discount includible in gross income after December 31, 1982.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Interest and original issue discount subject to reporting after December 31, 1982.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-5T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting by brokers of interest and original issue discount on and after January 1, 1986 (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to recipients of interest payments and holders of obligations for attributed original issue discount.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of information with respect to REMIC regular interests and collateralized debt obligations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-7T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Market discount fraction reported with other financial information with respect to REMICs and collateralized debt obligations (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6049-8</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Interest and original issue discount paid to residents of Canada.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050A-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting requirements of certain fishing boat operators.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050B-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns by person making unemployment compensation payments.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050D-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns relating to energy grants and financing.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050E-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting of State and local income tax refunds.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050H-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050H-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information reporting of mortgage interest received in a trade or business from an individual.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050H-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information reporting of mortgage interest received in a trade or business from individuals after 1985 and before 1988 (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050H-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time, form, and manner of reporting interest received on qualified mortgage.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050I-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050I-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns relating to cash in excess of $10,000 received in a trade or business.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050I-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns relating to cash in excess of $10,000 received as bail by court clerks.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050J-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Questions and answers concerning information returns relating to foreclosures and abandonments of security (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050K-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns relating to sales or exchanges of certain partnership interests.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050L-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information return by donees relating to certain dispositions of donated property.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050M-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns relating to persons receiving contracts from certain Federal executive agencies.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050N-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to recipients of royalties paid after December 31, 1986.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050P-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050P-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information reporting for discharges of indebtedness by certain financial entities.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050S-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050S-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information reporting for qualified tuition and related expenses.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050S-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Electronic furnishing of information statements for qualified tuition and related expenses (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050S-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information reporting for payments of interest on qualified education loans.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6050S-4T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Electronic furnishing of information statements for payments of interest on qualified education loans (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6052-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns regarding payment of wages in the form of group-term life insurance.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6052-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to be furnished employees with respect to wages paid in the form of group-term life insurance.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6060-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting requirements for income tax return preparers.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <PRTPAGE P="8"/> <HD SOURCE="HED">Signing <E T="04">and Verifying of Returns and Other Documents</E> </HD> <SECTNO>1.6061-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Signing of returns and other documents by individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6062-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Signing of returns, statements, and other documents made by corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6063-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Signing of returns, statements, and other documents made by partnerships.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6065-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Verification of returns.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Time <E T="04">for Filing Returns and Other Documents</E> </HD> <SECTNO>1.6071-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time for filing returns and other documents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6072-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time for filing returns of individuals, estates, and trusts.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6072-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time for filing returns of corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6072-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Income tax due dates postponed in case of China Trade Act corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6072-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time for filing other returns of income.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6073-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time and place for filing declarations of estimated income tax by individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6073-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Fiscal years.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6073-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable years.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6073-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time for filing declarations by individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6074-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time and place for filing declarations of estimated income tax by corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6074-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time for filing declarations by corporations in case of a short taxable year.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6074-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time for filing declarations by corporations.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Extension <E T="04">of Time for Filing Returns</E> </HD> <SECTNO>1.6081-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time for filing returns.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6081-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time to file return in case of taxpayers with mixed straddles (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6081-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Automatic extension of time to file partnership return of income.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6081-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Automatic extension of time for filing corporation income tax returns.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6081-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Automatic extension of time for filing individual income tax returns.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6081-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extensions of time in the case of certain partnerships, corporations and U.S. citizens and residents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6081-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Automatic extension of time to file trust income tax return.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6081-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Automatic extension of time to file Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (REMIC) income tax return.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Place for Filing Returns or Other Documents</HD> <SECTNO>1.6091-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Place for filing returns or other documents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6091-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Place for filing income tax returns.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6091-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Income tax returns required to be filed with Director of International Operations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6091-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Exceptional cases.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Miscellaneous Provisions</HD> <SECTNO>1.6102-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Computations on returns or other documents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6107-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Income tax return preparer must furnish copy of return to taxpayer and must retain a copy or record.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6109-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Identifying numbers.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6109-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Income tax return preparers furnishing identifying numbers for returns or claims for refund filed after December 31, 1999.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6115-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Disclosure requirements for quid pro quo contributions.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Regulations Applicable to Returns or Claims for Refund Filed Prior to January 1, 2000</HD> <SECTNO>1.6109-2A</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Furnishing identifying number of income tax return preparer.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">TIME AND PLACE FOR PAYING TAX</HD> <HD SOURCE="HD3">Place and Due Date for Payment of Tax</HD> <SECTNO>1.6151-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time and place for paying tax shown on returns.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6152-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Installment payments.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6153-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Payment of estimated tax by individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6153-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Fiscal years.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6153-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable years.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6153-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time for paying the estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6154-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Payment of estimated tax by corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6154-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable years.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6154-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time for paying estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6154-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Use of Government depositaries.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6154-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Definition of estimated tax.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Extensions of Time for Payment</HD> <SECTNO>1.6161-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time for paying tax or deficiency.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6162-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time for payment of tax on gain attributable to liquidation of personal holding companies.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extensions of time for payment of taxes by corporations expecting carrybacks.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Amount of tax the time for payment of which may be extended.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Computation of the amount of reduction of the tax previously determined.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Payment of remainder of tax where extension relates to only part of the tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Period of extension.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Revised statements.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Termination by district director.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-8</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Payments on termination.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6164-9</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Cross references.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6165-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Bonds where time to pay the tax or deficiency has been extended.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <PRTPAGE P="9"/> <HD SOURCE="HED">COLLECTION</HD> <HD SOURCE="HD3">General Provisions</HD> <SECTNO>1.6302-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Use of Government depositaries in connection with corporation income and estimated income taxes and certain taxes of tax-exempt organizations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6302-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Use of Government depositaries for payment of tax withheld on nonresident aliens and foreign corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6302-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Use of Government depositaries in connection with estimated taxes of certain trusts.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6302-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Use of financial institutions in connection with income taxes; voluntary payments by electronic funds transfer.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6361-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Collection and administration of qualified State individual income taxes.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">ABATEMENTS, CREDITS, AND REFUNDS</HD> <SECTNO>1.6411-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Tentative carryback adjustments.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6411-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Computation of tentative carryback adjustment.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6411-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Allowance of adjustments.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6411-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Consolidated groups.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6414-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Credit or refund of tax withheld on nonresident aliens and foreign corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6425-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Adjustment of overpayment of estimated income tax by corporation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6425-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Computation of adjustment of overpayment of estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6425-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Allowance of adjustments.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">ADDITIONS TO THE TAX, ADDITIONAL AMOUNTS, AND ASSESSABLE PENALTIES</HD> <SECTNO>1.6654-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Addition to the tax in the case of an individual.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6654-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Exceptions to imposition of the addition to the tax in the case of individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6654-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable years of individuals.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6654-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Waiver of penalty for underpayment of 1971 estimated tax by an individual.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6654-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Applicability.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6655-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Addition to the tax in the case of a corporation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6655-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Exceptions to imposition of the addition to the tax in the case of corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6655-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Safe harbor for certain installments of tax due before July 1, 1987 (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6655-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable years in the case of corporations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6655-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Addition to tax on account of excessive adjustment under section 6425.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6655-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Special rules for estimating the corporate alternative minimum tax book income adjustment under the annualization exception.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6655(e)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time and manner for making election under the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6661-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Addition to tax in the case of a substantial understatement of tax liability.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6661-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Computation of penalty; meaning of terms.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6661-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Substantial authority.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6661-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Disclosure of certain information.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6661-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Items relating to tax shelters.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6661-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Waiver of penalty.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Overview of the accuracy-related penalty.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Accuracy-related penalty.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Negligence or disregard of rules or regulations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Substantial understatement of income tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Substantial and gross valuation misstatements under chapter 1.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-5T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Substantial and gross valuation misstatements under chapter 1 (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Transactions between persons described in section 482 and net section 482 transfer price adjustments.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6662-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 changes to the accuracy-related penalty.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6664-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6664-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Accuracy-related and fraud penalties; definitions and special rules.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6664-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Underpayment.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6664-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Ordering rules for determining the total amount of penalties imposed.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6664-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6664-4T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reasonable cause and good faith exception to section 6662 penalties.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6694-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6694-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Section 6694 penalties applicable to income tax return preparer.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6694-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Penalty for understatement due to an unrealistic position.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6694-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Penalty for understatement due to willful, reckless, or intentional conduct.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6694-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of period of collection where preparer pays 15 percent of a penalty for understatement of taxpayer's liability and certain other procedural matters.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6695-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Other assessable penalties with respect to the preparation of income tax returns for other persons.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6695-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Preparer due diligence requirements for determining earned income credit eligibility.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6696-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Claims for credit or refund by income tax return preparers.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6709-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Penalties with respect to mortgage credit certificates (temporary).</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">JEOPARDY, BANKRUPTCY, AND RECEIVERSHIPS</HD> <SECTNO>1.6851-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Termination assessments of income tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6851-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Certificates of compliance with income tax laws by departing aliens.<PRTPAGE P="10"/> </SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.6851-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Furnishing of bond to insure payment; cross reference.</SUBJECT> <HD SOURCE="HD1">THE TAX COURT</HD> <HD SOURCE="HED">Declaratory Judgements Relating to Qualification of Certain Retirement Plans</HD> <SECTNO>1.7476-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Interested parties.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7476-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Notice to interested parties.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7476-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Notice of determination.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7519-0T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7519-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Required payments for entities electing not to have required year (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7519-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Required payments—procedures and administration (temporary).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7519-3T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effective date (temporary).</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">General Actuarial Valuations</HD> <SECTNO>1.7520-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Valuation of annuities, unitrust interests, interests for life or terms of years, and remainder or reversionary interests.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7520-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Valuation of charitable interests.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7520-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Limitation on the application of section 7520.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7520-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Transitional rules.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7701(l)-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7701(l)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Conduit financing arrangements.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7701(l)-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Recharacterizing financing arrangements involving fast-pay stock.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7702B-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Consumer protection provisions.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7702B-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Special rules for pre-1997 long-term care insurance contracts.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7703-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Determination of marital status.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7704-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Publicly traded partnerships.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7704-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Transition provisions.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7704-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Qualifying income.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7872-1—1.7872-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>[Reserved]</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.7872-5T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Exempted loans (temporary).</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">PUBLIC LAW 74, 84TH CONGRESS</HD> <SECTNO>1.9000-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutory provisions.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9000-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effect of repeal in general.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9000-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Requirement of statement showing increase in tax liability.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9000-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Form and content of statement.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9000-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effect of filing statement.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9000-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Provisions for the waiver of interest.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9000-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Provisions for estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9000-8</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of time for making certain payments.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">RETIREMENT-STRAIGHT LINE ADJUSTMENT ACT OF 1958</HD> <SECTNO>1.9001</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutory provisions; Retirement-Straight Line Adjustment Act of 1958.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9001-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Change from retirement to straight-line method of computing depreciation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9001-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Basis adjustments for taxable years beginning on or after 1956 adjustment date.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9001-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Basis adjustments for taxable years between changeover date and 1956 adjustment date.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9001-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Adjustments required in computing excess-profits credit.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">DEALER RESERVE INCOME ADJUSTMENT ACT OF 1960</HD> <SECTNO>1.9002</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutory provisions; Dealer Reserve Income Adjustment Act of 1960 (74 Stat. 124).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9002-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Purpose, applicability, and definitions.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9002-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election to have the provisions of section 481 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 apply.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9002-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election to have the provisions of section 481 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 not apply.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9002-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election to pay net increase in tax in installments.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9002-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Special rules relating to interest.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9002-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Acquiring corporation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9002-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statute of limitations.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9002-8</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Manner of exercising elections.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">PUBLIC DEBT AND TAX RATE EXTENSION ACT OF 1960</HD> <SECTNO>1.9003</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutory provisions; section 4 of the Act of September 14, 1960 (Pub. L. 86-781, 74 Stat. 1017).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9003-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election to have the provisions of section 613(c)(2) and (4) of the 1954 Code, as amended, apply for past years.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9003-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effect of election.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9003-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutes of limitation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9003-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Manner of exercising election.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9003-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Terms; applicability of other laws.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">CERTAIN BRICK AND TILE CLAY, FIRE CLAY, AND SHALE; REGULATIONS UNDER THE ACT OF SEPTEMBER 26, 1961</HD> <SECTNO>1.9004</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutory provisions; the Act of September 26, 1961 (Pub. L. 87-312, 75 Stat. 674).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9004-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election relating to the determination of gross income from the property for taxable years beginning prior to 1961 in the case of certain clays and shale.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9004-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effect of election.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9004-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutes of limitation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9004-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Manner of exercising election.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9004-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Terms; applicability of other laws.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">QUARTZITE AND CLAY USED IN PRODUCTION OF REFRACTORY PRODUCTS; ELECTION FOR PRIOR TAXABLE YEARS</HD> <SECTNO>1.9005</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutory provisions; section 2 of the Act of September 26, 1961 (Pub. L. 87-321, 75 Stat. 683).</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9005-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election relating to the determination of gross income from the property for taxable years beginning prior to 1961 in the case of clay and quartzite used in making refractory products.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9005-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effect of election.<PRTPAGE P="11"/> </SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9005-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutes of limitation.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9005-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Manner of exercising election.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9005-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Terms; applicability of other laws.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Tax Reform Act of 1969</HD> <SECTNO>1.9006</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statutory provisions; Tax Reform Act of 1969.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9006-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Interest and penalties in case of certain taxable years.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS</HD> <SECTNO>1.9101-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Permission to submit information required by certain returns and statements on magnetic tape.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9200-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Deduction for motor carrier operating authority.</SUBJECT> <SECTNO>1.9200-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Manner of taking deduction.</SUBJECT> </SUBJGRP> </CONTENTS> <AUTH> <HD SOURCE="HED">Authority:</HD> <P>26 U.S.C. 7805, unless otherwise noted.</P> <P>Section 1.6011-4T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6001 and 6011(a).</P> <P>Section 1.6013-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7701(b)(11).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-5 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-7 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-8 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6015-9 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6015(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6031(a)-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6031.</P> <P>Sections 1.6035-1 through 1.6035-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6035 (a), (d), and (e).</P> <P>Section 1.6038-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038.</P> <P>Section 1.6038-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038.</P> <P>Section 1.6038A-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038A.</P> <P>Section 1.6038A-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038A.</P> <P>Section 1.6038A-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038A and 7701(l).</P> <P>Section 1.6038A-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038A.</P> <P>Section 1.6038A-5 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038A.</P> <P>Section 1.6038A-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038A.</P> <P>Section 1.6038A-7 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038A.</P> <P>Section 1.6038B-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038B.</P> <P>Section 1.6038B-1T also issued under 26 U.S.C 6038B.</P> <P>Section 1.6038B-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6038B.</P> <P>Section 1.6041-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6041(a).</P> <P>Section 1.6041-2T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6041(d).</P> <P>Section 1.6041-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 62 and 6041(a).</P> <P>Section 1.6042-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6045.</P> <P>Section 1.6045-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6045.</P> <P>Section 1.6045-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6045.</P> <P>Section 1.6045-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6045.</P> <P>Section 1.6046A-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6046A.</P> <P>Section 1.6049-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6049 (a), (b), and (d).</P> <P>Section 1.6049-5 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6049 (a), (b), and (d).</P> <P>Section 1.6049-5T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6049.</P> <P>Section 1.6049-6 also issued under 6049(a), (b), and (d).</P> <P>Section 1.6049-7 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 860G(e), 1275(c) and 26 U.S.C. 6049(d)(7)(D).</P> <P>Section 1.6050E-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050E.</P> <P>Section 1.6050H-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050H.</P> <P>Section 1.6050H-1T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050H.</P> <P>Section 1.6050H-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050H.</P> <P>Section 1.6050I-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050I.</P> <P>Section 1.6050I-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050I.</P> <P>Section 1.6050K-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050K.</P> <P>Section 1.6050M-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050M.</P> <P>Section 1.6050P-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050P.</P> <P>Section 1.6050S-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050S(g).</P> <P>Section 1.6050S-2T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050S(g).</P> <P>Section 1.6050S-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050S(g).</P> <P>Section 1.6050S-4T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6050S(g).</P> <P>Section 1.6061-2T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6061.</P> <P>Section 1.6065-2T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6065.</P> <P>Section 1.6081-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6081(a).</P> <P>Section 1.6081-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6081(a).</P> <P>Section 1.6081-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6081(a).<PRTPAGE P="12"/> </P> <P>Section 1.6081-7 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6081(a).</P> <P>Section 1.6302-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6302(c) and (h).</P> <P>Section 1.6302-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6302(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6302-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6302(h).</P> <P>Section 1.6302-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6302(a), (c), and (h).</P> <P>Section 1.6411-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6402(i) and 6411(c).</P> <P>Section 1.6662-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6662.</P> <P>Section 1.6695-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6060(b) and 6695(b).</P> <P>Section 1.6695-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 6695(g).</P> <P>Section 1.6851-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C 6851(d).</P> <P>Section 1.7520-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7520(c)(2).</P> <P>Section 1.7520-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7520(c)(2).</P> <P>Section 1.7520-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7520(c)(2).</P> <P>Section 1.7520-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7520(c)(2).</P> <P>Section 1.7701(l)-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7701(l).</P> <P>Section 1.7701(l)-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7701(l).</P> <P>Section 1.7872-5T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 7872.</P> </AUTH> <SOURCE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Source:</HD> <P>Sections 1.1401-1 to 1.1403-1 contained in T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, unless otherwise noted.</P> </SOURCE> <TEXT> <HD SOURCE="HED1">RELATED RULES</HD> </TEXT> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1551-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Disallowance of surtax exemption and accumulated earnings credit.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> If:</P> <P>(1) Any corporation transfers, on or after January 1, 1951, and before June 13, 1963, all or part of its property (other than money) to a transferee corporation,</P> <P>(2) Any corporation transfers, directly or indirectly, after June 12, 1963, all or part of its property (other than money) to a transferee corporation, or</P> <P>(3) Five or fewer individuals are in control of a corporation and one or more of them transfer, directly or indirectly, after June 12, 1963, property (other than money) to a transferee corporation, and the transferee was created for the purpose of acquiring such property or was not actively engaged in business at the time of such acquisition, and if after such transfer the transferor or transferors are in control of the transferee during any part of the taxable year of the transferee, then for such taxable year of the transferee the Secretary or his delegate may disallow the surtax exemption defined in section 11(d) or the accumulated earnings credit of $150,000 ($100,000 in the case of taxable years beginning before January 1, 1975) provided in paragraph (2) or (3) of section 535(c), unless the transferee establishes by the clear preponderance of the evidence that the securing of such exemption or credit was not a major purpose of the transfer.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Purpose of section 1551.</E> The purpose of section 1551 is to prevent avoidance or evasion of the surtax imposed by section 11(c) or of the accumulated earnings tax imposed by section 531. It is not intended, however, that section 1551 be interpreted as delimiting or abrogating any principle of law established by judicial decision, or any existing provisions of the Code, such as sections 269 and 482, which have the effect of preventing the avoidance or evasion of income taxes. Such principles of law and such provisions of the Code, including section 1551, are not mutually exclusive, and in appropriate cases they may operate together or they may operate separately.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Application of section 269(b) to cases covered by section 1551.</E> The provisions of section 269(b) and the authority of the district director thereunder, to the extent not inconsistent with the provisions of section 1551, are applicable to cases covered by section 1551. Pursuant to the authority provided in section 269(b) the district director may allow to the transferee any part of a surtax exemption or accumulated earnings credit for a taxable year for which such exemption or credit would otherwise be disallowed under section 1551(a); or he may apportion such exemption or credit among the corporations involved. For example, corporation A transfers on January 1, 1955, all of its property to corporations B and C in exchange for all of the stock of such corporations. Immediately thereafter, corporation A is dissolved and its stockholders become the sole stockholders of corporations B and C. Assuming that corporations B and C are unable to establish <PRTPAGE P="13"/>by the clear preponderance of the evidence that the securing of the surtax exemption defined in section 11(d) or the accumulated earnings credit provided in section 535, or both, was not a major purpose of the transfer, the district director is authorized under sections 1551(c) and 269(b) to allow one such exemption and credit and to apportion such exemption and credit between corporations B and C.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Actively engaged in business.</E> For purposes of this section, a corporation maintaining an office for the purpose of preserving its corporate existence is not considered to be “actively engaged in business” even though such corporation may be deemed to be “doing business” for other purposes. Similarly, for purposes of this section, a corporation engaged in winding up its affairs, prior to an acquisition to which section 1551 is applicable, is not considered to be “actively engaged in business.”</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Meaning and application of the term “control”—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> For purposes of this section, the term “control” means:</P> <P>(i) With respect to a transferee corporation described in paragraph (a) (1) or (2) of this section, the ownership by the transferor corporation, its shareholders, or both, of stock possessing either <E T="03">(a)</E> at least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or <E T="03">(b)</E> at least 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock.</P> <P>(ii) With respect to each corporation described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the ownership by five or fewer individuals of stock possessing <E T="03">(a)</E> at least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or at least 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of the stock of each corporation, and <E T="03">(b)</E> more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or more than 50 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of each corporation, taking into account the stock ownership of each such individual only to the extent such stock ownership is identical with respect to each such corporation.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Special rules.</E> In determining for purposes of this section whether stock possessing at least 80 percent (or more than 50 percent in the case of subparagraph (1)(ii)<E T="03">(b)</E> of this paragraph) of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote is owned, all classes of such stock shall be considered together; it is not necessary that at least 80 percent (or more than 50 percent) of each class of voting stock be owned. Likewise, in determining for purposes of this section whether stock possessing at least 80 percent (or more than 50 percent) of the total value of shares of all classes of stock is owned, all classes of stock of the corporation shall be considered together; it is not necessary that at least 80 percent (or more than 50 percent) of the value of shares of each class be owned. The fair market value of a share shall be considered as the value to be used for purposes of this computation. With respect to transfers described in paragraph (a) (2) or (3) of this section, the ownership of stock shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of section 1563(e) and the regulations thereunder. With respect to transfers described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the ownership of stock shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of section 544 and the regulations thereunder, except that constructive ownership under section 544(a)(2) shall be determined only with respect to the individual's spouse and minor children. In determining control, no stock shall be excluded because such stock was acquired before January 1, 1951 (the effective date of section 1551(a)(1)), or June 13, 1963 (the effective date of section 1551(a) (2) and (3)).</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Example.</E> This paragraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>On January 1, 1964, individual A, who owns 50 percent of the voting stock of corporation X, and individual B, who owns 30 percent of such voting stock, transfer property (other than money) to corporation Y (newly created for the purpose of acquiring such property) in exchange for all of Y's voting stock. After the transfer, A and B own the voting stock of corporations X and Y in the following proportions:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s25,9,9,9" COLS="4" OPTS="L2"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1">Individual</CHED> <CHED H="1">Corp. X</CHED> <CHED H="1">Corp. Y</CHED> <CHED H="1">Identical ownership</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">A</ENT> <ENT>50</ENT> <ENT>30</ENT> <ENT>30</ENT> </ROW> <ROW RUL="n,s"> <ENT I="01">B</ENT> <ENT>30</ENT> <ENT>50</ENT> <ENT>30</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <PRTPAGE P="14"/> <ENT I="02">Total</ENT> <ENT>80</ENT> <ENT>80</ENT> <ENT>60</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>The transfer of property by A and B to corporation Y is a transfer described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section since (i) A and B own at least 80 percent of the voting stock of corporations X and Y, and (ii) taking into account each such individual's stock ownership only to the extent such ownership is identical with respect to each such corporation, A and B own more than 50 percent of the voting stock of corporations X and Y.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <P>(f) <E T="03">Taxable year of allowance or disallowance—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> The district director's authority with respect to cases covered by section 1551 is not limited to the taxable year of the transferee corporation in which the transfer of property occurs. Such authority extends to the taxable year in which the transfer occurs or any subsequent taxable year of the transferee corporation if, during any part of such year, the transferor or transferors are in control of the transferee.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Examples.</E> This paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>On January 1, 1955, corporation D transfers property (other than money) to corporation E, a corporation not actively engaged in business at the time of the acquisition of such property, in exchange for 60 percent of the voting stock of E. During a later taxable year of E, corporation D acquires an additional 20 percent of such voting stock. As a result of such additional acquisition, D owns 80 percent of the voting stock of E. Accordingly, section 1551(a)(1) is applicable for the taxable year in which the later acquisition of stock occurred and for each taxable year thereafter in which the requisite control continues.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>On June 20, 1963, individual A, who owns all of the stock of corporation X, transfers property (other than money) to corporation Y, a corporation not actively engaged in business at the time of the acquision of such property, in exchange for 60 percent of the voting stock of Y. During a later taxable year of Y, A acquires an additional 20 percent of such voting stock. After such acquisition A owns at least 80 percent of the voting stock of corporations X and Y. Accordingly, section 1551(a)(3) is applicable for the taxable year in which the later acquisition of stock occurred and for each taxable year thereafter in which the requisite control continues.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Individuals A and B each owns 50 percent of the stock of corporation X. On January 15, 1964, A transfers property (other than money) to corporation Y (newly created by A for the purpose of acquiring such property) in exchange for all the stock of Y. In a subsequent taxable year of Y, individual B buys 50 percent of the stock which A owns in Y (or he transfers money to Y in exchange for its stock, as a result of which he owns 50 percent of Y's stock). Immediately thereafter the stock ownership of A and B in corporation Y is identical to their stock ownership in corporation X. Accordingly, section 1551(a)(3) is applicable for the taxable year in which B acquires stock in corporation Y (see paragraph (g)(3) of this section) and for each taxable year thereafter in which the requisite control continues. Moreover, if B's acquisition of stock in Y is pursuant to a preexisting agreement with A, A's transfer to Y and B's acquisition of Y's stock are considered a single transaction and section 1551(a)(3) also would be applicable for the taxable year in which A's transfer to Y took place and for each taxable year thereafter in which the requisite control continues.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(g) <E T="03">Nature of transfer—</E>(1) <E T="03">Corporate transfers before June 13, 1963.</E> A transfer made before June 13, 1963, by any corporation of all or part of its assets, whether or not such transfer qualifies as a reorganization under section 368, is within the scope of section 1551(a)(1), except that section 1551(a)(1) does not apply to a transfer of money only. For example, the transfer of cash for the purpose of expanding the business of the transferor corporation through the formation of a new corporation is not a transfer within the scope of section 1551(a)(1), irrespective of whether the new corporation uses the cash to purchase from the transferor corporation stock in trade or similar property.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Corporate transfers after June 12, 1963.</E> A direct or indirect transfer made after June 12, 1963, by any corporation of all or part of its assets to a transferee corporation, whether or not such transfer qualifies as a reorganization under section 368, is within the scope of section 1551(a)(2) except that section 1551(a)(2) does not apply to a transfer of money only. For example, if a transferor corporation transfers property to its shareholders or to a subsidiary, the transfer of that property by the shareholders or the subsidiary to a transferee corporation as part of the same transaction is a transfer of property by the transferor corporation to which section 1551(a)(2) applies. A transfer of property pursuant to a purchase by a <PRTPAGE P="15"/>transferee corporation from a transferor corporation controlling the transferee is within the scope of section 1551(a)(2), whether or not the purchase follows a transfer of cash from the controlling corporation.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Other transfers after June 12, 1963.</E> A direct or indirect transfer made after June 12, 1963, by five or fewer individuals to a transferee corporation, whether or not such transfer qualifies under one or more other provisions of the Code (for example, section 351), is within the scope of section 1551(a)(3) except that section 1551(a)(3) does not apply to a transfer of money only. Thus, if one of five or fewer individuals who are in control of a corporation transfers property (other than money) to a controlled transferee corporation, the transfer is within the scope of section 1551(a)(3) notwithstanding that the other individuals transfer nothing or transfer only money.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Examples.</E> This paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>Individuals A and B each owns 50 percent of the voting stock of corporation X. On January 15, 1964, A and B each acquires property (other than money) from X and, as part of the same transaction, each transfers such property to his wholly owned corporation (newly created for the purpose of acquiring such property). A and B retain substantial continuing interests in corporation X. The transfers to the two newly created corporations are within the scope of section 1551(a)(2).</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Corporation W organizes corporation X, a wholly owned subsidiary, for the purpose of acquiring the properties of corporation Y. Pursuant to a reorganization qualifying under section 368(a)(1)(C), substantially all of the properties of corporation Y are transferred on June 15, 1963, to corporation X solely in exchange for voting stock of corporation W. There is a transfer of property from W to X within the meaning of section 1551(a)(2).</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Individuals A and B, each owning 50 percent of the voting stock of corporation X, organize corporation Y to which each transfers money only in exchange for 50 percent of the stock of Y. Subsequently, Y uses such money to acquire other property from A and B after June 12, 1963. Such acquisition is within the scope of section 1551(a)(3).</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (4).</HD> <P>Individual A owns 55 percent of the stock of corporation X. Another 25 percent of corporation X's stock is owned in the aggregate by individuals B, C, D, and E. On June 15, 1963, individual A transfers property to corporation Y (newly created for the purpose of acquiring such property) in exchange for 60 percent of the stock of Y, and B, C, and D acquire all of the remaining stock of Y. The transfer is within the scope of section 1551(a)(3).</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(h) <E T="03">Purpose of transfer.</E> In determining, for purposes of this section, whether the securing of the surtax exemption or accumulated earnings credit constituted “a major purpose” of the transfer, all circumstances relevant to the transfer shall be considered. “A major purpose” will not be inferred from the mere purchase of inventory by a subsidiary from a centralized warehouse maintained by its parent corporation or by another subsidiary of the parent corporation. For disallowance of the surtax exemption and accumulated earnings credit under section 1551, it is not necessary that the obtaining of either such credit or exemption, or both, have been the sole or principal purpose of the transfer of the property. It is sufficient if it appears, in the light of all the facts and circumstances, that the obtaining of such exemption or credit, or both, was one of the major considerations that prompted the transfer. Thus, the securing of the surtax exemption or the accumulated earnings credit may constitute “a major purpose” of the transfer, notwithstanding that such transfer was effected for a valid business purpose and qualified as a reorganization within the meaning of section 368. The taxpayer's burden of establishing by the clear preponderance of the evidence that the securing of either such exemption or credit or both was not “a major purpose” of the transfer may be met, for example, by showing that the obtaining of such exemption, or credit, or both, was not a major factor in relationship to the other consideration or considerations which prompted the transfer.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6911, 32 FR 3214, Feb. 24, 1967, as amended by T.D. 7376, 40 FR 42745, Sept. 16, 1975]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1552-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Earnings and profits.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">General rule.</E> For the purpose of determining the earnings and profits of each member of an affiliated group which is required to be included in a consolidated return for such group filed <PRTPAGE P="16"/>for a taxable year beginning after December 31, 1953, and ending after August 16, 1954, the tax liability of the group shall be allocated among the members of the group in accordance with one of the following methods, pursuant to an election under paragraph (c) of this section:</P> <P>(1)(i) The tax liability of the group shall be apportioned among the members of the group in accordance with the ratio which that portion of the consolidated taxable income attributable to each member of the group having taxable income bears to the consolidated taxable income.</P> <P>(ii) For consolidated return years beginning after December 31, 1965, a member's portion of the tax liability of the group under the method of allocation provided by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph is an amount equal to the tax liability of the group multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the taxable income of such member, and the denominator of which is the sum of the taxable incomes of all the members. For purposes of this subdivision the taxable income of a member shall be the separate taxable income determined under § 1.1502-12, adjusted for the following items taken into account in the computation of consolidated taxable income:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> The portion of the consolidated net operating loss deduction, the consolidated charitable contributions deduction, the consolidated dividends received deduction, the consolidated section 247 deduction, the consolidated section 582(c) net loss, and the consolidated section 922 deduction, attributable to such member;</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Such member's capital gain net income (net capital gain for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) (determined without regard to any net capital loss carryover attributable to such member);</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Such member's net capital loss and section 1231 net loss, reduced by the portion of the consolidated net capital loss attributable to such member; and</P> <P> <E T="03">(d)</E> The portion of any consolidated net capital loss carryover attributable to such member which is absorbed in the taxable year.</P> <FP>If the computation of the taxable income of a member under this subdivision results in an excess of deductions over gross income, then for purposes of this subdivision such member's taxable income shall be zero.</FP> <P>(2)(i) The tax liability of the group shall be allocated to the several members of the group on the basis of the percentage of the total tax which the tax of such member if computed on a separate return would bear to the total amount of the taxes for all members of the group so computed.</P> <P>(ii) For consolidated return years beginning after December 31, 1965, a member's portion of the tax liability of the group under the method of allocation provided by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph is an amount equal to the tax liability of the group multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the separate return tax liability of such member, and the denominator of which is the sum of the separate return tax liabilities of all the members. For purposes of this subdivision the separate return tax liability of a member is its tax liability computed as if it has filed a separate return for the year except that:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Gains and losses on intercompany transactions shall be taken into account as provided in § 1.1502-13 as if a consolidated return had been filed for the year;</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Gains and losses relating to inventory adjustments shall be taken into account as provided in § 1.1502-18 as if a consolidated return had been filed for the year;</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Transactions with respect to stock, bonds, or other obligations of members shall be reflected as provided in § 1.1502-13 (f) and (g) as if a consolidated return had been filed for the year;</P> <P> <E T="03">(d)</E> Excess losses shall be included in income as provided in § 1.1502-19 as if a consolidated return had been filed for the year;</P> <P> <E T="03">(e)</E> In the computation of the deduction under section 167, property shall not lose its character as new property as a result of a transfer from one member to another member during the year;</P> <P> <E T="03">(f)</E> A dividend distributed by one member to another member during the <PRTPAGE P="17"/>year shall not be taken into account in computing the deductions under section 243(a)(1), 244(a), 245, or 247 (relating to deductions with respect to dividends received and dividends paid);</P> <P> <E T="03">(g)</E> Basis shall be determined under §§ 1.1502-31 and 1.1502-32, and earnings and profits shall be determined under § 1.1502-33, as if a consolidated return had been filed for the year;</P> <P> <E T="03">(h)</E> Subparagraph (2) of § 1.1502-3(f) shall apply as if a consolidated return had been filed for the year; and</P> <P> <E T="03">(i)</E> For purposes of Subtitle A of the Code, the surtax exemption of the member shall be an amount equal to $25,000 ($50,000 in the case of a taxable year ending in 1975), divided by the number of members (or such portion of $25,000 or $50,000 which is apportioned to the member pursuant to a schedule attached to the consolidated return for the taxable year). (However, if for the taxable year some or all of the members are component members of a controlled group of corporations (within the meaning of section 1563) and if there are other such component members which do not join in filing the consolidated return for such year, the amount to be divided among the members filing the consolidated return shall be (in lieu of $25,000 or $50,000) the sum of the amounts apportioned to the component members which join in filing the consolidated return (as determined for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1974 under § 1.1561-2(a)(2) or § 1.1561-3, whichever is applicable, and for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1975, under § 1.561-2A(a)(2) or § 1.1561-3A whichever is applicable).)</P> <FP>If the computation of the separate return tax liability of a member under this subdivision does not result in a positive tax liability, then for purposes of this subdivision such member's separate return tax liability shall be zero.</FP> <P>(3)(i) The tax liability of the group (excluding the tax increases arising from the consolidation) shall be allocated on the basis of the contribution of each member of the group to the consolidated taxable income of the group. Any tax increases arising from the consolidation shall be distributed to the several members in direct proportion to the reduction in tax liability resulting to such members from the filing of the consolidated return as measured by the difference between their tax liabilities determined on a separate return basis and their tax liabilities (determined without regard to the 2-percent increase provided by section 1503(a) and paragraph (a) of § 1.1502-30A (as contained in the 26 CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1996) for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1964) based on their contributions to the consolidated taxable income.</P> <P>(ii) For consolidated return years beginning after December 31, 1965, a member's portion of the tax liability of the group under the method of allocation provided by subdivision (i) of this subparagraph shall be determined by:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Allocating the tax liability of the group in accordance with subparagraph (1)(ii) of this paragraph, but</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> The amount of tax liability allocated to any member shall not exceed the separate return tax liability of such member, determined in accordance with subparagraph (2)(ii) of this paragraph, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> The sum of the amounts which would be allocated to the members but for <E T="03">(b)</E> of this subdivision (ii) shall be apportioned among the other members in direct proportion to, but limited to, the reduction in tax liability resulting to such other members. Such reduction for any member shall be the excess, if any, of <E T="03">(1)</E> its separate this paragraph.</P> <P>(4) The tax liability of the group shall be allocated in accordance with any other method selected by the group with the approval of the Commissioner. No method of allocation may be approved under this subparagraph which may result in the allocation of a positive tax liability for a taxable year, among the members who are allocated a positive tax liability for such year, in a total amount which is more or less than the tax liability of the group for such year. (However, see paragraph (d) of § 1.1502-33.)</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Application of rules—</E>(1) <E T="03">Tax liability of the group.</E> For purposes of section 1552 and this section, the tax liability of the group for a taxable year shall consist of the Federal income tax liability of the group for such year determined in accordance with § 1.1502-2 or § 1.1502-30A (as contained in the 26 CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1996), <PRTPAGE P="18"/>which-ever is applicable. Thus, in the case of a carryback of a loss or credit to such year, although the earnings and profits of the members of the group may not be adjusted until the subsequent taxable year from which the loss or credit was carried back, the effect of the carryback, for purposes of this section, shall be determined by allocating the amount of the adjustment as a part of the tax liability of the group for the taxable year to which the loss or credit is carried. For example, if a consolidated net operating loss is carried back from 1969 to 1967, the allocation of the tax liability of the group for 1967 shall be recomputed in accordance with the method of allocation used for 1967, and the changes resulting from such recomputation shall, for accrual method taxpayers, be reflected in the earnings and profits of the appropriate members in 1969.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Effect of allocation.</E> The amount of tax liability allocated to a corporation as its share of the tax liability of the group, pursuant to this section, shall (i) result in a decrease in the earnings and profits of such corporation in such amount, and (ii) be treated as a liability of such corporation for such amount. If the full amount of such liability is not paid by such corporation, pursuant to an agreement among the members of the group or otherwise, the amount which is not paid will generally be treated as a distribution with respect to stock, a contribution to capital, or a combination thereof, as the case may be.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Method of election.</E> (1) The election under paragraph (a) (1), (2), or (3) of this section shall be made not later than the time prescribed by law for filing the first consolidated return of the group for a taxable year beginning after December 31, 1953, and ending after August 16, 1954 (including extensions thereof). If the group elects to allocate its tax liability in accordance with the method prescribed in paragraph (a) (1), (2), or (3) of this section, a statement shall be attached to the return stating which method is elected. Such statement shall be made by the common parent corporation and shall be binding upon all members of the group. In the event that the group desires to allocate its tax liability in accordance with any other method pursuant to paragraph (a)(4) of this section, approval of such method by the Commissioner must be obtained within the time prescribed above. If such approval is not obtained in such time, the group shall allocate in accordance with the method prescribed in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. The request shall state fully the method which the group wishes to apply in apportioning the tax liability. Except as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, an election once made shall be irrevocable and shall be binding upon the group with respect to the year for which made and for all future years for which a consolidated return is filed or required to be filed unless the Commissioner authorizes a change to another method prior to the time prescribed by law for filing the return for the year in which such change is to be effective.</P> <P>(2) Each group may make a new election to use any one of the methods prescribed in paragraph (a) (1), (2), or (3) of this section for its first consolidated return year beginning after December 31, 1965, or in conjunction with an election under paragraph (d) of § 1.1502-33, or may request the Commissioner's approval of a method under paragraph (a)(4) of this section for its first consolidated return year beginning after December 31, 1965, irrespective of its previous method of allocation under this section. If such new election is not made in conjunction with an election under paragraph (d) of § 1.1502-33, it shall be effective for the first consolidated return year beginning after December 31, 1965, and all succeeding years. (See § 1.1502-33 for the method of making such new election in conjunction with an election under paragraph (d) of § 1.1502-33.) Any other such new election (or request for the Commissioner's approval of a method under paragraph (a)(4) of this section) shall be made within the time prescribed by law for filing the consolidated return for the first taxable year beginning after December 31, 1965 (including extensions thereof), or within 60 days after July 3, 1968, whichever is later. Such new election shall be made by attaching a statement to the consolidated return for the first taxable year beginning after December 31, 1965, or if <PRTPAGE P="19"/>such election is made within the time prescribed above but after such return is filed, by filing a statement with the internal revenue officer with whom such return was filed.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Failure to elect.</E> If a group fails to make an election in its first consolidated return, or any other election, in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, the method prescribed under paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall be applicable and shall be binding upon the group in the same manner as if an election had been made to so allocate.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Definitions.</E> Except as otherwise provided in this section, the terms used in this section shall have the same meaning as provided in the regulations under section 1502.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Example.</E> The provisions of this section may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Corporation P is the common parent owning all of the stock of corporations S1 and S2, members of an affiliated group. A consolidated return is filed for the taxable year ending December 31, 1966, by P, S1, and S2. For 1966 such corporations had the following taxable incomes or losses computed in accordance with paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section: </P> <LDRWK> <FL-2>P</FL-2> <LDRFIG>0</LDRFIG> <FL-2>S1</FL-2> <LDRFIG>$2,000</LDRFIG> <FL-2>S2</FL-2> <LDRFIG>(1,000)</LDRFIG> </LDRWK> <FP>The group has not made an election under paragraph (c) of this section or paragraph (d) of § 1.1502-33. Accordingly, the method of allocation provided by paragraph (a)(1) of this section is in effect for the group. Assuming that the consolidated taxable income is equal to the sum of the members taxable income and losses, or $1,000, the tax liability of the group for the year (assuming a 22-percent rate) is $220, all of which is allocated to S1. S1 accordingly reduces its earnings and profits in the amount of $220, irrespective of who actually pays the tax liability. If S1 pays the $220 tax liability there will be no further effect upon the income, earnings and profits, or the basis of stock of any member. If, however, P pays the $220 tax liability (and such payment is not in fact a loan from P to S1), then P shall be treated as having made a contribution to the capital of S1 in the amount of $220. On the other hand, if S2 pays the $220 tax liability (and such payment is not in fact a loan from S2), then S2 shall be treated as having made a distribution with respect to its stock to P in the amount of $220, and P shall be treated as having made a contribution to the capital of S1 in the amount of $220.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 6962, 33 FR 9655, July 3, 1968, as amended by T.D. 7825, 42 FR 64694, Dec. 28, 1977; T.D. 7728, 45 FR 72650, Nov. 3, 1980; T.D. 8560, 59 FR 41675, Aug. 15, 1994; T.D. 8597, 60 FR 36680, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33325, June 27, 1996]</CITA> </SECTION> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Certain Controlled Corporations</HD> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1561-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effective date.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Taxable years beginning after December 31, 1974.</E> The provisions of §§ 1.1561-1 through 1.1561-3 apply only to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1974.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Taxable years beginning before January 1, 1975.</E> The provisions of §§ 1.1561-1A through 1.1561-3A apply only to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1975.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7528, 42 FR 64694, Dec. 28, 1977]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1561-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Limitations on certain multiple tax benefits in the case of certain controlled corporations.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> Part II (section 1561 and following), subchapter B, chapter 6 of the Code, provides rules relating to certain controlled corporations. In general, section 1561 provides that the component members of a controled group of corporations on a December 31, for their taxable years which include such December 31, shall be limited for purposes of subtitle A to:</P> <P>(1) One surtax exemption under section 11(d),</P> <P>(2) One $150,000 amount for purposes of computing the accumlated earnings credit under section 535(c) (2) and (3), and</P> <P>(3) One $25,000 amount for purposes of computing the limitation on the small business deduction of life insurance companies under sections 804(a)(4) and 809 (d)(10).</P> <FP>For certain definitions (including the definition of a “controlled group of corporations” and a “component member”) and special rules for purposes of part II of subchapter B, see section 1563 and the regulations thereunder.</FP> <P>(b) <E T="03">Tax avoidance.</E> The provisions of part II, subchapter B, chapter 6 do not delimit or abrogate any principle of law established by judicial decision, or any existing provisions of the code, <PRTPAGE P="20"/>such as sections 269, 482, and 1551, which have the effect of preventing the avoidance or evasion of income taxes.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Special rules.</E> (1) For purposes of sections 1561 and 1563 and the regulations thereunder, the term “corporation” includes an electing small business corporation (as defined in section 1371 (b)). However, for the treatment of an electing small business corporation as an excluded member of a controlled group of corporations, see paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of § 1.1563-1.</P> <P>(2) In the case of corporations electing a 52-53-week taxable year under section 441(f)(1), the provisions of sections 1561 and 1563 and the regulations thereunder shall be applied in accordance with the special rule section 441(f)(2)(A). See § 1.441-2.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7528, 42 FR 64694, Dec. 28, 1977, as amended by T.D. 8996, 67 FR 35012, May 17, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1561-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Determination of amount of tax benefits.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Surtax exemption.</E> (1) If a corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations on December 31, the surtax exemption under section 11(d) of such corporation for the taxable year which includes such December 31 shall be an amount equal to:</P> <P>(i) $50,000 divided by the number of corporations which are component members of such group on such December 31, or</P> <P>(ii) If an apportionment plan is adopted under § 1.1561-3 which is effective with respect to such taxable year such portion of $50,000 as is apportioned to such member in accordance with such plan.</P> <P>(2) In the case of a controlled group of corporations which includes component members which join in the filing of a consolidated return and other component members which do not join in the filing of such a return, and where there is no apportionment plan effective under § 1.1561-3 apportioning the $50,000 amount among the component members filing the consolidated return and the other component members of the controlled group, each component member of the controlled group, (including each component member which joins in filing the consolidated return) shall be treated as a separate corporation for purposes of equally apportioning the $50,000 amount under subparagraph (1)(i) of this paragraph. In such case, the surtax exemption of the corporations filing the consolidated return shall be the sum of the amounts apportioned to each component member which joins in filing the consolidated return.</P> <P>(3) The provisions of section 1561 may reduce the surtax exemption of any corporation which is a component member of a controlled group or corporations and which is subject to the tax imposed by section 11, or by any other provision of subtitle A of the Code if the tax under such other provisions is computed by reference to the amount of the surtax exemption provided by section 11. Such other provisions include, for example, sections 511(a)(1), 594, 802, 831, 852, 857, 882, 1201, and 1378.</P> <P>(4) This paragraph (a) shall not apply with respect to any component member of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31 if one or more component members of such controlled group has a taxable year including such December 31 which ends after December 31, 1978. Rules pertaining to the apportionment of the surtax exemption with respect to component members of controlled groups of corporations to which this paragraph does not apply are reserved.</P> <P>(5) The application of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>Corporations W, X, Y, and Z are component members of a controlled group of corporations on December 31, 1975, and each corporation files its income tax return on the basis of a calendar year. For their taxable years ending on December 31, 1975, W and X each incurs a net operating loss; Y has $5,250 of taxable income; and Z has $30,000 of taxable income. If an apportionment plan is not effective for such taxable years, the surtax exemption under section 11(d) of each corporation determined under subparagraph (1)(i) of this paragraph is $12,500 ($50,000÷4). However, the four corporations may avoid a pro rata division of the $50,000 amount by filing an apportionment plan in accordance with the provisions of § 1.1561-3 allocating the $50,000 amount in any manner they deem proper.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Corporation A files its income tax return on the basis of a calendar year; <PRTPAGE P="21"/>corporation B files its income tax return on the basis of a fiscal year ending March 31. On December 31, 1975, A and B are the only component members of a controlled group of corporations. Under subparagraph (1)(i) of this paragraph, the surtax exemption of A for 1975, and the surtax exemption of B for its fiscal year ending March 31, 1976, is $25,000 ($50,000÷2). However, if an apportionment plan is filed in accordance with the provisions of § 1.1561-3, the surtax exemption of each such corporation will be the amount apportioned to the corporation pursuant to the plan.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Corporations R, P, and S are component members of a controlled group of corporations on December 31, 1975. P and S file a consolidated return for their fiscal years ending June 30, 1976. R files a separate return for its taxable year ending on December 31, 1975. No apportionment plan is effective with respect to R's, P's, and S's taxable years which include December 31, 1975. Therefore R, P, and S are each apportioned $16,666.67 ($50,000÷3) as their surtax exemption under section 11(d) for their taxable years including such date. The surtax exemption of the affiliated group filing a consolidated return (P and S) for the year ending June 30, 1976, is $33,333.34 (i.e., the sum of the $16,666.67 amounts apportioned to P and S). However, if an apportionment plan is filed in accordance with the provisions of § 1.1561-3, the surtax exemption of the corporations which are members of the affiliated group filing a consolidated return and of each other corporation which is a component member of the controlled group of corporations will be the amount apportioned to such affiliated group and to each such other corporations pursuant to the plan.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(b) <E T="03">Allocation of amounts of taxable income subject to normal tax.</E> (1) In the case of a taxable year of a corporation, if:</P> <P>(i) The amount of normal tax under section 11(b) is equal to the sum of 20 percent of so much of the taxable income as does not exceed $25,000, plus 22 percent of so much of the taxable income as exceeds $25,000 for a taxable year, and</P> <P>(ii) The amount of surtax exemption of the corporation is less than $50,000 under paragraph (a)(1) (i) or (ii) of this section,</P> <FP>then for purposes of applying section 11(b), the taxable income subject to taxation at the rate of 20 percent shall be (in lieu of the first $25,000 of taxable income) one-half of the amount of the surtax exemption allocated to such corporation under paragraph (a)(1) (i) or (ii) of this section. In addition, the amount of taxable income subject to taxation at the rate of 22 percent shall be (in lieu of the amount of taxable income in excess of $25,000) the taxable income that exceeds one-half of the amount of the surtax exemption allocated to such corporation under paragraph (a)(1) (i) or (ii) of this section for such year. In the case of an affiliated group of corporations filing a consolidated return for a taxable year, the preceding sentence shall be applied by substituting the term “affiliated group” for the term “corporation” each time it appears.</FP> <P>(2) The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Corporations P and S are component members of a controlled group of corporations on December 31, 1975, and each corporation files a separate income tax return on the basis of a calendar year. For the taxable year ending on December 31, 1975, P incurs a net operating loss and S has $25,000 of taxable income. If an apportionment plan is not effective for that taxable year, the surtax exemption under section 11(d) of each corporation (determined under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section) is $25,000 ($50,000÷2). For purposes of applying section 11(b) to determine S's liability for tax for 1975, the amount of taxable income subject to taxation at the rate of 20 percent is limited to $12,500 (i.e., one-half of the amount of the surtax exemption allocated to S under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section), and the amount of taxable income subject to taxation at the rate of 22 percent is $12,500 (i.e., the amount of taxable income in excess of one-half of the amount of the surtax exemption). If, on the other hand, an apportionment plan is adopted by P and S effective for such taxable years apportioning the entire $50,000 surtax exemption to S, then, for purposes of applying section 11(b) to determine S's liability for tax for 1975, the amount of taxable income subject to taxation at the rate of 20 percent is $25,000.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) If an apportionment plan is adopted under § 1.1561-3 for a December 31, and if paragraph (b)(1) of this section applies to any component member whose taxable year includes such December 31, then the plan shall specify:</P> <P>(i) The amount subject to taxation at the rate of 20 percent, and</P> <P>(ii) The amount subject to taxation at the rate of 22 percent,<PRTPAGE P="22"/> </P> <FP>as determined under paragraph (b)(1) of this section for each component member. The information required to be included in a plan by this subparagraph is in addition to the information required under § 1.1561-3(a). Where an existing apportionment plan is effective under § 1.1561-3(a)(3) for such December 31, the additional information required under this subparagraph may be provided in an amendment of the existing plan as provided in § 1.1561-3(c).</FP> <P>(c) <E T="03">Accumulated earnings credit.</E> (1) Except as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, if a corporation is a component member of a controlled group on a December 31, the amount for purposes of computing the accumlated earnings credit under section 535(c) (2) and (3) of such corporation shall be an amount equal to $150,000 divided by the number of corporations which are component members of such group on such December 31. In the case of a controlled group of corporations which includes component members which join in the filing of a consolidated return and other component members which do not join in the filing of such a return, each component member of the controlled group (including each component member which joins in filing the consolidated return) shall be treated as a separate corporation for purposes of equally apportioning the $150,000 amount under this subparagraph. In such case, the amount for purposes of computing the accumulated earnings credit for the component members filing the consolidated return shall be the sum of the amounts apportioned to each component member which joins in filing the consolidated return.</P> <P>(2) If, with respect to any component member of the controlled group, the amount determined under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph exceeds the sum of (i) such member's accumlated earnings and profits as of the close of the preceding taxable year, plus (ii) such member's earnings and profits for the taxable year which are retained (within the meaning of section 535(c)(1)), then any such excess shall be subtracted from the amount determined under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph with respect to such member and shall be divided equally among those remaining component members of the controlled group that do not have such an excess (until no such excess remains to be divided among those remaining members that have not had such an excess). The excess so divided among such remaining members shall be added to the amount determined under subparagraph (1) with respect to such members. If a controlled group of corporations includes component members which join in the filing of a consolidated return and other component members which do not join in filing such return, the component members filing the consolidated return shall be treated as a single corporation for purposes of this subparagraph.</P> <P>(3) A controlled group may not adopt an apportionment plan, as provided in § 1.1561-3, with respect to the amounts computed under the provisions of this paragraph.</P> <P>(4) The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>A controlled group is composed of four component member corporations, W, X, Y, and Z. Each corporation files a separate income tax return on the basis of a calendar year. The sum of the earnings and profits for the taxable year ending December 31, 1975, which are retained plus the sum of the accumulated earnings and profits (as of the close of the preceding taxable year) is $15,000, $75,000, $37,500, and $300,000 for W, X, Y, and Z, respectively. The amounts determined under this paragraph for W, X, Y, and Z for 1975 are $15,000, $48,750, $37,500, and $48,750, respectively, computed as follows:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s100,12,12,12,12" COLS="5" OPTS="L1"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1">Component members</CHED> <CHED H="2">W</CHED> <CHED H="2">X</CHED> <CHED H="2">Y</CHED> <CHED H="2">Z</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Earnings and profits</ENT> <ENT>$15,000</ENT> <ENT>$75,000</ENT> <ENT>$37,500</ENT> <ENT>$300,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Amount computed under subparagraph (1)</ENT> <ENT>37,500</ENT> <ENT>37,500</ENT> <ENT>37,500</ENT> <ENT>37,500</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Excess</ENT> <ENT>22,500</ENT> <ENT>0</ENT> <ENT>0</ENT> <ENT>0</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Allocation of excess</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>7,500</ENT> <ENT>7,500</ENT> <ENT>7,500</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">New excess</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>7,500</ENT> <ENT/> </ROW> <ROW RUL="n,s"> <ENT I="01">Reallocation of new excess</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>3,750</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>3,750</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <PRTPAGE P="23"/> <ENT I="03">Amount to be used for purposes of section 535(c) (2) and (3)</ENT> <ENT>15,000</ENT> <ENT>48,750</ENT> <ENT>37,500</ENT> <ENT>48,750</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> </EXAMPLE> <P>(d) <E T="03">Small business deduction of life insurance companies.</E> (1) Except as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, if two or more life insurance companies which are taxable under section 802 are component members of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31, the amount for purposes of computing the limitation on the small business deduction under sections 804(a)(4) and 809(d)(10) of such corporations for their taxable years which include such December 31 shall be an amount equal to $25,000 divided by the number of life insurance companies taxable under section 802 which are component members of such group on such December 31.</P> <P>(2) If, with respect to any of the component members of the controlled group which are described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, the amount determined under such subparagraph exceeds 10 percent of such member's investment yield (as defined in section 304(c)), then any such excess shall be subtracted from the amount determined under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph with respect to such member and shall be divided equally among those remaining life insurance company members of the controlled group that do not have such an excess (until no such excess remains to be divided among those remaining members that have not had such an excess). The excess so divided among such remaining members shall be added to the amount determined under subparagraph (1) with respect to such members.</P> <P>(3) A controlled group may not adopt an apportionment plan, as provided in § 1.1561-3, with respect to the amounts computed under the provisions of this paragraph.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Certain short taxable years.</E> (1) If the return of a corporation is for a short period which does not include a December 31, and such corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations with respect to such short period, then for purposes of subtitle A of the Code:</P> <P>(i) The surtax exemption under section 11(d) of such corporation for such short period shall be an amount equal to $25,000 ($50,000 in the case of a taxable year ending in 1975), divided by the number of corporations which are component members of such controlled group on the last day of such short period;</P> <P>(ii) The amount to be used in computing the accumulated earnings credit under section 535(c) (2) and (3) of such corporation for such short period shall be an amount equal to $150,000 divided by the number of corporations which are members of such controlled group on the last day of such short period; and</P> <P>(iii) The amount to be used in computing the limitation on the small business deduction of life insurance companies under sections 804(a)(4) and 809(d)(10) of such corporation for such short period shall not exceed an amount equal to $25,000 divided by the number of life insurance companies taxable under section 802 which are component members of the controlled group on the last day of such short period.</P> <FP>For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term “short period” does not include any period if the income for such period is required to be included in a consolidated return under § 1.1502-76. The determination of whether a corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations on the last day of a short period is made by applying the definition of “component member” contained in section 1563(b) and § 1.1563-1 as if the last day of such short period were a December 31 occurring after December 31, 1974.</FP> <P>(2) The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>On January 2, 1975, corporation X transfers cash to newly formed corporation Y (which begins business on that date) <PRTPAGE P="24"/>and receives all of the stock of Y in return. X also owns all of the stock of corporation Z on each day of 1974 and 1975. X uses the calendar year as its taxable year and Z uses a fiscal year ending on March 31. Y adopts a fiscal year ending on June 30 as its annual accounting period, and, therefore, files a return for the short taxable year beginning on January 2, 1975, and ending on June 30, 1975. On June 30, 1975, Y is a component member of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations of which X, Y, and Z are component members. Accordingly, the surtax exemption of Y for the short taxable year ending on June 30, 1975, is $16,666.67 ($50,000÷3). On December 31, 1975, X, Y, and Z are component members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations. Accordingly, the surtax exemption of each such corporation for its taxable year including December 31, 1975 (i.e., X's calendar year ending December 31, 1975, Z's fiscal year ending March 31, 1976, and Y's fiscal year ending June 30, 1976) is $16,666.67 ($50,000÷3), or, if an apportionment plan is filed under § 1.1561-3, the amount apportioned pursuant to such plan.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>On January 1, 1975, corporation P owns all of the stock of corporations S-1, S-2, and S-3. P, S-1, S-2, and S-3 file separate returns on a calendar year basis. On July 31, 1975, S-1 is liquidated and therefore files a return for the short taxable year beginning on January 1, 1975, and ending on July 31, 1975. On August 31, 1975, S-2 is liquidated and therefore files a return for the short taxable year beginning on January 1, 1975, and ending on August 31, 1975. On July 31, 1975, S-1 is a component member of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations of which P, S-1, S-2, and S-3 are component members. Accordingly, the surtax exemption under section 11(d) of S-1 for the short taxable year ending on July 31, 1975, is $12,500 ($50,000÷4). On August 31, 1975, S-2 is a component member of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations of which P, S-2, and S-3 are component members. Accordingly, the surtax exemption of S-2 for the short taxable year ending on August 31, 1975, is $16,666.67 ($50,000÷3). On December 31, 1975, P and S-3 are component members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations. Accordingly, the surtax exemption of each such corporation for the calendar year 1975 is $25,000 ($50,000÷2), or, if an apportionment plan is filed under § 1.1561-3, the amount apportioned pursuant to such plan.</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 7528, 42 FR 64695, Dec. 28, 1977]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1561-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Apportionment of surtax exemption.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) In the case of corporations which are component members of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31, the single $50,000 surtax exemption under section 11(d) may be apportioned among such members (for the taxable year of each such member which includes such December 31) if all such members consent, in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this section, to an apportionment plan with respect to such December 31. Such plan shall provide for the apportionment of a fixed dollar amount to one or more of such members, but in no event shall the sum of the amounts so apportioned exceed $50,000. An apportionment plan shall not be considered as adopted with respect to a particular December 31 until each component member which is required to consent to the plan under paragraph (b)(1) of this section filed the original of a statement described in such paragraph (or, the original of a statement incorporating its consent is filed on its behalf). In the case of a return filed before a plan is adopted, the surtax exemption for purposes of such return shall be equally apportioned in accordance with the rules provided in §1.1561-2(a)(1)(i). (If a valid apportionment plan is adopted after the return is filed and within the time prescribed by subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, such return should be amended (or a claim for refund should be made) to reflect the change from equal apportionment.)</P> <P>(2) A controlled group may adopt an apportionment plan with respect to a particular December 31 only if, at the time such plan is sought to be adopted, there is at least one year remaining in the statutory period (including any extensions thereof) for the assessment of a deficiency against any corporation the tax liability of which would be increased by the adoption of such plan. If there is less than one year remaining with respect to any such corporation, the director of the service center with which such corporation files its income tax return will ordinarily, upon request, enter into an agreement to extend such statutory period for the limited purpose of assessing any deficiency against such corporation attributable to the adoption of such apportionment plan.</P> <P>(3)(i) The amount apportioned to a component member of a controlled <PRTPAGE P="25"/>group of corporations in an apportionment plan adopted with respect to a particular December 31 shall constitute such member's surtax exemption for its taxable year including the particular December 31, and for all taxable years of such members including succeeding December 31's, unless the apportionment plan is amended in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section or is terminated under subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph. Thus, the apportionment plan (including any amendments thereof) has a continuing effect and need not be renewed annually.</P> <P>(ii) If an apportionment plan is adopted with respect to a particular December 31, such plan shall terminate with respect to a succeeding December 31, if:</P> <P>(<E T="03">a</E>) The controlled group ceases to remain in existence during the calendar year ending on such succeeding December 31,</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Any corporation which was a component member of such group on the particular December 31 is not a component member of such group on such succeeding December 31, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Any corporation which was not a component member of such group on the particular December 31 is a component member of such group on such succeeding December 31.</P> <FP>An apportionment plan, once terminated with respect to a December 31, is no longer effective. Accordingly, unless a new apportionment plan is adopted, the surtax exemption of the component members of the controlled group for their taxable years which include such December 31 and all December 31's thereafter will be determined in accordance with the rules provided in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of § 1.1561-2.</FP> <P>(iii) For purposes of subdivision (ii) <E T="03">(a)—(a)</E> A parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations shall be considered as remaining in existence as long as its common parent corporation remains as a common parent.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> A brother-sister controlled group of corporations shall be considered as remaining in existence as long as the requirements of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of § 1.1563-1 continue to be satisfied with respect to at least two corporations, taking into account the stock ownership of only those five or fewer persons whose stock ownership was taken into account at the time the apportionment plan adopted by the component members of such group first became effective.</P> <P>(<E T="03">c</E>) A combined group of corporations shall be considered as remaining in existence as long as the brother-sister controlled group of corporations referred to in paragraph (a)(4)(i) of § 1.1563-1 in respect of such combined group remains in existence (within the meaning of (<E T="03">b</E>) of this subdivision), and at least one such corporation is a common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations referred to in such paragraph (a)(4)(i).</P> <P>(<E T="03">d</E>) If, by reason of paragraph (a)(5)(i) of § 1.1563-1, two or more insurance companies subject to taxation under section 802 are treated as an insurance group separate from any corporations which are members of a controlled group described in paragraph (a) (2), (3), or (4) of § 1.1563-1, such insurance group shall be considered as remaining in existence as long as the controlled group described in paragraph (a) (2), (3), or (4) of such section, as the case may be, remains in existence (within the meaning of (<E T="03">a</E>), (<E T="03">b</E>), or (<E T="03">c</E>) of this subdivision), and there are at least two insurance companies which satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)(5)(i) of such section.</P> <P>(iv) If an apportionment plan is terminated with respect to a particular December 31 by reason of an occurrence described in subdivision (ii) (<E T="03">b</E>) or (<E T="03">c</E>) of this subparagraph, each corporation which is a component member of the controlled group on such particular December 31 should, on or before the date it files its income tax return for the taxable year which includes such particular December 31, notify the service center with which it files such return of such termination. If an apportionment plan is terminated with respect to a particular December 31 by reason of an occurrence described in subdivision (ii)(<E T="03">a</E>) of this subparagraph, each corporation which was a component member of the controlled group on the preceding December 31 should, on or before the date it files its income tax <PRTPAGE P="26"/>return for the taxable year which includes such particular December 31, notify the service center with which it files such return of such termination.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Consents to plan.</E> (1)(i) The consent of a component member (other than a wholly-owned subsidiary) to an apportionment plan with respect to a particular December 31 shall be made by means of a statement, signed by any person who is duly authorized to act on behalf of the consenting member, stating that such member consents to the apportionment plan with respect to such December 31. The statement shall set forth in the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of the consenting component member, the amount apportioned to such member under the plan, and the service center where the original of the statement is to be filed. The consent of more than one component member may be incorporated in a single statement. The original of a statement of consent shall be filed with the service center with which the component member of the group on such December 31 which has the taxable year ending first on or after such date filed its return for such taxable year. (If two or more component members have the same such taxable year, a statement of consent may be filed with the service center with which the return for any such taxable year is filed.) The original of a statement of consent shall have attached thereto information (referred to in this paragraph as “group identification”) setting forth the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of each component member of the controlled group on such December 31 (including wholly-owned subsidiaries) and the amount apportioned to each such member under the plan. If more than one original statement is filed, a statement may incorporate the group identification by reference to the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of a component member of the group which has attached such group identification to the original of its statement.</P> <P>(ii) Each component member of the group on such December 31 (other than wholly-owned subsidiaries) should attach a copy of its consent (or a copy of the statement incorporating its consent) to the income tax return, amended return, or claim for refund filed with its service center for the taxable year including such date. Such copy shall either have attached thereto information on group identification or shall incorporate such information by reference to the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of a component member of the group which has attached such information to its income tax return, amended return, or claim for refund filed with the same service center for the taxable year including such date.</P> <P>(2)(i) Each component member of a controlled group which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of such group with respect to a December 31 shall be deemed to consent to an apportionment plan with respect to such December 31, provided each component member of the group which is not a wholly-owned subsidiary consents to the plan. For purposes of this section, a component member of a controlled group shall be considered to be a wholly-owned subsidiary of the group with respect to a December 31 if, on each day preceding such date during its taxable year which includes such date, all of its stock is owned directly by one or more corporations which are component members of the group on such December 31.</P> <P>(ii) Each wholly-owned subsidiary of a controlled group with respect to a December 31 should attach a statement containing the information which is required to be set forth in a statement of consent to an apportionment plan with respect to such December 31 to the income tax return, amended return, or claim for refund filed with its service center for the taxable year which includes such date. Such statement should either have attached thereto information on group identification or incorporate such information by reference to the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of a component member of the group which has attached such information to its income tax return, amended return, or claim for refund filed with the same service center for the taxable year including such date.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Amendment of plan.</E> An apportionment plan adopted with respect to a <PRTPAGE P="27"/>December 31 by a controlled group of corporations may be amended with respect to such December 31, or with respect to any succeeding December 31 for which the plan is effective under paragraph (a)(3) of this section. An apportionment plan must be amended with respect to a particular December 31 and the amendments to the plan shall be effective only if adopted in accordance with the rules prescribed in this section for the adoption of an original plan with respect to such December 31.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Component members filing consolidated returns.</E> If the component members of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31 include corporations which join in the filing of a consolidated return, the corporations filing the consolidated return shall be treated as a single component member for purposes of this section. Thus, for example, only one consent, executed by the common parent, to an apportionment plan filed pursuant to this section is required on behalf of the component members filing the consolidated return.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7528, 42 FR 64697, Dec. 28, 1977; 43 FR 4603, Feb. 3, 1978]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1562-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effective date.</SUBJECT> <P>The provisions of §§ 1.1562-1 through 1.1562-7 apply only to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1975. </P> <SECAUTH>(Secs. 1561(a), (83 Stat. 599; 26 U.S.C. 1561 (a)) and 7805 (68A Stat. 917; 26 U.S.C. 7805, of the Internal Revenue Code))</SECAUTH> <CITA>[T.D. 7528, 42 FR 64702, Dec. 28, 1977]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1562-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Privilege of controlled group to elect multiple surtax exemptions.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Election—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> (i) Under section 1562(a)(1) a controlled group of corporations has the privilege of electing to have each of its component members make its returns without regard to section 1561 (relating to single surtax exemption in the case of a controlled group of corporations). The election shall be made with respect to a particular December 31 and shall be valid only if each corporation which is required to consent to the election under the provisions of paragraph (a)(1) of § 1.1562-3 gives its consent in the manner and within the time prescribed in such section. An election shall not be considered as made with respect to a particular December 31 until each corporation which is required to consent to the election under paragraph (c)(1) of § 1.1562-3 files the original of a statement described in such paragraph (or, the original of a statement incorporating its consent is filed on its behalf). Accordingly, for purposes of returns filed before an election is made, the surtax exemption of component members of a controlled group of corporations shall be determined in accordance with section 1561 and the regulations thereunder. (If a valid election is made after the return is filed and within the time prescribed in § 1.1562-3, such return should be amended (or a claim for refund should be made) to reflect the change in the amount of the surtax exemption (and the imposition of the additional tax) resulting from the election.)</P> <P>(ii) An election once made with respect to a particular December 31 may not thereafter be withdrawn unless such election is terminated with respect to such December 31 in accordance with the provisions of section 1562(c) and § 1.1562-2.</P> <P>(iii) An election under section 1562(a)(1) may be made by a controlled group of corporations with respect to any December 31 (after December 31, 1962), unless:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> A component member of such group on such December 31 joins, or is required to join, in the filing of a consolidated return for its taxable year which includes such date, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Such controlled group is not eligible to make an election with respect to such December 31 by reason of section 1562(d). </P> <FP>See also section 243(b)(3)(A), relating to effect of election of 100-percent dividends received deduction, which may prevent a controlled group from making an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to a particular December 31.</FP> <P>(2) <E T="03">Years for which effective.</E> (i) A valid election under section 1562(a)(1) by a controlled group of corporations with respect to a particular December 31 is effective with respect to:<PRTPAGE P="28"/> </P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> The taxable year of each component member of such group on such December 31 which includes such December 31, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Any succeeding taxable year of any corporation which is a component member of such group (or a successor group) on a succeeding December 31 included within any such succeeding taxable year.</P> <FP>Under section 1562(c) and § 1.1562-2, an election under section 1562(a)(1) may be terminated with respect to a December 31 referred to in either (a) or (b) of this subdivision. For years affected by termination, see paragraph (c) of § 1.1562-2.</FP> <P>(ii) For the application of an election under section 1562(a)(1) to certain short taxable years not including a December 31, see section 1562(f)(2) and § 1.1562-6.</P> <P>(iii) The provisions of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Corporation P is the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations of which corporations P, S-1, and S-2 are component members on December 31, 1964. On December 31, 1965, the controlled group of corporations consists of the same component members as on December 31, 1964, except that corporation S-3 is also a component member on December 31, 1965. On December 31, 1966, the controlled group of corporations consists of the same component members as on December 31, 1965, except that S-1 is no longer a component member on December 31, 1966. In January 1965, the controlled group makes a valid election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1964. Under subdivision (i)<E T="03">(a)</E> of this subparagraph, the election (unless terminated) is effective with respect to the taxable years of P, S-1, and S-2 which include December 31, 1964. Under subdivision (i)<E T="03">(b)</E> of this subparagraph, the election (unless terminated) is also effective with respect to the taxable years of P, S-1, S-2, and S-3 which include December 31, 1965, and with respect to the taxable years of P, S-2, and S-3 which include December 31, 1966.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(b) <E T="03">Effect of election—</E>(1) <E T="03">General.</E> If an election under section 1562(a)(1) is effective with respect to a taxable year of a corporation, then:</P> <P>(i) Section 1561 shall not apply to such corporation for such taxable year, but</P> <P>(ii) The additional tax imposed by section 1562(b) shall apply to such corporation for such taxable year (except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Additional tax.</E> The additional tax imposed by section 1562(b) is an amount equal to 6 percent of so much of a corporation's taxable income for the taxable year as does not exceed the amount of such corporation's surtax exemption for such taxable year. However, if a corporation computes its tax under section 1201 (relating to alternative tax) and is subject to the additional tax imposed by section 1562(b) for such taxable year, the additional tax applies only to an amount equal to the taxable income reduced by the excess of the net long-term capital gain over the net short-term capital loss for such taxable year (to the extent such amount does not exceed the amount of such corporation's surtax exemption for such taxable year).</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Exceptions.</E> The additional tax imposed by section 1562(b) shall not apply to a corporation for any taxable year if:</P> <P>(i) Such corporation is the only component member of a controlled group on the December 31 included within such taxable year which has taxable income for the taxable years including such date, or</P> <P>(ii) Such corporation's surtax exemption is disallowed for such year under any provision of the Code. For purposes of this subdivision, if the component members of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31 are limited in the aggregate to a single $25,000 surtax exemption for their taxable years which include such date, then the surtax exemption of each such component member shall be considered to be disallowed for such taxable year regardless of how the $25,000 is allocated among such members. For example, if pursuant to the authority provided in section 269(b), the Commissioner allocates a single $25,000 surtax exemption equally between two corporations which are the only component members of an electing controlled group of corporations, the surtax exemption of each such corporation shall be considered to be disallowed.</P> <FP>The application of this subparagraph in respect of a taxable year of a component member of a controlled group of corporations does not constitute the <PRTPAGE P="29"/>termination of an election made under section 1562(a)(1). Accordingly, such election continues in effect for the subsequent taxable years of such corporation and the other corporations which are component members of the controlled group, unless the election is terminated under section 1562(c).</FP> <P>(4) <E T="03">Taxable income defined.</E> For purposes of this paragraph, the term “taxable income” means:</P> <P>(i) In the case of a corporation subject to tax under section 511(a) (relating to tax on unrelated business income of charitable, etc., organizations at corporation rates), its “unrelated business taxable income” (as defined in section 512),</P> <P>(ii) In the case of a life insurance company, its “life insurance company taxable income” (as defined in section 802(b)),</P> <P>(iii) In the case of a regulated investment company, its “investment company taxable income” (as defined in section 852(b)(2)),</P> <P>(iv) In the case of a real estate investment trust, its “real estate investment trust taxable income” (as defined in section 857(b)(2)), and</P> <P>(v) In the case of an electing small business corporation, its “taxable income” (as defined in section 1373(d)).</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Tax treated as imposed by section 11, etc.</E> For purposes of applying other sections of the Code, if for a taxable year a corporation is subject to both the tax imposed by section 11 and to the additional tax imposed by section 1562(b), then the additional tax is treated as if it were imposed by section 11. If a corporation is subject to a tax imposed by any section of chapter 1 of the Code other than section 11 but such tax is computed by reference to section 11, the additional tax is treated for purposes of the Code as imposed by such other section. (For example, the tax imposed by section 831(a) is “computed as provided in section 11”; therefore if a corporation is subject to both the tax imposed by section 831(a) and the additional tax imposed by section 1562(b) for any taxable year, the additional tax is treated as imposed by section 831(a) for such taxable year.) Accordingly, the credits against the tax imposed by chapter 1 of the Code allowable, for example, under sections 38 (relating to credit against tax for investment in certain depreciable property) and 33 (relating to credit for taxes of foreign countries and possessions of the United States) may be applied against the additional tax.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Special rules.</E> For purposes of sections 244 (relating to dividends received on certain preferred stock), 247 (relating to dividends paid on certain preferred stock of public utilities), 804 (a)(3) (relating to deduction for partially tax-exempt interest in the case of a life insurance company), and 922 (relating to special deduction for Western Hemisphere trade corporations), the normal tax rate referred to in such sections shall be determined without regard to the additional tax imposed by section 1562(b). For example, in the case of a corporation subject to the additional tax imposed by section 1562(b) for its taxable year ending December 31, 1965, the percentage computed under section 244(a)(2)(B) for such taxable year would be 48 percent.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9744, Aug. 5, 1965, as amended by T.D. 6960, 33 FR 9302, June 25, 1968; T.D. 7181, 37 FR 8067, Apr. 25, 1972]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1562-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Termination of election.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> An election under section 1562(a)(1) is terminated by any one of the occurrences described in paragraph (b) of this section. For years affected by termination, see paragraph (c) of this section.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Methods of termination—</E>(1) <E T="03">Consent of the members.</E> An election may be terminated with respect to a particular December 31 by consent of the component members of a controlled group of corporations. A termination by consent shall be made with respect to a particular December 31 and shall be valid only if each corporation which is required to consent to the termination under paragraph (a)(1) of § 1.1562-3 gives its consent in the manner and within the time prescribed in such section. A termination by consent shall not be considered as made with respect to a particular December 31 until each corporation which is required to consent to the termination under paragraph (c)(1) of § 1.1562-3 files the original of a statement described in such paragraph <PRTPAGE P="30"/>(or, the original of a statement incorporating its consent is filed on its behalf).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Refusal by new member to consent.</E> (i) If on a December 31 a controlled group of corporations which has made an election under section 1562(a)(1) includes a new member which files a statement that it does not consent to the election with respect to such December 31, then such election shall terminate with respect to such date. Such statement shall be signed by any person who is duly authorized to act on behalf of the new member, and shall be attached to the income tax return of such new member for its taxable year which includes such December 31, filed on or before the date prescribed by law (including extensions of time) for the filing of such return. The statement shall set forth the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of each corporation which was a component member of the controlled group on such December 31. In the event of a termination under this subparagraph, each component member of the controlled group on such December 31 (other than such new member) should, within 30 days after such new member files the statement of refusal to consent, file notification of the termination with the district director with whom it filed (or will file) an income tax return for its taxable year which includes such December 31.</P> <P>(ii) For purposes of subdivision (i) of this subparagraph, a corporation shall be considered to be a new member of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31 if such corporation:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Is a component member of such group on such December 31, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Was not a member of such group on the January 1 immediately preceding such December 31.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Consolidated returns.</E> (i) If any corporation which is a component member of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31 joins, or is required to join, in the filing of a consolidated return for its taxable year which includes such date, then an election under section 1562(a)(1) which is effective with respect to preceding taxable years of component members of the group shall terminate with respect to such December 31. In the event of a termination under this subparagraph, each component member of the controlled group on such December 31 which does not join in the filing of a consolidated return for the taxable year which includes such date, should, within 30 days after such consolidated return is filed, file notification of the termination with the district director with whom it filed (or will file) an income tax return for its taxable year which includes such December 31.</P> <P>(ii) The provisions of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>On each day of 1964 and 1965, Brown, an individual, owns all the stock of corporations M and P. Corporation P, in turn, owns all the stock of corporation S. Each corporation files a separate return for its taxable year ending on December 31, 1964. On April 30, 1965, the controlled group of corporations consisting of M, P, and S makes an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1964. On March 15, 1966, P and S join in the filing of a consolidated return for their taxable years ending December 31, 1965, and M files a separate return for its taxable year ending on such date. Under this subparagraph, the election by the controlled group with respect to December 31, 1964, is terminated with respect to December 31, 1965. On or before April 14, 1966, M should file notification of the termination with the district director with whom it filed its income tax return for 1965.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(4) <E T="03">Controlled group no longer in existence.</E> If a controlled group of corporations is considered as going out of existence with respect to a particular December 31 under paragraph (b) of § 1.1562-5, and if there is no successor group in respect of such controlled group under the rules provided in paragraph (c) of such section, then an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to such controlled group shall terminate with respect to such December 31.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Effect of termination.</E> A termination under subparagraph (1), (2), (3), or (4) of paragraph (b) of this section is effective with respect to the December 31 referred to in such subparagraph. An election, once terminated, is no longer effective. Thus, a termination is effective with respect to the taxable year of each component member of a controlled group of corporations which includes such December 31 and with respect to all succeeding taxable years of <PRTPAGE P="31"/>each corporation which is a component member of such group (or a successor group). Moreover, after a termination, the controlled group (and any successor group) may not make a new election except as provided in section 1562(d) and § 1.1562-4.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9745, Aug. 5, 1965]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1562-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Consents to election and termination.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Consents required—</E>(1) <E T="03">General.</E> An election under paragraph (a)(1) of § 1.1562-1, or a termination by consent under paragraph (b)(1) of § 1.1562-2, may be made by a controlled group of corporations with respect to a particular December 31 only if each corporation, which was a component member of such group (or a successor group) on any December 31 falling within the period beginning on the particular December 31 and ending on the most recently past December 31, consents to the election or termination within the time prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section and in the manner prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section. Such election or termination may be made with respect to a particular December 31 whether or not the electing or terminating group ceases to remain in existence under the principles of paragraph (a) of § 1.1562-5 before such election or termination is made. In the case of an election with respect to December 31, 1963, if each corporation which is required to consent to the election under the rules provided in Treasury Decision 6733, approved May 11, 1964 (29 FR 6320, C.B. 1964-1 (Part 1), 635) gives its consent in the manner provided in such Treasury Decision before December 31, 1964, then a valid election under section 1562(a)(1) shall be considered to have been made with respect to December 31, 1963.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>P Corporation is the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of which corporations P, S-1, and S-2 are component members on December 31, 1965. On December 31, 1966, the controlled group consists of the same component members as on December 31, 1965, except that S-1 is no longer a component member on December 31, 1966. On December 31, 1967, the controlled group of corporations consists of the same component members as on December 31, 1966, except that corporation S-3 is also a component member on December 31, 1967. In January 1968, the controlled group desires to make an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1965. Such election may be made only if P, S-1 (even though S-1 was not a component member of the group on December 31, 1966, or December 31, 1967), S-2, and S-3 (even though S-3 was not a component member of the group on December 31, 1965, or December 31, 1966) consent to the election.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1) and further assume that in January 1968, the controlled group makes a valid election with respect to December 31, 1965. If, in July 1968, the controlled group desires to terminate the election with respect to December 31, 1966, P, S-2, and S-3 must consent to the termination.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time for consents—</E>(1) <E T="03">Consents to election.</E> The consent of each component member of a controlled group of corporations which is required with respect to an election for a particular December 31, shall be made at any time after such December 31 and before the expiration of 3 years after the date on which the income tax return, for the taxable year of the component member of the group on such December 31 which has the taxable year ending first on or after such date, is required to be filed (determined without regard to any extensions of time for the filing of such return). See section 1562(e)(1).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Consents to termination.</E> The consent of each component member of a controlled group of corporations which is required with respect to a termination for a particular December 31, shall be made at any time after such December 31 and before the expiration of 3 years after such date. See section 1562(e)(2).</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>The component members of a controlled group of corporations on December 31, 1965, consist of 2 calendar-year corporations, X and Y. The group desires to make an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1965. Under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, the required consents to the election must be made after December 31, 1965, and on or before March 15, 1969. The result is the same whether or not X or Y (or both) ceases to be a component member of the group after December 31, 1965, <PRTPAGE P="32"/>and whether or not X or Y (or both) is granted an extension of time for the filing of its income tax return for 1965.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1) except that X files its income tax return on the basis of a fiscal year ending January 31, and Y files its income tax return on the basis of a fiscal year ending on June 30. Under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, the last day on which the required consents may be made with respect to an election for December 31, 1965, is April 15, 1969.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1) or (2) except that an election under section 1562(a)(1) is effective for X's and Y's taxable years including December 31, 1965. Assume further that the group desires to terminate the election with respect to December 31, 1965. Under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, the required consents to the termination must be made after December 31, 1965, and on or before December 31, 1968.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(c) <E T="03">Manner of consenting—</E>(1) <E T="03">General rule.</E> (i) The consent of a corporation to an election or termination with respect to a particular December 31 (other than a corporation which is a wholly-owned subsidiary in respect of such election or termination) shall be made by means of a statement, signed by any person who is duly authorized to act on behalf of the consenting corporation, stating that such corporation consents to an election or termination (as the case may be) with respect to such December 31. Such statement shall set forth the name, address, and taxpayer account number of the consenting member and the internal revenue district where the original of the statement is to be filed. The consent of more than one component member may be incorporated in a single statement. The original of a statement of consent shall be filed with the district director with whom the component member of the group on the particular December 31 which has the taxable year ending first on or after such date filed its return for such taxable year. (If two or more component members have the same such taxable year, a statement of consent may be filed with the district director with whom the return for any such taxable year is filed.) The original of a statement shall have attached thereto information (referred to in this paragraph as “group identification”) setting forth the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of each component member of the controlled group on such December 31 (including wholly-owned subsidiaries). If the particular December 31 is a December 31 other than the December 31 immediately preceding the date on which such statement is filed then, as part of the “group identification”, the original of the statement shall also set forth the information required in the preceding sentence with respect to each other corporation which was a component member of the group (or a successor group) on any December 31 occurring after the particular December 31 on which the consenting corporation was a component member of such group. If more than one original statement is filed, a statement may incorporate the group identification by reference to the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of a component member of the group which has attached such group identification to the original of its statement.</P> <P>(ii) Each corporation which was a component member of the electing (or terminating) controlled group (or a successor group) on a December 31 falling within the period beginning on the particular December 31 and ending on the most recently past December 31 (other than a wholly-owned subsidiary in respect of such election or termination) should attach a copy of its consent (or a copy of the statement incorporating its consent) to each income tax return, amended return, or claim for refund filed with its district director for a taxable year which includes any such December 31. Such copy should either have attached thereto information on group identification or incorporate such information by reference to the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of a component member of the group which has attached such information to its income tax return, amended return, or claim for refund filed with the same district director for a taxable year which includes any such December 31.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Wholly-owned subsidiaries.</E> (i) Each corporation which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of a controlled group of corporations in respect of an election or termination with respect to a particular December 31 shall be deemed to <PRTPAGE P="33"/>consent to such election or termination (as the case may be). For purposes of this section, a corporation shall be considered to be a wholly-owned subsidiary of a controlled group in respect of an election or termination with respect to a particular December 31 if, on each day falling within the period beginning on the first day of such corporation's taxable year which included such December 31 and ending on the day on which such election or termination is made (or, if such corporation was not in existence on each day of such period, on each day falling within such period during which the corporation was in existence), all the stock of such corporation is owned directly by one or more corporations which are component members of such group (or a successor group) on any December 31 falling within such period.</P> <P>(ii) Each wholly-owned subsidiary should attach a statement to an income tax return, amended return, or claim for refund filed with its district director for each taxable year which contains a December 31 falling within the period described in the last sentence of subdivision (i) of this subparagraph, stating that an election or termination (as the case may be) is effective for such taxable year and containing the information which would be required to be set forth in a statement of consent to the election or termination filed pursuant to subparagraph (1)(i) of this paragraph. Information on group identification may either be attached to the statement or incorporated by reference to the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of a component member of the group which has attached such group identification to an income tax return, amended return, or claim for refund filed with the same district director for the taxable year including such date.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Effect of consent.</E> Under section 1562(e), any consent to an election under section 1562(a)(1) or a termination under section 1562(c)(1) is deemed to be a consent to the application of section 1562(g)(1) (relating to tolling of statute of limitations on assessment of deficiencies). See § 1.1562-7.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9746, Aug. 5, 1965]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1562-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election after termination.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> Under section 1562(d), if a controlled group of corporations has made a valid election under section 1562(a)(1), and such election is terminated by any one of the occurrences described in paragraph (b) of § 1.1562-2, then such group (or any controlled group which is a successor to such group within the meaning of paragraph (c) of § 1.1562-5) is not eligible to make an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to any December 31 before the sixth December 31 after the particular December 31 with respect to which such termination was effective. For the particular December 31 with respect to which a termination is effective, see paragraph (c) of § 1.1562-2.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Example.</E> The provisions of this section may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>In 1965, a controlled group of corporations makes a valid election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1964. In 1967, the election is terminated with respect to December 31, 1964, by consent pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of § 1.1562-2. The group (or any successor group) is not eligible to make another election with respect to any December 31 before December 31, 1970 (i.e., the sixth December 31 after December 31, 1964, the particular December 31 with respect to which such termination was effective). If in this example the election had been terminated with respect to December 31, 1965, instead of December 31, 1964, the group (or any successor group) would not be eligible to make another election with respect to any December 31 before December 31, 1971.</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9747, Aug. 5, 1965]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1562-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Continuing and successor controlled groups.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Controlled group continuing in existence.</E> For purposes of §§ 1.1561-3 and 1.1562-1 through 1.1562-4:</P> <P>(1) <E T="03">Parent-subsidiary group.</E> A parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations shall be considered as remaining in existence as long as (i) such group is not considered, under paragraph (c)(3) of this section, to be a successor controlled group in respect of another controlled group, and (ii) its common parent corporation remains as a common parent and satisfies the requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(i)<E T="03">(b)</E> of § 1.1563-1 with respect to the ownership of stock of at least one corporation.<PRTPAGE P="34"/> </P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Brother-sister group.</E> A brother-sister controlled group of corporations shall be considered as remaining in existence as long as the requirements of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of § 1.1563-1 continue to be satisfied with respect to at least two corporations, taking into account the stock ownership of only those five or fewer persons whose stock ownership was taken into account with respect to the election under section 1562(a)(1).</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Combined group.</E> A combined group of corporations shall be considered as remaining in existence as long as (i) the brother-sister controlled group of corporations referred to in paragraph (a)(4)(i) of § 1.1563-1 in respect of such combined group remains in existence (within the meaning of subparagraph (2) of this paragraph), and (ii) at least one such corporation is a common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations referred to in such paragraph (a)(4)(i).</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Insurance group.</E> If, by reason of paragraph (a)(5)(i) of § 1.1563-1, two or more insurance companies subject to taxation under section 802 are treated as an insurance group separate from any corporations which are members of a controlled group described in paragraph (a) (2), (3), or (4) of § 1.1563-1, such insurance group shall be considered as remaining in existence as long as (i) the controlled group described in paragraph (a) (2), (3), or (4) of such section, as the case may be, remains in existence (within the meaning of subparagraph (1), (2), or (3) of this paragraph), and (ii) there are at least two insurance companies which satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)(5)(i) of such section.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Controlled group no longer in existence—</E>(1) <E T="03">General.</E> Except as provided in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph, a controlled group of corporations is considered as going out of existence with respect to a December 31 if such group ceases to remain in existence under the principles of paragraph (a) of this section during the calendar year ending on such date.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples, in which each corporation referred to uses the calendar year as its taxable year: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>Corporation P was organized on January 1, 1964, and acquired all the stock of corporation S-1 on February 1, 1964, and all the stock of corporation S-2 on March 1, 1965. On April 1, 1965, P sold all its S-1 stock to the public. Beginning on February 1, 1964, P is the common parent corporation of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations. Under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the controlled group remains in existence throughout the remainder of 1964 and throughout 1965 even though after April 1, 1965, P satisfies the stock ownership requirements of paragraph (a)(2)(i) <E T="03">(b)</E> of § 1.1563-1 only with respect to the stock of S-2, a corporation which was not a member of the group at the time the group was formed, and even though S-1 ceased to be a member of the group after the group was formed. Accordingly, if the controlled group makes a valid election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1964, such election will remain in effect with respect to December 31, 1965, unless terminated under section 1562(c) (1), (2), or (3). Moreover, if such election were made and subsequently terminated with respect to December 31, 1964, the group would not be eligible (by reason of section 1562(d)) to make an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1965.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1) except that corporation S-2 is a franchised corporation as defined in section 1563(f)(4) for its 1965 taxable year. On December 31, 1965, S-2 is treated as an excluded member of the parent-subsidiary controlled group of which P is the common parent. See section 1563(b)(2)(E). Nevertheless, such controlled group is considered as remaining in existence throughout 1965.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1) except that P sold its S-1 stock on February 28, 1965, instead of April 1, 1965. Under the principles of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the parent-subsidiary controlled group ceases to remain in existence on February 28, 1965. Accordingly, under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, such group is considered as going out of existence with respect to December 31, 1965. Thus, if the group makes a valid election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1964, such election terminates with respect to December 31, 1965. Moreover, the new controlled group of corporations consisting of P and S-2 is not precluded (by reason of section 1562(d)) from making an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to December 31, 1965.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (4).</HD> <P>Smith, an individual, owns 80 percent of the only class of stock of corporations W and X on each day of 1966 and 1967. W, in turn, owns 80 percent of the only class of stock of corporation Y on each day of 1966. <PRTPAGE P="35"/>On April 15, 1967, X purchases 80 percent of the only class of corporation Z and on April 30, 1967, W sells all its stock in Y. Under paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the combined group remains in existence throughout 1966 and 1967 since (i) the brother-sister controlled group of corporations referred to in paragraph (a)(4)(i) of § 1.1563-1 in respect of such combined group remains in existence, and (ii) at least one corporation is a common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group referred to in such paragraph.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (5).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (4) except that Y and Z are life insurance companies subject to taxation under section 802 of the Code. Further assume that throughout 1966 and 1967 Y owns all the stock of corporation S, and Z owns all the stock of corporation T. S and T are life insurance companies subject to taxation under section 802. Before April 15, 1967, under paragraph (a)(5)(i) of § 1.1563-1, Y and S are treated as an insurance group of corporations. After April 30, 1967, under paragraph (a)(4) of this section, Z and T are treated as an insurance group which remains in existence throughout 1966 and 1967, since the combined group remains in existence within the meaning of paragraph (a)(3) of this section throughout 1966 and 1967, and there are at all times at least two insurance companies which satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)(5)(i) of § 1.1563-1. (However, after April 30, 1967, Y and S cease to be members of the combined group and are considered to be a new controlled group of corporations.)</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (6).</HD> <P>Jones, an individual, owns all the stock of corporations M and N on each day of 1966. On February 1, 1967, he gives all the stock of M to his 18-year-old son who continues to hold the M stock throughout the remainder of 1967. Since Jones (or his son) owns, or is considered as owning under paragraph (b)(6)(i) of § 1.1563-3, all the stock of M and N on each day of 1967, under paragraph (a)(2) of this section the brother-sister controlled group consisting of M and N remains in existence throughout 1967.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) <E T="03">Special rule.</E> If:</P> <P>(i) Under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, a controlled group of corporations would (without regard to this subparagraph) be considered as going out of existence with respect to a December 31 because two or more corporations cease to be members of such group during the calendar year ending on such date,</P> <P>(ii) Under paragraph (c) of this section, there is no successor group in respect of such group, and</P> <P>(iii) At least two of such corporations are considered to be component members of such group on such December 31 by reason of the additional member rule of paragraph (b)(3) of § 1.1563-1,</P> <FP>then such group shall be considered as going out of existence with respect to the December 31 immediately succeeding such December 31. For example, assume that corporations P and S file their returns on the basis of the calendar year. P owns all the stock of S from January 1, 1965, through December 1, 1965. On December 2, 1965, P sells the stock of S to the public. Under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph the controlled group consisting of P and S would (without regard to this subparagraph) be considered as going out of existence with respect to December 31, 1965, because P and S ceased to be members of the group on December 2, 1965. However, since there is no successor group in respect of the controlled group, and P and S are considered to be component members of such group on December 31, 1965, by reason of the additional member rule of paragraph (b)(3) of § 1.1563-1, under this subparagraph the group is considered as going out of existence with respect to December 31, 1966, and not December 31, 1965.</FP> <P>(c) <E T="03">Successor groups—</E>(1) <E T="03">Transactions involving a former owner or owners.</E> If, as a result of the transfer of stock of a corporation or corporations (whether by sale, exchange, distribution, contribution to capital, or otherwise), a controlled group (“old group”) goes out of existence, and a new controlled group (“new group”) comes into existence, then the new group shall be considered to be a successor to the old group, provided one of the following applies:</P> <P>(i) A person or persons who own stock of the new group that meets the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B) owned stock which met such stock ownership requirement with respect to the old group;</P> <P>(ii) A person or persons who owned more than 50 percent of the fair market value of the stock of the common parent of the old group owns, with respect to the new group, stock that meets the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B); or<PRTPAGE P="36"/> </P> <P>(iii) A person or persons who owned stock that met the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B) with respect to the old group owns more than 50 percent of the fair market value of the stock of the common parent of the new group.</P> <FP>For purposes of this paragraph, the term “owns” includes direct ownership and ownership with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3. For purposes of this subparagraph, if as a result of the transfer of stock, a parent-subsidiary controlled group or a brother-sister controlled group becomes a part of a combined group, then such parent-subsidiary or brother-sister group shall be considered as going out of existence as a result of such transfer. Also for purposes of this subparagraph, if as a result of the transfer of stock, a combined group goes out of existence and a parent-subsidiary or brother-sister group which was part of such combined group remains, then such parent-subsidiary or brother-sister group shall be considered to be a new controlled group which came into existence as a result of such transfer.</FP> <P>(2) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The principles of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>On each day of 1971, unrelated individuals Grey, Black, and Green own the following amounts of the only class of outstanding stock of each of corporations R and T: Grey owns 40 percent, Black owns 40 percent, and Green owns 20 percent. On March 1, 1972, Grey sells all his stock in both corporations to unrelated individual Clay. As a result of the transfer, the brother-sister controlled group consisting of R and T goes out of existence. Since Black and Green, who owned stock which met the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B) with respect to the old group, owns stock of the new group (consisting of R and T) that meets the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B), the new group is considered to be the successor to the old group. If Green also sold all his stock in both corporations to unrelated individual Barnes, Black would be the only stockholder of the new group whose stock ownership was taken into account in meeting the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B) with respect to the old group. Since Black would not own stock of the new group that meets the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B), the new group would not be considered a successor to the controlled group which went out of existence.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>On each day of 1971, all the outstanding stock of corporation P is owned in the following manner: Smith owns 30 percent, Jones owns 30 percent, and White owns 40 percent. P owns all the stock of corporation S<E T="52">1,</E> S<E T="52">2</E>, W<E T="52">1</E> and W<E T="52">2</E>. On December 31, 1971, P, S<E T="52">1</E>, S<E T="52">2</E>, W<E T="52">1</E>, and W<E T="52">2</E> are component members of the same controlled group. If on March 1, 1972, P distributes all the stock of S<E T="52">1</E> and S<E T="52">2</E> equally to Smith and Jones and all the stock of W<E T="52">1</E> and W<E T="52">2</E> to White, the controlled group consisting of P, S<E T="52">1</E>, S<E T="52">2</E>, W<E T="52">1</E>, and W<E T="52">2</E> goes out of existence. Since Smith and Jones, who together owned stock which met the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563 (a)(2)(B) with respect to the old group, now together own stock of the new group (consisting of S<E T="52">1</E> and S<E T="52">2</E>) that meets the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B), such new group is considered the successor to the old group. On the other hand, since White, the sole shareholder of W<E T="52">1</E> and W<E T="52">2</E>, did not own stock which met such stock ownership requirement with respect to the old group, the new group consisting of W<E T="52">1</E> and W<E T="52">2</E> is not considered a successor of the old group.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) <E T="03">Transactions involving two common parents.</E> If, as a result of the transfer of stock of a corporation or corporations (whether by sale, exchange, distribution, contribution to capital, or otherwise):</P> <P>(i) A parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations goes out of existence because its common parent corporation ceases to be a common parent, and</P> <P>(ii) The stockholders (immediately before the transfer) of such common parent corporation, as a result of owning stock in such common parent, own (immediately after the transfer) more than 50 percent of the fair market value of the stock of a corporation which is the common parent corporation of a controlled group of corporations immediately after the transfer,</P> <FP>the resulting controlled group shall be considered to be a successor group in respect of the controlled group which went out of existence as a result of the transfer.</FP> <P>(4) <E T="03">Example.</E> The provisions of subparagraph (3) of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Corporation Y, the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group, <PRTPAGE P="37"/>acquires the assets of corporation X, the common parent of another controlled group, in a statutory merger. The stockholders of X exchange their X stock for 60 percent of the fair market value of all of the outstanding shares of Y. Since, as a result of the exchange, (i) the parent-subsidiary controlled group of which X was the common parent goes out of existence because X ceases to be a common parent, and (ii) the stockholders of X, as a result of owning stock in X, own immediately after the exchange more than 50 percent of the fair market value of the stock of Y (the common parent of a controlled group of corporations immediately after the exchange), the controlled group of which Y is the common parent after the merger is considered to be a successor group in respect of the controlled group of which X was the common parent, and the group of which Y was the common parent before the merger is considered, under paragraph (a)(1) of this section, as no longer in existence. Thus, for example, if before the merger the controlled group of which X was the common parent was not eligible, by reason of the application of section 1562(d), to make an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to a December 31 occurring before December 31, 1970, then the successor controlled group would also be ineligible to make an election with respect to a December 31 occurring before December 31, 1970, whether or not the controlled group of which Y was the common parent before the merger had an election in effect pursuant to section 1562(a)(1).</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9747, Aug. 5, 1965, as amended by T.D. 7181, 37 FR 8067, Apr. 25, 1972]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1562-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election for short taxable years.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Application of election to short taxable years—</E>(1) <E T="03">General.</E> If the return of a corporation is for a short period which does not include a December 31, and if such corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations with respect to such short period, then an election under section 1562(a)(1) by such group shall apply with respect to such short period if:</P> <P>(i) Such election is in effect with respect to both the December 31, immediately preceding such short period (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “preceding December 31”) and the December 31 immediately succeeding such short period (hereinafter in this section referred to as the “succeeding December 31”), or</P> <P>(ii) Such election is in effect with respect to either the preceding December 31 or the succeeding December 31, and each corporation which is a component member of such group with respect to a short period falling between such dates consents to the application of such election to such short period. See subparagraph (4) of this paragraph for rules relating to an election with respect to certain short taxable years ending during 1964.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Component members.</E> For purposes of this section, the determination of whether a corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations with respect to a short period shall be made by applying the definition of component member contained in section 1563(b) and paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-1 as if the last day of such short period were a December 31 occurring after December 31, 1963.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Example.</E> The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>On December 31, 1964, corporations P, S-1, and S-2 are component members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations. P, S-1, and S-2 each uses the calendar year as its taxable year. On February 1, 1965, S-1 transfers property to newly formed corporation S-3 (which begins business on that date) and receives all the stock of S-3 in return. S-3 adopts a fiscal year ending on November 30 as its taxable year and, therefore, files a return for the short taxable year beginning on February 1, 1965, and ending on November 30, 1965. On December 5, 1965, S-2 is liquidated, and therefore files a return for the short taxable year beginning on January 1, 1965, and ending on December 5, 1965. S-2 and S-3 are component members of the controlled group of corporations with respect to their short taxable years falling between December 31, 1964, and December 31, 1965, within the meaning of subparagraph (2) of this paragraph. Assume that the controlled group has an election under section 1562(a)(1) in effect with respect to either December 31, 1964, or December 31, 1965, but not both such dates. Under subparagraph (1)(ii) of this paragraph, S-2 and S-3 must both file consents to the application of the section 1562(a)(1) election with respect to their short periods in order for the election to be effective with respect to either such short period.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(4) <E T="03">Election for certain short taxable years ending during 1964.</E> If:</P> <P>(i) A corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations with respect to a short taxable year beginning and ending in 1964,</P> <P>(ii) Each corporation which was a component member of such group on <PRTPAGE P="38"/>December 31, 1963 (determined without regard to paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of § 1.1563-1, relating to the treatment of a corporation which has a taxable year ending on December 31, 1963, as an excluded member of a controlled group on such date) filed its income tax return on the basis of the calendar year ending on such date, and</P> <P>(iii) Such controlled group of corporations is considered as going out of existence with respect to December 31, 1964, pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of § 1.1562-2,</P> <FP>then, for purposes of paragraph (a)(1) (ii) of this section, an election by such controlled group under section 1562(a) (1) shall be deemed to have been in effect for the preceding December 31. Each corporation which is a component member of such group with respect to a short period falling between such preceding and succeeding December 31's must, on or before November 3, 1965, consent to the application of such election to its short period falling between such December 31's.</FP> <P>(b) <E T="03">Status at time of filing return.</E> If, on the date a corporation files its income tax return for a short period falling between a preceding and succeeding December 31 (with respect to which period it is a component member of a controlled group of corporations):</P> <P>(1) <E T="03">Election not effective.</E> An election under section 1562(a)(1) is not effective with respect to either such preceding or succeeding December 31, then such member shall determine its surtax exemption for purposes of such return in accordance with section 1561(b).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Election effective for preceding December 31.</E> An election under section 1562(a)(1) is effective with respect to such preceding December 31, and if on the date the return is filed the election has not been terminated with respect to such succeeding December 31, then such member may compute its tax for purposes of such return on the assumption that the conditions of paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section are satisfied with respect to such short period.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Election effective for preceding or succeeding December 31.</E> An election under section 1562(a)(1) is effective with respect to either (but not both) such preceding or succeeding December 31, and the return is filed after such succeeding December 31, then the member's surtax exemption for purposes of such return shall be determined in accordance with section 1561(b) unless:</P> <P>(i) It attaches to such return its consent to the application of such election to such short period, and</P> <P>(ii) Each other corporation which is a component member of the group with respect to a short period falling between such December 31's files, within 30 days after such return is filed, a consent to the application of such election to its short period falling between such December 31's.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Election or termination after returns filed—</E>(1) <E T="03">Election.</E> If, after each component member of a controlled group with respect to a short period falling between a preceding and succeeding December 31 files its return for such short period, the group makes an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to such succeeding December 31, then the election shall apply with respect to each such short period only if each such member files, within 30 days after such election is made, a consent to the application of such election to its short period.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Termination.</E> If, after each component member of a controlled group with respect to a short period falling between a preceding and succeeding December 31 files its return for such short period, an election under section 1562(a)(1) which is effective with respect to such group with respect to such preceding December 31 is terminated with respect to such succeeding December 31, then such election shall apply with respect to each such short period only if each such member files, within 30 days after the termination occurs, a consent to the application of such election to its short period. For purposes of the preceding sentence, (i) the termination of an election by consent under section 1562(c)(1) shall be considered to occur on the date the termination is made, and (ii) the termination of an election under section 1562(c) (2), (3), or (4) shall be considered to occur on the date the event causing termination occurs (for example, on the date a new member files a refusal <PRTPAGE P="39"/>to consent, or on the date a consolidated return is filed) unless the election is made after such date, in which case the termination shall be considered to occur on the date the election is made.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Manner of consenting.</E> A consent referred to in paragraph (b)(3) or (c) of this section shall be made by means of a statement, signed by any person who is duly authorized to act on behalf of the consenting corporation, stating that such corporation consents to the application of an election under section 1562(a)(1) with respect to its short period. Each such statement shall set forth the name, address, taxpayer account number, and taxable year of (1) each corporation which is a component member of the electing controlled group with respect to a short period falling between the preceding December 31 and the succeeding December 31, and (2) each corporation which is a component member of such group on either the preceding or succeeding December 31. Each consenting corporation shall file such statement with the district director with whom it files (or filed) its income tax return for the short period.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9749, Aug. 5, 1965]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1562-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Extension of statutory periods of limitation.</SUBJECT> <P>(a)(1) Under section 1562(g)(1), the statutory period for assessment of any deficiency against a corporation which is a component member of a controlled group of corporations with respect to any taxable year, to the extent such deficiency is attributable to an election under section 1562(a)(1) or a termination by consent under section 1562(c)(1), shall not expire before the expiration of one year after the date such election or termination is made.</P> <P>(2) Under section 1562(g)(2), the statutory period for allowing or making credit or refund of any overpayment of tax by a corporation which is a component member of a controlled group of corporations with respect to any taxable year, to the extent such overpayment is attributable to an election under section 1562(a)(1) or a termination by consent under section 1562(c)(1), shall not expire before the expiration of one year after the date such election or termination is made.</P> <P>(b) For purposes of this section, the deficiency or overpayment in tax attributable to an election under section 1562(a)(1) or a termination by consent under section 1562(c)(1) shall be that amount of the increase or decrease in tax over the amount previously determined (as defined in section 1314(a)) for any taxable year which results from the application or nonapplication of section 1562, as the case may be. In determining the amount of such increase or decrease, due regard shall be given to the effect of any change in the amount of the surtax exemption (or the application or nonapplication of the additional tax under section 1562(b)) on credits allowable for any taxable year. Thus, for example, as a result of such change it may be necessary to recompute the amount of the investment credit allowable under section 38 for a taxable year for which the election or termination is effective and for other taxable years affected, or treated as affected, by an investment credit carryback or carryover (as defined in section 46(b)) determined with reference to the taxable years with respect to which such election or termination is effective.</P> <P>(c) The provisions of this section shall not be construed to:</P> <P>(1) Shorten the period within which an assessment of a deficiency may otherwise be made or the credit or refund of an overpayment may otherwise be allowed or made, or</P> <P>(2) Apply to a deficiency or overpayment for a taxable year if the tax liability for such taxable year has been compromised under section 7122, or is the subject of a closing agreement under section 7121.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9750, Aug. 5, 1965]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1563-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Definition of controlled group of corporations and component members.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Controlled group of corporations—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> For purposes of sections 1561 through 1563 and the regulations thereunder, the term “controlled group of corporations” means any group of corporations which is either a “parent-<PRTPAGE P="40"/>subsidiary controlled group” (as defined in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph), a “brother-sister controlled group” (as defined in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph), a “combined group” (as defined in subparagraph (4) of this paragraph), or an “insurance group” (as defined in subparagraph (5) of this paragraph). For the exclusion of certain stock for purposes of applying the definitions contained in this paragraph, see section 1563(c) and § 1.1563-2.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Parent-subsidiary controlled group.</E> (i) The term “parent-subsidiary controlled group” means one or more chains of corporations connected through stock ownership with a common parent corporation if:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Stock possessing at least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or at least 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of each of the corporations, except the common parent corporation, is owned (directly and with the application of paragraph (b)(1) of § 1.1563-3, relating to options) by one or more of the other corporations; and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> The common parent corporation owns (directly and with the application of paragraph (b)(1) of § 1.1563-3, relating to options) stock possessing at least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or at least 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of at least one of the other corporations, excluding, in computing such voting power or value, stock owned directly by such other corporations.</P> <P>(ii) The definition of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>P Corporation owns stock possessing 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of S Corporation. P is the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group consisting of member corporations P and S.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1). Assume further that S owns stock possessing 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of T Corporation. P is the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group consisting of member corporations P, S, and T. The result would be the same if P, rather than S, owned the T stock.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>L Corporation owns 80 percent of the only class of stock of M Corporation and M, in turn, owns 40 percent of the only class of stock of O Corporation. L also owns 80 percent of the only class of stock of N Corporation and N, in turn, owns 40 percent of the only class of stock of O. L is the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group consisting of member corporations L, M, N, and O.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (4).</HD> <P>X Corporation owns 75 percent of the only class of stock of Y and Z Corporations; Y owns all the remaining stock of Z; and Z owns all the remaining stock of Y. Since intercompany stockholdings are excluded (that is, are not treated as outstanding) for purposes of determining whether X owns stock possessing at least 80 percent of the voting power or value of at least one of the other corporations, X is treated as the owner of stock possessing 100 percent of the voting power and value of Y and of Z for purposes of subdivision (i)<E T="03">(b)</E> of this subparagraph. Also, stock possessing 100 percent of the voting power and value of Y and Z is owned by the other corporations in the group within the meaning of subdivision (i)<E T="03">(a)</E> of this subparagraph. (X and Y together own stock possessing 100 percent of the voting power and value of Z, and X and Z together own stock possessing 100 percent of the voting power and value of Y.) Therefore, X is the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations consisting of member corporations X, Y, and Z.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) <E T="03">Brother-sister controlled group.</E> (i) The term “brother-sister controlled group” means two or more corporations if the same five or fewer persons who are individuals, estates, or trusts own (directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3) stock possessing:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> At least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or at least 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of the stock of each corporation; and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> More than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or more than 50 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of each corporation, taking into account the stock ownership of each such person only to the extent such stock ownership is identical with respect to each such corporation.</P> <FP>The five or fewer persons whose stock ownership is considered for purposes of the 80 percent requirement must be the same persons whose stock ownership is <PRTPAGE P="41"/>considered for purposes of the more-than-50 percent requirement.</FP> <P>(ii) The principles of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>The outstanding stock of corporations P, Q, R, S, and T, which have only one class of stock outstanding is owned by the following unrelated individuals:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s20,5,5,5,5,5,r20" COLS="7" OPTS="L2,i1"> <TTITLE>Corporations</TTITLE> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1">Individuals</CHED> <CHED H="1">P</CHED> <CHED H="1">Q</CHED> <CHED H="1">R</CHED> <CHED H="1">S</CHED> <CHED H="1">T</CHED> <CHED H="1">Identical ownership</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">A </ENT> <ENT>55% </ENT> <ENT>51% </ENT> <ENT>55% </ENT> <ENT>55% </ENT> <ENT>55% </ENT> <ENT>51%.</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">B </ENT> <ENT>45% </ENT> <ENT>49% </ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>(45% in P & Q).</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">C </ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>45% </ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT/> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">D </ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>45% </ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> </ROW> <ROW RUL="n,n,s"> <ENT I="01">E </ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>45% </ENT> <ENT/> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="02">Total </ENT> <ENT>100% </ENT> <ENT>100% </ENT> <ENT>100% </ENT> <ENT>100% </ENT> <ENT>100% </ENT> <ENT/> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>Corporations P and Q are members of a brother-sister controlled group of corporations. Although the more-than-50 percent identical ownership requirement is met for all 5 corporations, corporations R, S, and T are not members becasue at least 80 percent of the stock of each of those corporations is not owned by the same 5 or fewer persons whose stock ownership is considered for purposes of the more-than-50 percent identical ownership requirement.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>The outstanding stock of corporations U and V, which have only one class of stock outstanding, is owned by the following unrelated individuals:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s25,8,8" COLS="3" OPTS="L2,i1"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1">Individuals</CHED> <CHED H="1">Corporations</CHED> <CHED H="2">U (percent)</CHED> <CHED H="2">V (percent)</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">A </ENT> <ENT>12 </ENT> <ENT>12</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">B </ENT> <ENT>12 </ENT> <ENT>12</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">C </ENT> <ENT>12 </ENT> <ENT>12</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">D </ENT> <ENT>12 </ENT> <ENT>12</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">E </ENT> <ENT>13 </ENT> <ENT>13</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">F </ENT> <ENT>13 </ENT> <ENT>13</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">G </ENT> <ENT>13 </ENT> <ENT>13</ENT> </ROW> <ROW RUL="n,n,s"> <ENT I="01">H </ENT> <ENT>13 </ENT> <ENT>13</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="02">Total </ENT> <ENT>100 </ENT> <ENT>100</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>Any group of five of the shareholders will own more than 50 percent of the stock in each corporation, in identical holdings. However, U and V are not members of brother-sister controlled group because at least 80 percent of the stock of each corporation is not owned by the same five or fewer persons.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Corporation X and Y each have two classes of stock outstanding, voting common and non-voting common. (None of this stock is excluded from the definition of stock under section 1563(c).) Unrelated individuals A and B owns the following percentages of the class of stock entitled to vote (voting) and of the total value of shares of all classes of stock (value) in each of corporations X and Y:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s15,r25,r25" COLS="3" OPTS="L2,i1"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1">Individuals</CHED> <CHED H="1">Corporations</CHED> <CHED H="2">X</CHED> <CHED H="2">Y</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">A </ENT> <ENT>100% voting, 60% value </ENT> <ENT>75% voting, 60% value.</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">B </ENT> <ENT>0% voting, 10% value </ENT> <ENT>25% voting, 10% value.</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>No other shareholder of X owns (or is considered to own) any stock in Y. X and Y are a brother-sister controlled group of corporations. The group meets the more-than-50 percent ownership requirements because A and B own more than 50 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of X and Y in identical holdings. (The group also meets the more-than-50 percent ownership requirement because of A's voting stock ownership.) The group meets the 80 percent requirement because A and B own at least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (4).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (3) except that the value of the stock owned by A and B is not more than 50 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of each corporation in identical holdings. X and Y are not a brother-sister controlled group of corporations. The group meets the more-than-50 percent ownership requirement because A owns more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of the voting stock of each corporation. For purposes of the 80 percent requirement, B's voting stock in Y cannot be combined with A's voting stock in Y since B, who does not own any voting stock in X, is not a person whose ownership is considered for purposes of the more-than-50 percent requirement. Because no other shareholder owns stock in both X and Y, these other shareholders’ stock ownership is not counted towards meeting either the more-than-50 percent ownership requirement or the 80-percent ownership requirement.</P> </EXAMPLE> <PRTPAGE P="42"/> <P>(iii) Paragraph (a)(3) of this section, as amended, by T.D. 8179 applies to taxable years ending on or after December 31, 1970. See, however, the transitional rule in paragraph (d) of this section.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Combined group.</E> (i) The term “combined group” means any group of three or more corporations, if:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Each such corporation is a member of either a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations or a brother-sister controlled group of corporations, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> At least one of such corporations is the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group and also is a member of a brother-sister controlled group.</P> <P>(ii) The definition of a combined group of corporations may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>Smith, an individual, owns stock possessing 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of the stock of corporations X and Y. Y, in turn, owns stock possessing 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of the stock of corporation Z. Since:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> X, Y, and Z are each members of either a parent-subsidiary or brother-sister controlled group of corporations, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Y is the common parent of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations consisting of Y and Z, and also is a member of a brother-sister controlled group of corporations consisting of X and Y, </P> <FP>X, Y, and Z are members of the same combined group.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1), and further assume that corporation X owns 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of corporation T, X, Y, Z, and T are members of the same combined group.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(5) <E T="03">Insurance group.</E> (i) The term “insurance group” means two or more insurance companies subject to taxation under section 802 each of which is a member of a controlled group of corporations described in subparagraph (2), (3), or (4) of this paragraph. Such insurance companies shall be treated as a controlled group of corporations separate from any other corporations which are members of the controlled group described in such subparagraph (2), (3), or (4). For purposes of this section and § 1.1562-5, the common parent of the controlled group described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph shall be referred to as the common parent of the insurance group.</P> <P>(ii) The definition of an insurance group may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Corporation P owns all the stock of corporation I which, in turn, owns all the stock of corporation X. P also owns all the stock of corporation Y which, in turn, owns all the stock of corporation J. I and J are life insurance companies subject to taxation under section 802 of the Code. Since I and J are members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations, such companies are treated as members of an insurance group separate from the parent-subsidiary controlled group consisting of P, X, and Y. For purposes of this section and § 1.1562-5, P is referred to as the common parent of the insurance group even though P is not a member of such group.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(6) <E T="03">Voting power of stock.</E> For purposes of § 1.1562-5, this section, and §§ 1.1563-2 and 1.1563-3, in determining whether the stock owned by a person (or persons) possesses a certain percentage of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of a corporation, consideration will be given to all the facts and circumstances of each case. A share of stock will generally be considered as possessing the voting power accorded to such share by the corporate charter, by-laws, or share certificate. On the other hand, if there is any agreement, whether express or implied, that a shareholder will not vote his stock in a corporation, the formal voting rights possessed by his stock may be disregarded in determining the percentage of the total combined voting power possessed by the stock owned by other shareholders in the corporation, if the result is that the corporation becomes a component member of a controlled group of corporations. Moreover, if a shareholder agrees to vote his stock in a corporation in the manner specified by another shareholder in the corporation, the voting rights possessed by the stock owned by the first shareholder may be considered to be possessed by the stock owned by such other shareholder if the result is that the corporation becomes a component member of a controlled group of corporations.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Component members—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> For purposes of sections 1561 through 1563 and the regulations thereunder, a <PRTPAGE P="43"/>corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31 (and with respect to the taxable year which includes such December 31) if such corporation:</P> <P>(i) Is a member of such controlled group on such December 31 and is not treated as an excluded member under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, or</P> <P>(ii) Is not a member of such controlled group on such December 31 but is treated as an additional member under subparagraph (3) of this paragraph.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Excluded members.</E> (i) A corporation, which is a member of a controlled group of corporations on the December 31 included within its taxable year, but was a member of such group for less than one-half of the number of days in such taxable year which precede such December 31, shall be treated as an excluded member of such group on such December 31.</P> <P>(ii) A corporation which is a member of a controlled group of corporations on any December 31 shall be treated as an excluded member of such group on such date if, for its taxable year including such date, such corporation is:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Exempt from taxation under section 501(a) (except a corporation which has unrelated business taxable income for such taxable year which is subject to tax under section 511) or 521,</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> A foreign corporation not subject to taxation under section 882(a) for the taxable year,</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> An electing small business corporation (as defined in section 1371(b)) not subject to the tax imposed by section 1378,</P> <P> <E T="03">(d)</E> A franchised corporation (as defined in section 1563(f)(4) and § 1.1563- 4), or</P> <P> <E T="03">(e)</E> An insurance company subject to taxation under section 802 or 821, except that an insurance company taxable under section 802 which (without regard to this subdivision) is a component member of an insurance group described in paragraph (a)(5) of this section shall not be treated as an excluded member of such insurance group.</P> <P>(iii) A corporation which has a taxable year ending on December 31, 1963, shall be treated as an excluded member of a controlled group on such date.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Additional members.</E> A corporation which:</P> <P>(i) Is not a member of a controlled group of corporations on the December 31 included within its taxable year, and</P> <P>(ii) Is not described, with respect to such taxable year, in subparagraph (2)(ii) <E T="03">(a), (b), (c), (d),</E> or <E T="03">(e),</E> or (2)(iii) of this paragraph,</P> <FP>shall be treated as an additional member of such group on such December 31 if it was a member of such group for one-half (or more) of the number of days in such taxable year which precede such December 31.</FP> <P>(4) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>Brown, an individual, owns all of the stock of corporations W and X on each day of 1964. W and X each uses the calendar year as its taxable year. On January 1, 1964, Brown also owns all the stock of corporation Y (a fiscal year corporation with a taxable year beginning on July 1, 1964, and ending on June 30, 1965), which stock he sells on October 15, 1964. On December 31, 1964, Brown purchases all the stock of corporation Z (a fiscal year corporation with a taxable year beginning on September 1, 1964, and ending on August 31, 1965). On December 31, 1964, W, X, and Z are members of the same controlled group. However, the component members of the group on such December 31 are W, X, and Y. Under subparagraph (2)(i) of this paragraph, Z is treated as an excluded member of the group on December 31, 1964, since Z was a member of the group for less than one-half of the number of days (29 out of 121 days) during the period beginning on September 1, 1964 (the first day of its taxable year) and ending on December 30, 1964. Under subparagraph (3) of this paragraph, Y is treated as an additional member of the group on December 31, 1964, since Y was a member of the group for at least one-half of the number of days (107 out of 183 days) during the period beginning on July 1, 1964 (the first day of its taxable year) and ending on December 30, 1964.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>On January 1, 1964, corporation P owns all the stock of corporation S, which in turn owns all the stock of corporation S-1. On November 1, 1964, P purchases all of the stock of corporation X from the public and sells all of the stock of S to the public. Corporation X owns all the stock of corporation Y during 1964. P, S, S-1, X, and Y file their returns on the basis of the calendar year. On December 31, 1964, P, X, and Y are members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations; also, corporations S and S-1 are members of a different parent-subsidiary controlled group on such date. However, <PRTPAGE P="44"/>since X and Y have been members of the parent-subsidiary controlled group of which P is the common parent for less than one-half the number of days during the period January 1 through December 30, 1964, they are not component members of such group on such date. On the other hand, X and Y have been members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of which X is the common parent for at least one-half the number of days during the period January 1 through December 30, 1964, and therefore they are component members of such group on December 31, 1964. Also since S and S-1 were members of the parent-subsidiary controlled group of which P is the common parent for at least one-half the number of days in the taxable years of each such corporation during the period January 1 through December 30, 1964, P, S, and S-1 are component members of such group on December 31, 1964.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Throughout 1964, corporation M owns all the stock of corporation F which, in turn, owns all the stock of corporations L-1, L-2, X, and Y. M is a domestic mutual insurance company subject to taxation under section 821, F is a foreign corporation not engaged in trade or business within the United States, L-1 and L-2 are domestic life insurance companies subject to taxation under section 802, and X and Y are domestic corporations subject to tax under section 11 of the Code. Each corporation uses the calendar year as its taxable year. On December 31, 1964, M, F, L-1, L-2, X, and Y are members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations. However, under subparagraph (2)(ii) of this paragraph, M, F, L-1, and L-2 are treated as excluded members of the group on December 31, 1964. Thus, on December 31, 1964, the component members of the parent-subsidiary controlled group of which M is the common parent include only X and Y. Furthermore, since subparagraph (2)(ii)<E T="03">(e)</E> of this paragraph does not result in L-1 and -L-2 being treated as excluded members of an insurance group, L-1 and L-2 are component members of an insurance group on December 31, 1964.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(5) <E T="03">Application of constructive ownership rules.</E> For purposes of subparagraphs (2)(i) and (3) of this paragraph, it is necessary to determine whether a corporation was a member of a controlled group of corporations for one-half (or more) of the number of days in its taxable year which precede the December 31 falling within such taxable year. Therefore, the constructive ownership rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3 (to the extent applicable in making such determination) must be applied on a day-by-day basis. For example, if P Corporation owns all the stock of X Corporation on each day of 1964, and on December 30, 1964, acquires an option to purchase all the stock of Y Corporation (a calendar-year taxpayer which has been in existence on each day of 1964), the application of paragraph (b)(1) of § 1.1563-3 on a day-by-day basis results in Y being a member of the brother-sister controlled group on only one day of Y's 1964 year which precedes December 31, 1964. Accordingly, since Y is not a member of such group for one-half or more of the number of days in its 1964 year preceding December 31, 1964, Y is treated as an excluded member of such group on December 31, 1964.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Overlapping groups—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> If on a December 31 a corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations by reason of ownership of stock possessing at least 80 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of the corporation, and if on such December 31 such corporation is also a component member of another controlled group of corporations by reason of ownership of other stock (that is, stock not used to satisfy the at-least-80-percent total value test) possessing at least 80 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of the corporation entitled to vote, then such corporation shall be treated as a component member only of the controlled group of which it is a component member by reason of the ownership of at least 80 percent of the total value of its shares.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Brother-sister controlled groups.</E> (i) If on a December 31, a corporation would, without application of this subparagraph, be a component member of more than one brother-sister controlled group on such date, such corporation shall be treated as a component member of only one such group on such date. Such a corporation may select which group in which it is to be included by filing an election as provided in this subparagraph. The election shall be in the form of a statement designating the group in which the corporation is to be included. The statement shall provide all the information with respect to stock ownership which is reasonably necessary to satisfy the Internal Revenue officer with whom it is filed that the corporation would, but <PRTPAGE P="45"/>for the election, be a component member of more than one controlled group. Once filed, the election is irrevocable and effective until such time that a change in the stock ownership of the corporation results in termination of membership in the controlled group in which such corporation has been included.</P> <P>(ii) Except as provided in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, the statement shall be signed by a person duly authorized to act on behalf of such corporation and shall be filed on or before the due date (including extension of time) for the filing of the income tax return of such corporation for the taxable year. However, in the case of an election with respect to December 31, 1970, the statement shall be considered as timely filed if filed on or before December 15, 1971. In the event no election is filed in accordance with the provisions of this subdivision, then the district director with audit jurisdiction of such corporation's return for the taxable year which includes such December 31 shall determine the group in which such corporation is to be included, and such determination shall be binding for all subsequent years unless the corporation files a valid election with respect to any such subsequent year.</P> <P>(iii) If more than one corporation would, without application of this subparagraph, be a component member of more than one controlled group, a single statement shall be signed by persons duly authorized to act on behalf of each such corporation. Such statement shall designate the group in which each corporation is to be included. The statement shall be attached to the income tax return of the corporation that, among those corporations which would (without the application of this subparagraph) belong to more than one group, has the taxable year including such December 31 which ends on the earliest date. However, in the case of an election with respect to December 31, 1970, the statement may be filed by December 15, 1971, with the service center director with whom such corporation's return is filed for the taxable year which includes such December 31. In the event no election is filed in accordance with the provisions of this subdivision, then the district director with audit jurisdiction of such corporation's return for the taxable year that includes such December 31 shall determine the group in which each corporation is to be included, and such determination shall be binding for all subsequent years unless the corporations file a valid election with respect to any such subsequent year.</P> <P>(iv) The provisions of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following examples (in which it is assumed that all the individuals are unrelated): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>On each day of 1970 all the outstanding stock of corporations M, N, and P is held in the following manner:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s25,5,5,5" COLS="4" OPTS="L2,p7,6/7"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1">Individuals</CHED> <CHED H="1">Corporations</CHED> <CHED H="2">M</CHED> <CHED H="2">N</CHED> <CHED H="2">P</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">A</ENT> <ENT>55% </ENT> <ENT>40% </ENT> <ENT>5%</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">B</ENT> <ENT>40% </ENT> <ENT>20% </ENT> <ENT>40%</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">C</ENT> <ENT>5% </ENT> <ENT>40% </ENT> <ENT>55%</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>Since the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B) is met with respect to corporations M and N and with respect to corporations N and P, but not with respect to corporations M, N, and P, corporation N would, without the application of this subparagraph, be a component member on December 31, 1970, of overlapping groups consisting of M and N and of N and P. If N does not file an election in accordance with subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, the district director with audit jurisdiction of N's return will determine the group in which N is to be included.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>On each day of 1970, all the outstanding stock of corporations S, T, W, X, and Z is held in the following manner:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s20,4,4,4,4,4" COLS="6" OPTS="L2"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1">Individuals</CHED> <CHED H="1">Corporations</CHED> <CHED H="2">S</CHED> <CHED H="2">T</CHED> <CHED H="2">W</CHED> <CHED H="2">X</CHED> <CHED H="2">Z</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">D </ENT> <ENT>52% </ENT> <ENT>52% </ENT> <ENT>52% </ENT> <ENT>52% </ENT> <ENT>52%</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">E </ENT> <ENT>40% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2%</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">F </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>40% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2%</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">G </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>40% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2%</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">H </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>40% </ENT> <ENT>2%</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">I </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>2% </ENT> <ENT>40%</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>On December 31, 1970, the more-than-50-percent stock ownership requirement of section 1563(a)(2)(B) may be met with regard to any combination of the corporations but all five corporations cannot be included as component members of a single controlled group because the inclusion of all the corporations in a single group would be dependent upon taking into account the stock ownership of <PRTPAGE P="46"/>more than five persons. Therefore, if the corporations do not file a statement in accordance with subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph, the district director with audit jurisdiction of the return of the corporation whose taxable year ends on the earliest date will determine the group in which each corporation is to be included. The corporations or the district director, as the case may be, may designate that three corporations be included in one group and two corporations in another, or that any four corporations be included in one group and that the remaining corporation not be included in any group.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <P>(d) <E T="03">Transitional rules—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Treasury decision 8179 amended paragraph (a)(3) of this section to revise the definition of a brother-sister controlled group of corporations. In general, those amendments are effective for taxable years ending on or after December 31, 1970.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Limited nonretroactivity.</E> (i) Under the authority of section 7805(b), the Internal Revenue Service will treat an old group as a brother-sister controlled group corporations for purposes of applying sections 401, 404(a), 408(k), 409A, 410, 411, 412, 414, 415, and 4971 of the Code and sections 202, 203, 204, and 302 of the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) in a plan year or taxable year beginning before March 2, 1988. To the extent necessary to prevent an adverse effect on any old member (or any other corporation), or on any plan or other entity described in such sections (including plans, <E T="03">etc.,</E> of corporations not part of such old group), that would result solely from the retroactive effect of the amendment to this section by T.D. 8179. An adverse effect includes the disqualification of a plan or the disallowance of a deduction or credit for a contribution to a plan. The Internal Revenue Service, however, will not treat an old member as a member of an old group to the extent that such treatment will have an adverse effect on that old member.</P> <P>(ii) Section 7805(b) will not be applied pursuant to paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section to treat an old member of an old group as a member of a brother-sister controlled group to prevent an adverse effect for a taxable year if, for that taxable year, that old member treats or has treated itself as not being a member of that old group for purposes of section 401, 404(a), 408(k), 409A, 410, 411, 412, 414, 415, and 4971 of the Code and sections 202, 203, 204, and 302 and title IV of ERISA for such taxable year (such as by filing, with respect to such taxable year, a return, amended return, or claim for credit or refund in which the amount of any deduction, credit, limitation, or tax due is determined by treating itself as not being a member of the old group for purposes of those sections). However, the fact that one or more (but not all) of the old members do not qualify for section 7805(b) treatment because of the preceding sentence will not preclude that old member (or members) from being treated as a member of the old group under paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section in order to prevent the disallowance of a deduction or credit of another old member (or other corporation) or to prevent the disqualification of, or other adverse effect on, another old member's plan (or other entity) described in the sections of the Code and ERISA enumerated in such paragraph.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Election of general nonretroactivity.</E> In the case of a taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1970, and before March 2, 1988. An old group will be treated as a brother-sister controlled group of corporations for all purposes of the Code for such taxable year if—</P> <P>(i) Each old member files a statement consenting to such treatment for such taxable year with the District Director having audit jurisdiction over its return within six months after March 2, 1988, and</P> <P>(ii) No old member (A) files or has filed, with respect to such taxable year, a return, amended return, or claim for credit or refund in which the amount of any deduction, credit, limitation, or tax due is determined by treating any old member as not a member of the old group or (B) treats the employees of all members of the old group as not being employed by a single employer for purposes of sections 401, 404(a), 408(k), 409A, 410, 411, 412, 414, 415, and 4971 of the Code and sections 202, 203, 204, and 302 of ERISA for such taxable year.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Definitions.</E> For purposes of this paragraph (d) of this section—</P> <P>(i) An “old group” is a brother-sister controlled group of corporations, determined by applying paragraph (a)(3) of <PRTPAGE P="47"/>this section as in effect before the amendments made by Treasury decision 8179, that is not a brother-sister controlled group of corporations, determined by applying paragraph (a)(3) of this section as amended by such Treasury decision, and</P> <P>(ii) An “old member” is any corporation that is a member of an old group.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Election to choose between membership in more than one controlled group.</E> If—</P> <P>(i) An old member has filed an election under paragraph (c)(2) of this section to be treated as a component member of an old group for a December 31 before March 2, 1988, and</P> <P>(ii) That corporation would (without regard to such paragraph) be a component member of more than one brother-sister controlled group (not including an old group) on the December 31, that corporation may make an election under that paragraph by filing an amended return on or before September 2, 1988. This paragraph (d)(5) does not apply to a corporation that is treated as a member of an old group under paragraph (d)(3) of this section.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Refunds.</E> See section 6511(a) for period of limitation on filing claims for credit or refund.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9751, Aug. 5, 1965, as amended by T.D. 6960, 33 FR 9302, June 25, 1968; T.D. 7181, 37 FR 8068, Apr. 25, 1972; T.D. 7293, 38 FR 32803, Nov. 28, 1973; T.D. 8179, 53 FR 6612, Mar. 2, 1988; 53 FR 8302, Mar. 14, 1988]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1563-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Excluded stock.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Certain stock excluded.</E> For purposes of sections 1561 through 1563 and the regulations thereunder, the term “stock” does not include:</P> <P>(1) Nonvoting stock which is limited and preferred as to dividends, and</P> <P>(2) Treasury stock.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Stock treated as excluded stock—</E>(1) <E T="03">Parent-subsidiary controlled group.</E> If a corporation (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as “parent corporation”) owns 50 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or 50 percent or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock in another corporation (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as “subsidiary corporation”), the provisions of subparagraph (2) of this paragraph shall apply. For purposes of this subparagraph, stock owned by a corporation means stock owned directly plus stock owned with the application of the constructive ownership rules of paragraph (b) (1) and (4) of § 1.1563-3, relating to options and attribution from corporations. In determining whether the stock owned by a corporation possesses the requisite percentage of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of another corporation, see paragraph (a)(6) of § 1.1563-1.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Stock treated as not outstanding.</E> If the provisions of this subparagraph apply, then for purposes of determining whether the parent corporation or the subsidiary corporation is a member of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations within the meaning of paragraph (a)(2) of § 1.1563-1, the following stock of the subsidiary corporation shall, except as otherwise provided in paragraph (c) of this section, be treated as if it were not outstanding:</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Plan of deferred compensation.</E> Stock in the subsidiary corporation held by a trust which is part of a plan of deferred compensation for the benefit of the employees of the parent corporation or the subsidiary corporation. The term “plan of deferred compensation” shall have the same meaning such term has in section 406(a)(3) and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Principal stockholders and officers.</E> Stock in the subsidiary corporation owned (directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3) by an individual who is a principal stockholder or officer of the parent corporation. A principal stockholder of the parent corporation is an individual who owns (directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3) 5 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or 5 percent or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of the parent corporation. An officer of the parent corporation includes the president, vice-presidents, general manager, treasurer, secretary, and comptroller of such corporation, and any other person who performs duties corresponding to those <PRTPAGE P="48"/>normally performed by persons occupying such positions.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Employees.</E> Stock in the subsidiary corporation owned (directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3) by an employee of the subsidiary corporation if such stock is subject to conditions which substantially restrict or limit the employee's right (or if the employee constructively owns such stock, the direct owner's right) to dispose of such stock and which run in favor of the parent or subsidiary corporation. In general, any condition which extends, directly or indirectly, to the parent corporation or the subsidiary corporation preferential rights with respect to the acquisition of the employee's (or direct owner's) stock will be considered to be a condition described in the preceding sentence. It is not necessary, in order for a condition to be considered to be in favor of the parent corporation or the subsidiary corporation, that the parent or subsidiary be extended a discriminatory concession with respect to the price of the stock. For example, a condition whereby the parent corporation is given a right of first refusal with respect to any stock of the subsidiary corporation offered by an employee for sale is a condition which substantially restricts or limits the employee's right to dispose of such stock and runs in favor of the parent corporation. Moreover, any legally enforceable condition which prohibits the employee from disposing of his stock without the consent of the parent (or a subsidiary of the parent) will be considered to be a substantial limitation running in favor of the parent corporation.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Controlled exempt organization.</E> Stock in the subsidiary corporation owned (directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3) by an organization (other than the parent corporation):</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> To which section 501 (relating to certain educational and charitable organizations which are exempt from tax) applies, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Which is controlled directly or indirectly by the parent corporation or subsidiary corporation, by an individual, estate, or trust that is a principal stockholder of the parent corporation, by an officer of the parent corporation, or by any combination thereof.</P> <FP>The terms “principal stockholder of the parent corporation” and “officer of the parent corporation” shall have the same meanings in this subdivision as in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph. The term “control” as used in this subdivision means control in fact and the determination of whether the control requirement of <E T="03">(b)</E> of this subdivision is met will depend upon all the facts and circumstances of each case, without regard to whether such control is legally enforceable and irrespective of the method by which such control is exercised or exercisable.</FP> <P>(3) <E T="03">Brother-sister controlled group.</E> If five or fewer persons (hereinafter referred to as common owners) who are individuals, estates, or trusts own (directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3) stock possessing 50 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or 50 percent or more of the total value of shares of all classes of stock in a corporation, the provisions of subparagraph (4) of this paragraph shall apply. In determining whether the stock owned by such person or persons possesses the requisite percentage of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of a corporation, see paragraph (a)(6) of § 1.1563-1.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Stock treated as not outstanding.</E> If the provisions of this subparagraph apply, then for purposes of determining whether a corporation is a member of a brother-sister controlled group of corporations within the meaning of paragraph (a)(3) of § 1.1563-1, the following stock of such corporation shall, except as otherwise provided in paragraph (c) of this section, be treated as if it were not outstanding:</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Exempt employees’ trust.</E> Stock in such corporation held by an employees’ trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a), if such trust is for the benefit of the employees of such corporation.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Employees.</E> Stock in such corporation owned (directly and with the application of the rules contained in <PRTPAGE P="49"/>paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3) by an employee of such corporation if such stock is subject to conditions which run in favor of a common owner of such corporation (or in favor of such corporation) and which substantially restrict or limit the employee's right (or if the employee constructively owns such stock, the record owner's right) to dispose of such stock. The principles of subparagraph (2)(iii) of this paragraph shall apply in determining whether a condition satisfies the requirements of the preceding sentence. Thus, in general, a condition which extends, directly or indirectly, to a common owner or such corporation preferential rights with respect to the acquisition of the employee's (or record owner's) stock will be considered to be a condition which satisfies such requirements. For purposes of this subdivision, if a condition which restricts or limits an employee's right (or record owner's right) to dispose of his stock also applies to the stock in such corporation held by such common owner pursuant to a bona fide reciprocal stock purchase arrangement, such condition shall not be treated as one which restricts or limits the employee's (or record owner's) right to dispose of such stock. An example of a reciprocal stock purchase arrangement is an agreement whereby a common owner and the employee are given a right of first refusal with respect to stock of the employer corporation owned by the other party. If, however, the agreement also provides that the common owner has the right to purchase the stock of the employer corporation owned by the employee in the event that the corporation should discharge the employee for reasonable cause, the purchase arrangement would not be reciprocal within the meaning of this subdivision.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Controlled exempt organization.</E> Stock in such corporation owned (directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3) by an organization:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> To which section 501(c)(3) (relating to certain educational and charitable organizations which are exempt from tax) applies, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Which is controlled directly or indirectly by such corporation, by an individual, estate, or trust that is a principal stockholder of such corporation, by an officer of such corporation, or by any combination thereof.</P> <FP>The terms “principal stockholder” and “officer” shall have the same meanings in this subdivision as in subparagraph (2)(ii) of this paragraph. The term “control” as used in this subdivision means control in fact and the determination of whether the control requirement of <E T="03">(b)</E> of this subdivision is met will depend upon all the facts and circumstances of each case, without regard to whether such control is legally enforceable and irrespective of the method by which such control is exercised or exercisable.</FP> <P>(5) <E T="03">Other controlled groups.</E> The provisions of subparagraphs (1), (2), (3), and (4) of this paragraph shall apply in determining whether a corporation is a member of a combined group (within the meaning of paragraph (a)(4) of § 1.1563-1) or an insurance group (within the meaning of paragraph (a)(5) of § 1.1563-1). For example, under paragraph (a)(4) of § 1.1563-1, in order for a corporation to be a member of a combined group such corporation must be a member of a parent-subsidiary group or a brother-sister group. Accordingly, the excluded stock rules provided by this paragraph are applicable in determining whether the corporation is a member of such group.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Meaning of employee.</E> For purposes of this section §§ 1.1563-3 and 1.1563-4, the term “employee” has the same meaning such term is given in section 3306(i) of the Code (relating to definitions for purposes of the Federal Unemployment Tax Act). Accordingly, the term employee as used in such sections includes an officer of a corporation.</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>Corporation P owns 70 of the 100 shares of the only class of stock of corporation S. The remaining shares of S are owned as follows: 4 shares by Jones (the general manager of P), and 26 shares by Smith (who also owns 5 percent of the total combined voting power of the stock of P). P satisfies the 50 percent stock ownership requirement of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph with respect to S. Since Jones is an officer of P and Smith is a principal stockholder of P, under subparagraph (2)(ii) of this paragraph the S stock owned by Jones and Smith is <PRTPAGE P="50"/>treated as not outstanding for purposes of determining whether P and S are members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations within the meaning of paragraph (a)(2) of § 1.1563-1. Thus, P is considered to own stock possessing 100 percent (70÷70) of the total voting power and value of all the S stock. Accordingly, P and S are members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1) and further assume that Jones owns 15 shares of the 100 shares of the only class of stock of corporation S-1, and corporation S owns 75 shares of such stock. P satisfies the 50 percent stock ownership requirement of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph with respect to S-1 since P is considered as owning 52.5 percent (70 percent× 75 percent) of the S-1 stock with the application of paragraph (b)(4) of § 1.1563-3. Since Jones is an officer of P, under subparagraph (2)(ii) of this paragraph, the S-1 stock owned by Jones is treated as not outstanding for purposes of determining whether S-1 is a member of the parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations. Thus, S is considered to own stock possessing 88.2 percent (75÷85) of the voting power and value of the S-1 stock. Accordingly, P, S, and S-1 are members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Corporation X owns 60 percent of the only class of stock of corporation Y. Davis, the president of Y, owns the remaining 40 percent of the stock of Y. Davis has agreed that if he offers his stock in Y for sale he will first offer the stock to X at a price equal to the fair market value of the stock on the first date the stock is offered for sale. Since Davis is an employee of Y within the meaning of section 3306(i) of the Code, and his stock in Y is subject to a condition which substantially restricts or limits his right to dispose of such stock and runs in favor of X, under subparagraph (2)(iii) of this paragraph such stock is treated as if it were not outstanding for purposes of determining whether X and Y are members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations. Thus, X is considered to own stock possessing 100 percent of the voting power and value of the stock of Y. Accordingly, X and Y are members of a parent-subsidiary controlled group of corporations. The result would be the same if Davis's wife, instead of Davis, owned directly the 40 percent stock interest in Y and such stock was subject to a right of first refusal running in favor of X.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(c) <E T="03">Exception—</E>(1) <E T="03">General.</E> If stock of a corporation is owned by a person directly or with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-3 and such ownership results in the corporation being a component member of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31, then the stock shall not be treated as excluded stock under the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section if the result of applying such provisions is that such corporation is not a component member of a controlled group of corporations on such December 31.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Illustration.</E> The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>On each day of 1965, corporation P owns directly 50 of the 100 shares of the only class of stock of corporation S. Jones, an officer of P, owns directly 30 shares of S stock and P has an option to acquire such 30 shares from Jones. The remaining shares of S are owned by unrelated persons. If, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, the 30 shares of S stock owned directly by Jones is treated as not outstanding, the result is that P would be treated as owning stock possessing only 71 percent (50÷70) of the total voting power and value of S stock, and S would not be a component member of a controlled group of corporations on December 31, 1965. However, since P is considered as owning the 30 shares of S stock with the application of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, and such ownership plus the S stock directly owned by P (50 shares) results in S being a component member of a controlled group of corporations on December 31, 1965, the provisions of this paragraph apply. Therefore, the provisions of paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section do not apply with respect to the 30 shares of S stock, and on December 31, 1965, S is a component member of a controlled group of corporations consisting of P and S.</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9753, Aug. 5, 1965, as amended by T.D. 7181, 37 FR 8070, Apr. 4, 1972]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1563-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Rules for determining stock ownership.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> In determining stock ownership for purposes of §§ 1.1562-5, 1.1563-1, 1.1563-2, and this section, the constructive ownership rules of paragraph (b) of this section apply to the extent such rules are referred to in such sections. The application of such rules shall be subject to the operating rules and special rules contained in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Constructive ownership—</E>(1) <E T="03">Options.</E> If a person has an option to acquire any outstanding stock of a corporation, such stock shall be considered as owned by such person. For purposes of this subparagraph, an option <PRTPAGE P="51"/>to acquire such an option, and each one of a series of such options, shall be considered as an option to acquire such stock. For example, assume Smith owns an option to purchase 100 shares of the outstanding stock of M Corporation. Under this subparagraph, Smith is considered to own such 100 shares. The result would be the same if Smith owned an option to acquire the option (or one of a series of options) to purchase 100 shares of M stock.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Attribution from partnerships.</E> (i) Stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for a partnership shall be considered as owned by any partner having an interest of 5 percent or more in either the capital or profits of the partnership in proportion to his interest in capital or profits, whichever such proportion is the greater.</P> <P>(ii) The provisions of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Green, Jones, and White, unrelated individuals, are partners in the GJW partnership. The partners’ interests in the capital and profits of the partnership are as follows:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s25,9,9" COLS="3" OPTS="L2"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1">Partner</CHED> <CHED H="1">Capital</CHED> <CHED H="2">Percent</CHED> <CHED H="1">Profits</CHED> <CHED H="2">Percent</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Green</ENT> <ENT>36</ENT> <ENT>25</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Jones</ENT> <ENT>60</ENT> <ENT>71</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">White</ENT> <ENT>4</ENT> <ENT>4</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>The GJW partnership owns the entire outstanding stock (100 shares) of X Corporation. Under this subparagraph, Green is considered to own the X stock owned by the partnership in proportion to his interest in capital (36 percent) or profits (25 percent), whichever such proportion is the greater. Therefore, Green is considered to own 36 shares of the X stock. However, since Jones has a greater interest in the profits of the partnership, he is considered to own the X stock in proportion to his interest in such profits. Therefore, Jones is considered to own 71 shares of the X stock. Since White does not have an interest of 5 percent or more in either the capital or profits of the partnership, he is not considered to own any shares of the X stock.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) <E T="03">Attribution from estates or trusts.</E> (i) Stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for an estate or trust shall be considered as owned by any beneficiary who has an actuarial interest of 5 percent or more in such stock, to the extent of such actuarial interest. For purposes of this subparagraph, the actuarial interest of each beneficiary shall be determined by assuming the maximum exercise of discretion by the fiduciary in favor of such beneficiary and the maximum use of such stock to satisfy his rights as a beneficiary. A beneficiary of an estate or trust who cannot under any circumstances receive any interest in stock held by the estate or trust, including the proceeds from the disposition thereof, or the income therefrom, does not have an actuarial interest in such stock. Thus, where stock owned by a decedent's estate has been specifically bequeathed to certain beneficiaries and the remainder of the estate is bequeathed to other beneficiaries, the stock is attributable only to the beneficiaries to whom it is specifically bequeathed. Similarly, a remainderman of a trust who cannot under any circumstances receive any interest in the stock of a corporation which is a part of the corpus of the trust (including any accumulated income therefrom or the proceeds from a disposition thereof) does not have an actuarial interest in such stock. However, an income beneficiary of a trust does have an actuarial interest in stock if he has any right to the income from such stock even though under the terms of the trust instrument such stock can never be distributed to him. The factors and methods prescribed in § 20.2031-7 of this chapter (Estate Tax Regulations) for use in ascertaining the value of an interest in property for estate tax purposes shall be used for purposes of this subdivision in determining a beneficiary's actuarial interest in stock owned directly or indirectly by or for a trust.</P> <P>(ii) For the purposes of this subparagraph, property of a decedent shall be considered as owned by his estate if such property is subject to administration by the executor or administrator for the purposes of paying claims against the estate and expenses of administration notwithstanding that, under local law, legal title to such property vests in the decedent's heirs, legatees or devisees immediately upon death. With respect to an estate, the term “beneficiary” includes any person entitled to receive property of the decedent pursuant to a will or pursuant to laws of descent and distribution. A <PRTPAGE P="52"/>person shall no longer be considered a beneficiary of an estate when all the property to which he is entitled has been received by him, when he no longer has a claim against the estate arising out of having been a beneficiary, and when there is only a remote possibility that it will be necessary for the estate to seek the return of property or to seek payment from him by contribution or otherwise to satisfy claims against the estate or expenses of administration. When pursuant to the preceding sentence, a person ceases to be a beneficiary, stock owned by the estate shall not thereafter be considered owned by him.</P> <P>(iii) Stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for any portion of a trust of which a person is considered the owner under Subpart E, Part I, Subchapter J of the Code (relating to grantors and others treated as substantial owners) is considered as owned by such person.</P> <P>(iv) This subparagraph does not apply to stock owned by any employees’ trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a).</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Attribution from corporations.</E> (i) Stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for a corporation shall be considered as owned by any person who owns (within the meaning of section 1563(d)) 5 percent or more in value or its stock in that proportion which the value of the stock which such person so owns bears to the value of all the stock in such corporation.</P> <P>(ii) The provisions of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Brown, an individual, owns 60 shares of the 100 shares of the only class of outstanding stock of corporation P. Smith, an individual, owns 4 shares of the P stock, and corporation X owns 36 shares of the P stock. Corporation P owns, directly and indirectly, 50 shares of the stock of corporation S. Under this subparagraph, Brown is considered to own 30 shares of the S stock (<FR>60/100</FR>×50), and X is considered to own 18 shares of the S stock (<FR>36/100</FR>×50). Since Smith does not own 5 percent or more in value of the P stock, he is not considered as owning any of the S stock owned by P. If, in this example, Smith's wife had owned directly 1 share of the P stock, Smith (and his wife) would each own 5 shares of the P stock, and therefore Smith (and his wife) would be considered as owning 2.5 shares of the S stock (<FR>5/100</FR>×50).</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(5) <E T="03">Spouse.</E> (i) Except as provided in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, an individual shall be considered to own the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for his spouse, other than a spouse who is legally separated from the individual under a decree of divorce, whether interlocutory or final, or a decree of separate maintenance.</P> <P>(ii) An individual shall not be considered to own stock in a corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by or for his spouse on any day of a taxable year of such corporation, provided that each of the following conditions are satisfied with respect to such taxable year:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Such individual does not, at any time during such taxable year, own directly any stock in such corporation.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Such individual is not a member of the board of directors or an employee of such corporation and does not participate in the management of such corporation at any time during such taxable year.</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Not more than 50 percent of such corporation's gross income for such taxable year was derived from royalties, rents, dividends, interest, and annuities.</P> <P> <E T="03">(d)</E> Such stock in such corporation is not, at any time during such taxable year, subject to conditions which substantially restrict or limit the spouse's right to dispose of such stock and which run in favor of the individual or his children who have not attained the age of 21 years. The principles of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of § 1.1563-2 shall apply in determining whether a condition is a condition described in the preceding sentence.</P> <P>(iii) For purposes of subdivision (ii) (<E T="03">c</E>) of this subparagraph, the gross income of a corporation for a taxable year shall be determined under section 61 and the regulations thereunder. The terms “royalties”, “rents”, “dividends”, “interest”, and “annuities” shall have the same meanings such terms are given for purposes of section 1244(c). See paragraph (e)(1)(ii), (iii), (iv), (v), and (vi) of § 1.1244(c)-1.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Children, grandchildren, parents, and grandparents.</E> (i) An individual shall be considered to own the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for <PRTPAGE P="53"/>his children who have not attained the age of 21 years, and, if the individual has not attained the age of 21 years, the stock owned, directly or indirectly, by or for his parents.</P> <P>(ii) If an individual owns (directly, and with the application of the rules of this paragraph but without regard to this subdivision) stock possessing more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or more than 50 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock in a corporation, then such individual shall be considered to own the stock in such corporation owned, directly or indirectly, by or for his parents, grandparents, grandchildren, and children who have attained the age of 21 years. In determining whether the stock owned by an individual possesses the requisite percentage of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote of a corporation, see paragraph (a)(6) of § 1.1563-1.</P> <P>(iii) For purposes of section 1563, and §§ 1.1563-1 through 1.1563-4, a legally adopted child of an individual shall be treated as a child of such individual by blood.</P> <P>(iv) The provisions of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example</HD> <P> <E T="03">(a) Facts.</E> Individual F owns directly 40 shares of the 100 shares of the only class of stock of Z Corporation. His son, M (20 years of age), owns directly 30 shares of such stock, and his son, A (30 years of age), owns directly 20 shares of such stock. The remaining 10 shares of the Z stock are owned by an unrelated person.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b) F's ownership.</E> Individual F owns 40 shares of the Z stock directly and is considered to own the 30 shares of Z stock owned directly by M. Since, for purposes of the more-than-50-percent stock ownership test contained in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, F is treated as owning 70 shares or 70 percent of the total voting power and value of the Z stock, he is also considered as owning the 20 shares owned by his adult son, A. Accordingly, F is considered as owning a total of 90 shares of the Z stock.</P> <P> <E T="03">(c) M's ownership.</E> Minor son, M, owns 30 shares of the Z stock directly, and is considered to own the 40 shares of Z stock owned directly by his father, F. However, M is not considered to own the 20 shares of Z stock owned directly by his brother, A, and constructively by F, because stock constructively owned by F by reason of family attribution is not considered as owned by him for purposes of making another member of his family the constructive owner of such stock. See paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Accordingly, M owns and is considered as owning a total of 70 shares of the Z stock.</P> <P> <E T="03">(d) A's ownership.</E> Adult son, A, owns 20 shares of the Z stock directly. Since, for purposes of the more-than-50-percent stock ownership test contained in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, A is treated as owning only the Z stock which he owns directly, he does not satisfy the condition precedent for the attribution of Z stock from his father. Accordingly, A is treated as owning only the 20 shares of Z stock which he owns directly.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(c) <E T="03">Operating rules and special rules—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, stock constructively owned by a person by reason of the application of subparagraph (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) of paragraph (b) of this section shall, for purposes of applying such subparagraphs, be treated as actually owned by such person.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Members of family.</E> Stock constructively owned by an individual by reason of the application of subparagraph (5) or (6) of paragraph (b) of this section shall not be treated as owned by him for purposes of again applying such subparagraphs in order to make another the constructive owner of such stock.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Precedence of option attribution.</E> For purposes of this section, if stock may be considered as owned by a person under subparagraph (1) of paragraph (b) of this section (relating to option attribution) and under any other subparagraph of such paragraph, such stock shall be considered as owned by such person under subparagraph (1) of such paragraph.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>A, 30 years of age, has a 90 percent interest in the capital and profits of a partnership. The partnership owns all the outstanding stock of corporation X and X owns 60 shares of the 100 outstanding shares of corporation Y. Under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, the 60 shares of Y constructively owned by the partnership by reason of subparagraph (4) of paragraph (b) of this section is treated as actually owned by the partnership for purposes of applying subparagraph (2) of paragraph (b) of this section. Therefore, A is considered as owning 54 shares of the Y stock (90 percent of 60 shares).</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <PRTPAGE P="54"/> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in example (1). Assume further that B, who is 20 years of age and the brother of A, directly owns 40 shares of Y stock. Although the stock of Y owned by B is considered as owned by C (the father of A and B) under paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section, under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph such stock may not be treated as owned by C for purposes of applying paragraph (b)(6)(ii) of this section in order to make A the constructive owner of such stock.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Assume the same facts assumed for purposes of example (2), and further assume that C has an option to acquire the 40 shares of Y stock owned by his son, B. The rule contained in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph does not prevent the reattribution of such 40 shares to A because, under subparagraph (3) of this paragraph, C is considered as owning the 40 shares by reason of option attribution and not by reason of family attribution. Therefore, since A satisfies the more-than-50-percent stock ownership test contained in paragraph (b)(6)(ii) of this section with respect to Y, the 40 shares of Y stock constructively owned by C are reattributed to A, and A is considered as owning a total of 94 shares of Y stock.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(d) <E T="03">Special rule of section 1563 (f)(3)(B)—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> If the same stock of a corporation is owned (within the meaning of section 1563(d)) by two or more persons, then such stock shall be treated as owned by the person whose ownership of such stock results in the corporation being a component member of a controlled group on a December 31 which has at least one other component member on such date.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Component member of more than one group.</E> (i) If, by reason of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, a corporation would (but for this subparagraph) become a component member of more than one controlled group on a December 31, such corporation shall be treated as a component member of only one such controlled group on such date. The determination as to which group such corporation is treated as a component member of shall be made in accordance with the rules contained in subdivisions (ii), (iii), and (iv) of this subparagraph.</P> <P>(ii) In any case in which a corporation is a component member of a controlled group of corporations on a December 31 as a result of treating each share of its stock as owned only by the person who owns such share directly, then each such share shall be treated as owned by the person who owns such share directly.</P> <P>(iii) If the application of subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph does not result in a corporation being treated as a component member of only one controlled group on a December 31, then the stock of such corporation described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall be treated as owned by the one person described in such subparagraph who owns, directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) (1), (2), (3), and (4) of this section, the stock possessing the greatest percentage of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of the corporation.</P> <P>(iv) If the application of subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph does not result in a corporation being treated as a component member of only one controlled group of corporations on a December 31, then the determination of that group of which such corporation is to be treated as a component member shall be made by the district director with audit jurisdiction of such corporation's return for the taxable year that includes such December 31 unless such corporation files an election as provided in this subdivision. The election shall be in the form of a statement, signed by a person authorized to act on behalf of such corporation, designating the group in which the corporation has elected to be included. The statement shall provide all the information with respect to stock ownership which is reasonably necessary to satisfy the district director that the corporation would, but for the election, be a component member of more than one controlled group. The statement shall be filed on or before the due date (including extensions of time) for the filing of the income tax return of such corporation for the taxable year. However, in the case of an election with respect to December 31, 1970, the statement shall be considered as timely filed if filed on or before December 15, 1971. Once filed, the election is irrevocable and effective until subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph applies or until there is a substantial change in the stock ownership of such corporation.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the <PRTPAGE P="55"/>following examples, in which each corporation referred to uses the calendar year as its taxable year and the stated facts are assumed to exist on each day of 1970 (unless otherwise provided in the example): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>Jones owns all the stock of corporation X and has an option to purchase from Smith all the outstanding stock of corporation Y. Smith owns all the outstanding stock of corporation Z. Since the Y stock is considered as owned by two or more persons, under subparagraph (2)(ii) of this paragraph the Y stock is treated as owned only by Smith since he has direct ownership of such stock. Therefore, on December 31, 1970, Y and Z are component members of the same brother-sister controlled group. If, however, Smith had owned his stock in corporation Z for less than one-half of the number of days of Z's 1970 taxable year, then under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph the Y stock would be treated as owned only by Jones since his ownership results in Y being a component member of a controlled group on December 31, 1970.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Individual H owns directly all the outstanding stock of corporation M. W (the wife of H) owns directly all the outstanding stock of corporation N. Neither spouse is considered as owning the stock directly owned by the other because each of the conditions prescribed in paragraph (b) (5)(ii) of this section is satisfied with respect to each corporation's 1970 taxable year. H owns directly 60 percent of the only class of stock of corporation P and W owns the remaining 40 percent of the P stock. Under subparagraph (2)(iii) of this paragraph, the stock of P is treated as owned only by H since H owns (directly and with the application of the rules contained in paragraph (b) (1), (2), (3), and (4) of this section) the stock possessing the greatest percentage of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of P. Accordingly, on December 31, 1970, P is treated as a component member of a brother-sister group consisting of M and P.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>Unrelated individuals A and B each own 49 percent of all the outstanding stock of corporation R, which in turn owns 70 percent of the only class of outstanding stock of corporation S. The remaining 30 percent of the stock of corporation S is owned by unrelated individual C. C also owns the remaining 2 percent of the stock of corporation R. Under the attribution rule of paragraph (b)(4) of this section A and B are each considered to own 34.3 percent of the stock of corporation S. Accordingly, since five or fewer persons own at least 80 percent of the stock of corporations R and S and also own more than 50 percent identically (A's and B's identical ownership each is 34.3 percent, C's identical ownership is 2 percent), on December 31, 1970, corporations R and S are treated as component members of the same brother-sister controlled group.</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9755, Aug. 5, 1965, as amended by T.D. 7181, 37 FR 8070, Apr. 25, 1972; T.D. 7779, 46 FR 29474, June 2, 1981; T.D. 8179, 53 FR 6613, Mar. 2, 1988]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1563-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Franchised corporations.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> For purposes of paragraph (b)(2)(ii)<E T="03">(d)</E> of § 1.1563-1, a member of a controlled group of corporations shall be considered to be a franchised corporation for a taxable year if each of the following conditions is satisfied for one-half (or more) of the number of days preceding the December 31 included within such taxable year (or, if such taxable year does not include a December 31, for one-half or more of the number of days in such taxable year preceding the last day of such year):</P> <P>(1) Such member is franchised to sell the products of another member, or the common owner, of such controlled group.</P> <P>(2) More than 50 percent (determined on the basis of cost) of all the goods held by such member primarily for sale to its customers are acquired from members or the common owner of the controlled group, or both.</P> <P>(3) The stock of such member is to be sold to an employee (or employees) of such member pursuant to a bona fide plan designed to eliminate the stock ownership of the parent corporation (as defined in paragraph (b)(1) of § 1.1563-2) or of the common owner (as defined in paragraph (b)(3) of § 1.1563-2) in such member.</P> <P>(4) Such employee owns (or such employees in the aggregate own) directly more than 20 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of such member. For purposes of this subparagraph, the determination of whether an employee (or employees) owns the requisite percentage of the total value of the stock of the member shall be made without regard to paragraph (b) of § 1.1563-2, relating to certain stock treated as excluded stock. Furthermore, if the corporation has more than one class of stock outstanding, the relative voting rights as between each such class of stock shall be disregarded in making such determination.<PRTPAGE P="56"/> </P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Plan for elimination of stock ownership.</E> (1) A plan referred to in paragraph (a)(3) of this section must:</P> <P>(i) Provide a reasonable selling price for the stock of the member, and</P> <P>(ii) Require that a portion of the employee's compensation or dividends, or both, from such member be applied to the purchase of such stock (or to the purchase of notes, bonds, debentures, or similar evidences of indebtedness of such member held by the parent corporation or the common owner).</P> <FP>It is not necessary, in order to satisfy the requirements of subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, that the plan require that a percentage of every dollar of the compensation and dividends be applied to the purchase of the stock (or the indebtedness). The requirements of such subdivision are satisfied if an otherwise qualified plan provides that under certain specified conditions (such as a requirement that the member earn a specified profit) no portion of the compensation and/or dividends need be applied to the purchase of the stock (or indebtedness), provided such conditions are reasonable.</FP> <P>(2) A plan for the elimination of the stock ownership of the parent corporation or of the common owner will satisfy the requirements of paragraph (a)(3) of this section and subparagraph (1) of this paragraph even though it does not require that the stock of the member be sold to an employee (or employees) if it provides for the redemption of the stock of the member held by the parent or common owner and under the plan the amount of such stock to be redeemed during any period is calculated by reference to the profits of such member during such period.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6845, 30 FR 9757, Aug. 5, 1965]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.1564-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Limitations on additional benefits for members of controlled groups.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> Section 1564(a)(1) provides that, with respect to any December 31 after 1969 and before 1975, only one component member of a controlled group of corporations (as defined in section 1563(a)) shall be allowed the full amount of:</P> <P>(1) The $25,000 surtax exemption under section 1562 (relating to election of multiple surtax exemptions),</P> <P>(2) The $100,000 amount under section 535(c) (2) and (3) (relating to the accumulated earnings credit), and</P> <P>(3) The $25,000 limitation on the small business deduction of life insurance companies under sections 804(a)(4) and 809(d)(10).</P> <FP>The amounts otherwise allowed to the other component members of such controlled group for their taxable years which include such December 31 shall be reduced to the amounts set forth in the following schedule:</FP> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s25,9,9,9" COLS="4" OPTS="L2"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1">Taxable years including—</CHED> <CHED H="1">Surtax exemption</CHED> <CHED H="1">Amount under sec. 535(c) (2) and (3)</CHED> <CHED H="1">Small business deduction limitation</CHED> </BOXHD> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Dec. 31, 1970</ENT> <ENT>$20,833</ENT> <ENT>$83,333</ENT> <ENT>$20,833</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Dec. 31, 1971</ENT> <ENT>16,667</ENT> <ENT>66,667</ENT> <ENT>16,667</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Dec. 31, 1972</ENT> <ENT>12,500</ENT> <ENT>50,000</ENT> <ENT>12,500</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Dec. 31, 1973</ENT> <ENT>8,333</ENT> <ENT>33,333</ENT> <ENT>8,333</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">Dec. 31, 1974</ENT> <ENT>4,167</ENT> <ENT>16,667</ENT> <ENT>4,167</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <P>(b) <E T="03">Election.</E> (1) Section 1564(a)(2) provides that, with respect to any December 31 after 1969 and before 1975, the component members of a controlled group of corporations shall elect which component member or members of such group shall be allowed for their taxable years which includes such December 31 the full amounts described in paragraph (a) (1), (2), and (3) of this section. In making such election, the members may allocate such full amounts among themselves in any manner they choose. For example, the group may select one of its members to receive the full amount of the $25,000 surtax exemption under section 1562 and another of its members to receive the full $100,000 amount under section 535(c)(2), or it may select one of its members to claim both, such full amounts.</P> <P>(2) The election shall be made with respect to a particular December 31 and shall be valid only if each corporation which is a component member of the controlled group on such December 31 gives its consent. The consents shall be made by means of a statement, signed by persons duly authorized to act on behalf of each of the component members (other than wholly owned subsidiaries), stating which member has been selected to receive the amount which is not reduced under paragraph (a) of this section. The member so selected shall attach the statement to its income tax <PRTPAGE P="57"/>return for the taxable year including such December 31. The statement shall set forth the name, address, employer identification number, and taxable years of each of the other component members (including wholly owned subsidiaries) of the controlled group. Such other members shall attach a copy of the statement to their income tax returns for their taxable years including such December 31. An election plan adopted by a controlled group with respect to a particular December 31 shall be valid only for the taxable year of each member of the group which includes such December 31.</P> <P>(3) Each component member of a controlled group which is a wholly owned subsidiary of such group with respect to a December 31 shall be deemed to consent to an election with respect to such December 31, provided each component member of the group which is not a wholly owned subsidiary consents to the election plan. A component member of a controlled group shall be considered to be a wholly owned subsidiary of the group with respect to a December 31 if, on each day preceding such date during its taxable year which includes such date, all of its stock is owned directly by one or more corporations which are component members of the group on such December 31.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7181, 37 FR 8071, Apr. 25, 1972]</CITA> </SECTION> <TEXT> <HD SOURCE="HED1">Procedure and Administration</HD> </TEXT> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">INFORMATION AND RETURNS</HD> <HD SOURCE="HD3">returns and records</HD> <SOURCE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Source:</HD> <P>Sections 1.6001-1 to 1.6091-4 contained in T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, unless otherwise noted.</P> </SOURCE> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">Records, Statements, and Special Returns</HD> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6001-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Records.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, any person subject to tax under subtitle A of the Code (including a qualified State individual income tax which is treated pursuant to section 6361(a) as if it were imposed by chapter 1 of subtitle A), or any person required to file a return of information with respect to income, shall keep such permanent books of account or records, including inventories, as are sufficient to establish the amount of gross income, deductions, credits, or other matters required to be shown by such person in any return of such tax or information.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Farmers and wage-earners.</E> Individuals deriving gross income from the business of farming, and individuals whose gross income includes salaries, wages, or similar compensation for personal services rendered, are required with respect to such income to keep such records as will enable the district director to determine the correct amount of income subject to the tax. It is not necessary, however, that with respect to such income individuals keep the books of account or records required by paragraph (a) of this section. For rules with respect to the records to be kept in substantiation of traveling and other business expenses of employees, see § 1.162-17.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Exempt organizations.</E> In addition to such permanent books and records as are required by paragraph (a) of this section with respect to the tax imposed by section 511 on unrelated business income of certain exempt organizations, every organization exempt from tax under section 501(a) shall keep such permanent books of account or records, including inventories, as are sufficient to show specifically the items of gross income, receipts and disbursements. Such organizations shall also keep such books and records as are required to substantiate the information required by section 6033. See section 6033 and §§ 1.6033-1 through 1.6033-3.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Notice by district director requiring returns statements, or the keeping of records.</E> The district director may require any person, by notice served upon him, to make such returns, render such statements, or keep such specific records as will enable the district director to determine whether or not such person is liable for tax under subtitle A of the Code, including qualified State individual income taxes, which are treated pursuant to section 6361(a) as if they were imposed by chapter 1 of subtitle A.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Retention of records.</E> The books or records required by this section shall <PRTPAGE P="58"/>be kept at all times available for inspection by authorized internal revenue officers or employees, and shall be retained so long as the contents thereof may become material in the administration of any internal revenue law.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7122, 36 FR 11025, June 8, 1971; T.D. 7577, 43 FR 59357, Dec. 20, 1978; T.D. 8308, 55 FR 35593, Aug. 31, 1990]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6001-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns.</SUBJECT> <P>For rules relating to returns required to be made by every individual, estate, or trust which is liable for one or more qualified State individual income taxes, as defined in section 6362, for a taxable year, see paragraph (b) of § 301.6361-1 of this chapter (Regulations on procedure and Administration).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7577, 43 FR 59357, Dec. 20, 1978]</CITA> </SECTION> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">tax returns or statements</HD> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6011-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>General requirement of return, statement, or list.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">General rule.</E> Every person subject to any tax, or required to collect any tax, under Subtitle A of the Code, shall make such returns or statements as are required by the regulations in this chapter. The return or statement shall include therein the information required by the applicable regulations or forms.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Use of prescribed forms.</E> Copies of the prescribed return forms will so far as possible be furnished taxpayers by district directors. A taxpayer will not be excused from making a return, however, by the fact that no return form has been furnished to him. Taxpayers not supplied with the proper forms should make application therefor to the district director in ample time to have their returns prepared, verified, and filed on or before the due date with the internal revenue office where such returns are required to be filed. Each taxpayer should carefully prepare his return and set forth fully and clearly the information required to be included therein. Returns which have not been so prepared will not be accepted as meeting the requirements of the Code. In the absence of a prescribed form, a statement made by a taxpayer disclosing his gross income and the deductions therefrom may be accepted as a tentative return, and, if filed within the prescribed time, the statement so made will relieve the taxpayer from liability for the addition to tax imposed for the delinquent filing of the return, provided that without unnecessary delay such a tentative return is supplemented by a return made on the proper form.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Tax withheld on nonresident aliens and foreign corporations.</E> For requirements respecting the return of the tax required to be withheld under chapter 3 of the Code on nonresident aliens and foreign corporations and tax-free covenant bonds, see § 1.1461-2.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6922, 32 FR 8713, June 17, 1967]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6011-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns, etc., of DISC's and former DISC's.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Records and information.</E> Every DISC and former DISC (as defined in section 992(a)) must comply with section 6001 and the regulations thereunder, relating to required records, statements, and special returns. Thus, for example, a DISC is required to maintain the books of account or records described in § 1.6001-1(a). In addition, every DISC must furnish to each of its shareholders on or before the last day of the second month following the close of the taxable year of the DISC a copy of Schedule K (Form 1120-DISC) disclosing the amounts of actual distributions and deemed distributions from the DISC to such shareholder for the taxable year of the DISC. In the case of a deficiency distribution to meet qualification requirements, see § 1.992-3(a)(4) for requirements that distribution be designated in the form of a communication sent to a shareholder and service center at the time of distribution.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Returns—</E>(1) <E T="03">Requirement of return.</E> Every DISC (as defined in section 992(a)(1)) shall make a return of income. A former DISC (as defined in section 992(a)(3)) shall also make a return of income in addition to any other return required. The return required of a DISC or former DISC under this section shall be made on Form 1120-DISC. The provisions of § 1.6011-1 shall apply with respect to a DISC and former DISC. A former DISC should indicate <PRTPAGE P="59"/>clearly on Form 1120-DISC that it is making a return of income as a former DISC (for example, by labeling at the top of the Form 1120-DISC “Former DISC”). In the case of a former DISC, those items on the form which pertain to the computation of taxable income shall not be completed, but Schedules J, K, L, and M must be completed. Except as otherwise specifically provided in the Code or regulations, the return of a DISC or former DISC is considered to be an income tax return.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Existence of DISC.</E> A corporation which is a DISC and which is in existence during any portion of a taxable year is required to make a return for that fractional part of its taxable year during which it was in existence.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7533, 43 FR 6603, Feb. 15, 1978]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6011-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Requirement of statement from payees of certain gambling winnings.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">General rule.</E> Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, any person receiving a payment with respect to a wager in a sweepstakes, wagering pool, lottery, or other wagering transaction (including a parimutuel pool with respect to horse races, dog races, or jai alai) shall make a statement to the payer of such winnings upon the payer's demand. Such statements shall accompany the payer's return made with respect to the payment as required pursuant to section 3402(q) or 6041, as the case may be.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Contents of statement.</E> The statement referred to in paragraph (a) shall contain information (in addition to that required under section 6041(c)) as to the amount, if any, of winnings from identical wagers to which the recipient is entitled. If any person other than the recipient is entitled to all or a portion of the payment, the statement shall also include information as to the amount, if any, of winnings from identical wagers to which each such person is entitled. The statement shall be provided on Form W-2G or, if persons other than the recipient are entitled to all or a portion of such payment, on Form 5754.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Exception.</E> The requirement of paragraph (a) of this section does not apply with respect to any payment of winnings—</P> <P>(1) From a slot machine play, or a bingo or keno game,</P> <P>(2) Which is subject to withholding under section 3402(q) without regard to the existence of winnings from identical wagers, or</P> <P>(3) For which no return of information under section 6041 is required of the payer.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Meaning of terms,</E> For purposes of this section, the terms “sweepstakes”, “wagering pool”, “lottery”, “other wagering transaction” and “identical wagers” shall have the same meanings as ascribed to them under § 31.3402(q)-1.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7919, 48 FR 46297, Oct. 12, 1983]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6011-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Requirement of statement disclosing participation in certain transactions by taxpayers.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> Every taxpayer that has participated, as described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, in a reportable transaction within the meaning of paragraph (b) of this section and who is required to file a tax return must attach to its return for the taxable year described in paragraph (e) of this section a disclosure statement in the form prescribed by paragraph (d) of this section. The fact that a transaction is a reportable transaction shall not affect the legal determination of whether the taxpayer's treatment of the transaction is proper.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Reportable transactions—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> A reportable transaction is a transaction described in any of the paragraphs (b)(2) through (7) of this section. The term transaction includes all of the factual elements relevant to the expected tax treatment of any investment, entity, plan, or arrangement, and includes any series of steps carried out as part of a plan. There are six categories of reportable transactions: listed transactions, confidential transactions, transactions with contractual protection, loss transactions, transactions with a significant book-tax difference, and transactions involving a brief asset holding period.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Listed transactions.</E> A listed transaction is a transaction that is the same as or substantially similar to one of <PRTPAGE P="60"/>the types of transactions that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has determined to be a tax avoidance transaction and identified by notice, regulation, or other form of published guidance as a listed transaction.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Confidential transactions—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A confidential transaction is a transaction that is offered to a taxpayer under conditions of confidentiality. A transaction is considered offered to a taxpayer under conditions of confidentiality if the taxpayer's disclosure of the tax treatment or the tax structure of the transaction is limited in any manner by an express or implied understanding or agreement with or for the benefit of any person who makes or provides a statement, oral or written, to the taxpayer (or for whose benefit a statement is made or provided to the taxpayer) as to the potential tax consequences that may result from the transaction, whether or not such understanding or agreement is legally binding. A transaction also will be considered offered to a taxpayer under conditions of confidentiality if the taxpayer knows or has reason to know that the taxpayer's use or disclosure of information relating to the tax treatment or tax structure of the transaction is limited in any other manner (such as where the transaction is claimed to be proprietary or exclusive) for the benefit of any person, other than the taxpayer, who makes or provides a statement, oral or written, to the taxpayer (or for whose benefit a statement is made or provided to the taxpayer) as to the potential tax consequences that may result from the transaction. All the facts and circumstances relating to the transaction will be considered when determining whether a transaction is offered to a taxpayer under conditions of confidentiality, including the prior conduct of the parties.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Exceptions</E>—(A) <E T="03">Securities law.</E> A transaction is not considered offered to a taxpayer under conditions of confidentiality if disclosure of the tax treatment or tax structure of the transaction is subject to restrictions reasonably necessary to comply with securities laws and such disclosure is not otherwise limited.</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Mergers and acquisitions.</E> In the case of a proposed taxable or tax-free acquisition of historic assets of a corporation (other than an investment company, as defined in section 351(e), that is not publicly traded) that constitute an active trade or business the acquirer intends to continue, or a proposed taxable or tax-free acquisition of more than 50 percent of the stock of a corporation (other than an investment company, as defined in section 351(e), that is not publicly traded) that owns historic assets used in an active trade or business the acquirer intends to continue, the transaction is not considered a confidential transaction under this paragraph (b)(3) if the taxpayer is permitted to disclose the tax treatment and tax structure of the transaction no later than the earlier of the date of the public announcement of discussions relating to the transaction, the date of the public announcement of the transaction, or the date of the execution of an agreement (with or without conditions) to enter into the transaction. However, this exception is not available where the taxpayer's ability to consult any tax advisor (including a tax advisor independent from all other entities involved in the transaction) regarding the tax treatment or tax structure of the transaction is limited in any way.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Presumption.</E> Unless the facts and circumstances indicate otherwise, a transaction is not considered offered to a taxpayer under conditions of confidentiality if every person who makes or provides a statement, oral or written, to the taxpayer (or for whose benefit a statement is made or provided to the taxpayer) as to the potential tax consequences that may result from the transaction, provides express written authorization to the taxpayer in substantially the following form: “the taxpayer (and each employee, representative, or other agent of the taxpayer) may disclose to any and all persons, without limitation of any kind, the tax treatment and tax structure of the transaction and all materials of any kind (including opinions or other tax analyses) that are provided to the taxpayer relating to such tax treatment and tax structure”. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, <PRTPAGE P="61"/>this presumption is available only in cases in which each written authorization permits the taxpayer to disclose the tax treatment and tax structure of the transaction immediately upon commencement of discussions with the person providing the authorization and each written authorization is given no later than 30 days from the day the person providing the written authorization first makes or provides a statement to the taxpayer regarding the tax consequences of the transaction. A transaction that is claimed to be exclusive or proprietary to any party other than the taxpayer will not be considered a confidential transaction under this paragraph (b)(3) if written authorization to disclose is provided to the taxpayer in accordance with this paragraph (b)(3)(iii) and the transaction is not otherwise confidential.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Transactions with contractual protection—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A transaction with contractual protection is a transaction for which the taxpayer or a related party (as described in section 267(b) or 707(b)) has the right to a full or partial refund of fees (as described in paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section) if all or part of the intended tax consequences from the transaction are not sustained. A transaction with contractual protection also is a transaction for which fees (as described in paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section) are contingent on the taxpayer's realization of tax benefits from the transaction. All the facts and circumstances relating to the transaction will be considered when determining whether a fee is refundable or contingent, including the right to reimbursements of amounts that the parties to the transaction have not designated as fees or any agreement to provide services without reasonable compensation.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Fees.</E> Paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this section only applies with respect to fees paid by or on behalf of the taxpayer or a related party to any person who makes or provides a statement, oral or written, to the taxpayer or related party (or for whose benefit a statement is made or provided to the taxpayer or related party) as to the potential tax consequences that may result from the transaction.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Exceptions—</E>(A) <E T="03">Termination of transaction.</E> A transaction is not considered to have contractual protection solely because a party to the transaction has the right to terminate the transaction upon the happening of an event affecting the taxation of one or more parties to the transaction.</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Previously reported transaction.</E> If a person makes or provides a statement to a taxpayer as to the potential tax consequences that may result from a transaction only after the taxpayer has entered into the transaction and reported the consequences of the transaction on a filed tax return, and the person has not previously received fees from the taxpayer relating to the transaction, then any refundable or contingent fees are not taken into account in determining whether the transaction has contractual protection. This paragraph (b)(4)(iii)(B) does not provide any substantive rules regarding when a person may charge refundable or contingent fees with respect to a transaction. See Circular 230, 31 CFR Part 10, for the regulations governing practice before the IRS.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Loss transactions</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A loss transaction is any transaction resulting in the taxpayer claiming a loss under section 165 of at least—</P> <P>(A) $10 million in any single taxable year or $20 million in any combination of taxable years for corporations;</P> <P>(B) $10 million in any single taxable year or $20 million in any combination of taxable years for partnerships that have only corporations as partners (looking through any partners that are themselves partnerships), whether or not any losses flow through to one or more partners; or $2 million in any single taxable year or $4 million in any combination of taxable years for all other partnerships, whether or not any losses flow through to one or more partners;</P> <P>(C) $2 million in any single taxable year or $4 million in any combination of taxable years for individuals, S corporations, or trusts, whether or not any losses flow through to one or more shareholders or beneficiaries; or</P> <P>(D) $50,000 in any single taxable year for individuals or trusts, whether or not the loss flows through from an S corporation or partnership, if the loss <PRTPAGE P="62"/>arises with respect to a section 988 transaction (as defined in section 988(c)(1) relating to foreign currency transactions).</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Cumulative losses.</E> In determining whether a transaction results in a taxpayer claiming a loss that meets the threshold amounts over a combination of taxable years as described in paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section, only losses claimed in the taxable year that the transaction is entered into and the five succeeding taxable years are combined.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Section 165 loss.</E> (A) For purposes of this section, in determining the thresholds in paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section, the amount of a section 165 loss is adjusted for any salvage value and for any insurance or other compensation received. See § 1.165-1(c)(4). However, a section 165 loss does not take into account offsetting gains, or other income or limitations. For example, a section 165 loss does not take into account the limitation in section 165(d) (relating to wagering losses) or the limitations in sections 165(f), 1211, and 1212 (relating to capital losses). The full amount of a section 165 loss is taken into account for the year in which the loss is sustained, regardless of whether all or part of the loss enters into the computation of a net operating loss under section 172 or a net capital loss under section 1212 that is a carryback or carryover to another year. A section 165 loss does not include any portion of a loss, attributable to a capital loss carryback or carryover from another year, that is treated as a deemed capital loss under section 1212.</P> <P>(B) For purposes of this section, a section 165 loss includes an amount deductible pursuant to a provision that treats a transaction as a sale or other disposition, or otherwise results in a deduction under section 165. A section 165 loss includes, for example, a loss resulting from a sale or exchange of a partnership interest under section 741 and a loss resulting from a section 988 transaction.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Transactions with a significant book-tax difference</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A transaction with a significant book-tax difference is a transaction where the amount for tax purposes of any item or items of income, gain, expense, or loss from the transaction differs by more than $10 million on a gross basis from the amount of the item or items for book purposes in any taxable year. For purposes of this determination, offsetting items shall not be netted for either tax or book purposes. For purposes of this paragraph (b)(6), the amount of an item for book purposes is determined by applying U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) for worldwide income. However, if a taxpayer, in the ordinary course of its business, keeps books for reporting financial results to shareholders, creditors, or regulators on a basis other than U.S. GAAP, and does not maintain U.S. GAAP books for any purpose, then the taxpayer may determine the amount of a book item for purposes of this paragraph (b)(6) by using the books maintained by the taxpayer, provided the books are kept on the same basis consistently from year to year. Adjustments to any reserve for taxes are disregarded for purposes of determining the book-tax difference.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Applicability</E>—(A) <E T="03">In general.</E> This paragraph (b)(6) applies only to—</P> <P>(<E T="03">1</E>) Taxpayers that are reporting companies under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78a) and related business entities (as described in section 267(b) or 707(b)); or</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) Business entities that have $250 million or more in gross assets for book purposes at the end of any financial accounting period that ends with or within the entity's taxable year in which the transaction occurs (for purposes of this determination, the assets of all related business entities (as defined in section 267(b) or 707(b)) must be aggregated).</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Consolidated returns.</E> For purposes of this paragraph (b)(6), in the case of taxpayers that are members of a group of affiliated corporations filing a consolidated return, transactions solely between or among members of the group will be disregarded. Moreover, where two or more members of the group participate in a transaction that is not solely between or among members of the group, items shall be aggregated (as if such members were a single taxpayer), but any offsetting items shall not be netted.<PRTPAGE P="63"/> </P> <P>(C) <E T="03">Foreign persons.</E> In the case of a taxpayer that is a foreign person (other than a foreign corporation that is treated as a domestic corporation for Federal tax purposes under section 269B, 953(d), 1504(d) or any other provision of the Internal Revenue Code), only assets that are U.S. assets under § 1.884-1(d) shall be taken into account for purposes of paragraph (b)(6)(ii)(A)(<E T="03">2</E>) of this section, and only transactions that give rise to income that is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States (or to losses, expenses, or deductions allocated or apportioned to such income) shall be taken into account for purposes of this paragraph (b)(6).</P> <P>(D) <E T="03">Owners of disregarded entities.</E> In the case of an eligible entity that is disregarded as an entity separate from its owner for Federal tax purposes, items of income, gain, loss, or expense that otherwise are considered items of the entity for book purposes shall be treated as items of its owner, and items arising from transactions between the entity and its owner shall be disregarded, for purposes of this paragraph (b)(6).</P> <P>(E) <E T="03">Partners of partnerships.</E> In the case of a taxpayer that is a member or a partner of an entity that is treated as a partnership for Federal tax purposes, items of income, gain, loss, or expense that are allocable to the taxpayer for Federal tax purposes, but otherwise are considered items of the entity for book purposes, shall be treated as items of the taxpayer for purposes of this paragraph (b)(6).</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Transactions involving a brief asset holding period.</E> A transaction involving a brief asset holding period is any transaction resulting in the taxpayer claiming a tax credit exceeding $250,000 (including a foreign tax credit) if the underlying asset giving rise to the credit is held by the taxpayer for 45 days or less. For purposes of determining the holding period, the principles of section 246(c)(3) and (c)(4) apply. Transactions resulting in a foreign tax credit for withholding taxes or other taxes imposed in respect of a dividend that are not disallowed under section 901(k) (including transactions eligible for the exception for securities dealers under section 901(k)(4)) are excluded from this paragraph (b)(7).</P> <P>(8) <E T="03">Exceptions</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A transaction will not be considered a reportable transaction, or will be excluded from any individual category of reportable transaction under paragraphs (b)(3) through (7) of this section, if the Commissioner makes a determination by published guidance that the transaction is not subject to the reporting requirements of this section. The Commissioner may make a determination by individual letter ruling under paragraph (f) of this section that an individual letter ruling request on a specific transaction or type of transaction satisfies the reporting requirements of this section with regard to that transaction or type of transaction for the taxpayer who requests the individual letter ruling.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Special rule for RICs.</E> For purposes of this section, a regulated investment company (RIC) as defined in section 851 or an investment vehicle that is owned 95 percent or more by one or more RICs at all times during the course of the transaction are not required to disclose a transaction that is described in any of paragraphs (b)(3) through (7) of this section unless the transaction is also a listed transaction.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Special rule for lease transactions.</E> For purposes of this section, leasing transactions of the type excepted from the registration requirements under section 6111(d) of the Code and the list maintenance requirements under section 6112 as described in Notice 2001-18 (2001-1 C.B. 731) (see § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter) are excluded from paragraphs (b)(3) through (7) of this section.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Definitions.</E> For purposes of this section, the following terms are defined as follows:</P> <P>(1) <E T="03">Taxpayer.</E> The term <E T="03">taxpayer</E> means any person described in section 7701(a)(1), including S corporations. Except as otherwise specifically provided in this section, the term <E T="03">taxpayer</E> also includes an affiliated group of corporations that joins in the filing of a consolidated return under section 1501.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Corporation.</E> When used specifically in this section, the term <E T="03">corporation</E> means an entity that is required to file a return for a taxable year on any <PRTPAGE P="64"/>1120 series form, or successor form, excluding S corporations.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Participation</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general</E>—(A) <E T="03">Listed transactions.</E> A taxpayer has participated in a listed transaction if the taxpayer's tax return reflects tax consequences or a tax strategy described in the published guidance that lists the transaction under paragraph (b)(2) of this section. A taxpayer also has participated in a listed transaction if the taxpayer knows or has reason to know that the taxpayer's tax benefits are derived directly or indirectly from tax consequences or a tax strategy described in published guidance that lists a transaction under paragraph (b)(2) of this section. Published guidance may identify other types or classes of persons that will be treated as participants in a listed transaction.</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Confidential transactions.</E> A taxpayer has participated in a confidential transaction if the taxpayer's tax return reflects a tax benefit from the transaction and the taxpayer's disclosure of the tax treatment or tax structure of the transaction is limited in the manner described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. If a partnership's, S corporation's or trust's disclosure is limited, and the partner's, shareholder's, or beneficiary's disclosure is not limited, then the partnership, S corporation, or trust, and not the partner, shareholder, or beneficiary, has participated in the confidential transaction.</P> <P>(C) <E T="03">Transactions with contractual protection.</E> A taxpayer has participated in a transaction with contractual protection if the taxpayer's tax return reflects a tax benefit from the transaction and, as described in paragraph (b)(4) of this section, the taxpayer has the right to the full or partial refund of fees or the fees are contingent. If a partnership, S corporation, or trust has the right to a full or partial refund of fees or has a contingent fee arrangement, and the partner, shareholder, or beneficiary does not individually have the right to the refund of fees or a contingent fee arrangement, then the partnership, S corporation, or trust, and not the partner, shareholder, or beneficiary, has participated in the transaction with contractual protection.</P> <P>(D) <E T="03">Loss transactions.</E> A taxpayer has participated in a loss transaction if the taxpayer's tax return reflects a section 165 loss and the amount of the section 165 loss equals or exceeds the threshold amount applicable to the taxpayer as described in paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section. If a taxpayer is a partner in a partnership, shareholder in an S corporation, or beneficiary of a trust and a section 165 loss as described in paragraph (b)(5) of this section flows through the entity to the taxpayer (disregarding netting at the entity level), the taxpayer has participated in a loss transaction if the taxpayer's tax return reflects a section 165 loss and the amount of the section 165 loss that flows through to the taxpayer equals or exceeds the threshold amounts applicable to the taxpayer as described in paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section. For this purpose, a tax return is deemed to reflect the full amount of a section 165 loss described in paragraph (b)(5) of this section allocable to the taxpayer under this paragraph (c)(3)(i)(D), regardless of whether all or part of the loss enters into the computation of a net operating loss under section 172 or net capital loss under section 1212 that the taxpayer may carry back or carry over to another year.</P> <P>(E) <E T="03">Transactions with a significant book-tax difference</E>. A taxpayer has participated in a transaction with a significant book-tax difference if the taxpayer's tax treatment of an item from the transaction differs from the book treatment of that item as described in paragraph (b)(6) of this section. In determining whether a transaction results in a significant book-tax difference for a taxpayer, differences that arise solely because a subsidiary of the taxpayer is consolidated with the taxpayer, in whole or in part, for book purposes, but not for tax purposes, are not taken into account.</P> <P>(F) <E T="03">Transactions involving a brief asset holding period</E>. A taxpayer has participated in a transaction involving a brief asset holding period if the taxpayer's tax return reflects items giving rise to a tax credit described in paragraph (b)(7) of this section. If a taxpayer is a partner in a partnership, shareholder in an S corporation, or beneficiary of a trust and the items giving rise to a tax credit described in paragraph (b)(7) of this section flow through the entity to <PRTPAGE P="65"/>the taxpayer (disregarding netting at the entity level), the taxpayer has participated in a transaction involving a brief asset holding period if the taxpayer's tax return reflects the tax credit and the amount of the tax credit claimed by the taxpayer exceeds $250,000.</P> <P>(G) <E T="03">Shareholders of foreign corporations</E>—(<E T="03">1</E>) <E T="03">In general</E>. A reporting shareholder of a foreign corporation participates in a transaction described in paragraphs (b)(2) through (5) and (b)(7) of this section if the foreign corporation would be considered to participate in the transaction under the rules of this paragraph (c)(3) if it were a domestic corporation filing a tax return that reflects the items from the transaction. A reporting shareholder participates in a transaction described in paragraph (b)(6) of this section only if the foreign corporation would be considered to participate in the transaction under the rules of this paragraph (c)(3) if it were a domestic corporation and the transaction reduces or eliminates an income inclusion that otherwise would be required under section 551, 951, or 1293. A reporting shareholder (and any successor in interest) is considered to participate in a transaction under this paragraph (c)(3)(i)(G) only for its first taxable year with or within which ends the first taxable year of the foreign corporation in which the foreign corporation participates in the transaction, and for the reporting shareholder's five succeeding taxable years.</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) <E T="03">Reporting shareholder</E>. The term <E T="03">reporting shareholder</E> means a United States shareholder (as defined in section 551(a)) in a foreign personal holding company (as defined in section 552), a United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) in a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957), or a 10 percent shareholder (by vote or value) of a qualified electing fund (as defined in section 1295).</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Examples</E>. The following examples illustrate the provisions of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 1.</E> </HD> <P>Notice 95-53 (1995-2 C.B. 334) (see § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter), describes a lease stripping transaction in which one party (the transferor) assigns the right to receive future payments under a lease of tangible property and receives consideration which the transferor treats as current income. The transferor later transfers the property subject to the lease in a transaction intended to qualify as a transferred basis transaction, for example, a transaction described in section 351. The transferee corporation claims the deductions associated with the high basis property subject to the lease. The transferor's and transferee corporation's tax returns reflect tax positions described in Notice 95-53. Therefore, the transferor and transferee corporation have participated in the listed transaction. In the section 351 transaction, the transferor will have received stock with low value and high basis from the transferee corporation. If the transferor subsequently transfers the high basis/low value stock to a taxpayer in another transaction intended to qualify as a transferred basis transaction and the taxpayer uses the stock to generate a loss, and if the taxpayer knows or has reason to know that the tax loss claimed was derived indirectly from the lease stripping transaction, then the taxpayer has participated in the listed transaction. Accordingly, the taxpayer must disclose the transaction and the manner of the taxpayer's participation in the transaction under the rules of this section. If a bank lends money to the transferor, transferee corporation, or taxpayer for use in their transactions, the bank has not participated in the listed transaction because the bank's tax return does not reflect tax consequences or a tax strategy described in the listing notice (nor does the bank's tax return reflect a tax benefit derived from tax consequences or a tax strategy described in the listing notice), nor is the bank described as a participant in Notice 95-53.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 2.</E> </HD> <P>XYZ is a limited liability company treated as a partnership for tax purposes. X, Y, and Z are members of XYZ. X is an individual, Y is an S corporation, and Z is a partnership. XYZ enters into a confidential transaction under paragraph (b)(3) of this section. X is bound by the confidentiality agreement, but Y and Z are not bound by the agreement. As a result of the transaction, XYZ, X, Y, and Z all reflect a tax benefit on their tax returns. Because XYZ's and X's disclosure of the tax treatment and tax structure are limited in the manner described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section and their tax returns reflect a tax benefit from the transaction, both XYZ and X have participated in the confidential transaction. Neither Y nor Z has participated in the confidential transaction because they are not subject to the confidentiality agreement.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 3</E>. </HD> <P>Partnership AB has gross assets with a book value of over $250 million. Partner A is an SEC reporting company and partner B is an individual. AB enters into a <PRTPAGE P="66"/>transaction that results in a book-tax difference for AB of $25 million. The transaction is a reportable transaction for AB under paragraph (b)(6) of this section because the book-tax difference exceeds $10 million. As a result of A's partnership interest in AB and the allocation of items relating to the transaction to A, A has a book-tax difference of $11 million. The transaction is a reportable transaction for A under paragraph (b)(6) of this section because the $11 million book-tax difference exceeds $10 million. However, even though $14 million of the book-tax difference would be allocated to B, the transaction is not a reportable transaction for B under paragraph (b)(6) of this section because B, an individual, is not subject to paragraph (b)(6) of this section.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 4</E>. (i) </HD> <P>P corporation, the parent corporation of a group of corporations that file a consolidated tax return, owns 60% of the stock of T corporation. T files its own tax return and is not included as a member of the P group on the P group consolidated tax return. For book purposes, some or all of T's income is included by the group of corporations that includes P. T engages in a transaction that results in items of book income but does not result in items of income for tax purposes. P and T are SEC reporting companies.</P> <P>(ii) T participated in the transaction. T has no items of taxable income but has items of book income. If items from the transaction result in a book-tax difference determined in accordance with paragraph (b)(6) of this section of $10 million in any single year, T will be required to file Form 8886. The P group did not participate in the transaction, and does not have a book-tax difference for purposes of paragraph (b)(6) of this section because, even if the P group included $10 million in book income, the book tax difference arises solely because T is not part of P's consolidated group for tax purposes.</P> <P>(iii) If the facts were changed so that P corporation owned 80% of the stock of T and T was a member of the P consolidated group for tax purposes, the P group would be the taxpayer that participated in the transaction. If, in any single year, the transaction produced items of income for book purposes of $10 million but no items of taxable income, P would be required to file Form 8886. This result would not change if T separately reported its items for book purposes, if P reported none of T's items on its consolidated financial statements, or if the P consolidated financial statements included only part of a $10 million book-tax difference relating to items from T's transaction. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 5.</E> </HD> <P>Domestic corporations X and Y each own 50 percent of the voting stock of CFC, a controlled foreign corporation. X, Y, and CFC each use the calendar year as their taxable year. CFC is not engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the United States and has no U.S. source income. Accordingly, CFC is not required to file a U.S. Federal income tax return. <E T="03">See</E> § 1.6012-2(g). Under paragraph (c)(3)(i)(G)(<E T="03">2</E>) of this section, X and Y are reporting shareholders with respect to CFC. CFC purchases a Euro-denominated bond on June 1, 2003, for 104,400,000 Euros. The bond matures on June 7, 2003, and CFC collects 104,500,000 Euros, equal to the bond's 100,000,000 Euro face amount plus 5,000,000 Euros of accrued but unpaid interest, less a 10% foreign withholding tax of 500,000 Euros. The average dollar-Euro exchange rate for the year is $.80 = 1 Euro, so CFC adds $400,000 to its post-1986 foreign income taxes pool as a result of the transaction. <E T="03">See</E> sections 986(a)(1) and 902(c)(2). Under paragraph (c)(3)(i)(G)(<E T="03">1</E>) of this section, X and Y have each participated in a transaction involving a brief asset holding period described in paragraph (b)(7) of this section for their taxable years 2003 through 2008 because both X and Y are reporting shareholders of CFC, and CFC would have been considered to have participated in a reportable transaction if it were a domestic corporation.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(4) <E T="03">Substantially similar</E>. The term <E T="03">substantially similar</E> includes any transaction that is expected to obtain the same or similar types of tax consequences and that is either factually similar or based on the same or similar tax strategy. Receipt of an opinion regarding the tax consequences of the transaction is not relevant to the determination of whether the transaction is the same as or substantially similar to another transaction. Further, the term <E T="03">substantially similar</E> must be broadly construed in favor of disclosure. The following examples illustrate situations where a transaction is the same as or substantially similar to a listed transaction under paragraph (b)(2) of this section. (Such transactions may also be reportable transactions under paragraphs (b)(3) through (7) of this section.) The following examples illustrate the provisions of this paragraph (c)(4): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 1.</E> </HD> <P>Notice 2000-44 (2000-2 C.B. 255) (see § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter), sets forth a listed transaction involving offsetting options transferred to a partnership where the taxpayer claims basis in the partnership for the cost of the purchased options but does not adjust basis under section 752 as a result <PRTPAGE P="67"/>of the partnership's assumption of the taxpayer's obligation with respect to the options. Transactions using short sales, futures, derivatives or any other type of offsetting obligations to inflate basis in a partnership interest would be the same as or substantially similar to the transaction described in Notice 2000-44. Moreover, use of the inflated basis in the partnership interest to diminish gain that would otherwise be recognized on the transfer of a partnership asset would also be the same as or substantially similar to the transaction described in Notice 2000-44.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 2.</E> </HD> <P>Notice 2001-16 (2001-1 C.B. 730) (see § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter), sets forth a listed transaction involving a seller (X) who desires to sell stock of a corporation (T), an intermediary corporation (M), and a buyer (Y) who desires to purchase the assets (and not the stock) of T. M agrees to facilitate the sale to prevent the recognition of the gain that T would otherwise report. Notice 2001-16 describes M as a member of a consolidated group that has a loss within the group or as a party not subject to tax. Transactions utilizing different intermediaries to prevent the recognition of gain would be the same as or substantially similar to the transaction described in Notice 2001-16. An example is a transaction in which M is a corporation that does not file a consolidated return but which buys T stock, liquidates T, sells assets of T to Y, and offsets the gain recognized on the sale of those assets with currently generated losses.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(5) <E T="03">Tax.</E> For purposes of this section, the term tax means Federal income tax.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Tax benefit.</E> A tax benefit includes deductions, exclusions from gross income, nonrecognition of gain, tax credits, adjustments (or the absence of adjustments) to the basis of property, status as an entity exempt from Federal income taxation, and any other tax consequences that may reduce a taxpayer's Federal income tax liability by affecting the amount, timing, character, or source of any item of income, gain, expense, loss, or credit.</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Tax return.</E> For purposes of this section, the term tax return means a Federal income tax return and a Federal information return.</P> <P>(8) <E T="03">Tax treatment.</E> The tax treatment of a transaction is the purported or claimed Federal income tax treatment of the transaction.</P> <P>(9) <E T="03">Tax structure.</E> The tax structure of a transaction is any fact that may be relevant to understanding the purported or claimed Federal income tax treatment of the transaction.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Form and content of disclosure statement.</E> The IRS will release Form 8886, “Reportable Transaction Disclosure Statement” (or a successor form), for use by taxpayers in accordance with this paragraph (d). A taxpayer required to file a disclosure statement under this section must file a completed Form 8886 in accordance with the instructions to the form. The Form 8886 is the disclosure statement required under this section. The form must be attached to the appropriate tax returns as provided in paragraph (e) of this section. If a copy of a disclosure statement is required to be sent to the Office of Tax Shelter Analysis (OTSA) under paragraph (e) of this section, it must be sent to: Internal Revenue Service LM:PFTG:OTSA, Large & Mid-Size Business Division, 1111 Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, DC 20224, or to such other address as provided by the Commissioner.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Time of providing disclosure</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> The disclosure statement for a reportable transaction must be attached to the taxpayer's tax return for each taxable year for which a taxpayer participates in a reportable transaction. In addition, a copy of the disclosure statement must be sent to OTSA at the same time that any disclosure statement is first filed with the taxpayer's tax return. If a reportable transaction results in a loss which is carried back to a prior year, the disclosure statement for the reportable transaction must be attached to the taxpayer's application for tentative refund or amended tax return for that prior year. In the case of a taxpayer that is a partnership or S corporation, the disclosure statement for a reportable transaction must be attached to the partnership's or S corporation's tax return for each taxable year in which the partnership or S corporation participates in the transaction under the rules of paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Special rules</E>—(i) <E T="03">Listed transactions.</E> If a transaction becomes a listed transaction after the filing of the taxpayer's final tax return reflecting either tax consequences or a tax strategy described in the published guidance <PRTPAGE P="68"/>listing the transaction (or a tax benefit derived from tax consequences or a tax strategy described in the published guidance listing the transaction) and before the end of the statute of limitations period for that return, then a disclosure statement must be filed as an attachment to the taxpayer's tax return next filed after the date the transaction is listed.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Loss transactions.</E> If a transaction becomes a loss transaction because the losses equal or exceed the threshold amounts as described in paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section, a disclosure statement must be filed as an attachment to the taxpayer's tax return for the first taxable year in which the threshold amount is reached and to any subsequent tax return that reflects any amount of section 165 loss from the transaction.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Multiple disclosures.</E> The taxpayer must disclose the transaction in the time and manner provided for under the provisions of this section regardless of whether the taxpayer also plans to disclose the transaction under other published guidance, for example, Rev. Proc. 94-69 (1994-2 C.B. 804) (see § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter).</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Example.</E> The following example illustrates the application of this paragraph (e): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example.</E> </HD> <P>In January of 2004, F, a domestic calendar year corporation, enters into a transaction that is not a listed transaction when entered into and is not a transaction described in any of the paragraphs (b)(3) through (7) of this section. All the tax benefits from the transaction are reported on F's 2004 tax return. On March 1, 2008, the IRS publishes a notice identifying the transaction as a listed transaction described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. Thus, upon issuance of the notice, the transaction becomes a reportable transaction described in paragraph (b) of this section. The statute of limitations for F's 2004 taxable year is still open. F is required to file Form 8886 for the transaction as an attachment to F's next filed Federal income tax return and must send a copy of Form 8886 to OTSA. If F's 2007 Federal income tax return has not been filed on or before the date the Service identifies the transaction as a listed transaction, Form 8886 must be attached to F's 2007 return and at that time a copy of Form 8886 must be sent to OTSA. </P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(f) <E T="03">Rulings and protective disclosures</E>—(1) <E T="03">Requests for ruling.</E> A taxpayer may, on or before the date that disclosure would otherwise be required under this section, submit a request to the IRS for a ruling as to whether a transaction is subject to the disclosure requirements of this section. If the request fully discloses all relevant facts relating to the transaction, the potential obligation of that taxpayer to disclose the transaction will be suspended during the period that the ruling request is pending and, if the IRS subsequently concludes that the transaction is a reportable transaction subject to disclosure under this section, until the 60th day after the issuance of the ruling (or, if the request is withdrawn, 60 days after the date that the request is withdrawn). Furthermore, in that taxpayer's individual ruling, the Commissioner in his discretion may determine that the submission satisfies the disclosure rules under this section for that particular transaction or type of transaction.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Protective disclosures.</E> If a taxpayer is uncertain whether a transaction must be disclosed under this section, the taxpayer may disclose the transaction in accordance with the requirements of this section, and indicate on the disclosure statement that the taxpayer is uncertain whether the transaction is required to be disclosed under this section and that the disclosure statement is being filed on a protective basis.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Rulings on the merits of a transaction.</E> If a taxpayer requests a ruling on the merits of a specific transaction on or before the date that disclosure would otherwise be required under this section, and receives a favorable ruling as to the transaction, the disclosure rules under this section will be deemed to have been satisfied by that taxpayer with regard to that transaction, so long as the request fully discloses all relevant facts relating to the transaction which would otherwise be required to be disclosed under this section.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Retention of documents.</E> In accordance with the instructions to Form 8886, the taxpayer must retain a copy of all documents and other records related to a transaction subject to disclosure under this section that are material to an understanding of the tax <PRTPAGE P="69"/>treatment or tax structure of the transaction. The documents must be retained until the expiration of the statute of limitations applicable to the final taxable year for which disclosure of the transaction was required under this section. (This document retention requirement is in addition to any document retention requirements that section 6001 generally imposes on the taxpayer.) The documents may include the following: marketing materials related to the transaction; written analyses used in decision-making related to the transaction; correspondence and agreements between the taxpayer and any advisor, lender, or other party to the reportable transaction that relate to the transaction; documents discussing, referring to, or demonstrating the purported or claimed tax benefits arising from the reportable transaction; and documents, if any, referring to the business purposes for the reportable transaction. A taxpayer is not required to retain earlier drafts of a document if the taxpayer retains a copy of the final document (or, if there is no final document, the most recent draft of the document) and the final document (or most recent draft) contains all the information in the earlier drafts of the document that is material to an understanding of the purported tax treatment or tax structure of the transaction.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Effective dates.</E> This section applies to Federal income tax returns filed after February 28, 2000. However, paragraphs (a) through (g) of this section apply to transactions entered into on or after February 28, 2003. All the rules in paragraphs (a) through (g) of this section may be relied upon for transactions entered into on or after January 1, 2003, and before February 28, 2003. Otherwise, the rules that apply with respect to transactions entered into before February 28, 2003 are contained in § 1.6011-4T in effect prior to February 28, 2003 (<E T="03">see</E> 26 CFR part 1 revised as of April 1, 2002, 2002-28 I.R.B. 90, and 2002-45 I.R.B. 818 (<E T="03">see</E> § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter)).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 9046, 68 FR 10163, Mar. 4, 2003]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6012-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Individuals required to make returns of income.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Individual citizen or resident—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, an income tax return must be filed by every individual for each taxable year beginning before January 1, 1973, during which he receives $600 or more of gross income, and for each taxable year beginning after December 31, 1972, during which he receives $750 or more of gross income, if such individual is:</P> <P>(i) A citizen of the United States, whether residing at home or abroad,</P> <P>(ii) A resident of the United States even though not a citizen thereof, or</P> <P>(iii) An alien bona fide resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Special rules.</E> (i) For taxable years beginning before January 1, 1970, an individual who is described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph and who has attained the age of 65 before the close of his taxable year must file an income tax return only if he receives $1,200 or more of gross income during his taxable year.</P> <P>(ii) For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969, and before January 1, 1973, an individual described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph (other than an individual referred to in section 142(b)):</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Who is not married (as determined by applying section 143(a) and the regulations thereunder) must file an income tax return only if he receives $1,700 or more of gross income during his taxable year, except that if such an individual has attained the age of 65 before the close of his taxable year an income tax return must be filed by such individual only if he receives $2,300 or more of gross income during his taxable year.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Who is entitled to make a joint return under section 6013 and the regulations thereunder must file an income tax return only if his gross income received during his taxable year, when combined with the gross income of his spouse received during his taxable year, is $2,300 or more. However, if such individual or his spouse has attained the age of 65 before the close of the taxable year an income tax return must be filed by such individual only if their <PRTPAGE P="70"/>combined gross income is $2,900 or more. If both the individual and his spouse have attained the age of 65 before the close of the taxable year such return must be filed only if their combined gross income is $3,500 or more. However, this subdivision (ii)<E T="03">(b)</E> shall not apply if the individual and his spouse did not have the same household as their home at the close of their taxable year, if such spouse files a separate return for a taxable year which includes any part of such individual's taxable year, or if any other taxpayer is entitled to an exemption for such individual or his spouse under section 151(e) for such other taxpayer's taxable year beginning in the calendar year in which such individual's taxable year begins. For example, a married student more than half of whose support is furnished by his father must file an income tax return if he receives $600 or more of gross income during his taxable year.</P> <P>(iii) For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1972, an individual described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph (other than an individual referred to in section 142(b)):</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Who is not married (as determined by applying section 143(a) and the regulations thereunder) must file an income tax return only if he receives $1,750 or more of gross income during his taxable year, except that if such an individual has attained the age of 65 before the close of his taxable year an income tax return must be filed by such individual only if he receives $2,500 or more of gross income during his taxable year.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Who is entitled to make a joint return under section 6013 and the regulations thereunder must file an income tax return only if his gross income received during his taxable year, when combined with the gross income of his spouse received during his taxable year, is $2,500 or more. However, if such individual or his spouse has attained the age of 65 before the close of the taxable year an income tax return must be filed by such individual only if their combined gross income is $3,250 or more. If both the individual and his spouse attain the age of 65 before the close of the taxable year such return must be filed only if their combined gross income is $4,000 or more. However, this subdivision (iii)<E T="03">(b)</E> shall not apply if the individual and his spouse did not have the same household as their home at the close of their taxable year, if such spouse files a separate return for a taxable year which includes any part of such individual's taxable year, or if any other taxpayer is entitled to an exemption for the taxpayer or his spouse under section 151(e) for such other taxpayer's taxable year beginning in the calendar year in which such individual's taxable year begins. For example, a married student more than half of whose support is furnished by his father must file an income tax return if he receives $750 or more of gross income during the taxable year.</P> <P>(iv) For purposes of section 6012(a) (1)(A)(ii) and subdivisions (ii)<E T="03">(b)</E> and (iii)<E T="03">(b)</E> of this subparagraph, an individual and his spouse are considered to have the same household as their home at the close of a taxable year if the same household constituted the principal place of abode of both the individual and his spouse at the close of such taxable year (or on the date of death, if the individual or his spouse died within the taxable year). The individual and his spouse will be considered to have the same household as their home at the close of the taxable year notwithstanding a temporary absence from the household due to special circumstances, as, for example, in the case of a nonpermanent failure on the part of the individual and his spouse to have a common abode by reason of illness, education, business, vacation, or military service. For example, A, a calendar-year individual under 65 years of age, is married to B, also under 65 years of age, and is a member of the Armed Forces of the United States. During 1970 A is transferred to an overseas base. A and B give up their home, which they had jointly occupied until that time; B moves to the home of her parents for the duration of A's absence. They fully intend to set up a new joint household upon A's return. Neither A nor B must file a return for 1970 if their combined gross income for the year is less than $2,300 and if no other taxpayer is entitled to a dependency exemption for A or B under section 151(e).<PRTPAGE P="71"/> </P> <P>(v) In the case of a short taxable year referred to in section 443(a)(1), an individual described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall file an income tax return if his gross income received during such short taxable year equals or exceeds his own personal exemption allowed by section 151(b) (prorated as provided in section 443(c)) and, when applicable, his additional exemption for age 65 or more allowed by section 151(c)(1) (prorated as provided in section 443(c)).</P> <P>(vi) For rules relating to returns required to be made by every individual who is liable for one or more qualified State individual income taxes, as defined in section 6362, for a taxable year, see paragraph (b) of § 301.6361-1 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration).</P> <P>(vii) For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1978, an individual who receives payments during the calendar year in which the taxable year begins under section 3507 (relating to advance payment of earned income credit) must file an income tax return.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Earned income from without the United States and gain from sale of residence.</E> For the purpose of determining whether an income tax return must be filed for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1957, gross income shall be computed without regard to the exclusion provided for in section 911 (relating to earned income from sources without the United States). For the purpose of determining whether an income tax return must be filed for any taxable year ending after December 31, 1963, gross income shall be computed without regard to the exclusion provided for in section 121 (relating to sale of residence by individual who has attained age 65). In the case of an individual claiming an exclusion under section 121, he shall attach Form 2119 to the return required under this paragraph and in the case of an individual claiming an exclusion under section 911, he shall attach Form 2555 to the return required under this paragraph.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Return of income of minor.</E> A minor is subject to the same requirements and elections for making returns of income as are other individuals. Thus, for example, for a taxable year beginning after December 31, 1972, a return must be made by or for a minor who has an aggregate of $1,750 of gross income from funds held in trust for him and from his personal services, regardless of the amount of his taxable income. The return of a minor must be made by the minor himself or must be made for him by his guardian or other person charged with the care of the minor's person or property. See paragraph (b)(3) of § 1.6012-3. See § 1.73-1 for inclusion in the minor's gross income of amounts received for his personal services. For the amount of tax which is considered to have been properly assessed against the parent, if not paid by the child, see section 6201(c) and paragraph (c) of § 301.6201-1 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration).</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Returns made by agents.</E> The return of income may be made by an agent if, by reason of disease or injury, the person liable for the making of the return is unable to make it. The return may also be made by an agent if the taxpayer is unable to make the return by reason of continuous absence from the United States (including Puerto Rico as if a part of the United States) for a period of at least 60 days prior to the date prescribed by law for making the return. In addition, a return may be made by an agent if the taxpayer requests permission, in writing, of the district director for the internal revenue district in which is located the legal residence or principal place of business of the person liable for the making of the return, and such district director determines that good cause exists for permitting the return to be so made. However, assistance in the preparation of the return may be rendered under any circumstances. Whenever a return is made by an agent it must be accompanied by a power of attorney (or copy thereof) authorizing him to represent his principal in making, executing, or filing the return. A form 2848, when properly completed, is sufficient. In addition, where one spouse is physically unable by reason of disease or injury to sign a joint return, the other spouse may, with the oral consent of the one who is incapacitated, sign the incapacitated spouse's name in the proper place on the return followed <PRTPAGE P="72"/>by the words “By __________ Husband (or Wife),” and by the signature of the signing spouse in his own right, provided that a dated statement signed by the spouse who is signing the return is attached to and made a part of the return stating:</P> <P>(i) The name of the return being filed,</P> <P>(ii) The taxable year,</P> <P>(iii) The reason for the inability of the spouse who is incapacitated to sign the return, and</P> <P>(iv) That the spouse who is incapacitated consented to the signing of the return.</P> <FP>The taxpayer and his agent, if any, are responsible for the return as made and incur liability for the penalties provided for erroneous, false, or fraudulent returns.</FP> <P>(6) <E T="03">Form of return.</E> Form 1040 is prescribed for general use in making the return required under this paragraph. Form 1040A is an optional short form which, in accordance with paragraph (a)(7) of this section, may be used by certain taxpayers. A taxpayer otherwise entitled to use Form 1040A as his return for any taxable year may not make his return on such form if he elects not to take the standard deduction provided in section 141, and in such case he must make his return on Form 1040. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 1970, a taxpayer entitled under section 6014 and § 1.6014-1 to elect not to show his tax on his return must, if he desires to exercise such election, make his return on Form 1040A. Form 1040W is an optional short form which, in accordance with paragraph (a)(8) of this section, may be used only with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1958, and ending before December 31, 1961.</P> <P>(7)(i) <E T="03">Use of Form 1040A.</E> Form 1040A may be filed only by those individuals entitled to use such form as provided by and in accordance with the instructions for such form.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Computation and payment of tax.</E> Unless a taxpayer is entitled to elect under section 6014 and § 1.6014-1 not to show the tax on Form 1040A and does so elect, he shall compute and show on his return on Form 1040A the amount of the tax imposed by subtitle A of the Code and shall, without notice and demand therefor, pay any unpaid balance of such tax not later than the date fixed for filing the return.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Change of election to use Form 1040A.</E> A taxpayer who has elected to make his return on Form 1040A may change such election. Such change of election shall be within the time and subject to the conditions prescribed in section 144(b) and § 1.144-2 relating to change of election to take, or not to take the standard deduction.</P> <P>(8) <E T="03">Use of Form 1040W for certain taxable years—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> An individual may use Form 1040W as his return for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1958, and ending before December 31, 1961, in which the gross income of the individual, regardless of the amount thereof:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Consists entirely of remuneration for personal services performed as an employee (whether or not such remuneration constitutes wages as defined in section 3401(a)), dividends, or interest, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Does not include more than $200 from dividends and interest.</P> <FP>For purposes of determining whether gross income from dividends and interest exceeds $200, dividends from domestic corporations are taken into account to the extent that they are includible in gross income. For purposes of this subparagraph, any reference to Form 1040 in §§ 1.4-2, 1.142-1, and 1.144-1 and this section shall also be deemed a reference to Form 1040W.</FP> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Change of election to use Form 1040W.</E> A taxpayer who has elected to make his return on Form 1040W may change such election. Such change of election shall be within the time and subject to the conditions prescribed in section 144(b) and § 1.144-2, relating to change of election to take, or not to take, the standard deduction.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Joint return of husband and wife on Form 1040W.</E> A husband and wife, eligible under section 6013 and the regulations thereunder to file a joint return for the taxable year, may, subject to the provisions of this subparagraph, make a joint return on Form 1040W for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1958, and ending before December 31, 1961, in which the aggregate gross income of the spouses (regardless <PRTPAGE P="73"/>of amount) consists entirely of remuneration for personal services performed as an employee (whether or not such remuneration constitutes wages as defined in section 3401(a)), dividends, or interest, and does not include more than $200 from dividends and interest. For purposes of determining whether gross income from sources to which the $200 limitation applies exceeds such amount in cases where both spouses receive dividends from domestic corporations, the amount of such dividends received by each spouse is taken into account to the extent that such dividends are includible in gross income. See section 116 and §§ 1.116-1 and 1.116-2. If a joint return is made by husband and wife on Form 1040W, the liability for the tax shall be joint and several.</P> <P>(9) <E T="03">Items of tax preference.</E> For a taxable year ending after December 31, 1969, an individual shall attach Form 4625 to the return required by this paragraph if during the year the individual:</P> <P>(i) Has items of tax preference (described in section 57) in excess of its minimum tax exemption (determined under § 1.58-1) or</P> <P>(ii) Uses a net operating loss carryover from a prior taxable year in which it deferred minimum tax under section 56(b).</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Return of nonresident alien individual—</E>(1) <E T="03">Requirement of return—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, every nonresident alien individual (other than one treated as a resident under section 6013 (g) or (h)) who is engaged in trade or business in the United States at any time during the taxable year or who has income which is subject to taxation under subtitle A of the Code shall make a return on Form 1040NR. For this purpose it is immaterial that the gross income for the taxable year is less than the minimum amount specified in section 6012(a) for making a return. Thus, a nonresident alien individual who is engaged in a trade or business in the United States at any time during the taxable year is required to file a return on Form 1040 NR even though <E T="03">(a)</E> he has no income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, <E T="03">(b)</E> he has no income from sources within the United States, or <E T="03">(c)</E> his income is exempt from income tax by reason of an income tax convention or any section of the Code. However, if the nonresident alien individual has no gross income for the taxable year, he is not required to complete the return schedules but must attach a statement to the return indicating the nature of any exclusions claimed and the amount of such exclusions to the extent such amounts are readily determinable.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Treaty income.</E> If the gross income of a nonresident alien individual includes treaty income, as defined in paragraph (b)(1) of § 1.871-12, a statement shall be attached to the return on Form 1040NR showing with respect to that income:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> The amounts of tax withheld,</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> The names and post office addresses of withholding agents, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Such other information as may be required by the return form, or by the instructions issued with respect to the form, to show the taxpayer's entitlement to the reduced rate of tax under the tax convention.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Exceptions—</E>(i) <E T="03">Return not required when tax is fully paid at source.</E> A nonresident alien individual (other than one treated as a resident under section 6013 (g) or (h)) who at no time during the taxable year is engaged in a trade or business in the United States is not required to make a return for the taxable year if his tax liability for the taxable year is fully satisfied by the withholding of tax at source under chapter 3 of the Code. This subdivision does not apply to a nonresident alien individual who has income for the taxable year which is treated under section 871 (c) or (d) and § 1.871-9 (relating to students or trainees) or § 1.871-10 (relating to real property income) as income which is effectively connected for the taxable year with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States by that individual, or to a nonresident alien individual making a claim under § 301.6402-3 of this chapter (Procedure and Administration Regulations) for the refund of an overpayment of tax for <PRTPAGE P="74"/>the taxable year. In addition, this subdivision does not apply to a nonresident alien individual who has income for the taxable year that is treated under section 871(b)(1) as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States by reason of the operation of section 897. For purposes of this subdivision, some of the items of income from sources within the United States upon which the tax liability will not have been fully satisfied by the withholding of tax at source under chapter 3 of the Code are:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Interest upon so-called tax-free covenant bonds upon which, in accordance with section 1451 and § 1.1451-1, a tax of only 2 percent is required to be withheld at the source,</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> In the case of bonds or other evidences of indebtedness issued after September 28, 1965, amounts described in section 871(a)(1)(C),</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Capital gains described in section 871(a)(2) and paragraph (d) of § 1.871- 7, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(d)</E> Accrued interest received in connection with the sale of bonds between interest dates, which, in accordance with paragraph (h) of § 1.1441-4, is not subject to withholding of tax at the source.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Return of individual for taxable year of change of U.S. citizenship or residence. (a)</E> If an alien individual becomes a citizen or resident of the United States during the taxable year and is a citizen or resident of the United States on the last day of such year, he must make a return on Form 1040 for the taxable year. However, a separate schedule is required to be attached to this return to show the income tax computation for the part of the taxable year during which the alien was neither a citizen nor resident of the United States, unless an election under section 6013 (g) or (h) is in effect for the alien. A Form 1040NR, clearly marked “Statement” across the top, may be used as such a separate schedule.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> If an individual abandons his U.S. citizenship or residence during the taxable year and is not a citizen or resident of the United States on the last day of such year, he must make a return on Form 1040NR for the taxable year, even if an election under section 6013(g) was in effect for the taxable year preceding the year of abandonment. However, a separate schedule is required to be attached to this return to show the income tax computation for the part of the taxable year during which the individual was a citizen or resident of the United States. A Form 1040, clearly marked “Statement” across the top, may be used as such a separate schedule.</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> A return is required under this subdivision (ii) only if the individual is otherwise required to make a return for the taxable year.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Beneficiaries of estates or trusts.</E> A nonresident alien individual who is a beneficiary of an estate or trust which is engaged in trade or business in the United States is not required to make a return for the taxable year merely because he is deemed to be engaged in trade or business within the United States under section 875(2). However, such nonresident alien beneficiary will be required to make a return if he otherwise satisfies the conditions of subparagraph (1)(i) of this paragraph for making a return.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Certain alien residents of Puerto Rico.</E> This paragraph does not apply to a nonresident alien individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico during the taxable year. See section 876 and paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Representative or agent for nonresident alien individual—</E>(i) <E T="03">Cases where power of attorney is not required.</E> The responsible representative or agent within the United States of a nonresident alien individual shall make on behalf of his nonresident alien principal a return of, and shall pay the tax on, all income coming within his control as representative or agent which is subject to the income tax under subtitle A of the Code. The agency appointment will determine how completely the agent is substituted for the principal for tax purposes. Any person who collects interest or dividends on deposited securities of a nonresident alien individual, executes ownership certificates in connection therewith, or sells such securities under special instructions shall not be deemed merely by reason of such acts to be the responsible representative or agent of the nonresident <PRTPAGE P="75"/>alien individual. If the responsible representative or agent does not have a specific power of attorney from the nonresident alien individual to file a return in his behalf, the return shall be accompanied by a statement to the effect that the representative or agent does not possess specific power of attorney to file a return for such individual but that the return is being filed in accordance with the provisions of this subdivision.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Cases where power of attorney is required.</E> Whenever a return of income of a nonresident alien individual is made by an agent acting under a duly authorized power of attorney for that purpose, the return shall be accompanied by the power of attorney in proper form, or a copy thereof, specifically authorizing him to represent his principal in making, executing, and filing the income tax return. Form 2848 may be used for this purpose. The agent, as well as the taxpayer, may incur liability for the penalties provided for erroneous, false, or fraudulent returns. For the requirements regarding signing of returns, see § 1.6061-1. The rules of paragraph (e) of § 601.504 of this chapter (Statement of Procedural Rules) shall apply under this subparagraph in determining whether a copy of a power of attorney must be certified.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Limitation.</E> A return of income shall be required under this subparagraph only if the nonresident alien individual is otherwise required to make a return in accordance with this paragraph.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Disallowance of deductions and credits.</E> For provisions disallowing deductions and credits when a return of income has not been filed by or on behalf of a nonresident alien individual, see section 874(a) and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> This paragraph shall apply for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, except that it shall not be applied to require (i) the filing of a return for any taxable year ending before January 1, 1974, which, pursuant to instructions applicable to the return, is not required to be filed or (ii) the amendment of a return for such a taxable year which, pursuant to such instructions, is required to be filed. For corresponding rules applicable to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1967, see 26 CFR 1.6012-1(b) (Revised as of January 1, 1967).</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Cross reference.</E> For returns by fiduciaries for individuals, estates, and trusts, see § 1.6012-3. </P> <SECAUTH>(Sec. 1445 (98 Stat. 655; 26 U.S.C. 1445), sec. 6012 (68A Stat. 732; 26 U.S.C. 6012), and 7805 (68A Stat. 917; 26 U.S.C. 7805) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954)</SECAUTH> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960]</CITA> <EDNOTE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Editorial Note:</HD> <P>For <E T="04">Federal Register</E> citations affecting § 1.6012-1, see the List of CFR Sections Affected in the Finding Aids section of this volume.</P> </EDNOTE> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6012-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Corporations required to make returns of income.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general—</E>(1) <E T="03">Requirement of return.</E> Except as provided in paragraphs (e) and (g)(1) of this section with respect to charitable and other organizations having unrelated business income and to certain foreign corporations, respectively, every corporation, as defined in section 7701(a)(3), subject to taxation under subtitle A of the Code shall make a return of income regardless of whether it has taxable income or regardless of the amount of its gross income.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Existence of corporation.</E> A corporation in existence during any portion of a taxable year is required to make a return. If a corporation was not in existence throughout an annual accounting period (either calendar year or fiscal year), the corporation is required to make a return for that fractional part of a year during which it was in existence. A corporation is not in existence after it ceases business and dissolves, retaining no assets, whether or not under State law it may thereafter be treated as continuing as a corporation for certain limited purposes connected with winding up its affairs, such as for the purpose of suing and being sued. If the corporation has valuable claims for which it will bring suit during this period, it has retained assets and therefore continues in existence. A corporation does not go out of existence if it is turned over to receivers or trustees who continue to operate it. If a corporation has received a charter but has never perfected its organization and has transacted no business and has no <PRTPAGE P="76"/>income from any source, it may upon presentation of the facts to the district director be relieved from the necessity of making a return. In the absence of a proper showing of such facts to the district director, a corporation will be required to make a return.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Form of return.</E> The return required of a corporation under this section shall be made on Form 1120 unless the corporation is a type for which a special form is prescribed. The special forms of returns and schedules required of particular types of corporations are set forth in paragraphs (b) to (g), inclusive, of this section.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Personal holding companies.</E> A personal holding company, as defined in section 542, including a foreign corporation within the definition of such section, shall attach Schedule PH, Computation of U.S. Personal Holding Company Tax, to the return required by paragraph (a) or (g), as the case may be, of this section.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Insurance companies—</E>(1) <E T="03">Life insurance companies.</E> A life insurance company subject to tax under section 802 or 811 shall make a return on Form 1120L. There shall be filed with the return (i) a copy of the annual statement, the form of which has been approved by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which is filed by the company for the year covered by such return with the insurance departments of States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, and which shows the reserves used by the company in computing the taxable income reported on its return, and (ii) copies of Schedule A (real estate) and Schedule D (bonds and stocks) of such annual statement.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Mutual insurance companies.</E> A mutual insurance company (other than a life or marine insurance company and other than a fire insurance company subject to the tax imposed by section 831) or an interinsurer or reciprocal underwriter subject to tax under section 821 shall make a return on Form 1120M. See paragraph (a)(3) of § 1.821-1. There shall be filed with the return (i) a copy of the annual statement, the form of which has been approved by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which is filed by the company for the year covered by such return with the insurance departments of States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, and (ii) copies of Schedule A (real estate) and Schedule D (bonds and stocks) of such annual statement.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Other insurance companies.</E> Every insurance company (other than a life or mutual insurance company), every mutual marine insurance company, and every mutual fire insurance company, subject to tax under section 831, and every mutual savings bank conducting a life insurance business and subject to tax under section 594, shall make a return on Form 1120. See paragraph (c) of § 1.831-1. There shall be filed with the return a copy of the annual statement, the form of which has been approved by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, which contains the underwriting and investment exhibit for the year covered by such return.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Foreign insurance companies.</E> The provisions of subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3) of this paragraph concerning the returns and statements of insurance companies subject to tax under section 802 or 811, section 821, and section 831, respectively, are applicable to foreign insurance companies subject to tax under such sections, except that the copy of the annual statement, the form of which has been approved by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, required to be submitted with the return shall, in the case of a foreign insurance company, be a copy of the statement relating to the United States business of such company.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Affiliated groups.</E> For the forms to be used by affiliated corporations filing a consolidated return, see § 1.1502-75.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Charitable and other organizations with unrelated business income.</E> Every organization described in section 511(a)(2) which is subject to the tax imposed by section 511(a)(1) on its unrelated business taxable income shall make a return on Form 990-T for each taxable year if it has gross income, included in computing unrelated business taxable income for such taxable year, of $1,000 or more. The filing of a return of unrelated business income does not relieve the organization of the duty of filing other required returns.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Farmers’ cooperatives.</E> Farmers’ cooperative organizations described in <PRTPAGE P="77"/>section 521 are required to make a return of income whether or not such organizations are subject to the taxes imposed by sections 11 and 1201 as prescribed in section 522 or 1381. The return shall be made on Form 990-C.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Returns by foreign corporations.</E> (1) <E T="03">Requirement of return—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, every foreign corporation which is engaged in trade or business in the United States at any time during the taxable year or which has income which is subject to taxation under subtitle A of the Code (relating to income taxes) shall make a return on Form 1120-F. Thus, for example, a foreign corporation which is engaged in trade or business in the United States at any time during the taxable year is required to file a return on Form 1120-F even though <E T="03">(a)</E> it has no income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, <E T="03">(b)</E> it has no income from sources within the United States, or <E T="03">(c)</E> its income is exempt from income tax by reason of an income tax convention or any section of the Code. However, if the foreign corporation has no gross income for the taxable year, it is not required to complete the return schedules but must attach a statement to the return indicating the nature of any exclusions claimed and the amount of such exclusions to the extent such amounts are readily determinable.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Treaty income.</E> If the gross income of a foreign corporation includes treaty income, as defined in paragraph (b)(1) of § 1.871-12, a statement shall be attached to the return on Form 1120-F showing with respect to that income:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> The amounts of tax withheld,</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> The names and post office addresses of withholding agents, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Such other information as may be required by the return form or by the instructions issued with respect to the form, to show the taxpayer's entitlement to the reduced rate of tax under the tax convention.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Balance sheet and reconciliation of income.</E> At the election of the taxpayer, the balance sheets and reconciliation of income, as shown on Form 1120-F, may be limited to:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> The assets of the corporation located in the United States and to its other assets used in the trade or business conducted in the United States, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Its income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States and its other income from sources within the United States.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Exceptions—</E>(i) <E T="03">Return not required when tax is fully paid at source—(a) In general.</E> A foreign corporation which at no time during the taxable year is engaged in a trade or business in the United States is not required to make a return for the taxable year if its tax liability for the taxable year is fully satisfied by the withholding of tax at source under chapter 3 of the Code. For purposes of this subdivision, some of the items of income from sources within the United States upon which the tax liability will not have been fully satisfied by the withholding of tax at source under chapter 3 of the Code are:</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> Interest upon so-called tax-free covenant bonds upon which, in accordance with section 1451 and § 1.1451-1, a tax of only 2 percent is required to be withheld at source,</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> In the case of bonds or other evidence of indebtedness issued after September 25, 1965, amounts described in section 881(a)(3),</P> <P> <E T="03">(3)</E> Accrued interest received in connection with the sale of bonds between interest dates, which, in accordance with paragraph (h) of § 1.1441-4, is not subject to withholding of tax at source.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b) Corporations not included.</E> This subdivision (i) shall not apply:</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> To a foreign corporation which has income for the taxable year which is treated under section 882(d) or (e) and § 1.882-2 as income which is effectively connected for the taxable year with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States by that corporation,</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> To a foreign corporation making a claim under § 301.6402-3 of this chapter (Procedure and Administration Regulations) for the refund of an overpayment of tax for the taxable year, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(3)</E> To a foreign corporation described in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of § 1.532-1 whose accumulated taxable income for the <PRTPAGE P="78"/>taxable year is determined under paragraph (b)(2) of § 1.535-1.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Beneficiaries of estates or trusts.</E> A foreign corporation which is a beneficiary of an estate or trust which is engaged in trade or business in the United States is not required to make a return for the taxable year merely because it is deemed to be engaged in trade or business within the United States under section 875(2). However, such foreign corporation will be required to make a return if it otherwise satisfies the conditions of subparagraph (1)(i) of this paragraph for making a return.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Special returns and schedules.</E> The provisions of paragraphs (b) through (f) of this section shall apply to a foreign corporation except that a foreign corporation which is an insurance company to which paragraph (c)(3) of this section applies shall make a return on Form 1120-F and not on Form 1120. If a foreign corporation which is an insurance company to which paragraph (c) (1) or (2) of this section applies has income for the taxable year from sources within the United States which is not effectively connected for that year with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States by that corporation, the corporation shall attach to its return on Form 1120L or 1120M, as the case may be, a separate schedule showing the nature and amount of the items of such income, the rate of tax applicable thereto, and the amount of tax withheld therefrom under chapter 3 of the Code.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Representative or agent for foreign corporation—</E>(i) <E T="03">Cases where power of attorney is not required.</E> The responsible representative or agent within the United States of a foreign corporation shall make on behalf of his principal a return of, and shall pay the tax on, all income coming within his control as representative or agent which is subject to the income tax under subtitle A of the Code. The agency appointment will determine how completely the agent is substituted for the principal for tax purposes. Any person who collects interest or dividends on deposited securities of a foreign corporation, executes ownership certificates in connection therewith, or sells such securities under special instructions shall not be deemed merely by reason of such acts to be the responsible representative or agent of the foreign corporation. If the responsible representative or agent does not have a specific power of attorney from the foreign corporation to file a return in its behalf, the return shall be accompanied by a statement to the effect that the representative or agent does not possess specific power of attorney to file a return for such corporation but that the return is being filed in accordance with the provisions of this subdivision.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Cases where power of attorney is required.</E> Whenever a return of income of a foreign corporation is made by an agent acting under a duly authorized power of attorney for that purpose, the return shall be accompanied by the power of attorney in proper form, or a copy thereof specifically authorizing him to represent his principal in making, executing, and filing the income tax return. Form 2848 may be used for this purpose. The agent, as well as the taxpayer, may incur liability for the penalties provided for erroneous, false, or fraudulent returns. For the requirements regarding signing of returns, see § 1.6062-1. The rules of paragraph (e) of § 601.504 of this chapter (Statement of Procedural Rules) shall apply under this subparagraph in determining whether a copy of a power of attorney must be certified.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Limitation.</E> A return of income shall be required under this subparagraph only if the foreign corporation is otherwise required to make a return in accordance with this paragraph.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Disallowance of deductions and credits.</E> For provisions disallowing deductions and credits when a return of income has not been filed by or on behalf of a foreign corporation, see section 882(c)(2) and the regulations thereunder, and paragraph (b) (2) and (3) of § 1.535-1.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> This paragraph shall apply for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, except that it shall not be applied to require (i) the filing of a return for any taxable year ending before January 1, 1974, which, pursuant to instructions applicable to the return, is not required to be filed or (ii) the amendment of a return for such a taxable year which, pursuant to such <PRTPAGE P="79"/>instructions, is required to be filed. For corresponding rules applicable to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1967, see 26 CFR 1.6012-2(g) (Revised as of January 1, 1967).</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Electing small business corporations.</E> An electing small business corporation, whether or not subject to the tax imposed by section 1378, shall make a return on Form 1120-S. See also section 6037 and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Items of tax preference—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Every corporation required to make a return under this section, and having items of tax preference (described in section 57 and the regulation thereunder) in an amount specified by Form 4626, shall file such form as part of its return.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Organizations with unrelated business income and foreign corporations.</E> Regardless of the provisions of paragraphs (e) and (g) of this section, any organization described in either such paragraph having items of tax preference (described in section 57 and the regulations thereunder) in any amount entering into the computation or unrelated business income is required to make a return on form 990-T or form 120F, respectively, and to attach the required form as part of such return.</P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Other provisions.</E> For returns by fiduciaries for corporations, see § 1.6012-3. For information returns by corporations regarding payments of dividends, see §§ 1.6042-1 to 1.6042-3, inclusive; regarding corporate dissolutions or liquidations, see § 1.6043-1; regarding distributions in liquidation, see § 1.6043-2; regarding payments of patronage dividends, see §§ 1.6044-1 to 1.6044-4, inclusive; and regarding certain payments of interest, see §§ 1.6049-1 and 1.6049-2. For information returns of officers, directors, and shareholders of foreign personal holding companies, as defined in section 552, see §§ 1.6035-1 and 1.6035-2. For returns as to formation or reorganization of foreign corporations, see §§ 1.6046-1 to 1.6046-3, inclusive.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960]</CITA> <EDNOTE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Editorial Note:</HD> <P>For <E T="04">Federal Register</E> citations affecting § 1.6012-2, see the List of CFR Sections Affecting in the Finding Aids section of this volume.</P> </EDNOTE> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6012-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns by fiduciaries.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">For estates and trusts—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Every fiduciary, or at least one of joint fiduciaries, must make a return of income on form 1041 (or by use of a composite return pursuant to § 1.6012-5) and attach the required form if the estate or trust has items of tax preference (as defined in section 57 and the regulations thereunder) in any amount:</P> <P>(i) For each estate for which he acts if the gross income of such estate for the taxable year is $600 or more;</P> <P>(ii) For each trust for which he acts, except a trust exempt under section 501(a), if such trust has for the taxable year any taxable income, or has for the taxable year gross income of $600 or more regardless of the amount of taxable income; and</P> <P>(iii) For each estate and each trust for which he acts, except a trust exempt under section 501(a), regardless of the amount of income for the taxable year, if any beneficiary of such estate or trust is a nonresident alien.</P> <P>(iv) For each trust electing to be taxed as, or as part of, an estate under section 645 for which a trustee acts, and for each related estate joining in a section 645 election for which an executor acts, if the aggregate gross income of the electing trust(s) and related estate, if any, joining in the election for the taxable year is $600 or more. (For the respective filing requirements of the trustee of each electing trust and executor of any related estate, see § 1.645-1).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Wills and trust instruments.</E> At the request of the Internal Revenue Service, a copy of the will or trust instrument (including any amendments), accompanied by a written declaration of the fiduciary under the penalties of perjury that it is a true and complete copy, shall be filed together with a statement by the fiduciary indicating the provisions of the will or trust instrument (including any amendments) which, in the fiduciary's opinion, determine the extent to which the income of the estate or trust is taxable to the estate or trust, the beneficiaries, or the grantor, respectively.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Domiciliary and ancillary representatives.</E> In the case of an estate required to file a return under subparagraph (1) <PRTPAGE P="80"/>of this paragraph, having both domiciliary and ancillary representatives, the domiciliary and ancillary representatives must each file a return on Form 1041. The domiciliary representative is required to include in the return rendered by him as such domiciliary representative the entire income of the estate. The return of the ancillary representative shall be filed with the district director for his internal revenue district and shall show the name and address of the domiciliary representative, the amount of gross income received by the ancillary representative, and the deductions to be claimed against such income, including any amount of income properly paid or credited by the ancillary representative to any legatee, heir, or other beneficiary. If the ancillary representative for the estate of a nonresident alien is a citizen or resident of the United States, and the domiciliary representative is a nonresident alien, such ancillary representative is required to render the return otherwise required of the domiciliary representative.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Two or more trusts.</E> A trustee of two or more trusts must make a separate return for each trust, even though such trusts were created by the same grantor for the same beneficiary or beneficiaries.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Trusts with unrelated business income.</E> Every fiduciary for a trust described in section 511(b)(2) which is subject to the tax imposed on its unrelated business taxable income by section 511(b)(1) shall make a return on Form 990-T for each taxable year if the trust has gross income, included in computing unrelated business taxable income for such taxable year, of $1,000 or more. The filing of a return of unrelated business income does not relieve the fiduciary of such trust from the duty of filing other required returns.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Charitable remainder trusts.</E> Every fiduciary for a charitable remainder annuity trust (as defined in § 1.664-2) or a charitable remainder unitrust (as defined in § 1.664-3) shall make a return on Form 1041-B for each taxable year of the trust even though it is nonexempt because it has unrelated business taxable income. The return on Form 1041-B shall be made in accordance with the instructions for the form and shall be filed with the designated Internal Revenue office on or before the 15th day of the fourth month following the close of the taxable year of the trust. A copy of the instrument governing the trust, accompanied by a written declaration of the fiduciary under the penalties of perjury that it is a true and complete copy, shall be attached to the return for the first taxable year of the trust.</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Certain trusts described in section 4947(a)(1).</E> For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1980, in the case of a trust described in section 4947(a)(1) which has no taxable income for a taxable year, the filing requirements of section 6012 and this section shall be satisfied by the filing, pursuant to § 53.6011-1 of this chapter (Foundation Excise Tax Regulations) and § 1.6033-2(a), by the fiduciary of such trust of—</P> <P>(i) Form 990-PF if such trust is treated as a private foundation, or</P> <P>(ii) Form 990 if such trust is not treated as a private foundation.</P> <FP>When the provisions of this paragraph (a)(7) are met, the fiduciary shall not be required to file Form 1041.</FP> <P>(8) <E T="03">Estate and trusts liable for qualified tax.</E> In the case of an estate or trust which is liable for one or more qualified State individual income taxes, as defined in section 6362, for a taxable year, see paragraph (b) of § 301.6361-1 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration) for rules relating to returns required to be made.</P> <P>(9) <E T="03">A trust any portion of which is treated as owned by the grantor or another person pursuant to sections 671 through 678.</E> In the case of a trust any portion of which is treated as owned by the grantor or another person under the provisions of subpart E (section 671 and following) part I, subchapter J, chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code see § 1.671-4.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">For other persons—</E>(1) <E T="03">Decedents.</E> The executor or administrator of the estate of a decedent, or other person charged with the property of a decedent, shall make the return of income required in respect of such decedent. For the decedent's taxable year which ends with the date of his death, the return shall cover the period during which he was alive. For the filing of returns of income for citizens and alien residents of the United States, and <PRTPAGE P="81"/>alien residents of Puerto Rico, see paragraph (a) of § 1.6012-1. For the filing of a joint return after death of spouse, see paragraph (d) of § 1.6013-1.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Nonresident alien individuals—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A resident or domestic fiduciary or other person charged with the care of the person or property of a nonresident alien individual shall make a return for that individual and pay the tax unless:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> The nonresident alien individual makes a return of, and pays the tax on, his income for the taxable year,</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> A responsible representative or agent in the United States of the nonresident alien individual makes a return of, and pays the tax on, the income of such alien individual for the taxable year, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> The nonresident alien individual has appointed a person in the United States to act as his agent for the purpose of making a return of income and, if such fiduciary is required to file a Form 1041 for an estate or trust of which such alien individual is a beneficiary, such fiduciary attaches a copy of the agency appointment to his return on Form 1041.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Income to be returned.</E> A return of income shall be required under this subparagraph only if the nonresident alien individual is otherwise required to make a return in accordance with paragraph (b) of § 1.6012-1. The provisions of that paragraph shall apply in determining the form of return to be used and the income to be returned.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Disallowance of deductions and credits.</E> For provisions disallowing deductions and credits when a return of income has not been filed by or on behalf of a nonresident alien individual, see section 874 and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Alien resident of Puerto Rico.</E> This subparagraph shall not apply to the return of a nonresident alien individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year. See § 1.876-1.</P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Cross reference.</E> For requirements of withholding tax at source on nonresident alien individuals and of returns with respect to such withheld taxes, see §§ 1.1441-1 to 1.1465-1, inclusive.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Persons under a disability.</E> A fiduciary acting as the guardian of a minor, or as the guardian or committee of an insane person, must make the return of income required in respect of such person unless, in the case of a minor, the minor himself makes the return or causes it to be made.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Corporations.</E> A receiver, trustee in dissolution, trustee in bankruptcy, or assignee, who, by order of a court of competent jurisdiction, by operation of law or otherwise, has possession of or holds title to all or substantially all the property or business of a corporation, shall make the return of income for such corporation in the same manner and form as corporations are required to make such returns. Such return shall be filed whether or not the receiver, trustee, or assignee is operating the property or business of the corporation. A receiver in charge of only a small part of the property of a corporation, such as a receiver in mortgage foreclosure proceedings involving merely a small portion of its property, need not make the return of income. See also § 1.6041-1, relating to returns regarding information at source; §§ 1.6042-1 to 1.6042-3, inclusive, relating to returns regarding payments of dividends; §§ 1.6044-1 to 1.6044-4, inclusive, relating to returns regarding payments of patronage dividends; and §§ 1.6049-1 and 1.6049-2, relating to returns regarding certain payments of interest.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Individuals in receivership.</E> A receiver who stands in the place of an individual must make the return of income required in respect of such individual. A receiver of only part of the property of an individual need not file a return, and the individual must make his own return.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Joint fiduciaries.</E> In the case of joint fiduciaries, a return is required to be made by only one of such fiduciaries. A return made by one of joint fiduciaries shall contain a statement that the fiduciary has sufficient knowledge of the affairs of the person for whom the return is made to enable him to make the return, and that the return is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, true and correct.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Other provisions.</E> For the definition of the term “fiduciary”, see section 7701(a)(6) and the regulations <PRTPAGE P="82"/>thereunder. For information returns required to be made by fiduciaries under section 6041, see § 1.6041-1. As to further duties and liabilities of fiduciaries, see section 6903 and § 301.6903-1 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960]</CITA> <EDNOTE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Editorial Note:</HD> <P>For <E T="04">Federal Register</E> citations affecting § 1.6012-3, see the List of CFR Sections Affecting in the Finding Aids section of this volume.</P> </EDNOTE> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6012-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Miscellaneous returns.</SUBJECT> <P>For returns by regulated investment companies of tax on undistributed capital gain designated for special treatment under section 852(b)(3)(D), see § 1.852-9. For returns with respect to tax withheld on nonresident aliens and foreign corporations and on tax-free covenant bonds, see §§ 1.1461-1 to 1.1465-1, inclusive. For returns of tax on transfers to avoid income tax, see § 1.1494-1. For the requirement of an annual report by persons completing a Government contract, see 26 CFR (1939) 17.16 (Treasury Decision 4906, approved June 23, 1939), and 26 CFR (1939) 16.15 (Treasury Decision 4909, approved June 28, 1939) , as made applicable to section 1471 of the 1954 Code by Treasury Decision 6091, approved August 16, 1954 (19 FR 5167, C.B. 1954-2, 47). See also § 1.1471-1.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7332, 39 FR 44231, Dec. 23, 1974]</CITA> <EDNOTE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Editorial Note:</HD> <P>For the convenience of the user §§ 16.15 and 17.16 of 26 CFR (1939) are set forth below:</P> </EDNOTE> <EXTRACT> <P>§ 16.15<E T="03">Annual reports for income taxable years—</E>(a) <E T="03">General requirements.</E> Every contracting party completing a contract or subcontract within the contracting party's income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939 shall file with the district director of internal revenue for the internal revenue district in which the contracting party's Federal income tax returns are required to be filed an annual report on the prescribed form of the profit and excess profit on all contracts and subcontracts coming within the scope of the act and the regulations in this part and completed within the particular income-taxable year. There shall be included as a part of such a report a statement, preferably in columnar form, showing separately for each such contract or subcontract completed by the contracting party within the income-taxable year the total contract price, the cost of performing the contract or subcontract and the resulting profit or loss on each contract or subcontract together with a summary statement showing in detail the computation of the net profit or net loss upon all contracts and subcontracts completed within the income-taxable year and the amount of the excess profit, if any, for the income-taxable year covered by the report. A copy of the report made to the Secretary of the Army (see § 16.14) with respect to each contract or subcontract covered in the annual report, shall be filed as a part of such annual report. In case the income-taxable year of the contracting party is a period of less than twelve months (see § 16.1), the report required by this section shall be made for such period and not for a full year.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time for filing annual reports.</E> Annual reports of contracts and subcontracts coming within the scope of the act and the regulations in this part completed by a contracting party within an income-taxable year must be filed on or before the 15th day of the ninth month following the close of the contracting party's income-taxable year. It is important that the contracting party render on or before the due date an annual report as nearly complete and final as it is possible for the contracting party to prepare. An extension of time granted the contracting party for filing its Federal income tax return does not serve to extend the time for filing the annual report required by this section. Authority consistent with authorizations for granting extensions of time for filing Federal income tax returns is hereby delegated to the various collectors of internal revenue for granting extensions of time for filing the reports required by this section. Application for extensions of time for filing such reports should be addressed to the district director of internal revenue for the district in which the contracting party files its Federal income tax returns and must contain a full recital of the causes for the delay.</P> <P>§ 17.16<E T="03">Annual reports for income-taxable years—</E>(a) <E T="03">General requirements.</E> Every contracting party completing a contract or subcontract within the contracting party's income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939 shall file, with the district director of internal revenue for the internal revenue district in which the contracting party's Federal income tax return is required to be filed, annual reports on the prescribed forms of the profit and excess profit on all contracts and subcontracts coming within the scope of the act. If any contracts or subcontracts so completed by the contracting party were entered into for the construction or manufacture of any complete naval vessel or any portion thereof, the profit and excess profit on all such contracts and subcontracts completed within the income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939 shall be computed in accordance with the provisions of § 17.6. If any contracts <PRTPAGE P="83"/>or subcontracts so completed by the contracting party were entered into for the construction or manufacture of any complete naval aircraft or any portion thereof, the profit and excess profit on all such contracts and subcontracts completed within the income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939 shall be computed in accordance with the provisions of § 17.7. There shall be included as a part of the annual report a statement, preferably in columnar form, showing separately for each contract or subcontract completed by the contracting party within the income-taxable year and covered by the report, the total contract price, the cost of performing the contract or subcontract and resulting profit or loss on each contract or subcontract together with a summary statement showing in detail the computation of the net profit or net loss upon each group of contracts and subcontracts covered by the report and the amount of the excess profit, if any, with respect to each group of contracts and subcontracts covered by the report. A copy of the report made to the Secretary of the Navy (see § 17.15) with respect to each contract or subcontract covered in the annual report, shall be filed as a part of such annual report. In case the income-taxable year of the contracting party is a period of less than twelve months (see § 17.1), the reports required by this section shall be made for such period and not for a full year.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time for filing annual reports.</E> Annual reports of contracts and subcontracts completed by a contracting party within an income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939 shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the ninth month following the close of the contracting party's income-taxable year. It is important that the contracting party render on or before the due date annual reports as nearly complete and final as it is possible for the contracting party to prepare. An extension of time granted the contracting party for filing its Federal income tax return does not serve to extend the time for filing the annual reports required by this section. Authority consistent with authorizations for granting extensions of time for filing Federal income tax returns is hereby delegated to the various district directors of internal revenue for granting extensions of time for filing the reports required by this section. Application for extension of time for filing such reports should be addressed to the district director of internal revenue for the district in which the contracting party files its Federal income tax returns and must contain a full recital of the causes for the delay.</P> </EXTRACT> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6012-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Composite return in lieu of specified form.</SUBJECT> <P>The Commissioner may authorize the use, at the option of a person required to make a return, of a composite return in lieu of any form specified in this part for use by such a person, subject to such conditions, limitations, and special rules governing the preparation, execution, filing, and correction thereof as the Commissioner may deem appropriate. Such composite return shall consist of a form prescribed by the Commissioner and an attachment or attachments of magnetic tape or other approved media. Notwithstanding any provisions in this part to the contrary, a single form and attachment may comprise the returns of more than one such person. To the extent that the use of a composite return has been authorized by the Commissioner, references in this part to a specific form for use by such a person shall be deemed to refer also to a composite return under this section.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7200, 37 FR 16544, Aug. 16, 1972]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6012-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns by political organizations.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requirement of return—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1974, every political organization described in section 527(e)(1), and every fund described in section 527(f)(3) or section 527(g), and every organization described in section 501(c) and exempt from taxation under section 501(a) shall make a return of income within the time provided in section 6072(b), if a tax is imposed on such an organization or fund by section 527(b).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971, and before January 1, 1975.</E> For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971, and before January 1, 1975, any political organization which would be described in section 527(e)(1) if such section applied to such years shall not be required to make a return if such organization would not be required to make a return under paragraph (a)(1) of this section.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Form of return.</E> The return required by an organization or fund upon which a tax is imposed by section 527(b) shall be made on Form 1120-POL.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7516, 42 FR 57312, Nov. 2, 1977; 43 FR 2721, Jan. 19, 1978]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <PRTPAGE P="84"/> <SECTNO>§ 1.6013-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Joint returns.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) A husband and wife may elect to make a joint return under section 6013(a) even though one of the spouses has no gross income or deductions. For rules for determining whether individuals occupy the status of husband and wife for purposes of filing a joint return, see paragraph (a) of § 1.6013-4. For any taxable year with respect to which a joint return has been filed, separate returns shall not be made by the spouses after the time for filing the return of either has expired. See, however, paragraph (d)(5) of this section for the right of an executor to file a late separate return for a deceased spouse and thereby disaffirm a timely joint return made by the surviving spouse.</P> <P>(2) A joint return of a husband and wife (if not made by an agent of one or both spouses) shall be signed by both spouses. The provisions of paragraph (a)(5) of § 1.6012-1, relating to returns made by agents, shall apply where one spouse signs a return as agent for the other, or where a third party signs a return as agent for one or both spouses.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Nonresident alien.</E> A joint return shall not be made if either the husband or wife at any time during the taxable year is a nonresident alien, unless an election is in effect for the taxable year under section 6013 (g) or (h) and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Different taxable years.</E> Except as otherwise provided in this section, a husband and wife shall not file a joint return if they have different taxable years.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Joint return after death.</E> (1) Section 6013(a)(2) provides that a joint return may be made for the survivor and the deceased spouse or for both deceased spouses if the taxable years of such spouses begin on the same day and end on different days only because of the death of either or both. Thus, if a husband and wife make this return on a calendar year basis, and the wife dies on August 1, 1956, a joint return may be made with respect to the calendar year 1956 of the husband and the taxable year of the wife beginning on January 1, 1956, and ending with her death on August 1, 1956. Similarly, if husband and wife both make their returns on the basis of a fiscal year beginning on July 1 and the wife dies on October 1, 1956, a joint return may be made with respect to the fiscal year of the husband beginning on July 1, 1956, and ending on June 30, 1957, and with respect to the taxable year of the wife beginning on July 1, 1956, and ending with her death on October 1, 1956.</P> <P>(2) The provision allowing a joint return to be made for the taxable year in which the death of either or both spouses occurs is subject to two limitations. The first limitation is that if the surviving spouse remarries before the close of his taxable year, he shall not make a joint return with the first spouse who died during the taxable year. In such a case, however, the surviving spouse may make a joint return with his new spouse provided the other requirements with respect to the filing of a joint return are met. The second limitation is that the surviving spouse shall not make a joint return with the deceased spouse if the taxable year of either spouse is a fractional part of a year under section 443(a)(1) resulting from a change of accounting period. For example, if a husband and wife make their returns on the calendar year basis and the wife dies on March 1, 1956, and thereafter the husband receives permission to change his annual accounting period to a fiscal year beginning July 1, 1956, no joint return shall be made for the short taxable year ending June 30, 1956. Similarly, if a husband and wife who make their returns on a calendar year basis receive permission to change to a fiscal year beginning July 1, 1956, and the wife dies on June 1, 1956, no joint return shall be made for the short taxable year ending June 30, 1956.</P> <P>(3) Section 6013(a)(3) provides for the method of making a joint return in the case of the death of one spouse or both spouses. The general rule is that, in the case of the death of one spouse, or of both spouses, the joint return with respect to the decedent may be made only by his executor or administrator, as defined in paragraph (c) of § 1.6013-4. An exception is made to this general rule whereby, in the case of the death of one spouse, the joint return may be made by the surviving spouse with respect to both him and the decedent if all the following conditions exist:<PRTPAGE P="85"/> </P> <P>(i) No return has been made by the decedent for the taxable year in respect of which the joint return is made;</P> <P>(ii) No executor or administrator has been appointed at or before the time of making such joint return; and</P> <P>(iii) No executor or administrator is appointed before the last day prescribed by law for filing the return of the surviving spouse.</P> <FP>These conditions are to be applied with respect to the return for each of the taxable years of the decedent for which a joint return may be made if more than one such taxable year is involved. Thus, in the case of husband and wife on the calendar year basis, if the wife dies in February 1957, a joint return for the husband and wife for 1956 may be made if the conditions set forth in this subparagraph are satisfied with respect to such return. A joint return also may be made by the survivor for both himself and the deceased spouse for the calendar year 1957 if it is separately determined that the conditions set forth in this subparagraph are satisfied with respect to the return for such year. If, however, the deceased spouse should, prior to her death, make a return for 1956, the surviving spouse may not thereafter make a joint return for himself and the deceased spouse for 1956.</FP> <P>(4) If an executor or administrator is appointed at or before the time of making the joint return or before the last day prescribed by law for filing the return of the surviving spouse, the surviving spouse cannot make a joint return for himself and the deceased spouse whether or not a separate return for the deceased spouse is made by such executor or administrator. In such a case, any return made solely by the surviving spouse shall be treated as his separate return. The joint return, if one is to be made, must be made by both the surviving spouse and the executor or administrator. In determining whether an executor or administrator is appointed before the last day prescribed by law for filing the return of the surviving spouse, an extension of time for making the return is included.</P> <P>(5) If the surviving spouse makes the joint return provided for in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph and thereafter an executor or administrator of the decedent is appointed, the executor or administrator may disaffirm such joint return. This disaffirmance, in order to be effective, must be made within one year after the last day prescribed by law for filing the return of the surviving spouse (including any extension of time for filing such return) and must be made in the form of a separate return for the taxable year of the decedent with respect to which the joint return was made. In the event of such proper disaffirmance the return made by the survivor shall constitute his separate return, that is, the joint return made by him shall be treated as his return and the tax thereon shall be computed by excluding all items properly includible in the return of the deceased spouse. The separate return made by the executor or administrator shall constitute the return of the deceased spouse for the taxable year.</P> <P>(6) The time allowed the executor or administrator to disaffirm the joint return by the making of a separate return does not establish a new due date for the return of the deceased spouse. Accordingly, the provisions of sections 6651 and 6601, relating to delinquent returns and delinquency in payment of tax, are applicable to such return made by the executor in disaffirmance of the joint return.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Return of surviving spouse treated as joint return.</E> For provisions relating to the treatment of the return of a surviving spouse as a joint return for each of the next two taxable years following the year of the death of the spouse, see section 2 and § 1.2-2.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7274, 38 FR 11345, May 7, 1973; T.D. 7670, 45 FR 6929, Jan. 31, 1980]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6013-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Joint return after filing separate return.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) Where an individual has filed a separate return for a taxable year for which a joint return could have been made by him and his spouse under section 6013(a), and the time prescribed by law for filing the return for such taxable year has expired, such individual and his spouse may, under conditions hereinafter set forth, make a joint return for such taxable year. The joint return filed pursuant to section 6013(b) shall constitute the return <PRTPAGE P="86"/>of the husband and wife for such year, and all payments, credits, refunds, or other repayments, made or allowed with respect to the separate return of either spouse are to be taken into account in determining the extent to which the tax based on the joint return has been paid.</P> <P>(2) If a joint return is made under section 6013(b), any election, other than the election to file a separate return, made by either spouse in his separate return for the taxable year with respect to the treatment of any income, deduction, or credit of such spouse shall not be changed in the making of the joint return where such election would have been irrevocable if the joint return had not been made. Thus, if one spouse has made an irrevocable election to adopt and use the last-in, first-out inventory method under section 472, this election may not be changed upon making the joint return under section 6013(b).</P> <P>(3) A joint return made under section 6013(b) after the death of either spouse shall, with respect to the decedent, be made only by his executor or administrator. Thus, where no executor or administrator has been appointed, a joint return cannot be made under section 6013(b).</P> <P>(4) A nonresidential alien treated as a resident under section 6013 (g) or (h) for any taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1975, and the alien's U.S. citizen or resident spouse may file a joint return for that taxable year, even though one or both of the spouses have previously filed separate returns for that taxable year. In this case, the rule in paragraph (a)(3) of this section does not apply.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Limitations with respect to making of election.</E> A joint return shall not be made under section 6013(b)(1) with respect to a taxable year:</P> <P>(1) Beginning on or before July 30, 1996, unless there is paid in full at or before the time of the filing of the joint return the amount shown as tax upon such joint return; or</P> <P>(2) After the expiration of three years from the last day prescribed by law for filing the return for such taxable year determined without regard to any extension of time granted to either spouse; or</P> <P>(3) After there has been mailed to either spouse, with respect to such taxable year, a notice of deficiency under section 6212, if the spouse, as to such notice, files a petition with the Tax Court of the United States within the time prescribed in section 6213; or</P> <P>(4) After either spouse has commenced a suit in any court for the recovery of any part of the tax for such taxable year; or</P> <P>(5) After either spouse has entered into a closing agreement under section 7121 with respect to such taxable year, or after any civil or criminal case arising against either spouse with respect to such taxable year has been compromised under section 7122.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">When return deemed filed; assessment and collection; credit or refund.</E> (1) For the purpose of section 6501, relating to the period of limitations upon assessment and collection, and section 6651, relating to delinquent returns, a joint return made under section 6013(b) shall be deemed to have been filed, giving due regard to any extension of time granted to either spouse, on the following date:</P> <P>(i) Where both spouses filed separate returns, prior to making the joint return under section 6013(b), on the date the last separate return of either spouse was filed for the taxable year, but not earlier than the last date prescribed by law for the filing of the return of either spouse;</P> <P>(ii) Where only one spouse was required and did file a return prior to the making of the joint return under section 6013(b), on the date of the filing of the separate return, but not earlier than the last day prescribed by law for the filing of such return; or</P> <P>(iii) Where both spouses were required to file a return, but only one spouse did so file, on the date of the filing of the joint return under section 6013(b).</P> <P>(2) For the purpose of section 6511, relating to refunds and credits, a joint return made under section 6013(b) shall be deemed to have been filed on the last date prescribed by law for filing the return for such taxable year, determined without regard to any extension of time granted to either spouse for filing the return or paying the tax.<PRTPAGE P="87"/> </P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Additional time for assessment.</E> In the case of a joint return made under section 6013(b), the period of limitations provided in sections 6501 and 6502 shall not be less than one year after the date of the actual filing of such joint return. The expiration of the one year is to be determined without regard to the rules provided in paragraph (c)(1) of this section, relating to the application of sections 6501 and 6651 with respect to a joint return made under section 6013(b).</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Additions to the tax and penalties.</E> (1) Where the amount shown as the tax by the husband and wife on a joint return made under section 6013(b) exceeds the aggregate of the amounts shown as tax on the separate return of each spouse, and such excess is attributable to negligence, intentional disregard of rules and regulations, or fraud at the time of the making of such separate return, there shall be assessed, collected, and paid in the same manner as if it were a deficiency an additional amount as provided by the following:</P> <P>(i) If any part of such excess is attributable to negligence, or intentional disregard of rules and regulations, at the time of the making of such separate return, but without any intent to defraud, this additional amount shall be 5 percent of the total amount of the excess.</P> <P>(ii) If any part of such excess is attributable to fraud with intent to evade tax at the time of the making of such separate return, this additional amount shall be 50 percent of the total amount of the excess. The latter addition is in lieu of the 50 percent addition to the tax provided in section 6653(b).</P> <P>(2) For purposes of section 7206 (1) and (2) and section 7207 (relating to criminal penalties in the case of fraudulent returns), the term “return” includes a separate return filed by a spouse with respect to a taxable year for which a joint return is made under section 6013(b) after the filing of a separate return.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7670, 45 FR 6929, Jan. 31, 1980; T.D. 8725, 62 FR 39117, July 22, 1997]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6013-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Treatment of joint return after death of either spouse.</SUBJECT> <P>For purposes of section 21 (relating to change in rates during a taxable year), section 443 (relating to returns for a period of less than 12 months), and section 7851(a)(1)(A) (relating to the applicability of certain provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and the Internal Revenue Code of 1939), where the husband and wife have different taxable years because of death of either spouse, the joint return shall be treated as if the taxable years of both ended on the date of the closing of the surviving spouse's taxable year. Thus, in cases where the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 otherwise would apply to the taxable year of the decedent spouse and the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 would apply to the taxable year of the surviving spouse, this provision makes the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 applicable to the taxable years of both spouses if a joint return is filed.</P> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6013-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Applicable rules.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Status as husband and wife.</E> For the purpose of filing a joint return under section 6013, the status as husband and wife of two individuals having taxable years beginning on the same day shall be determined:</P> <P>(1) If the taxable year of each individual is the same, as of the close of such year; and</P> <P>(2) If the close of the taxable year is different by reason of the death of one spouse, as of the time of such death.</P> <FP>An individual legally separated from his spouse under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance shall not be considered as married. However, the mere fact that spouses have not lived together during the course of the taxable year shall not prohibit them from making a joint return. A husband and wife who are separated under an interlocutory decree of divorce retain the relationship of husband and wife until the decree becomes final. The fact that the taxpayer and his spouse are divorced or legally separated at any time after the close of the taxable year shall not deprive them of their right to file a joint return for such taxable year under section 6013.<PRTPAGE P="88"/> </FP> <P>(b) <E T="03">Computation of income, deductions, and tax.</E> If a joint return is made, the gross income and adjusted gross income of husband and wife on the joint return are computed in an aggregate amount and the deductions allowed and the taxable income are likewise computed on an aggregate basis. Deductions limited to a percentage of the adjusted gross income, such as the deduction for charitable, etc., contributions and gifts, under section 170, will be allowed with reference to such aggregate adjusted gross income. A similar rule is applied in the case of the limitation of section 1211(b) on the allowance of losses resulting from the sale or exchange of capital assets (see § 1.1211-1). Although there are two taxpayers on a joint return, there is only one taxable income. The tax on the joint return shall be computed on the aggregate income and the liability with respect to the tax shall be joint and several. For computation of tax in the case of a joint return, see § 1.2-1. For tax in the case of a joint return of husband and wife electing to pay the optional tax under section 3, see § 1.3-1. For the election not to show on a joint return the amount of tax due in connection therewith, see paragraph (c) of § 1.6014-1 and paragraph (d) of § 1.6014-2. For separate computations of the self-employment tax of each spouse on a joint return, see paragraph (b) of § 1.6017-1.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Definition of executor or administrator.</E> For purposes of section 6013 the term “executor or administrator” means the person who is actually appointed to such office and not a person who is merely in charge of the property of the decedent.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Return signed under duress.</E> If an individual asserts and establishes that he or she signed a return under duress, the return is not a joint return. The individual who signed such return under duress is not jointly and severally liable for the tax shown on the return or any deficiency in tax with respect to the return. The return is adjusted to reflect only the tax liability of the individual who voluntarily signed the return, and the liability is determined at the applicable rates in section 1(d) for married individuals filing separate returns. Section 6212 applies to the assessment of any deficiency in tax on such return.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7102, 36 FR 5497, Mar. 24, 1971; T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6013-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Election to treat nonresident alien individual as resident of the United States.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Election for special treatment—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Two individuals who are husband and wife at the close of a taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1975, may make an election under this section for that taxable year if, at the close of that year, one spouse is a citizen or resident of the United States and the other spouse is a nonresident alien. The effect of the election is that each spouse is treated as a resident of the United States for purposes of chapters 1, 5, and 24 and sections 6012, 6013, 6072, and 6091 of the Code for the entire taxable year. An election made under this section is in effect for the taxable year for which made and for all subsequent years of the husband and wife, except:</P> <P>(i) Any taxable year for which the election is suspended, as described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, and</P> <P>(ii) Any taxable year for which the election is terminated in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section and all subsequent taxable years.</P> <FP>A husband and wife may not make an election if an election previously made under this section by either spouse has been terminated under paragraph (b) of this section.</FP> <P>(2) <E T="03">Particular rules.</E> (i) As used in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, the term “U.S. spouse” means any married individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States at any time during a taxable year.</P> <P>(ii) An individual's residence is determined by application of the principles of §§ 301.7701(b)-1 through 301.7701(b)-9 of this chapter relating to what constitutes residence in the United States by an alien individual.</P> <P>(iii) Whether two individuals are married at the close of a taxable year is determined by application of the rules in § 1.6013-4(a).</P> <P>(iv) The provisions of section 879 and the regulations thereunder shall not <PRTPAGE P="89"/>apply for any taxable year for which an election under this section is in effect.</P> <P>(v) An individual who makes an election under this section may not, for United States income tax purposes, claim under any United States income tax treaty not to be a U.S. resident. The relationship of U.S. income tax treaties and the election under this section is illustrated by the following example. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>H, a U.S. citizen, is married to W, a nonresident alien of the United States and a domiciliary of country X. H and W maintain their only permanent home in country X. W receives both U.S. source and country X source interest during the taxable year. The interest is not effectively connected with a permanent establishment or a fixed base in any country. H and W make the section 6013 (g) election. Under article ii (1) of the United States—country X Income Tax Convention interest derived and beneficially owned by a resident of one contracting state is exempt from tax in the other contracting state. Article 4 (1) of the treaty provides that an individual is a resident of a contracting state if subject to tax in that country by reason of the individual's domicile, residence, or citizenship. Under article 4 (1) of the treaty, W is a resident of country X by virtue of her domocile in country X and also of the United States by virtue of the section 6013 (g) election. Article 4 (2) of the treaty provides that if an individual is a resident of both the United States and country X by reason of article 4 (1), the individual shall be deemed to be a resident of the contracting state in which he or she has a permanent home available. Because W's sole permanent home is in country X, under article 4 (2) of the treaty W is treated as a resident of country X for purposes of the treaty. Because W has elected under section 6013(g) to be treated as a U.S. resident (and thus to be taxed on worldwide income), W may not, for U.S. income tax purposes, claim under the treaty not to be a U.S. resident. W, therefore, is subject to U.S. income tax on the interest. For purposes of country X income tax, W is considered a resident of country X under the treaty.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) <E T="03">Suspension of election.</E> (i) An election made under this section is suspended and is not in effect for a taxable year subsequent to the first taxable year for which made if neither spouse is a U.S. spouse during that subsequent taxable year. Thus, for example, the election is in suspense if both spouses are nonresident aliens for the entire taxable year.</P> <P>(ii) If either spouse dies during any taxable year for which the election under this section is in effect, other than the first taxable year for which the election is to be in effect, the taxable year shall include, solely for purposes of this paragraph (a)(3), only those days during the taxable year on which both spouses are alive. Thus, for example, if the U.S. spouse dies during the taxable year, the election is not suspended for that year even if the surviving nonresident alien spouse never acquires U.S. citizenship or residency. Similarly, if the nonresident alien spouse dies during the taxable year, the election is not suspended for that year even if the surviving U.S. spouse subsequently abandons U.S. citizenship or residency. However, if neither spouse was a U.S. spouse at any time during the period of the taxable year when both spouses were alive, the election is suspended for that year even if the surviving spouse subsequently acquires U.S. citizenship or residency.</P> <FP>For the effect of the death of either spouse on the status of the election in subsequent taxable years, see paragraph (b)(2) of this section.</FP> <P>(4) <E T="03">Time and manner of making an election.</E> (i) A husband and wife shall make the election under this section by attaching a statement to a joint return for the first taxable year for which the election is to be in effect. The election must be made before the expiration of the period prescribed by section 6511(a) (or section 6511(c) if the period is extended by agreement) for making a claim for credit or refund. If either or both spouses die after the close of the taxable year but before the joint return is filed, the election may be made by the executor, administrator, or other person charged with the property of the deceased spouse. If the election is made with a joint amended return, the amended return should be made on Form 1040 or 1040A, the word “Amended” should be written clearly on the front of the return, and an amended return also must be filed for each subsequent taxable year as to which a return previously has been filed by either spouse.</P> <P>(ii) The statement must contain a declaration that the election is being made and that the requirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this section are met for the taxable year. The statement <PRTPAGE P="90"/>must also contain the name, address, and taxpayer identifying number of each spouse. If the election is being made on behalf of a deceased spouse, the statement must contain the name and address of the executor, administrator, or other person making the election on behalf of the decreased spouse. The statement must be signed by both persons making the election.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Termination of election—</E>(1) <E T="03">Revocation.</E> (i) An election under this section shall terminate if either spouse revokes the election. An election that is revoked terminates as of the first taxable year for which the last day prescribed by section 6072(a) and 6081(a) for filing the return of tax has not yet occurred.</P> <P>(ii) Revocation of the election is made by filing a statement of revocation in the following manner. If the spouse revoking the election is required to file a return under section 6012, the statement is filed by attaching it to the return for the first taxable year to which the revocation applies. If the spouse revoking the election is not required to file a return under section 6012, but files a claim for refund under section 6511, the statement is filed by attaching it to the claim for refund. If the spouse revoking the election is not required to file a return and does not file a claim for refund, the statement is filed by submitting it to the service center director with whom was filed the most recent joint return of the spouses. The revocation may, if the revoking spouse dies after the close of the first taxable year to which the revocation applies but before the return, claim for refund, or statement of revocation is filed, be made by the executor, administrator or other person charged with the property of the deceased spouse.</P> <P>(iii) A revocation of the election is effective as of a particular taxable year if it is filed on or before the last day prescribed by section 6072(a) and 6081(a) for filing the return of tax for that taxable year. However, the revocation is not final until that last day.</P> <P>(iv) The statement of revocation must contain a declaration that the election under this section is being revoked. The statement must also contain the name, address, and taxpayer identifying number of each spouse. If the revocation is being made on behalf of a deceased spouse, the statement must contain the name and address of the executor, administrator, or other person revoking the election on behalf of the deceased spouse. The statement must also include a list of the States, foreign countries, and possessions of the United States which have community property laws and in which:</P> <P>(A) Each spouse is domiciled, or</P> <P>(B) real property is located from which either of the spouses receives income.</P> <FP>The statement must be signed by the person revoking the election.</FP> <P>(2) <E T="03">Death.</E> An election under this section shall terminate if either spouse dies. An election that terminates on account of death terminates as of the first taxable year of the surviving spouse following the taxable year in which the death occurred. However, if the surviving spouse is a citizen or resident of the United States who is entitled to the benefits of section 2, the election terminates as of the first taxable year following the last taxable year for which the surviving spouse is entitled to the benefits of section 2. If both spouses die within the same taxable year, the election terminates as of the first day after the close of the taxable year in which the deaths occurred.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Legal separation.</E> An election under this section terminates if the spouses legally separate under a degree of divorce or of separate maintenance. An election that terminates on account of legal separation terminates as of the close of the taxable year preceding the taxable year in which the separation occurs. The rules in § 1.6013-4(a) are relevant in determining whether two spouses are legally separated.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Inadequate records.</E> An election under this section may be terminated by the Commissioner if it is determined that either spouse has failed to keep adequate records. An election that is terminated on account of inadequate records terminates as of the close of the taxable year preceding the taxable year for which the Commissioner determines that the election should be terminated. Adequate records are the books, records, and other information resonably necessary <PRTPAGE P="91"/>to ascertain the amount of liability for taxes under chapters 1, 5, and 24 of the code of either spouse for the taxable year. Adequate records also includes the granting of access to the books and records.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Illustrations.</E> The application of this section is illustrated by the following examples. In each case the individual's taxable year is the calendar year and the spouses are not legally separated. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>W, a U.S. citizen for the entire taxable year 1979, is married to H, a nonresident alien individual. W and H may make the section 6013(g) election for 1979 by filing the statement of election with a joint return. If W and H make the election, income from sources within and without the United States received by W and H in 1979 and subsequent years must be included in gross income for each taxable year unless the election later is terminated or suspended. While W and H must file a joint return for 1979, joint or separate returns may be filed for subsequent years.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>H and W are husband and wife and are both nonresident alien individuals. In June 1980 H becomes a U.S. resident and remains a resident for the balance of the year. H and W may make the section 6013(g) election for 1980. If H and W make the election, income from sources within and without the United States received by H and W for the entire taxable year 1980 and subsequent years must be included in gross income for each taxable year, unless the election later is terminated or suspended.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3)</HD> <P>. W, a U.S. resident on December 31, 1981, is married to H, a nonresident alien. W and H make the section 6013(g) election and file joint returns for 1981 and succeeding years. On January 10, 1987, W becomes a nonresident alien. H has remained a nonresident alien. W and H may file a joint return or separate returns for 1987. As neither W or H is a U.S. resident at any time during 1988, their election is suspended for 1988. If W and H have U.S. source or foreign source income effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business in 1988, they must file separate returns as nonresident aliens. W becomes a U.S. resident again on January 5, 1990. Their election no longer is in suspense. Income from sources within and without the United States received by W or H in the years their election is not suspended must be included in gross income for each taxable year.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (4).</HD> <P>H, a U.S. citizen for the entire taxable year 1979, is married to W, who is not a U.S. citizen. While W believes that she is a U.S. resident, H and W make the section 6013(g) election for 1979 to cover the possibility that later it would be determined that she is a nonresident alien during 1979. The election for 1979 will not be considered evidence that W was a nonresident alien in prior years. Income from sources within and without the United States received by H amd W in 1979 and subsequent years must be included in gross income for each taxable year, unless the election later is terminated or suspended.</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 7670, 45 FR 6929, Jan. 31, 1980, as amended by T.D. 7842, 47 FR 49842, Nov. 3, 1982; T.D. 8411, 57 FR 15241, Apr. 27, 1992]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6013-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Joint return for year in which nonresident alien becomes resident of the United States.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Election for special treatment—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Two individuals who are husband and wife at the close of a taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1975, may make an election under this section for that taxable year if one spouse is a citizen or resident of the United States on the last day of that taxable year and the other spouse is a nonresident alien at the beginning of that taxable year and a citizen or resident of the United States at the close of that taxable year. Two married individuals who are nonresident aliens at the beginning of a taxable year and who are U.S. citizens or residents on the last day of that taxable year qualify for the election. The effect of the election is that each spouse is treated as a resident of the United States for purposes of chapters 1, 5, and 24 and sections 6012, 6013, 6072, and 6091 of the code for all of that taxable year. A husband and wife may not make an election if an election has previously been made under this section by either spouse.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Particular rules.</E> The rules in subdivisions (ii) through (v) of § 1.6013-6(a)(2) are applicable to this section.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Time and manner of making an election.</E> A husband and wife shall make the election under this section in accordance with the rules in § 1.6013-6(a)(4).</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Section 6013(g) election in effect.</E> If an election under section 6013(g) is in effect for a year subsequent to the first taxable year for which made and during that subsequent year the husband and wife meet the requirements of section 6013(h) and paragraph (a)(1) of this section, then the election under section 6013(g) shall apply to that subsequent <PRTPAGE P="92"/>taxable year. A separate election under section 6013(h) is not required for that subsequent taxable year.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7670, 45 FR 6931, Jan. 31, 1980]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6014-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Tax not computed by taxpayer for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1970.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> If an individual is entitled under paragraph (a)(7) of § 1.6012-1 to use as his return Form 1040A, he may elect not to show thereon the amount of the tax due in connection with such return if his gross income is less than $5,000.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Computation and payment of tax.</E> A taxpayer who, in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section, elects not to show the tax on Form 1040A is not required to pay the unpaid balance of such tax at the time he files the return. In such case, the tax will be computed for the taxpayer by the Internal Revenue Service, and a notice will be mailed to the taxpayer stating the amount of tax due. Where it is determined that a refund of tax is due, the Internal Revenue Service will send such refund to the taxpayer. See paragraph (c) of § 301.6402-3 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration).</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Joint return.</E> (1) A husband and wife who, pursuant to paragraph (a)(7) of § 1.6012-1, file a joint return on Form 1040A may elect not to show the tax on such return if their aggregate gross income for the taxable year is less than $5,000.</P> <P>(2) The tax computed for the taxpayer who files Form 1040A and elects not to show thereon the tax due shall be the lesser of the following amounts:</P> <P>(i) A tax computed as though the return on Form 1040A constituted the separate returns of the spouses, or</P> <P>(ii) A tax computed as though the return on Form 1040A constituted a joint return.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Married individuals filing separate returns.</E> In the case of a married individual who files a separate return and who elects under this section not to show his tax on Form 1040A his tax shall be computed with reference to the 10-percent standard deduction rather than the minimum standard deduction.</P> <P>(e) This section shall apply to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1970.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6581, 26 FR 11678, Dec. 6, 1961; T.D. 6792, 30 FR 531, Jan. 15, 1965; T.D. 7102, 36 FR 5497, Mar. 24, 1971]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6014-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Tax not computed by taxpayer for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> An individual subject to the tax imposed by section 1 of the Code may, in accordance with the instructions applicable to the income tax return to be filed, elect, for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1969, not to show on his income tax return for such year the amount of tax due in connection with such return.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Restriction on making an election.</E> The election pursuant to this section shall not be made by an individual who does not file his return (or amended return) making such election on or before the date prescribed in section 6072(a) for the filing of the original return (determined without regard to any extension of time).</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Effects of election.</E> (1) A taxpayer who, in accordance with the provisions of this section, elects not to show the tax on his income tax return is not required to pay the unpaid balance of such tax at the time he files the return. In such case, the tax will be computed for the taxpayer by the Internal Revenue Service, and a notice will be mailed to the taxpayer stating the amount of tax due. Where it is determined that a refund of tax is due, the Internal Revenue Service will send such refund to the taxpayer. See paragraph (c) of § 301.6402-3 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration). The computation of tax by the Internal Revenue Service shall be treated for purposes of this chapter as if made by the taxpayer, and such computation or the issuance of a notice or refund pursuant thereto shall not relieve the taxpayer of liability for any deficiency (although the deficiency is based upon an amount of tax different from that computed for the taxpayer by the Internal Revenue Service) or affect the rights of the Internal Revenue Service with respect to any subsequent audit or other review of the taxpayer's return.<PRTPAGE P="93"/> </P> <P>(2) Where the election provided for in this section is made by a taxpayer who takes the standard deduction and who has adjusted gross income of less than $10,000, such election constitutes an election to pay the tax imposed by section 3.</P> <P>(3) A taxpayer who makes an election under section 6014 shall not be precluded from claiming:</P> <P>(i) Status as a head of household or a surviving spouse;</P> <P>(ii) The credit under section 31 (relating to tax withheld on wages);</P> <P>(iii) The credit under section 37 (relating to retirement income);</P> <P>(iv) The credit under section 38 (relating to investment in certain depreciable property);</P> <P>(v) The credit under section 39 (relating to certain uses of gasoline and lubricating oil);</P> <P>(vi) The credit under section 41 (relating to contributions to candidates for public office);</P> <P>(vii) The credit under section 42 (relating to personal exemptions);</P> <P>(viii) The credit under section 43 (relating to earned income);</P> <P>(ix) The credit under section 44 (relating to purchase of new principal residence); or</P> <P>(x) The credit under section 45 (relating to overpayments of tax).</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Joint returns.</E> (1) A husband and wife who file a joint return may elect not to show the tax on such return in accordance with the rules prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.</P> <P>(2) The tax computed for a husband and wife who elect pursuant to this section not to show their tax on their joint income tax return shall be the lesser of the following amounts:</P> <P>(i) A tax computed as though the return of income constituted a joint return, or</P> <P>(ii) If sufficient information is provided for the taxable income of each spouse to be determined, a tax computed as though the return of income constituted the separate returns of the spouses.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Married individuals filing separate returns.</E> This section shall apply to married individuals filing separate returns unless otherwise provided in the instructions accompanying a return. The instructions may require the taxpayer to attach to his return a statement to the effect that his tax and the tax of his spouse were determined in accordance with the rules of sections 141(d) and 142(a).</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Revocation of election.</E> An election pursuant to this section may be revoked on an amended return (whether such return is filed before or after the date prescribed in section 6072(a) for filing the original return).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7102, 36 FR 5497, Mar. 24, 1971, as amended by T.D. 7298, 38 FR 35234, Dec. 26, 1973; T.D. 7391, 40 FR 55856, Dec. 2, 1975]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <P>This section lists captions contained in §§ 1.6015-1 through 1.6015-9. </P> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-1Relief from joint and several liability on a joint return.</HD> <EXTRACT> <P>(a) In general.</P> <P>(b) Duress.</P> <P>(c) Prior closing agreement or offer in compromise.</P> <P>(1) In general.</P> <P>(2) Exception for agreements relating to TEFRA partnership proceedings.</P> <P>(3) Examples.</P> <P>(d) Fraudulent scheme.</P> <P>(e) Res judicata and collateral estoppel.</P> <P>(f) Community property laws.</P> <P>(1) In general.</P> <P>(2) Example.</P> <P>(g) Scope of this section and §§ 1.6015-2 through 1.6015-9.</P> <P>(h) Definitions.</P> <P>(1) Requesting spouse.</P> <P>(2) Nonrequesting spouse.</P> <P>(3) Item.</P> <P>(4) Erroneous item.</P> <P>(5) Election or request.</P> <P>(i) [Reserved]</P> <P>(j) Transferee liability.</P> <P>(1) In general.</P> <P>(2) Example.</P> </EXTRACT> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-2Relief from liability applicable to all qualifying joint filers.</HD> <EXTRACT> <P>(a) In general.</P> <P>(b) Understatement.</P> <P>(c) Knowledge or reason to know.</P> <P>(d) Inequity.</P> <P>(e) Partial relief.</P> <P>(1) In general.</P> <P>(2) Example.</P> </EXTRACT> <PRTPAGE P="94"/> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-3Allocation of liability for individuals who are no longer married, are legally separated, or are not members of the same household.</HD> <EXTRACT> <P>(a) Election to allocate liability.</P> <P>(b) Definitions.</P> <P>(1) Divorced.</P> <P>(2) Legally separated.</P> <P>(3) Members of the same household.</P> <P>(i) Temporary absences.</P> <P>(ii) Separate dwellings.</P> <P>(c) Limitations.</P> <P>(1) No refunds.</P> <P>(2) Actual knowledge.</P> <P>(i) In general.</P> <P>(A) Omitted income.</P> <P>(B) Deduction or credit.</P> <P>(<E T="03">1</E>) Erroneous deductions in general.</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) Fictitious or inflated deduction.</P> <P>(ii) Partial knowledge.</P> <P>(iii) Knowledge of the source not sufficient.</P> <P>(iv) Factors supporting actual knowledge.</P> <P>(v) Abuse exception.</P> <P>(3) Disqualified asset transfers.</P> <P>(i) In general.</P> <P>(ii) Disqualified asset defined.</P> <P>(iii) Presumption.</P> <P>(4) Examples.</P> <P>(d) Allocation.</P> <P>(1) In general.</P> <P>(2) Allocation of erroneous items.</P> <P>(i) Benefit on the return.</P> <P>(ii) Fraud.</P> <P>(iii) Erroneous items of income.</P> <P>(iv) Erroneous deduction items.</P> <P>(3) Burden of proof.</P> <P>(4) General allocation method.</P> <P>(i) Proportionate allocation.</P> <P>(ii) Separate treatment items.</P> <P>(iii) Child's liability.</P> <P>(iv) Allocation of certain items.</P> <P>(A) Alternative minimum tax.</P> <P>(B) Accuracy-related and fraud penalties.</P> <P>(5) Examples.</P> <P>(6) Alternative allocation methods.</P> <P>(i) Allocation based on applicable tax rates.</P> <P>(ii) Allocation methods provided in subsequent published guidance.</P> <P>(iii) Example. </P> </EXTRACT> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-4Equitable relief.</HD> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-5Time and manner for requesting relief.</HD> <EXTRACT> <P>(a) Requesting relief.</P> <P>(b) Time period for filing a request for relief.</P> <P>(1) In general.</P> <P>(2) Definitions.</P> <P>(i) Collection activity.</P> <P>(ii) Section 6330 notice.</P> <P>(3) Requests for relief made before commencement of collection activity.</P> <P>(4) Examples.</P> <P>(5) Premature requests for relief.</P> <P>(c) Effect of a final administrative determination. </P> </EXTRACT> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-6Nonrequesting spouse's notice and opportunity to participate in administrative proceedings.</HD> <EXTRACT> <P>(a) In general.</P> <P>(b) Information submitted.</P> <P>(c) Effect of opportunity to participate.</P> <P>(2) Waiver of the restrictions on collection. </P> </EXTRACT> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-7Tax Court review.</HD> <EXTRACT> <P>(a) In general.</P> <P>(b) Time period for petitioning the Tax Court.</P> <P>(c) Restrictions on collection and suspension of the running of the period of limitations.</P> <P>(1) Restrictions on collection under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3.</P> <P>(2) Waiver of the restrictions on collection.</P> <P>(3) Suspension of the running of the period of limitations.</P> <P>(i) Relief under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3.</P> <P>(ii) Relief under § 1.6015-4.</P> <P>(4) Definitions.</P> <P>(i) Levy.</P> <P>(ii) Proceedings in court.</P> <P>(iii) Assessment to which the election relates. </P> </EXTRACT> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-8 Applicable liabilities.</HD> <EXTRACT> <P>(a) In general.</P> <P>(b) Liabilities paid on or before July 22, 1998.</P> <P>(c) Examples. </P> </EXTRACT> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6015-9 Effective date.</HD> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Relief from joint and several liability on a joint return.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) An individual who qualifies and elects under section 6013 to file a joint Federal income tax return with another individual is jointly and severally liable for the joint Federal income tax liabilities for that year. A spouse or former spouse may be relieved of joint and several liability for Federal income tax for that year under the following three relief provisions:</P> <P>(i) Innocent spouse relief under § 1.6015-2.</P> <P>(ii) Allocation of deficiency under § 1.6015-3.</P> <P>(iii) Equitable relief under § 1.6015-4.</P> <P>(2) A requesting spouse may submit a single claim electing relief under both <PRTPAGE P="95"/>or either §§ 1.6015-2 and 1.6015-3, and requesting relief under § 1.6015-4. However, equitable relief under § 1.6015-4 is available only to a requesting spouse who fails to qualify for relief under §§ 1.6015-2 and 1.6015-3. If a requesting spouse elects the application of either § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3, the Internal Revenue Service will consider whether relief is appropriate under the other elective provision and, to the extent relief is unavailable under either, under § 1.6015-4. If a requesting spouse seeks relief only under § 1.6015-4, the Secretary may not grant relief under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3 in the absence of an affirmative election made by the requesting spouse under either of those sections. If in the course of reviewing a request for relief only under § 1.6015-4, the IRS determines that the requesting spouse may qualify for relief under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3 instead of § 1.6015-4, the Internal Revenue Service will correspond with the requesting spouse to see if the requesting spouse would like to amend his or her request to elect the application of § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3. If the requesting spouse chooses to amend the claim for relief, the requesting spouse must submit an affirmative election under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3. The amended claim for relief will relate back to the original claim for purposes of determining the timeliness of the claim.</P> <P>(3) Relief is not available for liabilities that are required to be reported on a joint Federal income tax return but are not income taxes imposed under Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code (e.g., domestic service employment taxes under section 3510).</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Duress.</E> For rules relating to the treatment of returns signed under duress, see § 1.6013-4(d).</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Prior closing agreement or offer in compromise</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> A requesting spouse is not entitled to relief from joint and several liability under § 1.6015-2, 1.6015-3, or 1.6015-4 for any tax year for which the requesting spouse has entered into a closing agreement with the Commissioner that disposes of the same liability that is the subject of the claim for relief. In addition, a requesting spouse is not entitled to relief from joint and several liability under § 1.6015-2, 1.6015-3, or 1.6015-4 for any tax year for which the requesting spouse has entered into an offer in compromise with the Commissioner. For rules relating to the effect of closing agreements and offers in compromise, see sections 7121 and 7122, and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Exception for agreements relating to TEFRA partnership proceedings.</E> The rule in paragraph (c)(1) of this section regarding the unavailability of relief from joint and several liability when the liability to which the claim for relief relates was the subject of a prior closing agreement entered into by the requesting spouse, shall not apply to an agreement described in section 6224(c) with respect to partnership items (or any penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount that relates to adjustments to partnership items) that is entered into while the requesting spouse is a party to a pending partnership-level proceeding conducted under the provisions of subchapter C of chapter 63 of subtitle F of the Internal Revenue Code (TEFRA partnership proceeding). If, however, a requesting spouse enters into a closing agreement pertaining to any penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount that relates to adjustments to partnership items, at a time when the requesting spouse is not a party to a pending TEFRA partnership proceeding (<E T="03">e.g.,</E> in connection with an affected items proceeding), then the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) shall apply. Similarly, if a requesting spouse enters into a closing agreement with respect to both partnership items (including affected items) and nonpartnership items, while the requesting spouse is a party to a pending TEFRA partnership proceeding, the provisions of paragraph (c)(1) shall apply to the portion of the closing agreement that relates to nonpartnership items and the provisions of this paragraph (c)(2) shall apply to the remainder of the closing agreement.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The following examples illustrate the rules of this paragraph (c): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>H and W file joint returns for taxable years 2002-2004, on which they claim losses attributable to H's limited partnership interest in Partnership A. In January 2006, the Internal Revenue Service commences an audit under the provisions of subchapter C of <PRTPAGE P="96"/>chapter 63 of subtitle F of the Internal Revenue Code (TEFRA partnership proceeding) regarding Partnership A's 2002-2004 taxable years, and sends H and W a notice under section 6223(a)(1). In September 2007, H files a bankruptcy petition under chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code and receives a discharge in April 2008. In August 2008, H and W enter into a closing agreement with the Internal Revenue Service, in which H and W agree to the disallowance of some of the claimed losses from Partnership A for taxable years 2002 through 2007. W may not later claim relief from joint and several liability under section 6015 as to the disallowed losses attributable to Partnership A for taxable years 2002 to 2007. This is because at the time W entered into the closing agreement, H's partnership items attributable to Partnership A had converted to nonpartnership items as a result of H's filing of the bankruptcy petition. The conversion of H's items also terminated W's status as a partner in the TEFRA partnership proceeding regarding Partnership A. Consequently, the closing agreement did not pertain to partnership items and W was not a party to a pending partnership-level proceeding regarding Partnership A when she entered into the closing agreement. Accordingly, the exception in paragraph (c)(2) of this section for agreements relating to TEFRA partnership proceedings does not apply. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>H and W file a joint return for taxable year 2002, on which they claim $25,000 in losses attributable to H's general partnership interest in Partnership B. In November 2003, the Service proposes a deficiency in tax relating to H's and W's 2002 joint return arising from omitted taxable interest income in the amount of $2,000 that is attributable to H. In July 2005, the Internal Revenue Service commences a TEFRA partnership proceeding regarding Partnership B's 2002 and 2003 taxable years, and sends H and W a notice under section 6223(a)(1). In March 2006, H and W enter into a closing agreement with the Service. The closing agreement provides for the disallowance of the claimed losses from Partnership B in excess of H's and W's out-of-pocket expenditures relating to Partnership B for taxable year 2002 and any subsequent year(s) in which H and W claimed losses from Partnership B. In addition, H and W agree to the imposition of the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662 with respect to the disallowed losses attributable to partnership B. In the closing agreement, H and W also agree to the deficiency resulting from the omitted interest income for taxable year 2002. W may not later claim relief from joint and several liability under section 6015 as to the deficiency in tax attributable to the omitted income of $2,000 for taxable year 2002, because this portion of the closing agreement pertains to nonpartnership items. In contrast, W may claim relief from joint and several liability as to the disallowed losses and accuracy-related penalty attributable to Partnership B for taxable year 2002 or any subsequent year(s). This is because this portion of the closing agreement pertains to partnership and affected items and was entered into at a time when W was a party to the pending partnership-level proceeding regarding Partnership B. Consequently, W never had the opportunity to raise the innocent spouse defense in the course of that TEFRA partnership proceeding. (See § 1.6015-5(b)(5) relating to premature claims).</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(d) <E T="03">Fraudulent scheme.</E> If the Secretary establishes that a spouse transferred assets to the other spouse as part of a fraudulent scheme, relief is not available under section 6015, and section 6013(d)(3) applies to the return. For purposes of this section, a fraudulent scheme includes a scheme to defraud the Service or another third party, including, but not limited to, creditors, ex-spouses, and business partners.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Res judicata and collateral estoppel.</E> A requesting spouse is barred from relief from joint and several liability under section 6015 by res judicata for any tax year for which a court of competent jurisdiction has rendered a final decision on the requesting spouse's tax liability if relief under section 6015 was at issue in the prior proceeding, or if the requesting spouse meaningfully participated in that proceeding and could have raised relief under section 6015. A requesting spouse has not meaningfully participated in a prior proceeding if, due to the effective date of section 6015, relief under section 6015 was not available in that proceeding. Also, any final decisions rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction regarding issues relevant to section 6015 are conclusive and the requesting spouse may be collaterally estopped from relitigating those issues.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Community property laws</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> In determining whether relief is available under § 1.6015-2, 1.6015-3, or 1.6015-4, items of income, credits, and deductions are generally allocated to the spouses without regard to the operation of community property laws. An erroneous item is attributed to the individual whose activities gave rise to such item. See § 1.6015-3(d)(2).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Example.</E> The following example illustrates the rule of this paragraph (f): </P> <EXAMPLE> <PRTPAGE P="97"/> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>(i) H and W are married and have lived in State A (a community property state) since 1987. On April 15, 2003, H and W file a joint Federal income tax return for the 2002 taxable year. In August 2005, the Internal Revenue Service proposes a $17,000 deficiency with respect to the 2002 joint return. A portion of the deficiency is attributable to $20,000 of H's unreported interest income from his individual bank account. The remainder of the deficiency is attributable to $30,000 of W's disallowed business expense deductions. Under the laws of State A, H and W each own <FR>1/2</FR> of all income earned and property acquired during the marriage.</P> <P>(ii) In November 2005, H and W divorce and W timely elects to allocate the deficiency. Even though the laws of State A provide that <FR>1/2</FR> of the interest income is W's, for purposes of relief under this section, the $20,000 unreported interest income is allocable to H, and the $30,000 disallowed deduction is allocable to W. The community property laws of State A are not considered in allocating items for this purpose. </P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(g) <E T="03">Scope of this section and §§ 1.6015-2 through 1.6015-9</E>. This section and §§ 1.6015-2 through 1.6015-9 do not apply to any portion of a liability for any taxable year for which a claim for credit or refund is barred by operation of law or rule of law.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Definitions</E>—(1) <E T="03">Requesting spouse.</E> A requesting spouse is an individual who filed a joint return and elects relief from Federal income tax liability arising from that return under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3, or requests relief from Federal income tax liability arising from that return under § 1.6015-4.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Nonrequesting spouse.</E> A nonrequesting spouse is the individual with whom the requesting spouse filed the joint return for the year for which relief from liability is sought.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Item.</E> An item is that which is required to be separately listed on an individual income tax return or any required attachments. Items include, but are not limited to, gross income, deductions, credits, and basis.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Erroneous item.</E> An erroneous item is any item resulting in an understatement or deficiency in tax to the extent that such item is omitted from, or improperly reported (including improperly characterized) on an individual income tax return. For example, unreported income from an investment asset resulting in an understatement or deficiency in tax is an erroneous item. Similarly, ordinary income that is improperly reported as capital gain resulting in an understatement or deficiency in tax is also an erroneous item. In addition, a deduction for an expense that is personal in nature that results in an understatement or deficiency in tax is an erroneous item of deduction. An erroneous item is also an improperly reported item that affects the liability on other returns (e.g., an improper net operating loss that is carried back to a prior year's return). Penalties and interest are not erroneous items. Rather, relief from penalties and interest will generally be determined based on the proportion of the total erroneous items from which the requesting spouse is relieved. If a penalty relates to a particular erroneous item, see § 1.6015-3(d)(4)(iv)(B).</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Election or request.</E> A qualifying election under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3, or request under § 1.6015-4, is the first timely claim for relief from joint and several liability for the tax year for which relief is sought. A qualifying election also includes a requesting spouse's second election to seek relief from joint and several liability for the same tax year under § 1.6015-3 when the additional qualifications of paragraphs (h)(5)(i) and (ii) of this section are met—</P> <P>(i) The requesting spouse did not qualify for relief under § 1.6015-3 when the Internal Revenue Service considered the first election solely because the qualifications of § 1.6015-3(a) were not satisfied; and</P> <P>(ii) At the time of the second election, the qualifications for relief under § 1.6015-3(a) are satisfied.</P> <P>(i) [Reserved]</P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Transferee liability</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> The relief provisions of section 6015 do not negate liability that arises under the operation of other laws. Therefore, a requesting spouse who is relieved of joint and several liability under § 1.6015-2, 1.6015-3, or 1.6015-4 may nevertheless remain liable for the unpaid tax (including additions to tax, penalties, and interest) to the extent provided by Federal or state transferee liability or property laws. For the rules regarding the liability of transferees, see sections 6901 through 6904 and the regulations thereunder. In addition, the requesting spouse's property may <PRTPAGE P="98"/>be subject to collection under Federal or state property laws.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Example.</E> The following example illustrates the rule of this paragraph (j): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>H and W timely file their 1998 joint income tax return on April 15, 1999. H dies in March 2000, and the executor of H's will transfers all of the estate's assets to W. In July 2001, the Internal Revenue Service assesses a deficiency for the 1998 return. The items giving rise to the deficiency are attributable to H. W is relieved of the liability under section 6015, and H's estate remains solely liable. The Internal Revenue Service may seek to collect the deficiency from W to the extent permitted under Federal or state transferee liability or property laws. </P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Relief from liability applicable to all qualifying joint filers.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> A requesting spouse may be relieved of joint and several liability for tax (including additions to tax, penalties, and interest) from an understatement for a taxable year under this section if the requesting spouse elects the application of this section in accordance with §§ 1.6015-1(h)(5) and 1.6015-5, and—</P> <P>(1) A joint return was filed for the taxable year;</P> <P>(2) On the return there is an understatement attributable to erroneous items of the nonrequesting spouse;</P> <P>(3) The requesting spouse establishes that in signing the return he or she did not know and had no reason to know of the understatement; and</P> <P>(4) It is inequitable to hold the requesting spouse liable for the deficiency attributable to the understatement.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Understatement.</E> The term <E T="03">understatement</E> has the meaning given to such term by section 6662(d)(2)(A) and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Knowledge or reason to know.</E> A requesting spouse has knowledge or reason to know of an understatement if he or she actually knew of the understatement, or if a reasonable person in similar circumstances would have known of the understatement. For rules relating to a requesting spouse's actual knowledge, see § 1.6015-3(c)(2). All of the facts and circumstances are considered in determining whether a requesting spouse had reason to know of an understatement. The facts and circumstances that are considered include, but are not limited to, the nature of the erroneous item and the amount of the erroneous item relative to other items; the couple's financial situation; the requesting spouse's educational background and business experience; the extent of the requesting spouse's participation in the activity that resulted in the erroneous item; whether the requesting spouse failed to inquire, at or before the time the return was signed, about items on the return or omitted from the return that a reasonable person would question; and whether the erroneous item represented a departure from a recurring pattern reflected in prior years' returns (e.g., omitted income from an investment regularly reported on prior years' returns).</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Inequity.</E> All of the facts and circumstances are considered in determining whether it is inequitable to hold a requesting spouse jointly and severally liable for an understatement. One relevant factor for this purpose is whether the requesting spouse significantly benefitted, directly or indirectly, from the understatement. A significant benefit is any benefit in excess of normal support. Evidence of direct or indirect benefit may consist of transfers of property or rights to property, including transfers that may be received several years after the year of the understatement. Thus, for example, if a requesting spouse receives property (including life insurance proceeds) from the nonrequesting spouse that is beyond normal support and traceable to items omitted from gross income that are attributable to the nonrequesting spouse, the requesting spouse will be considered to have received significant benefit from those items. Other factors that may also be taken into account, if the situation warrants, include the fact that the requesting spouse has been deserted by the nonrequesting spouse, the fact that the spouses have been divorced or separated, or that the requesting spouse received benefit on the return from the understatement. For guidance concerning the criteria to be used in determining whether it is inequitable to hold a requesting spouse jointly and severally liable under this section, see <PRTPAGE P="99"/>Rev. Proc. 2000-15 (2000-1 C.B. 447), or other guidance published by the Treasury and IRS (see § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter).</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Partial relief</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> If a requesting spouse had no knowledge or reason to know of only a portion of an erroneous item, the requesting spouse may be relieved of the liability attributable to that portion of that item, if all other requirements are met with respect to that portion.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Example.</E> The following example illustrates the rules of this paragraph (e): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>H and W are married and file their 2004 joint income tax return in March 2005. In April 2006, H is convicted of embezzling $2 million from his employer during 2004. H kept all of his embezzlement income in an individual bank account, and he used most of the funds to support his gambling habit. H and W had a joint bank account into which H and W deposited all of their reported income. Each month during 2004, H transferred an additional $10,000 from the individual account to H and W's joint bank account. W paid the household expenses using this joint account, and regularly received the bank statements relating to the account. W had no knowledge or reason to know of H's embezzling activities. However, W did have knowledge and reason to know of $120,000 of the $2 million of H's embezzlement income at the time she signed the joint return because that amount passed through the couple's joint bank account. Therefore, W may be relieved of the liability arising from $1,880,000 of the unreported embezzlement income, but she may not be relieved of the liability for the deficiency arising from $120,000 of the unreported embezzlement income of which she knew and had reason to know.</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Allocation of deficiency for individuals who are no longer married, are legally separated, or are not members of the same household.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Election to allocate deficiency.</E> A requesting spouse may elect to allocate a deficiency if, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, the requesting spouse is divorced, widowed, or legally separated, or has not been a member of the same household as the nonrequesting spouse at any time during the 12-month period ending on the date an election for relief is filed. For purposes of this section, the marital status of a deceased requesting spouse will be determined on the earlier of the date of the election or the date of death in accordance with section 7703(a)(1). Subject to the restrictions of paragraph (c) of this section, an eligible requesting spouse who elects the application of this section in accordance with §§ 1.6015-1(h)(5) and 1.6015-5 generally may be relieved of joint and several liability for the portion of any deficiency that is allocated to the nonrequesting spouse pursuant to the allocation methods set forth in paragraph (d) of this section. Relief may be available to both spouses filing the joint return if each spouse is eligible for and elects the application of this section.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Definitions</E>—(1) <E T="03">Divorced.</E> A determination of whether a requesting spouse is divorced for purposes of this section will be made in accordance with section 7703 and the regulations thereunder. Such determination will be made as of the date the election is filed.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Legally separated.</E> A determination of whether a requesting spouse is legally separated for purposes of this section will be made in accordance with section 7703 and the regulations thereunder. Such determination will be made as of the date the election is filed.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Members of the same household</E>—(i) <E T="03">Temporary absences.</E> A requesting spouse and a nonrequesting spouse are considered members of the same household during either spouse's temporary absences from the household if it is reasonable to assume that the absent spouse will return to the household, and the household or a substantially equivalent household is maintained in anticipation of such return. Examples of temporary absences may include, but are not limited to, absence due to incarceration, illness, business, vacation, military service, or education.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Separate dwellings.</E> A husband and wife who reside in the same dwelling are considered members of the same household. In addition, a husband and wife who reside in two separate dwellings are considered members of the same household if the spouses are not estranged or one spouse is temporarily absent from the other's household within the meaning of paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section.<PRTPAGE P="100"/> </P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Limitations</E>—(1) <E T="03">No refunds.</E> Relief under this section is only available for unpaid liabilities resulting from understatements of liability. Refunds are not authorized under this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Actual knowledge</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> If, under section 6015(c)(3)(C), the Secretary demonstrates that, at the time the return was signed, the requesting spouse had actual knowledge of an erroneous item that is allocable to the nonrequesting spouse, the election to allocate the deficiency attributable to that item is invalid, and the requesting spouse remains liable for the portion of the deficiency attributable to that item. The Service, having both the burden of production and the burden of persuasion, must establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the requesting spouse had actual knowledge of the erroneous item in order to invalidate the election.</P> <P>(A) <E T="03">Omitted income.</E> In the case of omitted income, knowledge of the item includes knowledge of the receipt of the income. For example, assume W received $5,000 of dividend income from her investment in X Co. but did not report it on the joint return. H knew that W received $5,000 of dividend income from X Co. that year. H had actual knowledge of the erroneous item (i.e., $5,000 of unreported dividend income from X Co.), and no relief is available under this section for the deficiency attributable to the dividend income from X Co. This rule applies equally in situations where the other spouse has unreported income although the spouse does not have an actual receipt of cash (e.g., dividend reinvestment or a distributive share from a flow-through entity shown on Schedule K-1, “Partner's Share of Income, Credits, Deductions, etc.”).</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Deduction or credit</E>—(<E T="03">1</E>) <E T="03">Erroneous deductions in general.</E> In the case of an erroneous deduction or credit, knowledge of the item means knowledge of the facts that made the item not allowable as a deduction or credit.</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) <E T="03">Fictitious or inflated deduction.</E> If a deduction is fictitious or inflated, the IRS must establish that the requesting spouse actually knew that the expenditure was not incurred, or not incurred to that extent.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Partial knowledge.</E> If a requesting spouse had actual knowledge of only a portion of an erroneous item, then relief is not available for that portion of the erroneous item. For example, if H knew that W received $1,000 of dividend income and did not know that W received an additional $4,000 of dividend income, relief would not be available for the portion of the deficiency attributable to the $1,000 of dividend income of which H had actual knowledge. A requesting spouse's actual knowledge of the proper tax treatment of an item is not relevant for purposes of demonstrating that the requesting spouse had actual knowledge of an erroneous item. For example, assume H did not know W's dividend income from X Co. was taxable, but knew that W received the dividend income. Relief is not available under this section. In addition, a requesting spouse's knowledge of how an erroneous item was treated on the tax return is not relevant to a determination of whether the requesting spouse had actual knowledge of the item. For example, assume that H knew of W's dividend income, but H failed to review the completed return and did not know that W omitted the dividend income from the return. Relief is not available under this section.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Knowledge of the source not sufficient.</E> Knowledge of the source of an erroneous item is not sufficient to establish actual knowledge. For example, assume H knew that W owned X Co. stock, but H did not know that X Co. paid dividends to W that year. H's knowledge of W's ownership in X Co. is not sufficient to establish that H had actual knowledge of the dividend income from X Co. In addition, a requesting spouse's actual knowledge may not be inferred when the requesting spouse merely had reason to know of the erroneous item. Even if H's knowledge of W's ownership interest in X Co. indicates a reason to know of the dividend income, actual knowledge of such dividend income cannot be inferred from H's reason to know. Similarly, the IRS need not establish that a requesting spouse knew of the source of an erroneous item in order to establish that the requesting spouse had actual knowledge of the item itself. For example, assume H knew that W received <PRTPAGE P="101"/>$1,000, but he did not know the source of the $1,000. W and H omit the $1,000 from their joint return. H has actual knowledge of the item giving rise to the deficiency ($1,000), and relief is not available under this section.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Factors supporting actual knowledge</E>. To demonstrate that a requesting spouse had actual knowledge of an erroneous item at the time the return was signed, the IRS may rely upon all of the facts and circumstances. One factor that may be relied upon in demonstrating that a requesting spouse had actual knowledge of an erroneous item is whether the requesting spouse made a deliberate effort to avoid learning about the item in order to be shielded from liability. This factor, together with all other facts and circumstances, may demonstrate that the requesting spouse had actual knowledge of the item, and the requesting spouse's election would be invalid with respect to that entire item. Another factor that may be relied upon in demonstrating that a requesting spouse had actual knowledge of an erroneous item is whether the requesting spouse and the nonrequesting spouse jointly owned the property that resulted in the erroneous item. Joint ownership is a factor supporting a finding that the requesting spouse had actual knowledge of an erroneous item. For purposes of this paragraph, a requesting spouse will not be considered to have had an ownership interest in an item based solely on the operation of community property law. Rather, a requesting spouse who resided in a community property state at the time the return was signed will be considered to have had an ownership interest in an item only if the requesting spouse's name appeared on the ownership documents, or there otherwise is an indication that the requesting spouse asserted dominion and control over the item. For example, assume H and W live in State A, a community property state. After their marriage, H opens a bank account in his name. Under the operation of the community property laws of State A, W owns <FR>1/2</FR> of the bank account. However, W does not have an ownership interest in the account for purposes of this paragraph (c)(2)(iv) because the account is not held in her name and there is no other indication that she asserted dominion and control over the item.</P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Abuse exception</E>. If the requesting spouse establishes that he or she was the victim of domestic abuse prior to the time the return was signed, and that, as a result of the prior abuse, the requesting spouse did not challenge the treatment of any items on the return for fear of the nonrequesting spouse's retaliation, the limitation on actual knowledge in this paragraph (c) will not apply. However, if the requesting spouse involuntarily executed the return, the requesting spouse may choose to establish that the return was signed under duress. In such a case, § 1.6013-4(d) applies.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Disqualified asset transfers</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general</E>. The portion of the deficiency for which a requesting spouse is liable is increased (up to the entire amount of the deficiency) by the value of any disqualified asset that was transferred to the requesting spouse. For purposes of this paragraph (c)(3), the value of a disqualified asset is the fair market value of the asset on the date of the transfer.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Disqualified asset defined</E>. A disqualified asset is any property or right to property that was transferred from the nonrequesting spouse to the requesting spouse if the principal purpose of the transfer was the avoidance of tax or payment of tax (including additions to tax, penalties, and interest).</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Presumption</E>. Any asset transferred from the nonrequesting spouse to the requesting spouse during the 12-month period before the mailing date of the first letter of proposed deficiency (e.g., a 30-day letter or, if no 30-day letter is mailed, a notice of deficiency) is presumed to be a disqualified asset. The presumption also applies to any asset that is transferred from the nonrequesting spouse to the requesting spouse after the mailing date of the first letter of proposed deficiency. The presumption does not apply, however, if the requesting spouse establishes that the asset was transferred pursuant to a decree of divorce or separate maintenance or a written instrument incident to such a decree. If the presumption does not apply, but the Internal Revenue Service can establish that the purpose of the transfer was the avoidance of tax or payment of tax, the <PRTPAGE P="102"/>asset will be disqualified, and its value will be added to the amount of the deficiency for which the requesting spouse remains liable. If the presumption applies, a requesting spouse may still rebut the presumption by establishing that the principal purpose of the transfer was not the avoidance of tax or payment of tax.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Examples</E>. The following examples illustrate the rules in this paragraph (c): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Actual knowledge of an erroneous item</E>. (i) H and W file their 2001 joint Federal income tax return on April 15, 2002. On the return, H and W report W's self-employment income, but they do not report W's self-employment tax on that income. H and W divorce in July 2003. In August 2003, H and W receive a 30-day letter from the Internal Revenue Service proposing a deficiency with respect to W's unreported self-employment tax on the 2001 return. On November 4, 2003, H files an election to allocate the deficiency to W. The erroneous item is the self-employment income, and it is allocable to W. H knows that W earned income in 2001 as a self-employed musician, but he does not know that self-employment tax must be reported on and paid with a joint return.</P> <P>(ii) H's election to allocate the deficiency to W is invalid because, at the time H signed the joint return, H had actual knowledge of W's self-employment income. The fact that H was unaware of the tax consequences of that income (i.e., that an individual is required to pay self-employment tax on that income) is not relevant.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Actual knowledge not inferred from a requesting spouse's reason to know</E>. (i) H has long been an avid gambler. H supports his gambling habit and keeps all of his gambling winnings in an individual bank account, held solely in his name. W knows about H's gambling habit and that he keeps a separate bank account, but she does not know whether he has any winnings because H does not tell her, and she does not otherwise know of H's bank account transactions. H and W file their 2001 joint Federal income tax return on April 15, 2002. On October 31, 2003, H and W receive a 30-day letter proposing a $100,000 deficiency relating to H's unreported gambling income. In February 2003, H and W divorce, and in March 2004, W files an election under section 6015(c) to allocate the $100,000 deficiency to H.</P> <P>(ii) While W may have had reason to know of the gambling income because she knew of H's gambling habit and separate account, W did not have actual knowledge of the erroneous item (i.e., the gambling winnings). The Internal Revenue Service may not infer actual knowledge from W's reason to know of the income. Therefore, W's election to allocate the $100,000 deficiency to H is valid. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 3.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Actual knowledge and failure to review return.</E> (i) H and W are legally separated. In February 1999, W signs a blank joint Federal income tax return for 1998 and gives it to H to fill out. The return was timely filed on April 15, 1999. In September 2001, H and W receive a 30-day letter proposing a deficiency relating to $100,000 of unreported dividend income received by H with respect to stock of ABC Co. owned by H. W knew that H received the $100,000 dividend payment in August 1998, but she did not know whether H reported that payment on the joint return.</P> <P>(ii) On January 30, 2002, W files an election to allocate the deficiency from the 1998 return to H. W claims she did not review the completed joint return, and therefore, she had no actual knowledge that there was an understatement of the dividend income. W's election to allocate the deficiency to H is invalid because she had actual knowledge of the erroneous item (dividend income from ABC Co.) at the time she signed the return. The fact that W signed a blank return is irrelevant. The result would be the same if W had not reviewed the completed return or if W had reviewed the completed return and had not noticed that the item was omitted.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 4.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Actual knowledge of an erroneous item of income.</E> (i) H and W are legally separated. In June 2004, a deficiency is proposed with respect to H's and W's 2002 joint Federal income tax return that is attributable to $30,000 of unreported income from H's plumbing business that should have been reported on a Schedule C. No Schedule C was attached to the return. At the time W signed the return, W knew that H had a plumbing business but did not know whether H received any income from the business. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the $30,000 of unreported plumbing income is valid.</P> <P>(ii) Assume the same facts as in paragraph (i) of this <E T="03">Example 5</E> except that, at the time W signed the return, W knew that H received $20,000 of plumbing income. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the $20,000 of unreported plumbing income (of which W had actual knowledge) is invalid. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the $10,000 of unreported plumbing income (of which W did not have actual knowledge) is valid.</P> <P>(iii) Assume the same facts as in paragraph (i) of this <E T="03">Example 5</E> except that, at the time W signed the return, W did not know the exact amount of H's plumbing income. W did know, however, that H received at least $8,000 of plumbing income. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to $8,000 of unreported plumbing income (of which W had actual knowledge) is invalid. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency <PRTPAGE P="103"/>attributable to the remaining $22,000 of unreported plumbing income (of which W did not have actual knowledge) is valid.</P> <P>(iv) Assume the same facts as in paragraph (i) of this <E T="03">Example 5</E> except that H reported $26,000 of plumbing income on the return and omitted $4,000 of plumbing income from the return. At the time W signed the return, W knew that H was a plumber, but she did not know that H earned more than $26,000 that year. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the $4,000 of unreported plumbing income is valid because she did not have actual knowledge that H received plumbing income in excess of $26,000.</P> <P>(v) Assume the same facts as in paragraph (i) of this <E T="03">Example 5</E> except that H reported only $20,000 of plumbing income on the return and omitted $10,000 of plumbing income from the return. At the time W signed the return, W knew that H earned at least $26,000 that year as a plumber. However, W did not know that, in reality, H earned $30,000 that year as a plumber. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the $6,000 of unreported plumbing income (of which W had actual knowledge) is invalid. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the $4,000 of unreported plumbing income (of which W did not have actual knowledge) is valid. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 5.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Actual knowledge of a deduction that is an erroneous item</E>. (i) H and W are legally separated. In February 2005, a deficiency is asserted with respect to their 2002 joint Federal income tax return. The deficiency is attributable to a disallowed $1,000 deduction for medical expenses H claimed he incurred. At the time W signed the return, W knew that H had not incurred any medical expenses. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the disallowed medical expense deduction is invalid because W had actual knowledge that H had not incurred any medical expenses.</P> <P>(ii) Assume the same facts as in paragraph (i) of this <E T="03">Example 6</E> except that, at the time W signed the return, W did not know whether H had incurred any medical expenses. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the disallowed medical expense deduction is valid because she did not have actual knowledge that H had not incurred any medical expenses.</P> <P>(iii) Assume the same facts as in paragraph (i) of this <E T="03">Example 6</E> except that the Internal Revenue Service disallowed $400 of the $1,000 medical expense deduction. At the time W signed the return, W knew that H had incurred some medical expenses but did not know the exact amount. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the disallowed medical expense deduction is valid because she did not have actual knowledge that H had not incurred medical expenses (in excess of the floor amount under section 213(a)) of more than $600.</P> <P>(iv) Assume the same facts as in paragraph (i) of this <E T="03">Example 6</E> except that H claims a medical expense deduction of $10,000 and the Internal Revenue Service disallows $9,600. At the time W signed the return, W knew H had incurred some medical expenses but did not know the exact amount. W also knew that H incurred medical expenses (in excess of the floor amount under section 213(a)) of no more than $1,000. W's election to allocate to H the deficiency attributable to the portion of the overstated deduction of which she had actual knowledge ($9,000) is invalid. W's election to allocate the deficiency attributable to the portion of the overstated deduction of which she had no knowledge ($600) is valid. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 6.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Disqualified asset presumption.</E> (i) H and W are divorced. In May 1999, W transfers $20,000 to H, and in April 2000, H and W receive a 30-day letter proposing a $40,000 deficiency on their 1998 joint Federal income tax return. The liability remains unpaid, and in October 2000, H elects to allocate the deficiency under this section. Seventy-five percent of the net amount of erroneous items are allocable to W, and 25% of the net amount of erroneous items are allocable to H.</P> <P>(ii) In accordance with the proportionate allocation method (see paragraph (d)(4) of this section), H proposes that $30,000 of the deficiency be allocated to W and $10,000 be allocated to himself. H submits a signed statement providing that the principal purpose of the $20,000 transfer was not the avoidance of tax or payment of tax, but he does not submit any documentation indicating the reason for the transfer. H has not overcome the presumption that the $20,000 was a disqualified asset. Therefore, the portion of the deficiency for which H is liable ($10,000) is increased by the value of the disqualified asset ($20,000). H is relieved of liability for $10,000 of the $30,000 deficiency allocated to W, and remains jointly and severally liable for the remaining $30,000 of the deficiency (assuming that H does not qualify for relief under any other provision).</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 7.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Disqualified asset presumption inapplicable.</E> On May 1, 2001, H and W receive a 30-day letter regarding a proposed deficiency on their 1999 joint Federal income tax return relating to unreported capital gain from H's sale of his investment in Z stock. W had no actual knowledge of the stock sale. The deficiency is assessed in November 2001, and in December 2001, H and W divorce. According to a decree of divorce, H must transfer <FR>1/2</FR> of his interest in mutual fund A to W. The transfer takes place in February 2002. In August 2002, W elects to allocate the deficiency to H. Although the transfer of <FR>1/2</FR> of H's interest in mutual fund A took place after the 30-day letter was mailed, the mutual fund interest is not presumed to be a disqualified asset because the transfer of H's interest in <PRTPAGE P="104"/>the fund was made pursuant to a decree of divorce. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 8.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Overcoming the disqualified asset presumption.</E> (i) H and W are married for 25 years. Every September, on W's birthday, H gives W a gift of $500. On February 28, 2002, H and W receive a 30-day letter from the Internal Revenue Service relating to their 1998 joint individual Federal income tax return. The deficiency relates to H's Schedule C business, and W had no knowledge of the items giving rise to the deficiency. H and W are legally separated in June 2003, and, despite the separation, H continues to give W $500 each year for her birthday. H is not required to give such amounts pursuant to a decree of divorce or separate maintenance.</P> <P>(ii) On January 27, 2004, W files an election to allocate the deficiency to H. The $1,500 transferred from H to W from February 28, 2001 (a year before the 30-day letter was mailed) to the present is presumed disqualified. However, W may overcome the presumption that such amounts were disqualified by establishing that such amounts were birthday gifts from H and that she has received such gifts during their entire marriage. Such facts would show that the amounts were not transferred for the purpose of avoidance of tax or payment of tax. </P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(d) <E T="03">Allocation</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> (i) An election to allocate a deficiency limits the requesting spouse's liability to that portion of the deficiency allocated to the requesting spouse pursuant to this section.</P> <P>(ii) Only a requesting spouse may receive relief. A nonrequesting spouse who does not also elect relief under this section remains liable for the entire amount of the deficiency. Even if both spouses elect to allocate a deficiency under this section, there may be a portion of the deficiency that is not allocable, for which both spouses remain jointly and severally liable.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Allocation of erroneous items.</E> For purposes of allocating a deficiency under this section, erroneous items are generally allocated to the spouses as if separate returns were filed, subject to the following four exceptions:</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Benefit on the return.</E> An erroneous item that would otherwise be allocated to the nonrequesting spouse is allocated to the requesting spouse to the extent that the requesting spouse received a tax benefit on the joint return.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Fraud.</E> The Internal Revenue Service may allocate any item between the spouses if the Internal Revenue Service establishes that the allocation is appropriate due to fraud by one or both spouses.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Erroneous items of income.</E> Erroneous items of income are allocated to the spouse who was the source of the income. Wage income is allocated to the spouse who performed the services producing such wages. Items of business or investment income are allocated to the spouse who owned the business or investment. If both spouses owned an interest in the business or investment, the erroneous item of income is generally allocated between the spouses in proportion to each spouse's ownership interest in the business or investment, subject to the limitations of paragraph (c) of this section. In the absence of clear and convincing evidence supporting a different allocation, an erroneous income item relating to an asset that the spouses owned jointly is generally allocated 50% to each spouse, subject to the limitations in paragraph (c) of this section and the exceptions in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section. For rules regarding the effect of community property laws, see § 1.6015-1(f) and paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Erroneous deduction items.</E> Erroneous deductions related to a business or investment are allocated to the spouse who owned the business or investment. If both spouses owned an interest in the business or investment, an erroneous deduction item is generally allocated between the spouses in proportion to each spouse's ownership interest in the business or investment. In the absence of clear and convincing evidence supporting a different allocation, an erroneous deduction item relating to an asset that the spouses owned jointly is generally allocated 50% to each spouse, subject to the limitations in paragraph (c) of this section and the exceptions in paragraph (d)(4) of this section. Deduction items unrelated to a business or investment are also generally allocated 50% to each spouse, unless the evidence shows that a different allocation is appropriate.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Burden of proof.</E> Except for establishing actual knowledge under paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the requesting spouse must prove that all of the qualifications for making an election under this section are satisfied and <PRTPAGE P="105"/>that none of the limitations (including the limitation relating to transfers of disqualified assets) apply. The requesting spouse must also establish the proper allocation of the erroneous items.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">General allocation method</E>—(i) <E T="03">Proportionate allocation.</E> (A) The portion of a deficiency allocable to a spouse is the amount that bears the same ratio to the deficiency as the net amount of erroneous items allocable to the spouse bears to the net amount of all erroneous items. This calculation may be expressed as follows:</P> <GPH DEEP="32" SPAN="2"> <GID>ER18JY02.004</GID> </GPH> <FP>where X = the portion of the deficiency allocable to the spouse.</FP> <P>(B) The proportionate allocation applies to any portion of the deficiency other than—</P> <P>(<E T="03">1</E>) Any portion of the deficiency attributable to erroneous items allocable to the nonrequesting spouse of which the requesting spouse had actual knowledge;</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) Any portion of the deficiency attributable to separate treatment items (as defined in paragraph (d)(4)(ii) of this section);</P> <P>(<E T="03">3</E>) Any portion of the deficiency relating to the liability of a child (as defined in paragraph (d)(4)(iii) of this section) of the requesting spouse or nonrequesting spouse;</P> <P>(<E T="03">4</E>) Any portion of the deficiency attributable to alternative minimum tax under section 55;</P> <P>(<E T="03">5</E>) Any portion of the deficiency attributable to accuracy-related or fraud penalties;</P> <P>(<E T="03">6</E>) Any portion of the deficiency allocated pursuant to alternative allocation methods authorized under paragraph (d)(6) of this section.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Separate treatment items.</E> Any portion of a deficiency that is attributable to an item allocable solely to one spouse and that results from the disallowance of a credit, or a tax or an addition to tax (other than tax imposed by section 1 or section 55) that is required to be included with a joint return (a separate treatment item) is allocated separately to that spouse. If such credit or tax is attributable in whole or in part to both spouses, then the IRS will determine on a case by case basis how such item will be allocated. Once the proportionate allocation is made, the liability for the requesting spouse's separate treatment items is added to the requesting spouse's share of the liability.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Child's liability.</E> Any portion of a deficiency relating to the liability of a child of the requesting and nonrequesting spouse is allocated jointly to both spouses. For purposes of this paragraph, a child does not include the taxpayer's stepson or stepdaughter, unless such child was legally adopted by the taxpayer. If the child is the child of only one of the spouses, and the other spouse had not legally adopted such child, any portion of a deficiency relating to the liability of such child is allocated solely to the parent spouse.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Allocation of certain items</E>—(A) <E T="03">Alternative minium tax.</E> Any portion of a deficiency relating to the alternative minimum tax under section 55 will be allocated appropriately.</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Accuracy-related and fraud penalties.</E> Any accuracy-related or fraud penalties under section 6662 or 6663 are allocated to the spouse whose item generated the penalty.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The following examples illustrate the rules of this paragraph (d). In each example, assume that the requesting spouse or spouses qualify to elect to allocate the deficiency, that any election is timely made, and that the deficiency remains unpaid. In addition, unless otherwise stated, assume that neither spouse has actual knowledge of the erroneous items allocable to the other spouse. The examples are as follows:</P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 1.</E> </HD> <P> <E T="03">Allocation of erroneous items.</E> (i) H and W file a 2003 joint Federal income tax <PRTPAGE P="106"/>return on April 15, 2004. On April 28, 2006, a deficiency is assessed with respect to their 2003 return. Three erroneous items give rise to the deficiency—</P> <P>(A) Unreported interest income, of which W had actual knowledge, from H's and W's joint bank account;</P> <P>(B) A disallowed business expense deduction on H's Schedule C; and</P> <P>(C) A disallowed Lifetime Learning Credit for W's post-secondary education, paid for by W.</P> <P>(ii) H and W divorce in May 2006, and in September 2006, W timely elects to allocate the deficiency. The erroneous items are allocable as follows:</P> <P>(A) The interest income would be allocated <FR>1/2</FR> to H and <FR>1/2</FR> to W, except that W has actual knowledge of it. Therefore, W's election to allocate the portion of the deficiency attributable to this item is invalid, and W remains jointly and severally liable for it.</P> <P>(B) The business expense deduction is allocable to H.</P> <P>(C) The Lifetime Learning Credit is allocable to W. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 2.</E> </HD> <P> <E T="03">Proportionate allocation.</E> (i) W and H timely file their 2001 joint Federal income tax return on April 15, 2002. On August 16, 2004, a $54,000 deficiency is assessed with respect to their 2001 joint return. H and W divorce on October 14, 2004, and W timely elects to allocate the deficiency. Five erroneous items give rise to the deficiency—</P> <P>(A) A disallowed $15,000 business deduction allocable to H;</P> <P>(B) $20,000 of unreported income allocable to H;</P> <P>(C) A disallowed $5,000 deduction for educational expense allocable to H;</P> <P>(D) A disallowed $40,000 charitable contribution deduction allocable to W; and</P> <P>(E) A disallowed $40,000 interest deduction allocable to W.</P> <P>(ii) In total, there are $120,000 worth of erroneous items, of which $80,000 are attributable to W and $40,000 are attributable to H.</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="8,xl100,2,8,r100" COLS="5" OPTS="L0,tp0,p0,8/9,g1,t1,i1"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> </BOXHD> <ROW RUL="s,s,n,s,s"> <ENT I="01"/> <ENT>W's items</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>H's items</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">$40,000</ENT> <ENT>charitable deduction</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>$15,000</ENT> <ENT>business deduction</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">40,000</ENT> <ENT>interest deduction</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>20,000</ENT> <ENT>unreported income</ENT> </ROW> <ROW RUL="s,n,n,s,n"> <ENT I="01"/> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>5,000</ENT> <ENT>education deduction</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">$80,000</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>$40,000</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <P>(iii) The ratio of erroneous items allocable to W to the total erroneous items is <FR>2/3</FR> ($80,000/$120,000). W's liability is limited to $36,000 of the deficiency (<FR>2/3</FR> of $54,000). The Internal Revenue Service may collect up to $36,000 from W and up to $54,000 from H (the total amount collected, however, may not exceed $54,000). If H also made an election, there would be no remaining joint and several liability, and the Internal Revenue Service would be permitted to collect $36,000 from W and $18,000 from H. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 3.</E> </HD> <P> <E T="03">Proportionate allocation with joint erroneous item.</E> (i) On September 4, 2001, W elects to allocate a $3,000 deficiency for the 1998 tax year to H. Three erroneous items give rise to the deficiency—</P> <P>(A) Unreported interest in the amount of $4,000 from a joint bank account;</P> <P>(B) A disallowed deduction for business expenses in the amount of $2,000 attributable to H's business; and</P> <P>(C) Unreported wage income in the amount of $6,000 attributable to W's second job.</P> <P>(ii) The erroneous items total $12,000. Generally, income, deductions, or credits from jointly held property that are erroneous items are allocable 50% to each spouse. However, in this case, both spouses had actual knowledge of the unreported interest income. Therefore, W's election to allocate the portion of the deficiency attributable to this item is invalid, and W and H remain jointly and severally liable for this portion. Assume that this portion is $1,000. W may allocate the remaining $2,000 of the deficiency. </P> </EXAMPLE> <GPOTABLE CDEF="8,xl100,2,8,r100" COLS="5" OPTS="L0,tp0,p0,8/9,g1,t1,i1"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> </BOXHD> <ROW RUL="s,s,n,s,s"> <ENT I="01"/> <ENT>H's items</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>W's items</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">$2,000</ENT> <ENT>business deduction</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>$6,000</ENT> <ENT>wage income</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <EXAMPLE> <P>Total allocable items: $8,000</P> <P>(iii) The ratio of erroneous items allocable to W to the total erroneous items is <FR>3/4</FR> ($6,000/$8,000). W's liability is limited to $1,500 of the deficiency (<FR>3/4</FR> of $2,000) allocated to her. The Internal Revenue Service may collect up to $2,500 from W (<FR>3/4</FR> of the total allocated deficiency plus $1,000 of the deficiency attributable to the joint bank account interest) and up to $3,000 from H (the total amount collected, however, cannot exceed $3,000).<PRTPAGE P="107"/> </P> <P>(iv) Assume H also elects to allocate the 1998 deficiency. H is relieved of liability for <FR>3/4</FR> of the deficiency, which is allocated to W. H's relief totals $1,500 (<FR>3/4</FR> of $2,000). H remains liable for $1,500 of the deficiency (<FR>1/4</FR> of the allocated deficiency plus $1,000 of the deficiency attributable to the joint bank account interest). </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED"> <E T="03">Example 4.</E> </HD> <P> <E T="03">Separate treatment items (STIs).</E> (i) On September 1, 2006, a $28,000 deficiency is assessed with respect to H's and W's 2003 joint return. The deficiency is the result of 4 erroneous items—</P> <P>(A) A disallowed Lifetime Learning Credit of $2,000 attributable to H;</P> <P>(B) A disallowed business expense deduction of $8,000 attributable to H;</P> <P>(C) Unreported income of $24,000 attributable to W; and</P> <P>(D) Unreported self-employment tax of $14,000 attributable to W.</P> <P>(ii) H and W both elect to allocate the deficiency.</P> <P>(iii) The $2,000 Lifetime Learning Credit and the $14,000 self-employment tax are STIs totaling $16,000. The amount of erroneous items included in computing the proportionate allocation ratio is $32,000 ($24,000 unreported income and $8,000 disallowed business expense deduction). The amount of the deficiency subject to proportionate allocation is reduced by the amount of STIs ($28,000−$16,000 = $12,000).</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(iv) Of the $32,000 of proportionate allocation items, $24,000 is allocable to W, and $8,000 is allocable to H.</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="xl75C,2,xl75" COLS="3" OPTS="L0,tp0,p0,8/9,g1,t1,i1"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> </BOXHD> <ROW EXPSTB="00"> <ENT I="01">W's share of allocable items</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>H's share of allocable items</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01"> <FR>3/4</FR> ($24,000/$32,000)</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT> <FR>1/4</FR> ($8,000/$32,000)</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <P>(v) W's liability for the portion of the deficiency subject to proportionate allocation is limited to $9,000 (<FR>3/4</FR> of $12,000) and H's liability for such portion is limited to $3,000 (<FR>1/4</FR> of $12,000).</P> <P>(vi) After the proportionate allocation is completed, the amount of the STIs is added to each spouse's allocated share of the deficiency.</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="8,xl100,2,8,r100" COLS="5" OPTS="L0,tp0,p0,8/9,g1,t1,i1"> <BOXHD> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> <CHED H="1"/> </BOXHD> <ROW RUL="s,s,n,s,s"> <ENT I="01"/> <ENT>W's share of total deficiency</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>H's share of total deficiency</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">$ 9,000</ENT> <ENT>allocated deficiency</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>$3,000</ENT> <ENT>allocated deficiency</ENT> </ROW> <ROW RUL="s,n,n,s,n"> <ENT I="01">14,000</ENT> <ENT>self-employment tax</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT>2,000</ENT> <ENT>Lifetime Learning Credit</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">$23,000</ENT> <ENT/> <ENT/> <ENT>$5,000</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <P>(vii) Therefore, W's liability is limited to $23,000 and H's liability is limited to $5,000.</P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 5.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Requesting spouse receives a benefit on the joint return from the nonrequesting spouse's erroneous item.</E> (i) In 2001, H reports gross income of $4,000 from his business on Schedule C, and W reports $50,000 of wage income. On their 2001 joint Federal income tax return, H deducts $20,000 of business expenses resulting in a net loss from his business of $16,000. H and W divorce in September 2002, and on May 22, 2003, a $5,200 deficiency is assessed with respect to their 2001 joint return. W elects to allocate the deficiency. The deficiency on the joint return results from a disallowance of all of H's $20,000 of deductions.</P> <P>(ii) Since H used only $4,000 of the disallowed deductions to offset gross income from his business, W benefitted from the other $16,000 of the disallowed deductions used to offset her wage income. Therefore, $4,000 of the disallowed deductions are allocable to H and $16,000 of the disallowed deductions are allocable to W. W's liability is limited to $4,160 (<FR>4/5</FR> of $5,200). If H also elected to allocate the deficiency, H's election to allocate the $4,160 of the deficiency to W would be invalid because H had actual knowledge of the erroneous items. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 6.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Calculation of requesting spouse's benefit on the joint return when the nonrequesting spouse's erroneous item is partially disallowed.</E> Assume the same facts as in Example 5, except that H deducts $18,000 for business expenses on the joint return, of which $16,000 are disallowed. Since H used only $2,000 of the $16,000 disallowed deductions to offset gross income from his business, W received benefit on the return from the other $14,000 of the disallowed deductions used to offset her wage income. Therefore, $2,000 of the disallowed deductions are allocable to H and $14,000 of the disallowed deductions are allocable to W. W's liability is limited to $4,550 (<FR>7/8</FR> of $5,200). </P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(6) <E T="03">Alternative allocation methods</E>—(i) <E T="03">Allocation based on applicable tax rates.</E> If a deficiency arises from two or more <PRTPAGE P="108"/>erroneous items that are subject to tax at different rates (e.g., ordinary income and capital gain items), the deficiency will be allocated after first separating the erroneous items into categories according to their applicable tax rate. After all erroneous items are categorized, a separate allocation is made with respect to each tax rate category using the proportionate allocation method of paragraph (d)(4) of this section.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Allocation methods provided in subsequent published guidance.</E> Additional alternative methods for allocating erroneous items under section 6015(c) may be prescribed by the Treasury and IRS in subsequent revenue rulings, revenue procedures, or other appropriate guidance.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Example.</E> The following example illustrates the rules of this paragraph (d)(6): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P> <E T="03">Allocation based on applicable tax rates.</E> H and W timely file their 1998 joint Federal income tax return. H and W divorce in 1999. On July 13, 2001, a $5,100 deficiency is assessed with respect to H's and W's 1998 return. Of this deficiency, $2,000 results from unreported capital gain of $6,000 that is attributable to W and $4,000 of capital gain that is attributable to H (both gains being subject to tax at the 20% marginal rate). The remaining $3,100 of the deficiency is attributable to $10,000 of unreported dividend income of H that is subject to tax at a marginal rate of 31%. H and W both timely elect to allocate the deficiency, and qualify under this section to do so. There are erroneous items subject to different tax rates; thus, the alternative allocation method of this paragraph (d)(6) applies. The three erroneous items are first categorized according to their applicable tax rates, then allocated. Of the total amount of 20% tax rate items ($10,000), 60% is allocable to W and 40% is allocable to H. Therefore, 60% of the $2,000 deficiency attributable to these items (or $1,200) is allocated to W. The remaining 40% of this portion of the deficiency ($800) is allocated to H. The only 31% tax rate item is allocable to H. Accordingly, H is liable for $3,900 of the deficiency ($800 + $3,100), and W is liable for the remaining $1,200. </P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Equitable relief.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) A requesting spouse who files a joint return for which a liability remains unpaid and who does not qualify for full relief under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3 may request equitable relief under this section. The Internal Revenue Service has the discretion to grant equitable relief from joint and several liability to a requesting spouse when, considering all of the facts and circumstances, it would be inequitable to hold the requesting spouse jointly and severally liable.</P> <P>(b) This section may not be used to circumvent the limitation of § 1.6015-3(c)(1) (i.e., no refunds under § 1.6015-3). Therefore, relief is not available under this section to obtain a refund of liabilities already paid, for which the requesting spouse would otherwise qualify for relief under § 1.6015-3.</P> <P>(c) For guidance concerning the criteria to be used in determining whether it is inequitable to hold a requesting spouse jointly and severally liable under this section, see Rev. Proc. 2000-15 (2000-1 C.B. 447), or other guidance published by the Treasury and IRS (see § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Time and manner for requesting relief.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requesting relief.</E> To elect the application of § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3, or to request equitable relief under § 1.6015-4, a requesting spouse must file Form 8857, “Request for Innocent Spouse Relief” (or other specified form); submit a written statement containing the same information required on Form 8857, which is signed under penalties of perjury; or submit information in the manner prescribed by the Treasury and IRS in forms, relevant revenue rulings, revenue procedures, or other published guidance (see § 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter).</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time period for filing a request for relief</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> To elect the application of § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3, or to request equitable relief under § 1.6015-4, a requesting spouse must file Form 8857 or other similar statement with the Internal Revenue Service no later than two years from the date of the first collection activity against the requesting spouse after July 22, 1998, with respect to the joint tax liability.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Definitions</E>—(i) <E T="03">Collection activity.</E> For purposes of this paragraph (b), collection activity means a section 6330 notice; an offset of an overpayment of <PRTPAGE P="109"/>the requesting spouse against a liability under section 6402; the filing of a suit by the United States against the requesting spouse for the collection of the joint tax liability; or the filing of a claim by the United States in a court proceeding in which the requesting spouse is a party or which involves property of the requesting spouse. Collection activity does not include a notice of deficiency; the filing of a Notice of Federal Tax Lien; or a demand for payment of tax. The term <E T="03">property of the requesting spouse,</E> for purposes of this paragraph (b), means property in which the requesting spouse has an ownership interest (other than solely through the operation of community property laws), including property owned jointly with the nonrequesting spouse.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Section 6330 notice.</E> A section 6330 notice refers to the notice sent, pursuant to section 6330, providing taxpayers notice of the Service's intent to levy and of their right to a collection due process (CDP) hearing.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Requests for relief made before commencement of collection activity.</E> An election or request for relief may be made before collection activity has commenced. For example, an election or request for relief may be made in connection with an audit or examination of the joint return or a demand for payment, or pursuant to the CDP hearing procedures under section 6320 in connection with the filing of a Notice of Federal Tax Lien. For more information on the rules regarding collection due process for liens, see the Treasury regulations under section 6320. However, no request for relief may be made before the date specified in paragraph (b)(5) of this section.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The following examples illustrate the rules of this paragraph (b): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>On January 11, 2000, a section 6330 notice is mailed to H and W regarding their 1997 joint Federal income tax liability. The Internal Revenue Service levies on W's employer on June 5, 2000. The Internal Revenue Service levies on H's employer on July 10, 2000. An election or request for relief must be made by January 11, 2002, which is two years after the Internal Revenue Service sent the section 6330 notice.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>The Internal Revenue Service offsets an overpayment against a joint liability for 1995 on January 12, 1998. The offset only partially satisfies the liability. The Internal Revenue Service takes no other collection actions. On July 24, 2001, W elects relief with respect to the unpaid portion of the 1995 liability. W's election is timely because the Internal Revenue Service has not taken any collection activity after July 22, 1998; therefore, the two-year period has not commenced.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 3.</HD> <P>Assume the same facts as in <E T="03">Example 2,</E> except that the Internal Revenue Service sends a section 6330 notice on January 22, 1999. W's election is untimely because it is filed more than two years after the first collection activity after July 22, 1998.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 4.</HD> <P>H and W do not remit full payment with their timely filed joint Federal income tax return for the 1989 tax year. No collection activity is taken after July 22, 1998, until the United States files a suit against both H and W to reduce the tax assessment to judgment and to foreclose the tax lien on their jointly-held business property on July 1, 1999. H elects relief on October 2, 2000. The election is timely because it is made within two years of the filing of a collection suit by the United States against H.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 5.</HD> <P>W files a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition on July 10, 2000. On September 5, 2000, the United States files a proof of claim for her joint 1998 income tax liability. W elects relief with respect to the 1998 liability on August 20, 2002. The election is timely because it is made within two years of the date the United States filed the proof of claim in W's bankruptcy case.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(5) <E T="03">Premature requests for relief.</E> The Internal Revenue Service will not consider premature claims for relief under § 1.6015-2, 1.6015-3, or 1.6015-4. A premature claim is a claim for relief that is filed for a tax year prior to the receipt of a notification of an audit or a letter or notice from the IRS indicating that there may be an outstanding liability with regard to that year. Such notices or letters do not include notices issued pursuant to section 6223 relating to TEFRA partnership proceedings. A premature claim is not considered an election or request under § 1.6015-1(h)(5).</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Effect of a final administrative determination</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> A requesting spouse is entitled to only one final administrative determination of relief under § 1.6015-1 for a given assessment, unless the requesting spouse properly submits a second request for relief that is described in § 1.6015-1(h)(5).<PRTPAGE P="110"/> </P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Example.</E> The following example illustrates the rule of this paragraph (c): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example:</HD> <P>In January 2001, W becomes a limited partner in partnership P, and in February 2001, she starts her own business from which she earns $100,000 of net income for the year. H and W file a joint return for tax year 2001, on which they claim $20,000 in losses from their investment in P, and they omit W's self-employment tax. In March 2003, the Internal Revenue Service commences an audit under the provisions of subchapter C of chapter 63 of subtitle F of the Internal Revenue Code (TEFRA partnership proceeding) and sends H and W a notice under section 6223(a)(1). In September 2003, the Internal Revenue Service audits H's and W's 2001 joint return regarding the omitted self-employment tax. H may file a claim for relief from joint and several liability for the self-employment tax liability because he has received a notification of an audit indicating that there may be an outstanding liability on the joint return. However, his claim for relief regarding the TEFRA partnership proceeding is premature under paragraph (b)(5) of this section. H will have to wait until the Internal Revenue Service sends him a notice of computational adjustment or assesses the liability resulting from the TEFRA partnership proceeding before he files a claim for relief with respect to any such liability. The assessment relating to the TEFRA partnership proceeding is separate from the assessment for the self-employment tax; therefore, H's subsequent claim for relief for the liability from the TEFRA partnership proceeding is not precluded by his previous claim for relief from the self-employment tax liability under this paragraph (c).</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002, as amended at 67 FR 54735, Aug. 26, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Nonrequesting spouse's notice and opportunity to participate in administrative proceedings.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) When the Internal Revenue Service receives an election under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3, or a request for relief under § 1.6015-4, the Internal Revenue Service must send a notice to the nonrequesting spouse's last known address that informs the nonrequesting spouse of the requesting spouse's claim for relief. For further guidance regarding the definition of last known address, see § 301.6212-2 of this chapter. The notice must provide the nonrequesting spouse with an opportunity to submit any information that should be considered in determining whether the requesting spouse should be granted relief from joint and several liability. A nonrequesting spouse is not required to submit information under this section. Upon the request of either spouse, the Internal Revenue Service will share with one spouse the information submitted by the other spouse, unless such information would impair tax administration.</P> <P>(2) The Internal Revenue Service must notify the nonrequesting spouse of the Service's preliminary and final determinations with respect to the requesting spouse's claim for relief under section 6015.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Information submitted.</E> The Internal Revenue Service will consider all of the information (as relevant to each particular relief provision) that the nonrequesting spouse submits in determining whether relief from joint and several liability is appropriate, including information relating to the following—</P> <P>(1) The legal status of the requesting and nonrequesting spouses' marriage;</P> <P>(2) The extent of the requesting spouse's knowledge of the erroneous items or underpayment;</P> <P>(3) The extent of the requesting spouse's knowledge or participation in the family business or financial affairs;</P> <P>(4) The requesting spouse's education level;</P> <P>(5) The extent to which the requesting spouse benefitted from the erroneous items;</P> <P>(6) Any asset transfers between the spouses;</P> <P>(7) Any indication of fraud on the part of either spouse;</P> <P>(8) Whether it would be inequitable, within the meaning of §§ 1.6015-2(d) and 1.6015-4, to hold the requesting spouse jointly and severally liable for the outstanding liability;</P> <P>(9) The allocation or ownership of items giving rise to the deficiency; and</P> <P>(10) Anything else that may be relevant to the determination of whether relief from joint and several liability should be granted.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Effect of opportunity to participate.</E> The failure to submit information pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section does not affect the nonrequesting spouse's ability to seek relief from joint and several liability for the same tax year. However, information that <PRTPAGE P="111"/>the nonrequesting spouse submits pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section is relevant in determining whether relief from joint and several liability is appropriate for the nonrequesting spouse should the nonrequesting spouse also submit an application for relief.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Tax Court review.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general</E>. Requesting spouses may petition the Tax Court to review the denial of relief under § 1.6015-1.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time period for petitioning the Tax Court</E>. Pursuant to section 6015(e), the requesting spouse may petition the Tax Court to review a denial of relief under § 1.6015-1 within 90 days after the date notice of the Service's final determination is mailed by certified or registered mail (90-day period). If the IRS does not mail the requesting spouse a final determination letter within 6 months of the date the requesting spouse files an election under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3, the requesting spouse may petition the Tax Court to review the election at any time after the expiration of the 6-month period, and before the expiration of the 90-day period. The Tax Court also may review a claim for relief if Tax Court jurisdiction has been acquired under another section of the Internal Revenue Code such as section 6213(a) or 6330(d).</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Restrictions on collection and suspension of the running of the period of limitations</E>—(1) <E T="03">Restrictions on collection under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3</E>. Unless the Internal Revenue Service determines that collection will be jeopardized by delay, no levy or proceeding in court shall be made, begun, or prosecuted against a requesting spouse electing the application of § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3 for the collection of any assessment to which the election relates until the expiration of the 90-day period described in paragraph (b) of this section, or if a petition is filed with the Tax Court, until the decision of the Tax Court becomes final under section 7481. For more information regarding the date on which a decision of the Tax Court becomes final, see section 7481 and the regulations thereunder. Notwithstanding the above, if the requesting spouse appeals the Tax Court's decision, the Internal Revenue Service may resume collection of the liability from the requesting spouse on the date the requesting spouse files the notice of appeal, unless the requesting spouse files an appeal bond pursuant to the rules of section 7485. Jeopardy under this paragraph (c)(1) means conditions exist that would require an assessment under section 6851 or 6861 and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Waiver of the restrictions on collection</E>. A requesting spouse may, at any time (regardless of whether a notice of the Service's final determination of relief is mailed), waive the restrictions on collection in paragraph (c)(1) of this section.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Suspension of the running of the period of limitations—</E>(i) <E T="03">Relief under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3.</E> The running of the period of limitations in section 6502 on collection against the requesting spouse of the assessment to which an election under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3 relates is suspended for the period during which the Internal Revenue Service is prohibited by paragraph (c)(1) of this section from collecting by levy or a proceeding in court and for 60 days thereafter. However, if the requesting spouse signs a waiver of the restrictions on collection in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the suspension of the period of limitations in section 6502 on collection against the requesting spouse will terminate on the date that is 60 days after the date the waiver is filed with the Internal Revenue Service.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Relief under § 1.6015-4.</E> If a requesting spouse seeks only equitable relief under § 1.6015-4, the restrictions on collection of paragraph (c)(1) of this section do not apply. Accordingly, the request for relief does not suspend the running of the period of limitations on collection.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Definitions</E>—(i) <E T="03">Levy</E>. For purposes of this paragraph (c), levy means an administrative levy or seizure described by section 6331.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Proceedings in court</E>. For purposes of this paragraph (c), proceedings in court means suits filed by the United States for the collection of Federal tax. Proceedings in court does not refer to the filing of pleadings and claims and other participation by the Internal Revenue Service or the United States <PRTPAGE P="112"/>in suits not filed by the United States, including Tax Court cases, refund suits, and bankruptcy cases.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Assessment to which the election relates</E>. For purposes of this paragraph (c), the assessment to which the election relates is the entire assessment of the deficiency to which the election relates, even if the election is made with respect to only part of that deficiency.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-8</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Applicable liabilities.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general</E>. Section 6015 applies to liabilities that arise after July 22, 1998, and to liabilities that arose prior to July 22, 1998, that were not paid on or before July 22, 1998.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Liabilities paid on or before July 22, 1998</E>. A requesting spouse seeking relief from joint and several liability for amounts paid on or before July 22, 1998, must request relief under section 6013(e) and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Examples</E>. The following examples illustrate the rules of this section: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>H and W file a joint Federal income tax return for 1995 on April 15, 1996. There is an understatement on the return attributable to an omission of H's wage income. On October 15, 1998, H and W receive a 30-day letter proposing a deficiency on the 1995 joint return. W pays the outstanding liability in full on November 30, 1998. In March 1999, W files Form 8857, requesting relief from joint and several liability under section 6015(b). Although W's liability arose prior to July 22, 1998, it was unpaid as of that date. Therefore, section 6015 is applicable. </P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>H and W file their 1995 joint Federal income tax return on April 15, 1996. On October 14, 1997, a deficiency of $5,000 is assessed regarding a disallowed business expense deduction attributable to H. On June 30, 1998, the Internal Revenue Service levies on the $3,000 in W's bank account in partial satisfaction of the outstanding liability. On August 31, 1998, W files a request for relief from joint and several liability. The liability arose prior to July 22, 1998. Section 6015 is applicable to the $2,000 that remained unpaid as of July 22, 1998, and section 6013(e) is applicable to the $3,000 that was paid prior to July 22, 1998. </P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015-9</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Effective date.</SUBJECT> <P>Sections 1.6015-0 through 1.6015-9 are applicable for all elections under § 1.6015-2 or 1.6015-3 or any requests for relief under § 1.6015-4 filed on or after July 18, 2002.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 9003, 67 FR 47285, July 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(a)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Declaration of estimated income tax by individuals.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requirement—</E>(1) <E T="03">Taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971.</E> With respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1971, a declaration of estimated income tax by an individual is not required if the estimated tax (as defined in section 6015(c)) can reasonably be expected to be less than $100. In all other cases a declaration of estimated income tax shall be made by every individual if the following conditions are met and if such individual is not a nonresident alien individual who is excepted under section 6015(i) and § 1.6015(i)-1 from the requirements of making a declaration:</P> <P>(i) The gross income for the taxable year can reasonably be expected to exceed:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> $20,000, in the case of:</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> A single individual including a head of a household (as defined in section 2(b)) or a surviving spouse (as defined in section 2(a)); or</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> A married individual entitled under section 6015(b) to file a joint declaration with his spouse, if his spouse has not received wages (as defined in section 3401(a)) for the taxable year; or</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> $10,000, in the case of a married individual entitled under section 6015(b) to file a joint declaration with his spouse, if both he and his spouse have received wages (as defined in section 3401(a)) for the taxable year; or</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> $5,000, in the case of a married individual not entitled under section 6015(b) to file a joint declaration with his spouse; or</P> <P>(ii) The gross income can reasonably be expected to include more than $500 from sources other than wages (as defined in section 3401(a)).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, and before January 1, 1972.</E> With respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, and before January 1, 1972, a declaration of estimated income tax by an individual is not required if the estimated tax (as defined in section 6015(c)) can reasonably be expected to be less than $40. In <PRTPAGE P="113"/>all other cases a declaration of estimated income tax shall be made by every individual if the following conditions are met and if such individual is not a nonresident alien individual who is excepted under section 6015(i) and § 1.6015(i)-1 from the requirement of making a declaration:</P> <P>(i) The gross income for the taxable year can reasonably be expected to exceed:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> $5,000, in the case of:</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> A single individual other than a head of a household (as defined in section 1(b)(2) for taxable years ending before January 1, 1971, or as defined in section 2(b) of the Code as amended by the Tax Reform Act of 1969 for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1970) or a surviving spouse (as defined in section 2(b) for taxable years ending before January 1, 1971, or as defined in section 2(a) of the Code as amended by the Tax Reform Act of 1969 for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1970);</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> A married individual not entitled under section 6015(b) to file a joint declaration with his spouse; or</P> <P> <E T="03">(3)</E> A married individual entitled under section 6015(b) to file a joint declaration with his spouse, but only if the aggregate gross income of such individual and his spouse for the taxable year can reasonably be expected to exceed $10,000; or</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> $10,000, in the case of:</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> A head of household (as defined in section 1(b)(2) for taxable years ending before January 1, 1971, or as defined in section 2(b) of the Code as amended by the Tax Reform Act of 1969 for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1970); or</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> A surviving spouse (as defined in section 2(b) for taxable years ending before January 1, 1971, or as defined in section 2(a) of the Code as amended by the Tax Reform Act of 1969 for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1970); or</P> <P>(ii) The gross income can reasonably be expected to include more than $200 from sources other than wages (as defined in section 3401(a)).</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Taxable years beginning before January 1, 1967.</E> With respect to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1967, and after December 31, 1960, a declaration of estimated income tax by an individual is not required if the estimated tax (as defined in section 6015(c)) can reasonably be expected to be less than $40. In all other cases a declaration shall be made by every citizen of the United States, whether residing at home or abroad, every individual residing in the United States though not a citizen thereof, every nonresident alien who is a resident of Canada, Mexico, or Puerto Rico and who has wages subject to withholding at the source under section 3402, and every nonresident alien who has been, or expects to be, a resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year, if:</P> <P>(i) The gross income for the taxable year can reasonably be expected to exceed:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> $5,000, in the case of:</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> A single individual other than a head of a household (as defined in section 1(b)(2)); or</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> A married individual not entitled under section 6015(b) to file a joint declaration with his spouse; or</P> <P> <E T="03">(3)</E> A married individual entitled under section 6015(b) to file a joint declaration with his spouse, but only if the aggregate gross income of such individual and his spouse for the taxable year can reasonably be expected to exceed $10,000; or</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> $10,000, in the case of:</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> A head of a household (as defined in section 1(b)(2)); or</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> A surviving spouse (as defined in section 2(b)); or</P> <P>(ii) The gross income can reasonably be expected to include more than $200 from sources other than wages (as defined in section 3401(a)).</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Income of child.</E> In estimating his gross income for the taxable year a parent should not take into account the income of his minor child. Such income is not includible in the gross income of the parent. See section 73 and § 1.73-1.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Exemption of spouse.</E> For the purpose of determining whether a declaration of estimated tax is required under the provisions of paragraph (a)(3) of this section, a married person filing a separate declaration may not take into account the exemption of his spouse, if <PRTPAGE P="114"/>his spouse has, or is reasonably expected to have, gross income, or is reasonably expected to be the dependent of another taxpayer for the taxable year.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Nonresident alien individuals.</E> For the rules exempting certain nonresident alien individuals from the requirement of making a declaration of estimated income tax, see § 1.6015(i)-1.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The application of the provisions of this section may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>H maintains as his home a household which is the principal place of abode of himself and his two dependent children. H's wife died in 1970 and he has not remarried. H and his wife filed a joint return for 1970. H's salary from January 1, to June 30, 1972, is at the annual rate of $18,000. However, effective July 1, 1972, his annual salary is increased to $24,000, and under the facts then existing it is reasonable to assume that his salary for the remaining portion of 1972 will remain unchanged and that his total salary for the year will, therefore, be $21,000. Since H is a surviving spouse (as defined in section 2(a)) and his gross income can reasonably be expected to exceed $20,000, he is required to file a declaration of estimated tax for 1972. Since it was not reasonable to assume that H's gross income for 1972 would exceed $20,000 until July 1972 (after June 1 and before September 2), H is not required to file a declaration until September 15, 1972. However, if H's estimated tax (as defined in section 6015(c)) can reasonably be expected to be less than $100, he is not required to file a declaration of estimated tax. See section 6073 and §§ 1.6073-1 to 1.6073-4, inclusive, for rules as to when a declaration must be filed.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>H, a taxpayer making his return on the calendar year basis, has an annual salary of $12,000 in 1972. W, H's wife, received wages (as defined in section 3401(a)) in December 1972. W did not receive wages prior to December. Assuming that H and W are entitled to file a joint declaration of estimated tax under section 6015(b), H would not be required to file a declaration for 1972 until January 15, 1973, since prior to December 1972 W had not received wages. Since W received wages after September 1, 1972, H must file a declaration on or before January 15, 1973, because, under the rule contained in paragraph (a)(1)(i)<E T="03">(b)</E> of this section, H's gross income could reasonably be expected to exceed $10,000 for 1972. However, no declaration would be required if H's estimated tax (as defined in section 6015(c)) could reasonably be expected to be less than $100. No declaration is required prior to January 15, 1973, because, under the rule contained in paragraph (a)(1)(i)<E T="03">(a)</E>(2) of this section, H's gross income for 1972 could not reasonably be expected to exceed $20,000.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>P is a taxpayer making his return on the calendar year basis. P is engaged in the practice of his profession on his own account and has gross income of $2,000 from such profession for the 2 months of January and February 1972. He reasonably expects that his gross income from his profession will continue to average $1,000 each month throughout the year and that he will have no income from any other source during 1972. Since P has gross income which does not constitute wages subject to withholding, he is required to file a declaration of estimated tax for that year since he has income of more than $500 from sources other than wages, unless he reasonably expects his estimated tax to be less than $100.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (4).</HD> <P>S, a married taxpayer, has been regularly employed for many years. As of January 1, 1972, his weekly wages are $305. For many years, S has also owned stock in a corporation which has regularly paid him annual dividends ranging from $575 to $600. Because his gross income can reasonably be expected to include more than $500 from sources other than wages, S is required to make a declaration of estimated tax for 1972, unless he reasonably expects his estimated tax to be less than $100.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(f) <E T="03">Declarations made by agents.</E> The declaration of income may be made by an agent if, by reason of disease or injury, the person liable for the making of the declaration is unable to make it. The declaration may also be made by an agent if the taxpayer is unable to make the declaration by reason of continuous absence from the United States (including Puerto Rico as if a part of the United States) for a period of at least 60 days prior to the date prescribed by law for making the declaration. In addition, a declaration may be made by an agent if the taxpayer requests permission, in writing, of the district director for the internal revenue district in which is located the legal residence or principal place of business of the person liable for the making of the declaration, and such district director determines that good cause exists for permitting the declaration to be so made. However, assistance in the preparation of the declaration may be rendered under any circumstances. Whenever a declaration is made by an agent it must be accompanied by a power of attorney (or copy thereof) authorizing him to represent his principal in making, executing, or <PRTPAGE P="115"/>filing the declaration. A form 2848, when properly completed, is sufficient. In addition, where one spouse is physically unable by reason of disease or injury to sign a joint declaration, the other spouse may, with the oral consent of the one who is incapacitated, sign the incapacitated spouse's name in the proper place in the declaration followed by the words “By ______, Husband (or Wife)”, and by the signature of the signing spouse in his own right, provided that a dated statement signed by the spouse who is signing the declaration is attached to and made a part of the declaration stating:</P> <P>(1) The name of the declaration being filed,</P> <P>(2) The taxable year,</P> <P>(3) The reason for the inability of the spouse who is incapacitated to sign the declaration, and</P> <P>(4) That the spouse who is incapacitated consented to the signing of the declaration.</P> <FP>The taxpayer and his agent, if any, are responsible for the declaration as made and incur liability for the penalties provided for erroneous, false, or fraudulent declarations.</FP> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6817, 30 FR 4537, Apr. 8, 1965; T.D. 7117, 36 FR 9422, May 25, 1971; T.D. 7274, 38 FR 11345, May 7, 1973; T.D. 7282, 38 FR 19027, July 17, 1973; T.D. 7332, 39 FR 44232, Dec. 23, 1974]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(b)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Joint declaration by husband and wife.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> A husband and wife may make a joint declaration of estimated tax even though they are not living together. However, a joint declaration may not be made if they are separated under a decree of divorce or of separate maintenance. A joint declaration may not be made if the taxpayer's spouse is a nonresident alien (including a nonresident alien who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year) or if his spouse has a different taxable year. If the gross income of each spouse meets the requirements of section 6015(a), either a joint declaration must be made or a separate declaration must be made by each. If a joint declaration is made, the amount estimated as the income tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) must be computed on the aggregate estimated taxable income of the spouses (see section 6013(d)(3) and § 1.2-1), while (for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966) the amount estimated as the self-employment tax imposed by chapter 2 must be computed on the separate estimated self-employment income of each spouse. See sections 1401 and 1402 and § 1.6017-1(b)(1). The liability with respect to the estimated tax, in the case of a joint declaration, shall be joint and several.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Application to separate returns.</E> The fact that a joint declaration of estimated tax is made by them will not preclude a husband and his wife from filing separate returns. In case a joint declaration is made but a joint return is not made for the same taxable year, the payments made on account of the estimated tax for such year may be treated as payments on account of the tax liability of either the husband or wife for the taxable year or may be divided between them in such manner as they may agree. In the event the husband and wife fail to agree to a division, such payments shall be allocated between them in accordance with the following rule. The portion of such payments to be allocated to a spouse shall be that portion of the aggregate of all such payments as the amount of tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) shown on the separate return of the taxpayer (plus, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, the amount of tax imposed by chapter 2 shown on the return of the taxpayer) bears to the sum of the taxes imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) shown on the separate returns of the taxpayer and his spouse (plus, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, the sum of the taxes imposed by chapter 2 shown on the returns of the taxpayer and his spouse). For example, assume that for calendar yedar 1972 H and his Spouse W make a joint declaration of estimated tax and, pursuant thereto, pay a total of $19,500 of estimated tax. H and W subsequenty file separate returns for 1972 showing tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) in the amount of $11,500 and $8,000, respectively. In addition, H's return shows a tax imposed by <PRTPAGE P="116"/>chapter 2 in the amount of $500. H and W fail to agree to a division of the estimated tax paid. The amount of the aggregate estimated tax payments allocated to H is computed as follows:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s25,8" COLS="2" OPTS="L0,6/7"> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(1) Amount of tax, imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) shown on H's return</ENT> <ENT>$11,500</ENT> </ROW> <ROW RUL="n,s"> <ENT I="01">(2) Plus: Amount of tax imposed by chapter 2 shown on H's return</ENT> <ENT>500</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(3) Total taxes imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) and by chapter 2 shown on H's return</ENT> <ENT>12,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW RUL="n,s"> <ENT I="01">(4) Amount of tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) shown on W's return</ENT> <ENT>$8,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW RUL="n,d"> <ENT I="01">(5) Total taxes imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) and by chapter 2 shown on both H's and W's returns</ENT> <ENT>20,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(6) Proportion of such taxes shown on H's return to total amount of such taxes shown on both H's and W's returns ($12,000÷20,000)</ENT> <ENT>60%</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(7) Amount of estimated tax payments allocated to H (60% of $10,500)</ENT> <ENT>$11,700</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>Accordingly, H's return would show remaining tax liability in the amount of $300 ($12,000 taxes shown less $11,700 estimated tax allocated).</FP> <P>(c) <E T="03">Death of spouse.</E> (1) A joint declaration may not be made after the death of either the husband or wife. However, if it is reasonable for a surviving spouse to assume that there will be filed a joint return for himself and the deceased spouse for his taxable year and the last taxable year of the deceased spouse he may, in making a separate declaration for his taxable year which includes the period comprising such last taxable year of his spouse, estimate the amount of the tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) on his and his spouse's taxable income on an aggregate basis and compute his estimated tax with respect to such chapter 1 tax in the same manner as though a joint declaration had been filed.</P> <P>(2) If a joint declaration is made by husband and wife and thereafter one spouse dies, no further payments of estimated tax on account of such joint declaration are required from the estate of the decedent. The surviving spouse, however, shall be liable for the payment of any subsequent installments of the joint estimated tax unless an amended declaration setting forth the separate estimated tax for the taxable year is made by such spouse. Such separate estimated tax shall be paid at the times and in the amounts determined under the rules prescribed in section 6153. For the purpose of (i) the making of such amended declaration by the surviving spouse, and (ii) the allocation of payments made pursuant to a joint declaration between the surviving spouse and the legal representative of the decedent in the event a joint return is not filed, the payments made pursuant to the joint declaration may be divided between the decedent and the surviving spouse in such proportion as the surviving spouse and the legal representative of the decedent may agree. In the event the surviving spouse and the legal representative of the decedent fail to agree to a division, such payments shall be allocated in accordance with the following rule. The portion of such payments to be allocated to the surviving spouse shall be that portion of the aggregate amount of such payments as the amount of tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) shown on the separate return of the surviving spouse (plus, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, the amount of tax imposed by chapter 2 shown on the return of the surviving spouse) bears to the sum imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) shown on the separate returns of the surviving spouse and of the decedent (plus, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, the sum of the taxes imposed by chapter 2 shown on the returns of the surviving spouse and of the decedent); and the balance of such payments shall be allocated to the decedent. This rule may be illustrated by analogizing the surviving spouse described in this rule to H in the example contained in paragraph (b) of this section and the decedent in this rule to W in that example.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Signing of declaration.</E> A joint declaration of a husband and wife (if not made by an agent of one or both spouses) shall be signed by both spouses. The provisions of paragraph (f) of § 1.6015(a)-1, relating to returns made by agents, shall apply where one spouse signs a declaration as agent for the other, or where a third party signs a declaration as agent for one or both spouses.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T. D. 7274, 38 FR 11345, May 7, 1973; T.D. 7427, 41 FR 34027, Aug. 12, 1976]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <PRTPAGE P="117"/> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(c)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Definition of estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> In the case of an individual, the term “estimated tax” means:</P> <P>(1) The amount which the individual estimates as the amount of the income tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than the tax imposed by section 56 or for taxable years ending before September 30, 1968, the tax surcharge imposed by section 51) for the taxable year (and including the amount which he estimates as the amount of any qualified State individual income taxes which are treated pursuant to section 6361(a) as if they were imposed by chapter 1 for the taxable year), plus</P> <P>(2) For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, the amount which the individual estimates as the amount of the self-employment tax imposed by chapter 2 for the taxable year, minus</P> <P>(3) The amount which the individual estimates as the sum of any credits against tax provided by part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1. These credits are those provided by section 31 (relating to tax withheld on wages), section 32 (relating to tax withheld at source on nonresident aliens and foreign corporations and on tax-free covenant bonds), section 33 (relating to foreign taxes), section 34 (relating to the credit for dividends received on or before December 31, 1964), section 35 (relating to partially tax-exempt interest), section 37 (relating to the elderly), section 38 (relating to the investment credit), section 39 (relating to certain uses of gasoline, special fuels, and lubricating oil), section 40 (relating to expenses of work incentive programs), section 41 (relating to contributions to candidates), section 42 (relating to general tax credit), section 43 (relating to earned income), section 44 (relating to purchase of new principal residence), section 44A (relating to expenses for household and dependent care services necessary for gainful employment), section 44B (relating to credit for employment of certain new employees), and section 45 (relating to overpayments of tax), minus,</P> <P>(4) In the case of an individual who is subject to one or more qualified State individual income taxes, the amount which he estimates as the sum of the credits allowed against such taxes pursuant to section 6362(b)(2) (B) or (C) or section 6362(c)(4) and paragraph (c) of § 301.6362-4 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration) (relating to the credit for income taxes of other States or political subdivisions thereof) and paragraph (c)(2) of § 301.6361-1 (relating to the credit for tax withheld from wages on account of qualified State individual income taxes), and minus</P> <P>(5) For taxable years ending after February 29, 1980, the amount which the individual estimates will be the amount of such individual's overpayment of windfall profit tax imposed by section 4986 of the Code for the taxable year. For this purpose, the amount of such overpayment is the amount by which such individual's aggregate windfall profit tax liability for the taxable year as a producer of crude oil is reasonably expected to be exceeded by withholding of windfall profit tax for the taxable year.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Example.</E> A, a self-employed individual not subject to any qualified State individual income tax, estimates that his liabilities for income tax and self-employment tax for 1973 will be $1,600 and $400, respectively. A is required to declare and pay an estimated tax of $2,000 for that year. </P> <SECAUTH>(Secs. 6015, 6154, 6654, 6655, and 7805, Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (96 Stat. 2395 and 2396, 68A Stat. 917; 26 U.S.C. 6015, 6154, 6654, 6655, and 7805))</SECAUTH> <CITA>[T.D. 7577, 43 FR 59358, Dec. 20, 1978, as amended by T.D. 8016, 50 FR 11854, Mar. 26, 1985]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(d)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Contents of declaration of estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) The declaration of estimated tax by an individual shall be made on Form 1040-ES. For the purpose of making the declaration, the amount of gross income which the taxpayer can reasonably be expected to receive or accrue, depending upon the method of accounting upon which taxable income is computed, and the amount of the estimated allowable deductions and credits to be taken into account in computing the amount of estimated tax shall be determined upon <PRTPAGE P="118"/>the basis of the facts and circumstances existing as at the time prescribed for the filing of the declaration as well as those reasonably to be anticipated for the taxable year. If, therefore, the taxpayer is employed at the date prescribed for filing his declaration at a given wage or salary, it should, in the absence of circumstances indicating the contrary, be presumed by him for the purpose of the declaration that such employment will continue to the end of the taxable year at the wage or salary received by him as of such date. In the case of income other than wages and salary the regularity in the payment of income, such as dividends, interest, rents, royalties, and income arising from estates and trusts is a factor to be taken into consideration. Thus, if the taxpayer owns shares of stock in a corporation and dividends have been paid regularly for several years upon such stock, the taxpayer in the preparation of his declaration should, in the absence of information indicating a change in the dividend policy, include the prospective dividends from the corporation for the taxable year as well as those actually received in such year prior to the filing of the declaration. In the case of a taxpayer engaged in business on his own account, there shall be made an estimate of gross income and deductions and credits in the light of the best available information affecting the trade, business, or profession.</P> <P>(2) In the case of any individual who can, at the time of the preparation of his declaration, reasonably anticipate that his gross income will be of such amount and character as to enable him to elect upon his return for such year to compute the tax under section 3 (relating to optional tax), in lieu of the tax imposed by section 1, the declaration of estimated tax may be made upon the basis set forth in section 3 and § 1.3-1. The filing of a declaration computed upon the basis of section 3 shall not constitute the making of an election under section 4 (relating to rules for optional tax) nor will it permit the filing of a return on the basis of the optional tax under section 3 unless the taxpayer otherwise comes within the provisions of sections 3 and 4. For the purpose of computing the tax liability in the case of married persons, if the taxable income of one spouse is determined without regard to the standard deduction, the standard deduction is not allowed to either. (See, however, paragraph (c) of § 1.142-1 for exceptions where spouses are legally separated under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance.) Hence, where separate declarations are filed, one spouse should not use section 3 in computing the estimated tax unless the other spouse also uses section 3 or employs the standard deduction in computing the estimated tax.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Computation of estimated tax.</E> In computing the estimated tax the taxpayer should take into account the following:</P> <P>(1) The amount estimated as the income tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) for the taxable year after the application of any allowable amounts estimated as the credit for foreign taxes, the dividends received credit (for dividends received on or before December 31, 1964), the credit for partially tax-exempt interest, the retirement income credit, the investment credit, the credit for expenses of work incentive programs, the credit for contributions to candidates, the credit for overpayments of tax, but without regard to the credit under section 31 for tax withheld on wages or to the credit under section 39 for certain uses of gasoline, special fuels, and lubricating oils;</P> <P>(2) For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966 (and, if the taxpayer so desires, for an earlier taxable year), the amount estimated as the tax on self-employment income imposed by chapter 2;</P> <P>(3) The amounts estimated by the taxpayer as the credits under section 31 for tax withheld on wages and under section 39 for certain uses of gasoline, special fuels, and lubricating oils;</P> <P>(4) For taxable years ending after February 29, 1980, the amount which the taxpayer estimates will be the amount of such taxpayer's overpayment of windfall profit tax imposed by section 4986 of the Code for the taxable year. For this purpose, the amount of such overpayment is the amount by which such individual's aggregate <PRTPAGE P="119"/>windfall profit tax liability for the taxable year as a producer of crude oil is reasonably expected to be exceeded by withholding of windfall profit tax for the taxable year.</P> <P>(5) The excess, if any, of the sum of the amounts shown under subparagraphs (b) (1) and (2) of this paragraph over the sum of the amounts shown under subparagraphs (b)(3) and (4) of this paragraph shall be the estimated tax for the taxable year.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Use of prescribed form.</E> Copies of Form 1040-ES will so far as possible be furnished taxpayers by district directors. A taxpayer will not be excused from making a declaration, however, by the fact that no form has been furnished to him. Taxpayers not supplied with the proper form should make application therefor to the district director in ample time to have their declarations prepared, verified, and filed with the district director on or before the date prescribed for filing the declaration. If the prescribed form is not available, a statement disclosing the amount estimated as the tax, the estimated credits, and the estimated tax after deducting such credits should be filed as a tentative declaration within the prescribed time, accompanied by the payment of the required installment. Such tentative declaration should be supplemented, without unnecessary delay, by a declaration made on the proper form. </P> <SECAUTH>(Secs. 6015, 6154, 6654, 6655, and 7805, Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (96 Stat. 2395 and 2396, 68A Stat. 917; 26 U.S.C. 6015, 6154, 6654, 6655, and 7805))</SECAUTH> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7427, 41 FR 34028, Aug. 12, 1976; T.D. 8016, 50 FR 11854, Mar. 26, 1985]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(e)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Amendment of declaration.</SUBJECT> <P>In the making of a declaration of estimated tax, the taxpayer is required to take into account the then existing facts and circumstances as well as those reasonably to be anticipated relating to prospective gross income, allowable deductions, and estimated credits for the taxable year. Amended or revised declarations may be made in any case in which the taxpayer estimates that his gross income, deductions, or credits will differ from the gross income, deductions, or credits reflected in the previous declaration. An amended declaration may also be made based upon a change in the number of exemptions to which the taxpayer may be entitled for the then current taxable year. However, only one amended declaration may be filed during any interval between installment dates. See paragraph (d) of § 1.6073-1. An amended declaration may be filed jointly by husband and wife even though separate declarations have previously been filed. An amended declaration may be made on either Form 1040-ES (marked “Amended”). See, however, paragraph (c) of § 1.6015(d)-1 for procedure to be followed if the prescribed form is not available.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7427, 41 FR 34028, Aug. 12, 1976]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(f)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return as declaration or amendment.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Time for filing return.</E> (1)(i) If a taxpayer pays in full the amount computed on the return as payable, and</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> If a taxpayer (other than a taxpayer referred to in <E T="03">(b)</E> of this subdivision):</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> On the calendar year basis, files his return on or before January 31 of the succeeding calendar year, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> On a fiscal year basis, files his return on or before the last day of the first month immediately succeeding the close of such fiscal year, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> If an individual referred to in section 6073(b), relating to income from farming, or, with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1962, from fishing:</P> <P> <E T="03">(1)</E> On the calendar year basis, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1969, files his return on or before February 15, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> On a fiscal year basis, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1969, files his return on or before the 15th day of the second month after the close of his fiscal year, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(3)</E> On the calendar year basis, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1968, files his return on or before March 1, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(4)</E> On a fiscal year basis, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1968, files his return on or before the first day of the third month after the close of his fiscal year, then:<PRTPAGE P="120"/> </P> <P>(ii)<E T="03">(a)</E> If the declaration is not required to be filed during the taxable year, but is required to be filed on or before January 15 of the succeeding year (or the date corresponding thereto in the case of a fiscal year), such return shall be considered as such declaration; or</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> If a declaration was filed during the taxable year, such return shall be considered as the amendment of the declaration permitted by section 6015(e) to be filed on or before January 15 of the succeeding year (or the date corresponding thereto in the case of a fiscal year).</P> <FP>Hence, for example, an individual taxpayer on the calendar year basis who, subsequent to September 1, 1963, first meets the requirements of section 6015(a) which necessitate the filing of a declaration for 1963, may satisfy the requirements as to the filing of such declaration by filing his return for 1963 on or before January 31, 1964 (February 15, 1964, in the case of a farmer or fisherman), and paying in full at the time of such filing the tax shown thereon to be payable. Likewise, if a taxpayer files on or before September 15, 1963, a timely declaration for such year and subsequent thereto and on or before January 31, 1964, files his return for 1963, and pays at the time of such filing the tax shown by the return to be payable, such return shall be treated as an amended declaration timely filed.</FP> <P>(2) For the purpose of section 6015(f) a taxpayer may file his return on or before the last day of the first month following the close of the taxable year even though he has not been furnished Form W-2 by his employer. In such case the taxpayer shall compute, as accurately as possible, his wages for such year and the tax withheld for which he is entitled to a credit, reporting such wages and tax on his return, together with all other pertinent information necessary to the determination of his tax liability for such year.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Effect on addition to the tax.</E> Compliance with the provisions of section 6015(f) will enable a taxpayer to avoid the addition to the tax imposed by section 6654 with respect to an underpayment of the installment not required to be paid until January 15 of the succeeding calendar year (or the corresponding date in the case of a fiscal year). With respect to an underpayment of any earlier installment, compliance with section 6015(f) will not relieve the taxpayer from the addition to the tax imposed by section 6654. However, the period of the underpayment under section 6654(c), with respect to any earlier installment, will terminate on January 15 of the succeeding calendar year (or the corresponding date in the case of a fiscal year). For example, a taxpayer discovers on January 14, 1956, that he has underpaid his estimated tax for the calendar year 1955. He may, in lieu of filing an amended declaration on January 15, 1956, and paying the balance of the estimated tax determined thereon, file his final return on January 31, 1956, and pay in full the amount computed thereon as payable. By so doing, he will avoid the addition to the tax with respect to the underpayment of the installment required to be paid by January 15, 1956. The periods of underpayment, under section 6654(c), as to the installments required to be paid on April 15, 1955, June 15, 1955, and September 15, 1955, also terminate on January 15, 1956.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7028, 35 FR 3806, Feb. 27, 1970; 35 FR 4293, Mar. 10, 1970]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(g)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable years of individuals.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requirement of declaration.</E> No declaration may be made for a period of more than 12 months. For purposes of this section a taxable year of 52 or 53 weeks, in the case of a taxpayer who computes his taxable income in accordance with the election permitted by section 441(f) shall be deemed a period of 12 months. For special rules affecting the time for filing declarations and paying estimated tax by such a taxpayer, see paragraph (b) of § 1.441-2. A separate declaration for a fractional part of a year is required where, for example, there is a change, with the approval of the Commissioner, in the basis of computing taxable income from one taxable year to another taxable year. The periods to be covered by such separate declarations in the several cases are those set forth in section <PRTPAGE P="121"/>443. No declaration is required if the short taxable year is:</P> <P>(1) A period of less than four months.</P> <P>(2) A period of at least four months but less than six months and the requirements of section 6015(a) are first met after the 1st day of the fourth month.</P> <P>(3) A period of at least six months but less than nine months and the requirements of section 6015(a) are first met after the 1st day of the sixth month, or</P> <P>(4) A period of nine months or more and the requirements of section 6015(a) are first met after the 1st day of the ninth month.</P> <FP>In the case of a decedent, no declaration need be filed subsequent to the date of death. As to the requirement for an amended declaration if death of one spouse occurs after filing a joint declaration, see paragraph (c) of § 1.6015(b)-1.</FP> <P>(b) <E T="03">Income and income tax placed on annual basis.</E> For the purpose of determining whether the anticipated income and tax for a short taxable year resulting from a change of annual accounting period, necessitates the filing of a declaration, income and income tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than by section 56) shall be placed on an annual basis in the manner prescribed in section 443(b)(1). Thus, for example, an unmarried taxpayer who changes from a fiscal year basis to a calendar year basis beginning January 1, 1973, will have a short taxable year beginning July 1, 1972, and ending December 31, 1972. If his anticipated gross income for such short taxable year consists solely of wages (as defined in section 3401(a)) in the amount of $11,000, his total gross income and his gross income from such wages for the purpose of determining whether a declaration is required is $22,000, the amount obtained by placing anticipated income of $11,000 upon an annual basis. Since the taxpayer's anticipated gross income from wages when placed upon an annual basis is in excess of $20,000, he is required to file a declaration of estimated tax for the short taxable year unless the estimated tax can reasonably be expected to be less than $100. However, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, the amount which the individual estimates as the amount of self-employment tax imposed by chapter 2 shall be computed on the actual self-employment income for the short period.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7427, 41 FR 34028, Aug. 12, 1976]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(h)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Estates and trusts.</SUBJECT> <P>An estate or trust, though generally taxed as an individual, is not required to file a declaration.</P> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(i)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Nonresident alien individuals.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Exception from requirement of making a declaration.</E> No declaration of estimated income tax is required to be made under section 6015(a) and § 1.6015(a)-1 by a nonresident alien individual unless:</P> <P>(1) Such individual has wages, as defined in section 3401(a), and the regulations thereunder, upon which tax is required to be withheld under section 3402,</P> <P>(2) Such individual has income (other than compensation for personal services upon which tax is required to be withheld at source under section 1441) which is effectively connected for the taxable year with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States by such individual, or</P> <P>(3) Such individual has been, or expects to be, a resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Rules applicable to nonresident alien individuals required to make a declaration</E>—(1) <E T="03">Tests to be applied.</E> A nonresident alien individual who is not excepted by paragraph (a) of this section from the requirement of making a declaration of income tax is required to file a declaration if his gross income meets the requirements of section 6015(a) and § 1.6015(a)-1. In making the determination under section 6015(a)(1) as to whether the amount of the gross income of a nonresident alien individual is such as to require making a declaration of estimated income tax, only the tests relating to a single individual (other than a head of household) or to a married individual not entitled to file a joint declaration with his spouse shall apply, since a nonresident alien individual may not make a joint <PRTPAGE P="122"/>declaration by reason of section 6015(b) and is not a head of household. Only in a rare case would a nonresident alien individual be a surviving spouse.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Determination of gross income.</E> To determine the gross income of a nonresident alien individual who is not, or does not expect to be, a resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year, see section 872 and §§ 1.872-1 and 1.872-2. To determine the gross income of a nonresident alien individual who is, or expects to be, a resident of Puerto Rico during the entire taxable year, see section 876 and § 1.876-1. For purposes of applying paragraph (a)(2) of this section, income which is effectively connected for the taxable year with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States includes all income which is treated under section 871 (c) or (d) and § 1.871-9 (relating to students and trainees) or § 1.871-10 (relating to real property income) as income which is effectively connected for such year with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> This section shall apply for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966. For corresponding rules applicable to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1967, see 26 CFR 1.6015(a)-1(d) (Rev. as of Jan. 1, 1971).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7332, 39 FR 44232, Dec. 23, 1974]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6015(j)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Applicability.</SUBJECT> <P>Section 6015 is applicable only with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1954. Sections 58, 59, and 60 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 and the regulations thereunder, shall continue in force with respect to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1955.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960. Redesignated by T.D. 7332, 39 FR 44232, Dec. 23, 1974]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6016-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Declarations of estimated income tax by corporations.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requirement.</E> For taxable years ending on or after December 31, 1955, a declaration of estimated tax shall be made by every corporation (including unincorporated business enterprises electing to be taxed as domestic corporations under section 1361), which is subject to taxation under section 11 or 1201(a), or subchapter L, chapter 1 of the Code (relating to insurance companies), if its income tax under such sections or such subchapter L for the taxable year can reasonably be expected to exceed the sum of $100,000 plus the amount of any estimated credits allowable under section 32 (relating to tax withheld at source on nonresident aliens and foreign corporations and on tax-free covenant bonds), section 33 (relating to taxes of foreign countries and possessions of the United States), and section 38 (relating to investment in certain depreciable property).</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Definition of estimated tax.</E> The term “estimated tax”, in the case of a corporation, means the excess of the amount which such corporation estimates as its income tax liability for the taxable year under section 11 or 1201(a), or subchapter L, chapter 1 of the Code, over the sum of $100,000 and any estimated credits under sections 32, 33, and 38. However, for the rule with respect to the limitation upon the $100,000 exemption for members of certain electing affiliated groups, see section 243(b)(3)(C)(v) and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The application of this section may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>M, a corporation subject to tax under section 11, reasonably anticipates that it will have taxable income of $224,000 for the calendar year 1964. The normal tax and surtax result in an expected liability of $105,000. M determines that it will not have any allowable credits under sections 32, 33, and 38 for 1964. Since M's expected tax ($105,000) exceeds the exemption ($100,000), a declaration of estimated tax is required to be filed, reporting an estimated tax of $5,000 ($105,000−$100,000) for the calendar year 1964.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>Under the facts stated in example (1), except that M estimates it will have an allowable foreign tax credit under section 33 in the amount of $4,000 and an allowable investment credit under section 38 in the amount of $3,000, no declaration is required, since M's expected tax ($105,000) does not exceed the $100,000 plus the allowable credits totaling $7,000.</P> </EXAMPLE> <CITA>[T.D. 6768, 29 FR 14921, Nov. 4, 1964]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6016-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Contents of declaration of estimated tax.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> The declaration of estimated tax by a corporation shall be <PRTPAGE P="123"/>made on Form 1120-ES. For the purpose of making the declaration, the estimated tax should be based upon the amount of gross income which the taxpayer can reasonably be expected to receive or accrue as the case may be, depending upon the method of accounting upon the basis of which the taxable income is computed, and the amount of the estimated allowable deductions and credits to be taken into account. Such amounts of gross income, deductions, and credits should be determined upon the basis of facts and circumstances existing as at the time prescribed for the filing of the declaration as well as those reasonably to be anticipated for the taxable year.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Use of prescribed form.</E> Copies of Form 1120-ES will so far as possible be furnished taxpayers by district directors. A taxpayer will not be excused from making a declaration, however, by the fact that no form has been furnished. Taxpayers not supplied with the proper form should make application therefor to the district director in ample time to have their declarations prepared, verified, and filed with the district director on or before the date prescribed for filing the declaration. If the prescribed form is not available a statement disclosing the estimated income tax after the exemption and the credits, if any, should be filed as a tentative declaration within the prescribed time, accompanied by the payment of the required installment. Such tentative declaration should be supplemented, without unnecessary delay, by a declaration made on the proper form.</P> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6016-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Amendment of declaration.</SUBJECT> <P>In the making of a declaration of estimated tax the corporation is required to take into account the then existing facts and circumstances as well as those reasonably to be anticipated relating to prospective gross income, allowable deductions, and estimated credits for the taxable year. Amended or revised declarations may be made in any case in which the corporation estimates that its gross income, deductions, or credits will materially change the estimated tax reported in the previous declaration. However, for the rule with respect to the number of amended declarations which may be filed for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1963, see paragraph (d)(2) of § 1.6074-1. Such amended declaration may be made on either Form 1120-ES (marked “Amended”) or on the reverse side of the installment notice furnished the corporation by the district director. See, however, paragraph (b) of § 1.6016-2 for procedure to be followed if the prescribed form is not available.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6768, 29 FR 14922, Nov. 4, 1964]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6016-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Short taxable year.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requirement of declaration.</E> No declaration may be made for a period of more than 12 months. For purposes of this section a taxable year of 52 or 53 weeks, in the case of a corporation which computes its taxable income in accordance with the election permitted by section 441(f), shall be deemed a period of 12 months. For special rules affecting the time for filing declarations and paying estimated tax by such corporation, see paragraph (b) of § 1.441-2. A separate declaration is required where a corporation is required to submit an income tax return for a period of less than 12 months, but only if such short period ends on or after December 31, 1955. However, no declaration is required if the short taxable year:</P> <P>(1) Begins on or before December 31, 1963, and is:</P> <P>(i) A period of less than 9 months, or</P> <P>(ii) A period of 9 or more months but less than 12 months and the requirements of section 6016(a) are not met before the 1st day of the last month in the short taxable year, or</P> <P>(2) Begins after December 31, 1963, and is:</P> <P>(i) A period of less than 4 months, or</P> <P>(ii) A period of 4 or more months but less than 12 months and the requirements of section 6016(a) are not met before the 1st day of the last month in the short taxable year.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Income placed on an annual basis.</E> In cases where the short taxable year results from a change of annual accounting period, for the purpose of determining whether the anticipated income for a short taxable year will result in an estimated tax liability requiring the filing of a declaration, such income shall be placed on an annual basis in the manner prescribed in section 443(b)(1). If a tax computed on <PRTPAGE P="124"/>such annualized income exceeds the sum of $100,000 and any credits under part IV, of subchapter A, chapter 1 of the Code, the estimated tax shall be the same part of the excess so computed as the number of months in the short period is of 12 months. Thus, for example, a corporation which changes from a calendar year basis to a fiscal year basis beginning October 1, 1956, will have a short taxable year beginning January 1, 1956, and ending September 30, 1956. If on or before August 31, 1956, the taxpayer anticipates that it will have income of $264,000 for the 9-month taxable year the estimated tax is computed as follows:</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s25,9" COLS="2" OPTS="L0,6/7"> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(1) Anticipated taxable income for 9 months</ENT> <ENT>$264,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(2) Annualized income ($264,000×12÷9)</ENT> <ENT>352,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(3) Tax liability on item (2)</ENT> <ENT>177,540</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(4) Item (3) reduced by $100,000 (there are no credits under part IV, subchapter A, chapter 1 of the Code)</ENT> <ENT>77,540</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(5) Estimated tax for 9-month period ($77,540×9÷12)</ENT> <ENT>58,155</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>Since the tax liability on the annualized income is in excess of $100,000, a declaration is required to be filed, reporting an estimated tax of $58,155 for the 9-month taxable period. This paragraph has no application where the short taxable year does not result from a change in the taxpayer's annual accounting period.</FP> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6768, 29 FR 14922, Nov. 4, 1964]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6017-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Self-employment tax returns.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) Every individual, other than a nonresident alien, having net earnings from self-employment, as defined in section 1402, of $400 or more for the taxable year shall make a return of such earnings. For purposes of this section, an individual who is a resident of the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, or (for any taxable year beginning after 1960) Guam or American Samoa is not to be considered a nonresident alien individual. See paragraph (d) of § 1.1402(b)-1. A return is required under this section if an individual has self-employment income, as defined in section 1402(b), even though he may not be required to make a return under section 6012 for purposes of the tax imposed by section 1 or 3. Provisions applicable to returns under section 6012(a) shall be applicable to returns under this section.</P> <P>(2) Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, the return required by this section shall be made on Form 1040. The form to be used by residents of the Virgin Islands, Guam, or American Samoa is From 1040SS. In the case of a resident of Puerto Rico who is not required to make a return of income under section 6012(a), the form to be used is Form 1040SS, except that Form 1040PR shall be used if it is furnished by the Internal Revenue Service to such resident for use in lieu of Form 1040SS.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Joint returns.</E> (1) In the case of a husband and wife filing a joint return under section 6013, the tax on self-employment income is computed on the separate self-employment income of each spouse, and not on the aggregate of the two amounts. The requirement of section 6013(d)(3) that in the case of a joint return the tax is computed on the aggregate income of the spouses is not applicable with respect to the tax on self-employment income. Where the husband and wife each has net earnings from self-employment of $400 or more, it will be necessary for each to complete separate schedules of the computation of self-employment tax with respect to the net earnings of each spouse, despite the fact that a joint return is filed. If the net earnings from self-employment of either the husband or the wife are less than $400, such net earnings are not subject to the tax on self-employment income, even though they must be shown on the joint return for purposes of the tax imposed by section 1 or 3.</P> <P>(2) Except as otherwise expressly provided, section 6013 is applicable to the return of the tax on self-employment income; therefore, the liability with respect to such tax in the case of a joint return is joint and several.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Social security account numbers.</E> (1) Every individual making a return of net earnings from self-employment for any period commencing before January 1, 1962, is required to show thereon his social security account number, or, if he has no such account number, to make application therefor on Form SS-5 before filing such return. However, the failure to apply for or receive <PRTPAGE P="125"/>a social security account number will not excuse the individual from the requirement that he file such return on or before the due date thereof. Form SS-5 may be obtained from any district office of the Social Security Administration or from any district director. The application shall be filed with a district office of the Social Security Administration or, in the case of an individual not in the United States, with the district office of the Social Security Administration at Baltimore, Md. An individual who has previously secured a social security account number as an employee shall use that account number on his return of net earnings from self-employment.</P> <P>(2) For provisions applicable to the securing of identifying numbers and the reporting thereof on returns and schedules for periods commencing after December 31, 1961, see § 1.6109-1.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Declaration of estimated tax with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966.</E> For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, section 6015 provides that the term “estimated tax” includes the amount which an individual estimates as the amount of self-employment tax imposed by chapter 2 for the taxable year. Thus, individuals upon whom self-employment tax is imposed by section 1401 must make a declaration of estimated tax if they meet the requirements of section 6015(a); except as otherwise provided under section 6015(i).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12816, Dec. 3, 1963; T.D. 7427, 41 FR 34028, Aug. 12, 1976]</CITA> </SECTION> </SUBJGRP> <SUBJGRP> <HD SOURCE="HED">information <E T="04">returns</E> </HD> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6031(a)-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of partnership income.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Domestic partnerships</E>—(1) <E T="03">Return required.</E> Except as provided in paragraphs (a)(3) and (c) of this section, every domestic partnership must file a return of partnership income under section 6031 (partnership return) for each taxable year on the form prescribed for the partnership return. The partnership return must be filed for the taxable year of the partnership regardless of the taxable years of the partners. For taxable years of a partnership and of a partner, see section 706 and § 1.706-1. For the rules governing partnership statements to partners and nominees, see § 1.6031(b)-1T. For the rules requiring the disclosure of certain transactions, see § 1.6011-4T.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Content of return.</E> The partnership return must contain the information required by the prescribed form and the accompanying instructions.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Special rule.</E> A partnership that has no income, deductions, or credits for federal income tax purposes for a taxable year is not required to file a partnership return for that year.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Failure to file.</E> For the consequences of a failure to comply with the requirements of section 6031(a) and this paragraph (a), see sections 6229(a), 6231(f), 6698, and 7203.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Foreign partnerships</E>—(1) <E T="03">General rule.</E> A foreign partnership is not required to file a partnership return, if the foreign partnership does not have gross income that is (or is treated as) effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States (ECI) and does not have gross income (including gains) derived from sources within the United States (U.S.-source income). Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, a foreign partnership that has ECI or has U.S.-source income that is not ECI must file a partnership return for its taxable year in accordance with the rules for domestic partnerships in paragraph (a) of this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Foreign partnerships with de minimis U.S.-source income and de minimis U.S. partners.</E> A foreign partnership (other than a withholding foreign partnership, as defined in § 1.1441-5(c)(2)(i)) that has $20,000 or less of U.S.-source income and has no ECI during its taxable year is not required to file a partnership return if, at no time during the partnership taxable year, one percent or more of any item of partnership income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit is allocable in the aggregate to direct United States partners. The United States partners must directly report their shares of the allocable items of partnership income, gain, loss, deduction, and credit.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Filing obligations for certain other foreign partnerships with no ECI—</E>(i) <E T="03">General requirements for modified filing obligations.</E> A foreign partnership will <PRTPAGE P="126"/>be subject to the modified filing obligations in paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and (iii) of this section if, in addition to satisfying the requirements contained in paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and (iii) of this section—</P> <P>(A) The partnership is not a withholding foreign partnership as defined in § 1.1441-5(c)(2)(i);</P> <P>(B) Forms 1042 and 1042-S are filed by the partnership with respect to the amounts subject to reporting under § 1.1461-1(b) and (c), unless the partnership is not required to file such returns under § 1.1461-1(b)(2) and (c)(4), in which case Forms 1042 and 1042-S must be filed by another withholding agent or agents; and</P> <P>(C) The tax liability of the partners withrespect to such amounts has been fully satisfied by the withholding of tax at the source, if applicable, under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Foreign partnerships with U.S.-source income but no U.S. partners.</E> A foreign partnership that has U.S.-source income is not required to file a partnership return if the partnership has no ECI and no United States partners at any time during the partnership's taxable year.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Foreign partnerships with U.S.-source income and U.S. partners.</E> Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, a foreign partnership with one or more United States partners that has U.S.-source income but no ECI must file a partnership return. However, such a foreign partnership need not file Statements of Partner's Share of Income, Credit, Deduction, etc. (Schedules K-1) for any partners other than its direct United States partners and its passthrough partners (whether U.S. or foreign) through which United States partners hold an interest in the foreign partnership. Schedules K-1 that are not excepted from filing under this paragraph (b)(3)(iii) must contain the same information required of a domestic partnership filing under paragraph (a) of this section.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Information or returns required of partners who are United States persons</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> If a United States person is a partner in a partnership that is not required to file a partnership return, the district director or director of the relevant service center may require that person to render the statements or provide the information necessary to verify the accuracy of the reporting by that person of any items of partnership income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Controlled foreign partnerships.</E> Certain United States persons who are partners in a foreign partnership controlled (within the meaning of section 6038(e)(1)) by United States persons may be required to provide information with respect to the partnership under section 6038.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Certain partnership elections.</E> For a partnership that is not otherwise required to file a partnership return, if an election that can only be made by the partnership under section 703 (affecting the computation of taxable income derived from a partnership) is to be made by or for the partnership, a return on the form prescribed for the partnership return must be filed for the partnership. Unless otherwise provided in the form or the accompanying instructions, a return filed solely to make an election need only contain a written statement citing paragraph (b)(5)(ii) of this section, listing the name and address of the partnership making the election, and clearly identifying the specific election being made. A return filed under paragraph (b)(5)(ii) of this section solely to make an election is not a partnership return. Thus, such a return is not a return filed under section 6031(a) for purposes of sections 6501 (except regarding the specific election issue), 6231(a)(1)(A), and 6233. The return must be signed by—</P> <P>(i) Each partner that is a partner in the partnership at the time the election is made; or</P> <P>(ii) Any partner of the partnership who is authorized (under local law or the partnership's organizational documents) to make the election and who represents to having such authorization under penalties of perjury.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Exclusion for certain organizations.</E> The return requirement of section 6031 and this section does not apply to the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, the International Maritime Satellite Organization, or any organization that is a successor of either.<PRTPAGE P="127"/> </P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Partnerships excluded from the application of subchapter K of the Internal Revenue Code</E>—(1) <E T="03">Wholly excluded</E>—(i) <E T="03">Year of election.</E> An eligible partnership as described in § 1.761-2(a) that elects to be excluded from all the provisions of subchapter K of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code in the manner specified by § 1.761-2(b)(2)(i) must timely file the form prescribed for the partnership return for the taxable year for which the election is made. In lieu of the information otherwise required, the return must contain or be accompanied by the information required by § 1.761-2(b)(2)(i).</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Subsequent years.</E> Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, an eligible partnership that elects to be wholly excluded from the application of subchapter K is not required to file a partnership return.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Deemed excluded.</E> An eligible partnership that is deemed to have elected exclusion from the application of subchapter K beginning with its first taxable year, as specified in § 1.761-2(b)(2)(ii), is not required to file a partnership return.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Definitions</E>—(1) <E T="03">Partnership.</E> For the meaning of the term partnership, see § 1.761-1(a).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">United States person.</E> In applying this section, a United States person is a person described in section 7701(a)(30); the government of the United States, a State, or the District of Columbia (including an agency or instrumentality thereof); or a corporation created or organized in Guam, the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, if the requirements of section 881(b)(1)(A), (B), and (C) are met for such corporation. The term does not include an alien individual who is a resident of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or American Samoa, as determined under § 301.7701(b)-1(d) of this chapter.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">United States partner.</E> In applying this section, a United States partner is any United States person who holds a direct or indirect interest in the partnership.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Indirect interest.</E> An indirect interest is any interest held through one or more passthrough partners, as defined in section 6231(a)(9).</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Procedural requirements</E>—(1) <E T="03">Place for filing.</E> The return of a partnership must be filed with the service center prescribed in the relevant IRS revenue procedure, publication, form, or instructions to the form (see § 601.601(d)(2)).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Time for filing.</E> The return of a partnership must be filed on or before the fifteenth day of the fourth month following the close of the taxable year of the partnership.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Magnetic media filing.</E> For magnetic media filing requirements with respect to partnerships, see section 6011(e)(2) and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Effective dates.</E> This section applies to taxable years of a partnership beginning after December 31, 1999, except that paragraph (b)(3) of this section applies to taxable years of a foreign partnership beginning after December 31, 2000.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8841, 64 FR 61500, Nov. 12, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9000, 67 FR 41328, June 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6031(b)-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Statements to partners (temporary).</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Statement required to be furnished to partners—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as provided in this paragraph (a)(1) and paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, any partnership required under section 6031(a) and the regulations thereunder to file a partnership return for a taxable year shall furnish to every person who was a partner (within the meaning of section 7701(a)(2)) at any time during the taxable year a written statement containing the information described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section. This section shall not apply to a real estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC) treated as a partnership under subtitle F of the Code by reason of section 860F(e). For the reporting requirements applicable to REMICs see § 1.6031(b)-2T.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Special rules applicable to partnership interests held by nominees—</E>(i) <E T="03">Statements furnished to nominees.</E> For any partnership taxable year beginning after October 22, 1986, a partnership shall provide a person that holds (directly or indirectly) an interest in such partnership as a nominee on behalf of <PRTPAGE P="128"/>another person at any time during such year with a statement under paragraph (a)(1) of this section with respect to such interest if—</P> <P>(A) Such nominee has not furnished the statement required under § 1.6031(c)-1T(a)(1)(i) to the partnership with respect to such other person;</P> <P>(B) Such nominee either holds legal title to such partnership interest in its own name or is identified in a statement provided to the partnership pursuant to § 1.6031(c)-1T(a)(1)(i) by another nominee as the person on whose behalf such other nominee holds such interest; and</P> <P>(C) Such nominee is not a person described in § 1.6031(c)-1T(a)(2) (relating to the special rule for clearing agencies).</P> <FP>In such case, the partnership shall assume, for purposes of this section, that the nominee is the beneficial owner of the partnership interest.</FP> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Statements not required to be furnished to partners holding partnership interests through nominees.</E> A partnership shall not be required to furnish a statement under paragraph (a)(1) of this section to a partner with respect to any portion of such partner's interest in the partnership that is owned through a nominee if—</P> <P>(A) Such nominee has not furnished (or is not required to furnish under § 1.6031(c)-1T(a)(2)), a statement to the partnership under § 1.6031(c)-1T(a)(1)(i) with respect to such partner; and</P> <P>(B) Such partner has not furnished (or is not required to furnish) a statement to the partnership under § 1.6031(c)-1T(a)(3), with respect to such interest in the partnership.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Contents of statement.</E> The statement required under paragraph -(a)(1) of this section shall include the following information:</P> <P>(i) The partner's distributive share of partnership income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit required to be shown on the partnership return (or, for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1987, the partner's distributive share of partnership income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit shown on the partnership return); and</P> <P>(ii) To the extent provided by form or the accompanying instructions, any additional information that may be required to apply particular provisions of subtitle A of the Code to the partner with respect to items related to the partnership.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time for furnishing statement.</E> The statement required to be furnished by the partnership under paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall be furnished on or before the day on which the partnership return for that taxable year is required to be filed (determined with regard to extensions). For partnership returns the due date for which (determined without regard to extensions) is before January 1, 1987, the statement required to be furnished by the partnership under paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall be furnished on or before the day on which the partnership return is filed.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Statement may be provided to agent.</E> If a partner designates another person, such as an attorney or an investment advisor, as the partner's (or nominee's) agent in dealing with the partnership, the partnership may provide the statement required under paragraph (a)(1) of this section with respect to such partner to such other person instead of the partner.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Penalties.</E> For penalties for failure to comply with the requirements of section 6031(b) and paragraph (a) of this section, see section 6722(a).</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> Except as otherwise provided in this section, the provisions of this section apply to partnership taxable years beginning after September 3, 1982.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8225, 53 FR 34490, Sept. 7, 1988]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6031(b)-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>REMIC reporting requirements (temporary). [Reserved]</SUBJECT> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6031(c)-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Nominee reporting of partnership information (temporary).</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Statements required to be furnished to partnership</E>—(1) <E T="03">Statement from nominee</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as otherwise provided in this section, any person who holds, directly or indirectly, an interest in a partnership (required under section 6031(a) and the regulations thereunder to file a partnership return for a taxable year) as a nominee on behalf of another person at any time during the partnership taxable year <PRTPAGE P="129"/>shall furnish to the partnership a written statement (or statements) for that taxable year with respect to such other person containing the information described in paragraph(a)(1)(ii) of this section.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Contents of statement.</E> The statement required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section shall, except as otherwise provided in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, include the following information:</P> <P>(A) The name, address, and taxpayer identification number of the nominee;</P> <P>(B) The name, address, and taxpayer identification number of such other person;</P> <P>(C) Whether such other person is—</P> <P>(<E T="03">1</E>) A person that is not a United States person;</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) A foreign government, an international organization, or any wholly-owned agency or instrumentality of either of the foregoing; or</P> <P>(<E T="03">3</E>) A tax-exempt entity (within the meaning of section 168(h)(2));</P> <P>(D) A description of any interest in the partnership held by the nominee on behalf of such other person at the beginning of the partnership taxable year;</P> <P>(E) A description of any interest in the partnership that the nominee acquires (within the meaning of paragraph (g)(1) of this section) on behalf of such other person during the partnership taxable year, the method of acquisition (e.g., purchase, exchange, acquisition at death, gift, or commencement of nominee relationship) and acquisition cost (within the meaning of paragraph (g)(2) of this section) of such interest, and the date of the acquisition of such interest; and</P> <P>(F) A description of any interest in the partnership that the nominee transfers (within the meaning of paragraph (g)(5) of this section) on behalf of such other person during the partnership taxable year, the net proceeds from the transfer (within the meaning of paragraph (g)(6) of this section) of such interest, and the date of the transfer of such interest.</P> <FP>A description of a partnership interest must include sufficient detail to enable the partnership to furnish to such other person the statement required under § 1.6031(b)-1T (a).</FP> <P>(2) <E T="03">Special rule for clearing agencies.</E> A clearing agency registered pursuant to the provisions of section 17A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (or its nominee) that holds an interest in a partnership as a nominee on behalf of another person shall not be required to furnish any statement described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section with respect to such interest.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Special rule for brokers and financial institutions</E>—(i) <E T="03">Additional statement required.</E> Any broker (within the meaning of paragraph (g)(3) of this section) or financial institution (within the meaning of paragraph (g)(4) of this section) that holds an interest in a partnership indirectly through a nominee described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section at any time during a partnership taxable year shall furnish (in addition to any statement (or statements) required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section) to the partnership a written statement (or statements) containing the information described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section with respect to any interest in such partnership that it holds (directly or indirectly) for its own account at any time during such partnership taxable year.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Contents of statement.</E> The statement required under paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section shall, except as otherwise provided in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, include the following information:</P> <P>(A) The name, address, and taxpayer identification number of the broker or financial institution;</P> <P>(B) Whether such broker of financial institution is a person that is not a United States person;</P> <P>(C) A description of any interest in the partnership held by the broker or financial institution for its own account at the beginning of the partnership taxable year;</P> <P>(D) A description of any interest in the partnership that the broker or financial institution acquires for its own account during the partnership taxable year, the method of acquisition and acquisition cost of such interest, and the date of the acquisition of such interest; and</P> <P>(E) A description of any interest in the partnership that the broker or financial institution transfers for its <PRTPAGE P="130"/>own account during the partnership taxable year, the net proceeds from the transfer of such interest, and the date of the transfer of such interest.</P> <FP>A description of a partnership interest held by a broker or financial institution for its own account must include sufficient detail to enable the partnership to furnish to the broker or financial institution the statement required under § 1.6031(b)-1T (a).</FP> <P>(4) <E T="03">Exception—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph (a)(4), any statement required under paragraph (a) (1)(i) or (3)(i) of this section for a taxable year is not required to include—</P> <P>(A) That part of the information described in paragraph (a) (1)(ii)(E) and (3)(ii)(D) of this section regarding the method of acquisition and acquisition cost; or</P> <P>(B) That part of the information described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(F) and (3)(ii)(E) of this section regarding the net proceeds from the transfer;</P> <FP>to the extent that, prior to the beginning of the partnership taxable year, the partnership has provided the nominee with a written statement that the nominee need not provide such information to the partnership, and the partnership has not modified or revoked such statement. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the modification or revocation of a statement furnished to a nominee is effective for a partnership taxable year if and only if the partnership notifies the nominee of such modification or revocation by a written statement more than 60 days before the beginning of the partnership taxable year. The nominee shall retain a copy of any statement that is furnished to it by the partnership under this paragraph (a)(4) in the nominee's records so long as the contents thereof may become material in the administration of any internal revenue law.</FP> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Effect of election under section 754.</E> Paragraph (a)(4)(i)(A) of this section shall not apply to a partnership taxable year if—</P> <P>(A) The partnership has an election in effect under section 754 (relating to optional adjustment to basis of partnership property) for such taxable year; and</P> <P>(B) The nominee knows or has reason to know of such election more than 60 days before the beginning of such taxable year.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The following examples illustrate the application of this paragraph (a): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>B, a broker, holds 50 units of interest in Partnership P, a calendar year partnership, in street name for customer A, the beneficial owner. B holds the units on behalf of A at all times during 1989. B must furnish a statement to P for calendar year 1989 under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section that includes the information required under paragraph (a)(1)(ii) (A) through (D) of this section. The description of the partnership interest held by B on A's behalf on January 1, 1989, must identify the number of units of P held by B on A's behalf at that time (50), and the class of the partnership interest (including the Committee on Uniform Security Identification Procedures (CUSIP) number of the partnership interest, if known).</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>The facts are the same as in example (1), except that pursuant to A's instructions, B sells 25 of A's units of interest in P on August 1, 1989, receiving net proceeds from the transfer of $500. In addition to the information described in example (1), the statement that B must furnish to P must include the class of the partnership interest transferred (including the CUSIP number of the partnerhsip interest, if known), the number of units transferred (25), the net proceeds from the transfer ($500), and the date of the transfer (August 1, 1989.)</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (3).</HD> <P>The facts are the same as in example (1), except that A is not the beneficial owner, but rather holds the units as a nominee on behalf of C, the beneficial owner, at all times during 1989. In addition to the statement that B must furnish to P (as described in Example (1) of this paragraph (a)(5)), A must furnish a statement to P for calendar year 1989 under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section that includes the information required under paragraph (a)(1)(ii) (A) through (D) of this section. If both A and B provide P with the statement required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section, P must provide C with the statement required under § 1.6031(b)-1T (a)(1).</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time for furnishing statements.</E> A nominee may furnish to the partnership any statement required under paragraph (a) of this section annually, quarterly, monthly, or on any other basis, provided that all statements required to be furnished under paragraph <PRTPAGE P="131"/>(a) of this section for a partnership taxable year shall be furnished on or before the last day of the first month following the close of such partnership taxable year.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Use of magnetic media.</E> A nominee required to furnish a written statement under paragraph (a) of this section, may, in lieu of furnishing such written statement, furnish the required information on magnetic tape or by other media if the partnership and the nominee so agree.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Use of single document.</E> Any person who holds interests in a partnership as a nominee on behalf of more than one other person during the partnership taxable year, may, in lieu of furnishing to the partnership a separate statement for each such other person, furnish to the partnership a single document which includes, for each such other person, the information described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section. To the extent that a single document is used, references in this section to the statement required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section shall be deemed to refer also to the information included in a single document under this paragraph (d).</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Retention of information.</E> The nominee shall retain a copy of any statement that is furnished to the partnership under this section in the nominee's records so long as the contents thereof may become material in the administration of any internal revenue law.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Use of agent.</E> If a partnership has designated another person, such as a clearing organization, as the partnership's agent for purposes of receiving the statements required under paragraph (a) of this section, such statements may be furnished to that other person instead of the partnership. If a nominee has designated another person as its agent for purposes of furnishing to the partnership (or its agent) the statements required under paragraph (a) of this section, that other person may furnish such statements to the partnership (or its agent) on behalf of the nominee.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Meaning of terms.</E> For purposes of this section, the following terms have the meanings set forth below:</P> <P>(1) The term <E T="03">acquires</E> means—</P> <P>(i) A purchase or other acquisition of a partnership interest; or</P> <P>(ii) The commencement of a nominee relationship, including the substitution of one nominee for another.</P> <P>(2) The term <E T="03">acquisition cost</E> means the sum of any money paid and the fair market value of any property (other than money) transferred to acquire a partnership interest increased by any expenses paid or incurred with respect to the acquisition (such as broker's fees or commissions).</P> <P>(3) The term <E T="03">broker</E> shall have the meaning set forth in paragraph (a)(1) of § 1.6045ca-1.</P> <P>(4) The term <E T="03">financial institution</E> means a financial institution such as a bank, mutual savings bank, savings and loan association, building and loan association, cooperative bank, homestead association, credit union, industrial loan association or bank or other similar organization.</P> <P>(5) The term <E T="03">transfer</E> means—</P> <P>(i) A sale, exchange, or other disposition of a partnership interest; or</P> <P>(ii) The termination of a nominee relationship, including the substitution of one nominee for another.</P> <P>(6) The term <E T="03">net proceeds from the transfer</E> means the sum of any money and the fair market value of any property (other than money) received in connection with a transfer of a partnership interest reduced by any expenses paid or incurred with respect to the transfer (such as broker's fees or commissions).</P> <P>(7) The term <E T="03">person</E> includes the United States, a State, the District of Columbia, a foreign government, a political subdivision of a State or foreign government, or an international organization.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Statement required by nominees that do not comply with § 1.6031(c)-1T (a)</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general</E>. Any person that—</P> <P>(i) Holds an interest in a partnership as a nominee (other than a nominee described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section) on behalf of another person at any time during the partnership taxable year;</P> <P>(ii) Does not furnish to such partnership the statement required under paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section for such other person with respect to such interest in the partnership; and<PRTPAGE P="132"/> </P> <P>(iii) Receives from such partnership the statement described in paragraph (a)(1) of § 1.6031(b)-1T with respect to such interest in the partnership;</P> <FP>shall furnish to such other person a written statement containing the information described in paragraph (h)(2) of this section with respect to such interest in the partnership.</FP> <P>(2) <E T="03">Contents of statement.</E> The statement required under paragraph (h)(1) of this section shall contain the following information:</P> <P>(i) The distributive share of partnership income, gain, loss, deduction or credit required to be shown on the partnership return that is allocable to such interest in the partnership; and</P> <P>(ii) Any additional information that may be required to apply particular provisions of subtitle A of the Code to the beneficial owner of such interest in the partnership in connection with items related to the partnership.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Time for furnishing statements.</E> A nominee shall furnish the statement required under paragraph (h)(1) of this section within 30 days after receiving the statement described in paragraph (a) of § 1.6031(b)-1T.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">REMICs.</E> This section shall not apply with respect to any interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit (REMIC) treated as a partnership under subtitle F of the Code by reason of section 860F(e). For the nominee reporting requirements with respect to REMICs see § 1.6031(c)-2T.</P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Penalties.</E> [Reserved]</P> <P>(k) <E T="03">Effective date</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (k)(2) of this section, the provisions of this section shall apply to partnership taxable years beginning after October 22, 1986.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Transitional rule for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1989.</E> For partnership taxable years beginning before January 1, 1989, —</P> <P>(i) Any statement that a nominee is required to furnish to a partnership under paragraph (a)(1) of this section shall not be required to include the following information:</P> <P>(A) The information described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(C) of this section;</P> <P>(B) That part of the information described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(E) of this section regarding the method of acquisition and acquisition cost of a partnership interest; or</P> <P>(C) That part of the information described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii)(F) of this section regarding the net proceeds from the transfer of a partnership interest.</P> <P>(ii) A broker or financial institution shall not be required to furnish the additional statement described in paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8225, 53 FR 34491, Sept. 7, 1988]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6031(c)-2T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Nominee reporting of REMIC information (temporary). [Reserved]</SUBJECT> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6032-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of banks with respect to common trust funds.</SUBJECT> <P>Every bank (as defined in section 581) maintaining a common trust fund shall make a return of income of the common trust fund, regardless of the amount of its taxable income. Member banks of an affiliated group that serve as co-trustees with respect to a common trust fund must act jointly in making a return for the fund. If a bank maintains more than one common trust fund, a separate return shall be made for each. No particular fund is prescribed for making the return under this section, but form 1065 may be used if it is designated by the bank as the return of a common trust fund. The return shall be made for the taxable year of the common trust fund and shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the fourth month following the close of such taxable year with the district director for the district in which the income tax return of the bank is filed. Such return shall state specifically with respect to the fund the items of gross income and the deductions allowed by subtitle A of the Code, shall include each participant's name and address, the participant's proportionate share of taxable income or net loss (exclusive of gains and losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets), the participant's proportionate share of gains and losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets, and the participant's share of items which enter into the determination of the tax imposed by section 56. See § 1.584-2 and § 1.58-5. If the common trust fund is maintained by two or more banks that <PRTPAGE P="133"/>are members of the same affiliated group, the return must also identify the member bank in the group that has contributed each participant's property or money to the fund. A copy of the plan of the common trust fund must be filed with the return. If, however, a copy of such plan has once been filed with a return, it need not again be filed if the return contains a statement showing when and where it was filed. If the plan is amended in any way after such copy has been filed, a copy of the amendment must be filed with the return for the taxable year in which the amendment was made. For the signing of a return of a bank with respect to common trust funds, see § 1.6062-1, relating to the manner prescribed for the signing of a return of a corporation.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7564, 43 FR 40497, Sept. 12, 1978, as amended by T.D. 7935, 49 FR 1695, Jan. 13, 1984]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6033-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns by exempt organizations; taxable years beginning before January 1, 1970.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) Except as provided in section 6033(a) and paragraph (g) of this section, every organization exempt from taxation under section 501(a) shall file an annual return of information specifically stating its items of gross income, receipts and disbursements, and such other information as may be prescribed in the instructions issued with respect to the return. Such information return shall be filed annually regardless of the amount or source of the income or receipts of the organization. Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, such return shall be filed annually regardless of whether such organization is chartered by, or affiliated or associated with, any central, parent, or other organization.</P> <P>(2)(i) Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, every organization exempt from taxation under section 501 (a), and required to file a return under section 6033 and this section, other than an organization described in section 401 (a), 501(c) (3), or 501(d), shall file its annual return on Form 990. However, such an exempt organization, instead of filing Form 990, may file its annual return on Form 990 (SF), a short form, if its gross receipts for the taxable year do not exceed $10,000 and its total assets on the last day of its taxable year do not exceed $10,000.</P> <P>(ii) For purposes of this subparagraph and subparagraph (4) of this paragraph, “gross receipts” means the gross amount received by the organization during its annual accounting period from all sources without reduction for any costs or expenses including, for example, cost of goods or assets sold, cost of operations, or expenses of earning, raising, or collecting such amounts. Thus, “gross receipts” includes, but is not limited to, <E T="03">(a)</E> the gross amount received as contributions, gifts, grants, and similar amounts without reduction for the expenses of raising and collecting such amounts, <E T="03">(b)</E> the gross amount received as dues or assessments from members or affiliated organizations without reduction for expenses attributable to the receipt of such amounts, <E T="03">(c)</E> gross sales or receipts from business activities (including business activities unrelated to the purpose for which the organization received an exemption, the net income or loss from which may be required to be reported on Form 990-T), <E T="03">(d)</E> the gross amount received from the sale of assets without reduction for cost or other basis and expenses of sale, and <E T="03">(e)</E> the gross amount received as investment income such as interest, dividends, rents, and royalties.</P> <P>(3) Every employees’ trust described in section 401 (a) which is exempt from taxation under section 501 (a) shall file an annual return on Form 990-P. The return shall include the information required by paragraph (b)(5) (ii) of § 1.401-1. In addition, the trust must file the information required to be filed by the employer pursuant to the provisions of § 1.404(a)-2, unless the employer has notified the trustee in writing that he has or will timely file such information. If the trustee has received such notification from the employer, then such notification, or a copy thereof, shall be retained by the trust as a part of its records.</P> <P>(4) Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, every organization described in section 501(c) (3), which is required to file a return under section 6033 and this section, shall file its annual return on Form 990-A. However, such an exempt organization, instead <PRTPAGE P="134"/>of filing Form 990-A, may file its annual return on Form 990-A (SF), a short form, if its gross receipts for the taxable year do not exceed $10,000 and its total assets on the last day of its taxable year do not exceed $10,000. For purposes of this subparagraph, “gross receipts” shall be defined in the manner prescribed in subparagraph (2) (ii) of this paragraph. The forms prescribed by this subparagraph shall be as follows:</P> <P>(i) Form 990-A shall consist of parts I and II. Part I shall contain, in addition to information required in part II, such information as may be prescribed in the return and instructions which is required to be furnished by section 6033(a) or which is necessary to show whether or not such organization is exempt from tax under section 501(a). Part II, which shall be open to public inspection pursuant to section 6104 and other applicable sections and the regulations thereunder, shall contain principally the information required by section 6033(b) and the regulations thereunder. The information contained in part II, to be furnished by the organization in duplicate in the manner prescribed by the instructions issued with respect to the return, is as follows:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Its gross income for the year. For this purpose, gross income includes tax-exempt income, but does not include contributions, gifts, grants, and similar amounts received. Whether or not an item constitutes a contribution, gift, grant, or similar amount, depends upon all the surrounding facts and circumstances.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Its expenses attributable to such income and incurred within the year.</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Its disbursements out of income (including prior years’ accumulations) made within the year for the purposes for which it is exempt. Information shall be included as to the class of activity with a separate total for each activity as well as the name, address, and amount received by each individual or organization receiving cash, other property, or services within the taxable year. If the donee is related by blood, marriage, adoption, or employment (including children of employees) to any person or corporation having an interest in the exempt organization, such as a creator, donor, director, trustee, or officer, the relationship of the donee shall be stated. Activities shall be classified according to purpose in greater detail than merely charitable, educational, religious, or scientific. For example, payments for nursing service, for laboratory construction, for fellowships, or for assistance to indigent families shall be so identified. Where the fair market value of the property at the time of disbursement is used as the measure of the disbursement, the book value of such property (and a statement of how book value was determined) shall also be furnished, and any difference between the fair market value at the time of disbursement and the book value should be reflected in the books of account. The expenses allocable to making the disbursements shall be set forth in such detail as is prescribed by the form or instructions.</P> <P> <E T="03">(d)</E> Its accumulation of income within the year. The amount of such accumulation is obtained by subtracting from the amount in <E T="03">(a)</E> of this subdivision the sum of the amounts determined in <E T="03">(b)</E> and <E T="03">(c)</E> of this subdivision and the expenses allocable to carrying out the purposes for which it is exempt.</P> <P> <E T="03">(e)</E> Its aggregate accumulation of income at the beginning and end of the year. The aggregate accumulation of income shall be divided between that which is attributable to the gain or loss on the sale of assets (excluding inventory items) and that which is attributable to all other income. For this purpose expenses and disbursements shall be allocated on the basis of accounting records, the governing instrument, or applicable local law.</P> <P> <E T="03">(f)</E> Its disbursements out of principal in the current and prior years for the purposes for which it is exempt. In addition, the same type of information shall be required with respect to disbursements out of principal made in the current year as is prescribed by <E T="03">(c)</E> of this subdivision with respect to disbursements out of income.</P> <P> <E T="03">(g)</E> A balance sheet showing its assets, liabilities, and net worth as of the beginning and end of such year. Detailed information on the assets, liabilities, and net worth shall be furnished <PRTPAGE P="135"/>on the schedule provided for this purpose on the Form 990-A. Such schedule shall be supplemented by attachments where appropriate.</P> <P> <E T="03">(h)</E> The total of the contributions and gifts received by it during the year. A statement shall be included showing the gross amount of contributions and gifts collected by the organization, the expenses incurred by the organization in collecting such amount, and the net proceeds.</P> <P> <E T="03">(i)</E> In addition to the information required in <E T="03">(a)</E> through <E T="03">(h)</E> of this subdivision, the organization shall furnish such specific information and answer such specific questions as are required by the form or instructions.</P> <P>(ii) Form 990-A (SF) is a short form consisting of a single part which contains such information as may be prescribed in the return and instructions which is required to be furnished by section 6033(a) or which is necessary to show whether or not such organization is exempt from tax under section 501(a). In addition, Form 990-A (SF) shall contain the information required by section 6033(b) which must be furnished in the manner prescribed in the instructions issued with respect to the return. Form 990-A (SF) shall be open to public inspection pursuant to section 6104 and other applicable sections and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(5)(i) Every religious or apostolic association or corporation described in section 501 (d) which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) shall file a return on Form 1065 for each taxable year, stating specifically the items of gross income and deductions, and its taxable income. There shall be attached to the return as a part thereof a statement showing the name and address of each member of the association or corporation and the amount of his distributive share of the taxable income of the association or corporation for such year.</P> <P>(ii) If the taxable year of any member is different from the taxable year of the association or corporation, the distributive share of the taxable income of the association or corporation to be included in the gross income of the member for his taxable year shall be based upon the taxable income of the association or corporation for its taxable year ending with or within the taxable year of the member.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Accounting period for filing return.</E> A return on Form 990, 990-A, 990 (SF), 990-A (SF), or 990-P shall be on the basis of the established annual accounting period of the organization. If the organization has no such established accounting period, such return shall be on the basis of the calendar year.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Returns when exempt status not established.</E> An information return on Form 990, 990-A, 990 (SF), or 990-A (SF) is not required to be filed by an organization claiming an exempt status under section 501(a) prior to the establishment by the organization of such exempt status under section 501 and § 1.501(a)-1. If the date for filing an income tax return and paying the tax occurs before the tax-exempt status of the organization has been established, the organization is required to file the income tax return and pay the tax. However, see sections 6081 and 6161 and the regulations thereunder for extensions of time for filing the return and paying the tax. Upon establishment of its exempt status, the organization may file a claim for a refund of income taxes paid for the period for which its exempt status is established.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Group returns.</E> (1) A central, parent, or like organization (referred to in this paragraph as “central organization”), exempt under section 501(a) and described in section 501(c), although required to file a separate annual return for itself under section 6033 and paragraph (a) of this section, may file annually, in addition to such separate annual return, a group return on Form 990 or 990-A, 990 (SF), or 990-A (SF), as may be appropriate. Form 990 (SF) or 990-A (SF) may be used where each local organization qualifies under paragraph (a) of this section. Such group return may be filed for two or more of the local organizations, chapters, or the like (referred to in this paragraph as “local organizations”) which are (i) affiliated with such central organization at the close of its annual accounting period, (ii) subject to the general supervision or control of the central organization, and (iii) exempt from taxation under the same paragraph of section 501(c) of the Code, although the <PRTPAGE P="136"/>local organizations are not necessarily exempt under the paragraph under which the central organization is exempt.</P> <P>(2)(i) The filing of the group return shall be in lieu of the filing of a separate return by each of the local organizations included in the group return. The group return shall include only those local organizations which in writing have authorized the central organization to include them in the group return, and which have made and filed, with the central organization, their statements, specifically stating their items of gross income, receipts, and disbursements, and such other information relating to them as is required to be stated in the group return. Such an authorization by a local organization shall be made annually, under the penalties of perjury, and shall be signed by a duly authorized officer of the local organization in his official capacity and shall contain the following statement, or a statement of like import: “I hereby declare under the penalties of perjury that this authorization (including any accompanying schedules and statements) has been examined by me and to the best of my knowledge and belief is true, correct and complete and made in good faith for the taxable year stated.” Such authorizations and statements shall be permanently retained by the central organization.</P> <P>(ii) There shall be attached to the group return and made a part thereof a schedule showing the name and address of each of the local organizations and the total number thereof included in such return, and a schedule showing the name and address of each of the local organizations and the total number thereof not included in the group return.</P> <P>(3) The group return shall be on the basis of the established annual accounting period of the central organization. Where such central organization has no established annual accounting period, such return shall be on the basis of the calendar year. The same income, receipts, and disbursements of a local organization shall not be included in more than one group return.</P> <P>(4) The group return shall be filed in accordance with these regulations and the instructions issued with respect to Form 990, 990-A, 990 (SF), or 990-A (SF), whichever is appropriate, and shall be considered the return of each local organization included therein. The tax-exempt status of a local organization must be established under a group exemption letter issued to the central organization before a group return including the local organization will be considered as the return of the local organization. See § 1.501(a)-1 for requirements for establishing a tax-exempt status.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Time and place for filing.</E> The annual return of information on Form 990, 990-A, 990 (SF), 990-A (SF), or 990-P shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the fifth calendar month following the close of the period for which the return is required to be filed. The annual return on Form 1065 required to be filed by a religious or apostolic association or corporation shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the fourth month following the close of the taxable year for which the return is required to be filed. Each such return shall be filed in accordance with the instructions applicable thereto.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Penalties.</E> For criminal penalties for failure to file a return and filing a false or fraudulent return, see sections 7203, 7206, and 7207.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Organizations not required to file annual returns.</E> (1) (i) Annual returns on Form 990-A or Form 990-A (SF) are not required to be filed by an organization described in section 501 (c) (3) which has established its right to exemption from taxation under section 501 (a) and which is:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Organized and operated exclusively for religious purposes;</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> Operated, supervised, or controlled by or in connection with an organization which is organized and operated exclusively for religious purposes;</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> An educational organization which normally maintains a regular faculty and curriculum and normally has a regularly organized body of pupils or students in attendance at the place where its educational activities are regularly carried on; or<PRTPAGE P="137"/> </P> <P> <E T="03">(d)</E> A charitable organization, or an organization for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, which is supported, in whole or in part, by funds contributed by the United States or any State or political subdivision thereof, or which is primarily supported by contributions of the general public.</P> <P>(ii) An educational organization which normally maintains and has a regular faculty, curriculum, and student body and meets the conditions of subdivision (i)<E T="03">(c)</E> of this subparagraph, which relieves it from the requirement of filing annual returns, shall not be considered as having thereafter failed to continue meeting such conditions if it is temporarily compelled to curtail or discontinue its normal and regular activities during the existence of abnormal circumstances and conditions.</P> <P>(iii) An organization organized and operated exclusively for charitable purposes or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals is “primarily supported by contributions of the general public” for any accounting period if more than 50 percent of its income and receipts for such period is actually derived from voluntary contributions and gifts made by the general public, as distinguished from a few contributors or donors or from related or associated persons. For purposes of this subdivision, the words “related or associated persons” refer to persons of a particular group who are connected with or are interested in the activities of the organization, such as founders, incorporators, shareholders, members, fiduciaries, officers, employees, or the like, or who are connected with such persons by family or business relationships. An organization claiming an exception from the filing of an information return under this subdivision must maintain adequate records in order to substantiate such claim. Furthermore, if it is doubtful to an organization that it falls within this exception for filing annual information returns, it must file the return on Form 990-A or Form 990-A (SF).</P> <P>(2) The annual return on Form 990 or Form 990 (SF) need not be filed by:</P> <P>(i) A fraternal beneficiary society, order, or association, described in section 501(c)(8), or</P> <P>(ii) An organization described in section 501(c)(1) if it is a corporation wholly owned by the United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof, or is a wholly owned subsidiary of such a corporation,</P> <FP>which has established its exemption from tax under section 501(a).</FP> <P>(3) The provisions of section 6033(a) relieving certain specified types of organizations exempt from tax under section 501(a) from filing annual returns do not abridge or impair in any way the powers and authority of district directors or directors of service centers provided for in other provisions of the Code and in the regulations thereunder to require the filing of such returns by such organizations. See section 6001 and § 1.6001-1.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Records, statements, and other returns of tax-exempt organizations.</E> (1) An organization which has established its right to exemption from tax under section 501(a) and has also established that it is not required to file annually the return of information on Form 990, 990-A, 990 (SF), or 990-A (SF) shall immediately notify in writing the district director for the internal revenue district in which its principal office is located of any changes in its character, operations, or purpose for which it was originally created.</P> <P>(2) Every organization which has established its right to exemption from tax, whether or not it is required to file an annual return of information, shall submit such additional information as may be required by the district director for the purpose of enabling him to inquire further into its exempt status and to administer the provisions of subchapter F (section 501 and following), chapter 1 of the Code, and of section 6033. See section 6001 and § 1.6001-1 with respect to the authority of the district director or directors of service centers to require such additional information and with respect to the permanent books of account or records to be kept by such organizations.</P> <P>(3) An organization which has established its right to exemption from tax under section 501(a), including an organization which is relieved under section 6033 and this section from filing annual returns of information, is not, <PRTPAGE P="138"/>however, relieved from the duty of filing other returns of information. See, for example, sections 6041 and 6051 and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Unrelated business tax returns.</E> In addition to the foregoing requirements of this section, certain organizations otherwise exempt from tax under section 501(a) and described in section 501(c) (2), (3), (5), (6), or (17) or section 401(a) which are subject to tax on unrelated business taxable income are also required to file returns on Form 990-T. See paragraph (e) of § 1.6012-2 and paragraph (a)(5) of § 1.6012-3 for requirements with respect to such returns.</P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> The provisions of this section shall apply with respect to returns filed for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1970.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6722, 29 FR 5075, Apr. 14, 1964; T.D. 6972, 33 FR 12907, Sept. 12, 1968; T.D. 6980, 33 FR 16446, Nov. 9, 1968; T.D. 7122, 36 FR 11026, June 8, 1971]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6033-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns by exempt organizations (taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969) and returns by certain nonexempt organizations (taxable years beginning after December 31, 1980).</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> (1) Except as provided in section 6033(a)(2) and paragraph (g) of this section, every organization exempt from taxation under section 501(a) shall file an annual information return specifically setting forth its items of gross income, gross receipts and disbursements, and such other information as may be prescribed in the instructions issued with respect to the return. Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, such return shall be filed annually regardless of whether such organization is chartered by, or affiliated or associated with, any central, parent, or other organization.</P> <P>(2)(i) Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph and paragraph (g) of this section, every organization exempt from taxation under section 501(a), and required to file a return under section 6033 and this section (including, for taxable years ending before December 31, 1972, private foundations, as defined in section 509(a)), other than an organization described in section 401(a) or 501(d), shall file its annual return on Form 990. For taxable years ending on or after December 31, 1972, every private foundation shall file Form 990-PF as its annual information return. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1977, every section 501(c)(21) black lung trust shall file an annual information return on Form 990-BL or any other form prescribed by the Internal Revenue Service for that purpose.</P> <P>(ii) The information generally required to be furnished by an organization exempt under section 501(a) is:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> Its gross income for the year. For this purpose, gross income includes tax-exempt income, but does not include contributions, gifts, grants, and similar amounts received. Whether an item constitutes a contribution, gift, grant, or similar amount depends upon all the surrounding facts and circumstances. The computation of gross income shall be made by subtracting the cost of goods sold from all receipts other than gross contributions, gifts, grants, and similar amounts received and nonincludible dues and assessments from members and affiliates.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> To the extent not included in gross income, its dues and assessments from members and affiliates for the year.</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Its expenses incurred within the year attributable to gross income.</P> <P> <E T="03">(d)</E> Its disbursements (including prior years’ accumulations) made within the year for the purposes for which it is exempt.</P> <P> <E T="03">(e)</E> A balance sheet showing its assets, liabilities, and net worth as of the beginning and end of such year. Detailed information relating to the assets, liabilities, and net worth shall be furnished on the schedule provided for this purpose on the return required by this section. Such schedule shall be supplemented by attachments where appropriate.</P> <P> <E T="03">(f)</E> The total of the contributions, gifts, grants and similar amounts received by it during the taxable year, and the names and addresses of all persons who contributed, bequeathed, or devised $5,000 or more (in money or other property) during the taxable year. In the case of a private foundation (as defined in section 509(a)), the names and addresses of all persons who became substantial contributors (as defined in section 507(d)(2)) during the <PRTPAGE P="139"/>taxable year shall be furnished. In addition, for its first taxable year beginning after December 31, 1969, each private foundation shall furnish the names and addresses of all persons who became substantial contributors before such taxable year. For special rules with respect to contributors and donors, see subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph.</P> <P> <E T="03">(g)</E> The names and addresses of all officers, directors, or trustees (or any person having responsibilities or powers similar to those of officers, directors, or trustees) of the organization, and, in the case of a private foundation, all persons who are foundation managers, within the meaning of section 4946(b)(1). Organizations described in section 501(c)(3) must also attach a schedule showing the names and addresses of the five employees (if any) who received the greatest amount of annual compensation in excess of $30,000; the total number of other employees who received annual compensation in excess of $30,000; the names and addresses of the five independent contractors (if any) who performed personal services of a professional nature for the organization (such as attorneys, accountants, and doctors, whether such services are performed by such persons in their individual capacity or as employees of a professional service corporation) and who received the greatest amount of compensation in excess of $30,000 from the organization for the year for the performance of such services; and the total number of other such independent contractors who received in excess of $30,000 for the year for the performance of such services.</P> <P> <E T="03">(h)</E> A schedule showing the compensation and other payments made during the organization's annual accounting period (or during the calendar year ending within such period) which are includible in the gross income of each individual whose name is required to be listed in <E T="03">(g)</E> of this subdivision.</P> <P> <E T="03">(i)</E> For any taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1971, such information as is required by Forms 4848 and 4849 and, only with respect to any such taxable year ending before December 31, 1972, such information as is required by Form 2950. Such forms are required by this section to be filed by an organization exempt from tax under section 501(a) which is an employer who maintains a funded pension or annuity plan for its employees. See paragraph (g) of this section for exceptions from filing. Form 4849 need not be filed by the organization if the fiduciary for the plan has given written notification to the organization that such form will be filed as an attachment to Form 990-P filed by the fiduciary. Form 4848 (and Form 4849 if required to be filed by the organization) shall be filed as a separate return on or before the due date for Form 990. For rules relating to the extension of time for filing, see section 6081 and the regulations thereunder and the instructions for Form 4848. A central organization which files Form 990 as a group return under paragraph (d) of this section may also file Form 4848 as a group return. The rules provided by paragraph (d) of this section with respect to a group return filed on Form 990 shall apply to a group return filed on Form 4848. Unless otherwise expressly provided therein, an authorization to include a local organization in a group for purposes of filing Form 990 as a group return shall be treated as an authorization to include such local organization in a group for purposes of filing Form 4848 as a group return. A group return on Form 4848 shall be filed in accordance with this section and the instructions to Form 4848 and shall be considered the return of each local organization included therein. In addition to the information required to be furnished by Forms 4848 and 4849, the district director may require any further information that he considers necessary to determine qualification of the plan under section 401 or the taxability under section 403(b) of a beneficiary under an annuity purchased by a section 501(c)(3) organization.</P> <P>(<E T="03">j</E>) In the case of a private foundation liable for tax imposed under chapter 42, such information as is required by Form 4720.</P> <P>(<E T="03">k</E>) Its lobbying expenditures, grass roots expenditures, exempt purpose expenditures, lobbying nontaxable amount, and grass roots nontaxable amount for the taxable year and for prior taxable years that are base years (within the meaning of § 1.501(h)-<PRTPAGE P="140"/>3(c)(7)), if the organization has an election under section 501(h) in effect for the taxable year. An organization that is a member of an affiliated group of organizations (as defined in § 56.4911-7(e)) but that is not a member of a limited affiliated group (as defined in § 56.4911-10(b)) shall report this information based on the expenditures of all members of the group during the taxable year of the group that ends with or within the member's taxable year and for prior taxable years of the group that are base years (within the meaning of § 56.4911-9(b)). For additional information required to be furnished by members of an affiliated group of organizations, and by controlling members in a limited affiliated group, see §§ 56.4911-9(d) and 56.4911-10(f)(1), respectively.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Special rules.</E> In providing the names and addresses of contributors and donors under subdivision (ii)<E T="03">(f)</E> of this subparagraph:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> An organization described in section 501(c)(3) which meets the 33<FR>1/3</FR> percent-of-support test of the regulations under section 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) (without regard to whether such organization otherwise qualifies as an organization described in section 170(b)(1)(A)) is required to provide the name and address of a person who contributed, bequeathed, or devised $5,000 or more during the year only if his amount is in excess of 2 percent of the total contributions, bequests and devises received by the organization during the year.</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> An organization other than a private foundation is required to report only the names and addresses of contributors of whom it has actual knowledge. For instance, an organization need not require an employer who withholds contributions from the compensation of employees and pays over to the organization periodically the total amounts withheld, to specify the amounts paid over with respect to a particular employee. In such case, unless the organization has actual knowledge that a particular employee gave more than $5,000 (and in excess of 2 percent if <E T="03">(a)</E> of this subdivision is applicable), the organization need report only the name and address of the employer, and the total amount paid over by him.</P> <P> <E T="03">(c)</E> Separate and independent gifts made by one person in a particular year need be aggregated to determine if his contributions and bequests exceed $5,000 (and in excess of 2 percent if <E T="03">(a)</E> of this subdivision is applicable), only if such gifts are of $1,000 or more.</P> <P> <E T="03">(d)(1)</E> Organizations described in section 501(c) (8) or (10) (and, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1970, organizations described in section 501(c)(7)) that receive contributions or bequests to be used exclusively for purposes described in section 170(c)(4), 2055(a)(3), or 2522(a)(3), must attach a schedule with respect to all gifts which aggregate more than $1,000 from any one person showing the name of the donor, the amount of the contribution or bequest, the specific purpose for which such amount was received, and the specific use to which such amount was put. In the case of an amount set aside for such purposes, the organization shall indicate the manner in which such amount is held (for instance, whether such amount is commingled with amounts held for other purposes). If the contribution or bequest was transferred to another organization, the schedule must include the name of the transferee organization, a description of the nature of such organization, and a description of the relationship between the transferee and transferor organizations.</P> <P> <E T="03">(2)</E> For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1970, such organizations must also attach a statement showing the total dollar amount of contributions and bequests received for such purposes which are $1,000 or less.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Listing of States.</E> A private foundation is required to attach to its return required by this section a list of all States:</P> <P> <E T="03">(a)</E> To which the organization reports in any fashion concerning its organization, assets, or activities, or</P> <P> <E T="03">(b)</E> With which the organization has registered (or which it has otherwise notified in any manner) that it intends to be, or is, a charitable organization or a holder of property devoted to a charitable purpose.</P> <P>(3)(i) For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969, and ending before December 31, 1971, every employee's trust described in section 401(a) <PRTPAGE P="141"/>which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) shall file an annual return on Form 990-P. The return shall include the information required by paragraph (b)(5)(ii) of § 1.401-1. For such years, in addition, the trust must file the information required to be filed by the employer pursuant to the provisions of § 1.404(a)-2, unless the employer has notified the trustee in writing that he has filed or will timely file such information. If the trustee has received such notification from the employer, then such notification, or a copy thereof, shall be retained by the trust as a part of its records.</P> <P>(ii) For taxable years ending on or after December 31, 1971, and before December 31, 1975, every employee's trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) shall file an annual return on Form 990-P. The trust shall furnish such information as is required by such form and the instructions issued with respect thereto.</P> <P>(4) For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1980, trusts described in section 4947(a)(1) and nonexempt private foundations shall comply with the requirements of section 6033 and this section in the same manner as organizations described in section 501(c)(3) which are exempt from tax under section 501(a). This section shall be applied for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1980 as if trusts described in section 4947(a)(1) and nonexempt private foundations were described in section 501(c)(3). Therefore, for purposes of this section, all references to exempt organizations shall include section 4947(a)(1) trusts and nonexempt private foundations and all references to private foundations shall include section 4947(a)(1) trusts that would be private foundations if they were described in section 501(c)(3) and all nonexempt private foundations. Similarly, for purposes of paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(d), the purposes for which a section 4947(a)(1) trust or a nonexempt private foundation is organized shall be treated as the purposes for which it is exempt. For purposes of this section, the term “nonexempt private foundation” means a taxable organization (other than a section 4947(a)(1) trust) that is a private foundation. See section 509(b) and § 1.509(b)-1. See also section 642(c)(6) and § 1.642(c)-4.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Accounting period for filing return.</E> A return required by this section shall be on the basis of the established annual accounting period of the organization. If the organization has no such established accounting period, such return shall be on the basis of the calendar year.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Returns when exempt status not established.</E> An organization claiming an exempt status under section 501(a) prior to the establishment of such exempt status under section 501 and § 1.501(a)-1, shall file a return required by this section in accordance with the instructions applicable thereto. In such case the organization must indicate on such return that it is being filed in the belief that the organization is exempt under section 501(a), but that the Internal Revenue Service has not yet recognized such exemption.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Group returns.</E> (1) A central, parent, or like organization (referred to in this paragraph as “central organization”), exempt under section 501(a) and described in section 501(c) (other than a private foundation), although required to file a separate annual return for itself under section 6033 and paragraph (a) of this section, may file annually, in addition to such separate annual return, a group return on Form 990. Such group return may be filed for two or more of the local organizations, chapters, or the like (referred to in this paragraph as “local organizations”) which are (i) affiliated with such central organization at the close of its annual accounting period, (ii) subject to the general supervision or control of the central organization, and (iii) exempt from taxation under the same paragraph of section 501(c) of the Code, although the local organizations are not necessarily exempt under the paragraph under which the central organization is exempt. Such group return may not be filed for a local organization which is a private foundation.</P> <P>(2)(i) The filing of the group return shall be in lieu of the filing of a separate return by each of the local organizations included in the group return. The group return shall include only those local organizations which in <PRTPAGE P="142"/>writing have authorized the central organization to include them in the group return, and which have made and filed, with the central organization, their statements, specifically stating their items of gross income, receipts, and disbursements, and such other information relating to them as is required to be stated in the group return. Such an authorization and statement by a local organization shall be made under the penalties of perjury, shall be signed by a duly authorized officer of the local organization in his official capacity, and shall contain the following statement, or a statement of like import: “I hereby declare under the penalties of perjury that this authorization (including any accompanying schedules and statements) has been examined by me and to the best of my knowledge and belief is true, correct and complete and made in good faith.” Such authorization and statement with respect to a local organization shall be retained by the central organization until the expiration of 6 years after the last taxable year for which a group return filed by such central organization includes such local organization.</P> <P>(ii) There shall be attached to the group return and made a part thereof a schedule showing the name, address, and employer identification number of each of the local organizations and the total number thereof included in such return, and a schedule showing the name, address, and employer identification number of each of the local organizations and the total number thereof not included in the group return.</P> <P>(3) The group return shall be on the basis of the established annual accounting period of the central organization. Where such central organization has no established annual accounting period, such return shall be on the basis of the calendar year. The same income, receipts, and disbursements of a local organization shall not be included in more than one group return.</P> <P>(4) The group return shall be filed in accordance with these regulations and the instructions issued with respect to Form 990, and shall be considered the return of each local organization included therein. The tax exempt status of a local organization must be established under a group exemption letter issued to the central organization before a group return including the local organization will be considered as the return of the local organization. See § 1.501(a)-1 for requirements for establishing a tax-exempt status.</P> <P>(5) In providing the information required by paragraph (a)(2)(ii) <E T="03">(f), (g),</E> and <E T="03">(h)</E> of this section, such information may be provided:</P> <P>(i) With respect to the central or parent organization on its Form 990, and with respect to the local organizations on separate schedules attached to the group return for the year, or</P> <P>(ii) On a consolidated basis for all the local organizations and the central or parent organization on the group return.</P> <FP>Such information need be provided only with respect to those local organizations which are not excepted from filing under the provisions of paragraph (g) of this section. A central or parent organization shall indicate whether it has provided such information in the manner described in subdivision (i) or in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, and may not change the manner in which it provides such information without the consent of the Commissioner.</FP> <P>(e) <E T="03">Time and place for filing.</E> The annual return required by this section shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the fifth calendar month following the close of the period for which the return is required to be filed. The annual return on Form 1065 required to be filed by a religious or apostolic association or corporation shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the fourth month following the close of the taxable year for which the return is required to be filed. Each such return shall be filed in accordance with the instructions applicable thereto.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Penalties and additions to tax.</E> For penalties and additions to tax for failure to file a return and filing a false or fraudulent return, see sections 6652, 7203, 7206, and 7207.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Organizations not required to file annual returns.</E> (1) Annual returns required by this section are not required to be filed by an organization exempt <PRTPAGE P="143"/>from taxation under section 501(a) which is:</P> <P>(i) A church, an interchurch organization of local units of a church, a convention or association of churches, or an integrated auxiliary of a church (as defined in paragraph (h) of this section);</P> <P>(ii) An exclusively religious activity of any religious order;</P> <P>(iii) An organization (other than a private foundation) the gross receipts of which in each taxable year are normally not more than $5,000 (as described in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph);</P> <P>(iv) A mission society sponsored by or affiliated with one or more churches or church denominations, more than one-half of the activities of which society are conducted in, or directed at persons in foreign countries;</P> <P>(v) A State institution, the income of which is excluded from gross income under section 115(a);</P> <P>(vi) An organization described in section 501(c)(1); or</P> <P>(vii) An educational organization (below college level) that is described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii), that has a program of a general academic nature, and that is affiliated (within the meaning of paragraph (h)(2) of this section) with a church or operated by a religious order.</P> <P>(2) The provisions of section 6033(a) relieving certain specified types of organizations exempt from taxation under section 501(a) from filing annual returns do not abridge or impair in any way the powers and authority of district directors or directors of service centers provided for in other provisions of the Code and in regulations thereunder to require the filing of returns or notices by such organizations. See section 6001 and § 1.6001-1.</P> <P>(3) For purposes of subparagraph (1)(iii) of this paragraph, the gross receipts (as defined in subparagraph (4) of this paragraph) of an organization are normally not more than $5,000 if:</P> <P>(i) In the case of an organization which has been in existence for 1 year or less, the organization has received, or donors have pledged to give, gross receipts of $7,500 or less during the first taxable year of the organization,</P> <P>(ii) In the case of an organization which has been in existence for more than one but less than 3 years, the average of the gross receipts received by the organization in its first 2 taxable years is $6,000 or less, and</P> <P>(iii) In the case of an organization which has been in existence for 3 years or more, the average of the gross receipts received by the organization in the immediately preceding 3 taxable years, including the year for which the return would be required to be filed, is $5,000 or less.</P> <P>(4) For purposes of this paragraph and paragraph (a)(2) of this section, “gross receipts” means the gross amount received by the organization during its annual accounting period from all sources without reduction for any costs or expenses including, for example, cost of goods or assets sold, cost of operations, or expenses of earning, raising, or collecting such amounts. Thus “gross receipts” includes, but is not limited to (i) the gross amount received as contributions, gifts, grants, and similar amounts without reduction for the expenses of raising and collecting such amounts, (ii) the gross amount received as dues or assessments from members or affiliated organizations without reduction for expenses attributable to the receipt of such amounts, (iii) gross sales or receipts from business activities (including business activities unrelated to the purpose for which the organization qualifies for exemption, the net income or loss from which may be required to be reported on Form 990-T), (iv) the gross amount received from the sale of assets without reduction for cost or other basis and expenses of sale, and (v) the gross amount received as investment income, such as interest, dividends, rents, and royalties.</P> <P>(5) [Reserved]</P> <P>(6) The Commissioner may relieve any organization or class of organizations from filing, in whole or in part, the annual return required by this section where he determines that such returns are not necessary for the efficient administration of the internal revenue laws.<PRTPAGE P="144"/> </P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Integrated auxiliary</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> For purposes of this title, the <E T="03">term integrated auxiliary of a church</E> means an organization that is—</P> <P>(i) Described both in sections 501(c)(3) and 509(a) (1), (2), or (3);</P> <P>(ii) Affiliated with a church or a convention or association of churches; and</P> <P>(iii) Internally supported.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Affiliation.</E> An organization is affiliated with a church or a convention or association of churches, for purposes of paragraph (h)(1)(ii) of this section, if—</P> <P>(i) The organization is covered by a group exemption letter issued under applicable administrative procedures, (such as Rev. Proc. 80-27 (1980-1 C.B. 677); See § 601.601(a)(2)(ii)(<E T="03">b</E>)), to a church or a convention or association of churches;</P> <P>(ii) The organization is operated, supervised, or controlled by or in connection with (as defined in § 1.509(a)-4) a church or a convention or association of churches; or</P> <P>(iii) Relevant facts and circumstances show that it is so affiliated.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Facts and circumstances.</E> For purposes of paragraph (h)(2)(iii) of this section, relevant facts and circumstances that indicate an organization is affiliated with a church or a convention or association of churches include the following factors. However, the absence of one or more of the following factors does not necessarily preclude classification of an organization as being affiliated with a church or a convention or association of churches—</P> <P>(i) The organization's enabling instrument (corporate charter, trust instrument, articles of association, constitution or similar document) or by-laws affirm that the organization shares common religious doctrines, principles, disciplines, or practices with a church or a convention or association of churches;</P> <P>(ii) A church or a convention or association of churches has the authority to appoint or remove, or to control the appointment or removal of, at least one of the organization's officers or directors;</P> <P>(iii) The corporate name of the organization indicates an institutional relationship with a church or a convention or association of churches;</P> <P>(iv) The organization reports at least annually on its financial and general operations to a church or a convention or association of churches;</P> <P>(v) An institutional relationship between the organization and a church or a convention or association of churches is affirmed by the church, or convention or association of churches, or a designee thereof; and</P> <P>(vi) In the event of dissolution, the organization's assets are required to be distributed to a church or a convention or association of churches, or to an affiliate thereof within the meaning of this paragraph (h).</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Internal support.</E> An organization is internally supported, for purposes of paragraph (h)(1)(iii) of this section, unless it both—</P> <P>(i) Offers admissions, goods, services or facilities for sale, other than on an incidental basis, to the general public (except goods, services, or facilities sold at a nominal charge or for an insubstantial portion of the cost); and</P> <P>(ii) Normally receives more than 50 percent of its support from a combination of governmental sources, public solicitation of contributions, and receipts from the sale of admissions, goods, performance of services, or furnishing of facilities in activities that are not unrelated trades or businesses.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Special rule.</E> Men's and women's organizations, seminaries, mission societies, and youth groups that satisfy paragraphs (h)(1) (i) and (ii) of this section are integrated auxiliaries of a church regardless of whether such an organization meets the internal support requirement under paragraph (h)(1)(iii) of this section.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> This paragraph (h) applies for returns filed for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969. For returns filed for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969 but beginning before December 20, 1995, the definition for the term <E T="03">integrated auxiliary of a church</E> set forth in § 1.6033-2(g)(5) (as contained in the 26 CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1995) may be used as an alternative definition to such term set forth in this paragraph (h).<PRTPAGE P="145"/> </P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Examples of internal support.</E> The internal support test of this paragraph (h) is illustrated by the following examples, in each of which it is assumed that the organization's provision of goods and services does not constitute an unrelated trade or business: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>Organization A is described in sections 501(c)(3) and 509(a)(2) and is affiliated (within the meaning of this paragraph (h)) with a church. Organization A publishes a weekly newspaper as its only activity. On an incidental basis, some copies of Organization A's publication are sold to nonmembers of the church with which it is affiliated. Organization A advertises for subscriptions at places of worship of the church. Organization A is internally supported, regardless of its sources of financial support, because it does not offer admissions, goods, services, or facilities for sale, other than on an incidental basis, to the general public. Organization A is an integrated auxiliary.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>Organization B is a retirement home described in sections 501(c)(3) and 509(a)(2). Organization B is affiliated (within the meaning of this paragraph (h)) with a church. Admission to Organization B is open to all members of the community for a fee. Organization B advertises in publications of general distribution appealing to the elderly and maintains its name on non-denominational listings of available retirement homes. Therefore, Organization B offers its services for sale to the general public on more than an incidental basis. Organization B receives a cash contribution of $50,000 annually from the church. Fees received by Organization B from its residents total $100,000 annually. Organization B does not receive any government support or contributions from the general public. Total support is $150,000 ($100,000 + $50,000), and $100,000 of that total is from receipts from the performance of services (66<FR>2/3</FR>% of total support). Therefore, Organization B receives more than 50 percent of its support from receipts from the performance of services. Organization B is not internally supported and is not an integrated auxiliary.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 3.</HD> <P>Organization C is a hospital that is described in sections 501(c)(3) and 509(a)(1). Organization C is affiliated (within the meaning of this paragraph (h)) with a church. Organization C is open to all persons in need of hospital care in the community, although most of Organization C's patients are members of the same denomination as the church with which Organization C is affiliated. Organization C maintains its name on hospital listings used by the general public, and participating doctors are allowed to admit all patients. Therefore, Organization C offers its services for sale to the general public on more than an incidental basis. Organization C annually receives $250,000 in support from the church, $1,000,000 in payments from patients and third party payors (including Medicare, Medicaid and other insurers) for patient care, $100,000 in contributions from the public, $100,000 in grants from the federal government (other than Medicare and Medicaid payments) and $50,000 in investment income. Total support is $1,500,000 ($250,000 + $1,000,000 + $100,000 + $100,000 + $50,000), and $1,200,000 ($1,000,000 + $100,000 + $100,000) of that total is support from receipts from the performance of services, government sources, and public contributions (80% of total support). Therefore, Organization C receives more than 50 percent of its support from receipts from the performance of services, government sources, and public contributions. Organization C is not internally supported and is not an integrated auxiliary.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(i) <E T="03">Records, statements, and other returns of tax-exempt organizations.</E> (1) An organization which is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) and is not required to file annually an information return required by this section shall immediately notify in writing the district director for the internal revenue district in which its principal office is located of any changes in its character, operations, or purpose for which it was originally created.</P> <P>(2) Every organization which is exempt from tax, whether or not it is required to file an annual information return, shall submit such additional information as may be required by the Internal Revenue Service for the purpose of inquiring into its exempt status and administering the provisions of subchapter F (section 501 and following), chapter 1 of subtitle A of the Code, section 6033, and chapter 42 of subtitle D of the Code. See section 6001 and § 1.6001-1 with respect to the authority of the district directors or directors of service centers to require such additional information and with respect to the books of account or records to be kept by such organizations.</P> <P>(3) An organization which has established its exemption from taxation under section 501(a), including an organization which is relieved under section 6033 and this section from filing annual returns of information, is not relieved of the duty of filing other returns of information. See, for example, sections 6041, 6043, 6051, 6057, and 6058 and the regulations thereunder.<PRTPAGE P="146"/> </P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Unrelated business tax returns.</E> In addition to the foregoing requirements of this section, certain organizations otherwise exempt from tax under section 501(a) which are subject to tax on unrelated business taxable income are also required to file returns on Form 990-T. See paragraph (e) of § 1.6012-2 and paragraph (a)(5) of § 1.6012-3 for requirements with respect to such returns.</P> <P>(k) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> The provisions of this section shall apply with respect to returns filed for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 7122, 36 FR 11026, June 8, 1971; 36 FR 11730, June 18, 1971]</CITA> <EDNOTE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Editorial Note:</HD> <P>For <E T="04">Federal Register</E> citations affecting § 1.6033-2, see the List of Sections Affected in the Finding Aids section of this volume.</P> </EDNOTE> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6033-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Additional provisions relating to private foundations.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> The foundation managers (as defined in section 4946(b)) of every organization (including a trust described in section 4947(a)(1)) which is (or is treated as) a private foundation (as defined in section 509) the assets of which are at least $5,000 at any time during a taxable year shall include the following information on its annual return in addition to that information required under § 1.6033-2(a):</P> <P>(1) An itemized statement of its securities and all other assets at the close of the year, showing both book and market value,</P> <P>(2) An itemized list of all grants and contributions made or approved for future payment during the year, showing the amount of each such grant or contribution, the name and address of the recipient (other than a recipient who is not a disqualified person and who receives, from the foundation, grants to indigent or needy persons that, in the aggregate, do not exceed $1,000 during the year), any relationship between any individual recipient and the foundation's managers or substantial contributors, and a concise statement of the purpose of each such grant or contribution,</P> <P>(3) The address of the principal office of the foundation and (if different) of the place where its books and records are maintained,</P> <P>(4) The names and addresses of its foundation managers (within the meaning of section 4946(b)), that are substantial contributors (within the meaning of section 507(d)(2)) or that own 10 percent or more of the stock of any corporation of which the foundation owns 10 percent or more of the stock, or corresponding interests in partnerships or other entities, in which the foundation has a 10 percent or greater interest.</P> <FP>For purposes of subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, the business address of an individual grant recipient or foundation manager may be used by the foundation in its annual return in lieu of the home address of such recipient or manager, and the term “relationship” shall include, but is not limited to, any case in which an individual recipient of a grant or contribution by a private foundation is (i) a member of the family (as defined in section 4946(d)) of a substantial contributor or foundation manager of such foundation, (ii) a partner of such substantial contributor or foundation manager, or (iii) an employee of such substantial contributor or foundation manager or of an organization which is effectively controlled (within the meaning of section 4946(a)(1)(H)(i) and the regulations thereunder), directly or indirectly, by one or more such substantial contributors or foundation managers.</FP> <P>(b) <E T="03">Notice to public of availability of annual return.</E> A copy of the notice required by section 6104(d) (relating to public inspection of private foundations’ annual returns), and proof of publication thereof, shall be filed with the annual return required by § 1.6033-2(a). A copy of such notice as published, and a statement signed by a foundation manager stating that such notice was published, setting forth the date of publication and the publication in which it appeared, shall be sufficient proof of publication for purposes of this paragraph.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Special rules—</E>(1) <E T="03">Furnishing of copies to State officers.</E> The foundation managers of a private foundation shall furnish a copy of the annual return required by section 6033 and § 1.6033-2 to the Attorney General of:<PRTPAGE P="147"/> </P> <P>(i) Each State which the foundation is required to list on its return pursuant to § 1.6033-2(a)(2)(iv),</P> <P>(ii) The State in which is located the principal office of the foundation, and</P> <P>(iii) The State in which the foundation was incorporated or created.</P> <FP>The annual return shall be sent to each Attorney General described in paragraphs (c)(1) (i), (ii), or (iii) of this section at the same time as it is sent to the Internal Revenue Service. Upon request the foundation managers shall also furnish a copy of the annual return to the Attorney General or other appropriate State officer (within the meaning of section 6104 (c)(2)) of any State. The foundation managers shall attach to each copy of the annual return sent to State officers under this subparagraph a copy of the Form 4720, if any, filed by the foundation for the year.</FP> <P>(2) <E T="03">Cross-reference.</E> For additional rules with respect to private foundations’ returns and the public inspection of such returns, see section 6104(d) and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Special rules for certain foreign organizations.</E> The provisions of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section shall not apply with respect to an organization described in section 4948(b). The foundation managers of such organizations are not required to publish notice of availability of the annual return for inspection, to make the annual return available at the principal office of the foundation for public inspection under section 6104(d), or to send copies of the annual return to State officers.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> The provisions of this section shall apply with respect to returns filed for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1980.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8026, 50 FR 20756, May 20, 1985]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6034-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of trusts described in section 4947(a)(2) or claiming charitable or other deductions under section 642(c).</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> Every trust (other than a trust described in paragraph (b) of this section) claiming a charitable or other deduction under section 642(c) for the taxable year shall file, with respect to such taxable year, a return of information on form 1041-A. In addition, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1969, every trust (other than a trust described in paragraph (b) of this section) described in section 4947 (a) (2) (including trusts described in section 664) shall file such return for each taxable year, unless all transfers in trust occurred before May 27, 1969. The return shall set forth the name and address of the trust and the following information concerning the trust in such detail as is prescribed by the form or in the instructions issued with respect to such form:</P> <P>(1) The amount of the charitable or other deduction taken under section 642(c) for the taxable year (and, for taxable years beginning prior to January 1, 1970, showing separately for each class of activity for which disbursements were made (or amounts were permanently set aside) the amounts which, during such year, were paid out (or which were permanently set aside) for charitable or other purposes under section 642(c));</P> <P>(2) The amount paid out during the taxable year which represents amounts permanently set aside in prior years for which charitable or other deductions have been taken under section 642(c), and separately listing for each class of activity, for which disbursements were made, the total amount paid out;</P> <P>(3) The amount for which charitable or other deductions have been taken in prior years under section 642(c) and which had not been paid out at the beginning of the taxable year;</P> <P>(4)(i) The amount paid out of principal in the taxable year for charitable, etc., purposes, and separately listing for each such class of activity, for which disbursements were made, the total amount paid out;</P> <P>(ii) The total amount paid out of principal in prior years for charitable, etc., purposes;</P> <P>(5) The gross income of the trust for the taxable year and the expenses attributable thereto, in sufficient detail to show the different categories of income and of expense; and</P> <P>(6) A balance sheet showing the assets, liabilities, and net worth of the trust as of the beginning of the taxable year.<PRTPAGE P="148"/> </P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Exceptions</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general</E>. A trust is not required to file a Form 1041-A for any taxable year with respect to which the trustee is required by the terms of the governing instrument and applicable local law to distribute currently all of the income of the trust. For this purpose, the income of the trust shall be determined in accordance with section 643(b) and §§ 1.643(b)-1 and 1.643(b)-2.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Trusts described in section 4947(a)(1).</E> For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1980, a trust described in section 4947(a)(1) is not required to file a Form 1041-A.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Time and place for filing return.</E> The return on form 1041-A shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the 4th month following the close of the taxable year of the trust, with the internal revenue officer designated by the instructions applicable to such form. For extensions of time for filing returns under this section, see § 1.6081-1.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Other provisions.</E> For publicity of information on Form 1041-A, see section 6104 and the regulations thereunder in part 301 of this chapter. For provisions relating to penalties for failure to file a return required by this section, see section 6652(d). For the criminal penalties for a willful failure to file a return and filing a false or fraudulent return, see sections 7203, 7206, and 7207.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7563, 43 FR 40221, Sept. 11, 1978; T.D. 8026, 50 FR 20757, May 20, 1985]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6035-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of U.S. officers, directors and 10-percent shareholders of foreign personal holding companies for taxable years beginning after September 3, 1982.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requirement of returns</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> For taxable years of a foreign personal holding company beginning after September 3, 1982, each United States citizen or resident who is an officer, director, or 10-percent shareholder of the foreign personal holding company (as defined in section 552) shall file with his income tax return, on or before the date that return is due, Form 5471 and the applicable schedules to be completed in accordance with the instructions setting forth corporate, shareholder, and income information for the foreign personal holding company's annual accounting period that ends with or within the officer's, director's, or shareholder's taxable year. In the case of a foreign personal holding company which is a specified foreign corporation (as defined in section 898), the taxable year of such corporation shall be treated as its annual accounting period.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">General corporate information.</E> The general foreign personal holding company information required by this section with respect to each taxable year is as follows:</P> <P>(i) The name and address and employer identification number (if any) of the corporation;</P> <P>(ii) The kind of business in which the corporation is engaged;</P> <P>(iii) The date of its incorporation;</P> <P>(iv) The country under the laws of which the corporation is incorporated;</P> <P>(v) A description of each class of stock issued and outstanding by the corporation for the beginning and end of the annual accounting period;</P> <P>(vi) The number of shares and par value of common stock of the corporation issued and outstanding as of the beginning and end of the taxable year;</P> <P>(vii) The number of shares and par value of preferred stock of the corporation issued and outstanding as of the beginning and end of the taxable year, the rate of dividend on such stock and whether such dividend is cumulative or noncumulative; and</P> <P>(viii) Any other information required by the appropriate form and its instructions.</P> <FP>For purposes of this paragraph, the term “share” includes any security convertible into a share in the corporation and any option granted by the corporation with respect to any share in the corporation.</FP> <P>(3) <E T="03">Shareholder information.</E> The shareholder information required by this section is as follows:</P> <P>(i) The name, address and taxpayer identification number (if any) of each person, whether foreign or U.S., who was a shareholder during the taxable year and the class and number of shares held by each, together with an explanation of any changes in stock holdings during the taxable year,<PRTPAGE P="149"/> </P> <P>(ii) The name and address of each holder during the taxable year of securities convertible into stock of the corporation and the class, number, and face value of the securities held by each, together with and explanation of any changes in the holdings of such securities during the taxable year,</P> <P>(iii) The name and address of each holder during the taxable year of any option granted by the corporation with respect to any share in the corporation, and a full description of the options held by each, together with an explanation of any changes in the holdings of such options during the taxable year, and</P> <P>(iv) Any other information required by the appropriate form and its instructions.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Income information.</E> The income information required by this section is the gross income, deductions and credits, taxable income, foreign personal holding company income, and undistributed foreign personal holding company income for the taxable year and other information required by the appropriate form and its instructions.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Persons required to file return</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> The determination of whether a United States citizen or resident is person who is an officer, director, or 10-percent shareholder required to file a return with respect to any foreign corporation is made as of the date that Form 5471 is required to be filed. If there is no such person required to file on that date (because, for example, the corporation has been dissolved), then filing is required of the persons who were officers, directors or 10-percent shareholders on the last day of the most recent taxable year of the corporation for which there was such a person who was a United States citizen or resident.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">10-percent shareholder.</E> (i) The term “10-percent shareholder” means any individual who owns directly or indirectly (within the meaning of section 544) 10 percent or more in value of the outstanding stock of a foreign corporation.</P> <P>(ii) An individual who does not own 10 percent or more in value of the outstanding stock directly but is required to file solely by attribution of another United States person's stock ownership is excused from filing if the direct owner that is an individual furnishes all the information required.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Two or more persons required to submit the same information.</E> If two or more persons are required to furnish the information for the same foreign personal holding company for the same period, one person may make one return on Form 5471. The single Form 5471 may be filed with the income tax return of any one of the persons and shall disclose the name, address, and identifying number of each other person or persons on whose behalf the return is filed. Each person on whose behalf the return is filed remains liable for any penalties imposed under sections 6679, 7203, 7206, and 7207.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Statement required.</E> Any United States citizen or resident required to furnish information under this section with his return who does not do so by reason of the provisions of subparagraph (2)(ii) or (3) of this paragraph shall file a statement with his income tax return indicating that such requirement has been or will be satisfied and identifying the return with which the information was or will be filed and the place of filing.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Separate returns for each corporation.</E> If a person is required to file returns under section 6035 and this section with respect to more than one foreign personal holding company, separate returns must be filed with respect to each company.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Corrective filing.</E> If an information return with respect to a taxable year of a foreign personal holding company beginning after September 3, 1982, is filed before [date which is 30 days after the date of publication of a Treasury decision in the <E T="04">Federal Register</E>] and that return does not contain all of the information required by this section, then the filer of the return shall file an amended information return containing all of such information within 90 days after June 4, 1985.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Penalties</E>—(1) <E T="03">Criminal penalties.</E> For criminal penalties for failure to file a return and filing a false or fraudulent return, see sections 7203, 7206, and 7207.<PRTPAGE P="150"/> </P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Civil penalties.</E> For civil penalties for failure to file a proper foreign personal holding company information return, see section 6679 and the regulations thereunder.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8028, 50 FR 23408, June 4, 1985; 50 FR 26359, June 26, 1985, as amended by T.D. 8573, 59 FR 64301, Dec. 14, 1994]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6035-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of U.S. officers and directors of foreign personal holding companies for taxable years beginning before September 4, 1982.</SUBJECT> <P>For rules relating to information returns required to be filed by officers and directors of foreign personal holding companies for taxable years beginning before September 4, 1982, see section 6035(a) (as in effect before the enactment of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982) and 26 CFR 1.6035-1 (Revised as of April 1, 1981).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8028, 50 FR 23409, June 4, 1985]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6035-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Returns of 50-percent U.S. shareholders of foreign personal holding companies for taxable years beginning before September 4, 1982.</SUBJECT> <P>For rules relating to information returns required to be filed by shareholders of foreign personal holding companies for taxable years beginning before September 4, 1982, see section 6035(b) (as in effect before the enactment of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982) and 26 CFR 1.6035-2 (Revised as of April 1, 1961).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8028, 50 FR 23409, June 4, 1985]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6036-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Notice of qualification as executor or receiver.</SUBJECT> <P>For provisions relating to the notice required of fiduciaries, see the regulations under section 6036 contained in part 301 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration).</P> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6037-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Return of electing small business corporation.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> Every small business corporation (as defined in section 1371(a)) which has made an election under section 1372(a) not to be subject to the tax imposed by chapter 1 of the Code shall file, with respect to each taxable year for which the election is in effect, a return of income on Form 1120-S. The return shall set forth the items of gross income and the deductions allowable in computing taxable income as required by the return form or in the instructions issued with respect thereto and shall be signed in accordance with section 6062 by the person authorized to sign a return. The return shall also set forth the following information concerning the electing small business corporation:</P> <P>(1) The names and addresses of all persons owning stock in the corporation at any time during the taxable year;</P> <P>(2) The number of shares of stock owned by each shareholder at all times during the taxable year;</P> <P>(3) The amount of money and other property distributed by the corporation during the taxable year to each shareholder;</P> <P>(4) The date of each distribution of money and other property; and</P> <P>(5) Such other information as is required by the form or by the instructions issued with respect to such form.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time and place for filing return.</E> The return shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the third month following the close of the taxable year with the internal revenue officer designated in the instructions applicable to Form 1120-S. (See section 6072.)</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Other provisions.</E> The return on Form 1120-S will be treated as a return filed by the corporation under section 6012, relating to persons required to make returns of income, for purposes of the provisions of chapter 66 of the Code, relating to limitations. Thus, for example, the period of limitation on assessment and collection of any corporate tax found to be due upon a subsequent determination that the corporation was not entitled to the benefits of subchapter S, chapter 1 of the Code, will run from the date of filing the return under section 6037, or from the date prescribed for filing such return, whichever is the later. For the rules requiring the disclosure of certain transactions, see § 1.6011-4T.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Penalties.</E> For criminal penalties for failure to file a return, supply information, or pay tax, and for filing a false or fraudulent return, statement, <PRTPAGE P="151"/>or other document, see sections 7203, 7206, and 7207.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12108, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7012, 34 FR 7690, May 15, 1969; T.D. 9000, 67 FR 41328, June 18, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of domestic corporations with respect to annual accounting periods of certain foreign corporations beginning before January 1, 1963.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requirement of return.</E> For taxable years beginning after December 31, 1960, every domestic corporation shall make a separate annual information return on Form 2952, in duplicate, with respect to each foreign corporation which it controls, as defined in paragraph (b) of this section, and with respect to each foreign subsidiary, as defined in paragraph (c) of this section, for each annual accounting period (described in paragraph (d) of this section) of each such controlled foreign corporation or foreign subsidiary beginning after December 31, 1960, and before January 1, 1963. Such information shall not be required to be furnished, however, with respect to a corporation defined in section 1504(d) of the Code which makes a consolidated return for the taxable year. For annual accounting periods beginning after December 31, 1962, see § 1.6038-2.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Control.</E> A domestic corporation shall be deemed to be in control of a foreign corporation if at any time during its taxable year it owns more than 50 percent of the voting stock of such foreign corporation.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Foreign subsidiary.</E> A foreign corporation more than 50 percent of the voting stock of which is owned by a controlled foreign corporation at any time during the annual accounting period of such controlled foreign corporation shall be considered a foreign subsidiary.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Period covered by return—</E>(1) <E T="03">Controlled foreign corporation.</E> The information with respect to a controlled foreign corporation shall be furnished for its annual accounting period ending with or within the domestic corporation's taxable year.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Foreign subsidiary.</E> The information with respect to a foreign subsidiary shall be furnished for such subsidiary's annual accounting period ending with or within the controlled foreign corporation's annual accounting period.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Annual accounting period defined.</E> For purposes of this section, the annual accounting period of a controlled foreign corporation or of a foreign subsidiary is the annual period on the basis of which the controlled foreign corporation or foreign subsidiary regularly computes its income in keeping its books. The term “annual accounting period” may refer to a period of less than 1 year, where for example the foreign income, war profits, and excess profits taxes are determined on the basis of an accounting period of less than 1 year as described in section 902(c)(2).</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Contents of return.</E> The return on Form 2952 shall contain the following information with respect to each controlled corporation and each foreign subsidiary:</P> <P>(1) The name and address of the corporation;</P> <P>(2) The principal place of business of the corporation;</P> <P>(3) The date of incorporation and the country under whose laws incorporated;</P> <P>(4) The nature of the corporation's business;</P> <P>(5) As regards the outstanding stock of the corporation:</P> <P>(i) A description of each class of the corporation's stock, and</P> <P>(ii) The number of shares of each class outstanding at the beginning and the end of the annual accounting period;</P> <P>(6) A list showing the name and address of, and the number of shares of each class of the corporation's stock held by, each citizen or resident of the United States, and each domestic corporation, who is a shareholder of record owning at any time during the annual accounting period 5 percent or more in value of any class of the corporation's outstanding stock;</P> <P>(7) The amount of the corporation's gross receipts, net profits before taxes and provision for foreign income taxes, for the annual accounting period, as reflected on the financial statements required under paragraph (f) of this section to be filed with the return; and<PRTPAGE P="152"/> </P> <P>(8) A summary showing the total amount of each of the following types of transactions of the corporation, which took place during the annual accounting period, with the domestic corporation or any shareholder of the domestic corporation owning at the time of the transaction 10 percent or more of the value of any class of stock outstanding of the domestic corporation:</P> <P>(i) Sales and purchases of stock in trade;</P> <P>(ii) Purchases of property of a character which is subject to the allowance for depreciation;</P> <P>(iii) Compensation paid and compensation received for the rendition of technical, managerial, engineering, construction, scientific, or like services;</P> <P>(iv) Commissions paid and commissions received;</P> <P>(v) Rents and royalties paid and rents and royalties received;</P> <P>(vi) Amounts loaned and amounts borrowed (other than open accounts which arise and are collected in the ordinary course of business);</P> <P>(vii) Dividends paid and dividends received;</P> <P>(viii) Interest paid and interest received; and</P> <P>(ix) Premiums received for insurance or reinsurance.</P> <FP>If the domestic corporation is a bank, as defined in section 581, or is controlled within the meaning of section 368(c) by a bank, the term “transactions” shall not, as to a corporation with respect to which a return is filed, include banking transactions entered into on behalf of customers; in any event, however, deposits in accounts between a controlled foreign corporation or a foreign subsidiary and the domestic corporation or a 10-percent shareholder described in this subparagraph and withdrawals from such accounts shall be summarized by reporting end-of-month balances.</FP> <P>(f) <E T="03">Financial statements.</E> The following information with respect to each controlled foreign corporation and each foreign subsidiary shall be attached to and filed as part of the return required by this section:</P> <P>(1) A statement of the corporation's profit and loss for the annual accounting period;</P> <P>(2) A balance sheet as of the end of the annual accounting period of the corporation showing:</P> <P>(i) The corporation's assets,</P> <P>(ii) The corporation's liabilities, and</P> <P>(iii) The corporation's net worth; and</P> <P>(3) An analysis of changes in the corporation's surplus accounts during the annual accounting period including both opening and closing balances.</P> <FP>The statements listed in subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3) of this paragraph shall be prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, and in such form and detail as is customary for the corporation's accounting records.</FP> <P>(g) <E T="03">Method of reporting.</E> All amounts furnished under paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section shall be expressed in United States currency with a statement of the exchange rates used.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Time and place for filing return.</E> Returns on Form 2952 required under paragraph (a) of this section shall be filed with the domestic corporation's income tax return on or before the fifteenth day of the third month following the close of such corporation's taxable year.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Extensions of time for filing.</E> District directors are authorized to grant reasonable extensions of time for filing returns on Form 2952 in accordance with the applicable provisions of § 1.6081-1. An application by a domestic corporation for an extension of time for filing a return of income shall also be considered as an application for an extension of time for filing returns on Form 2952.</P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Failure to furnish information</E>—(1) <E T="03">Effect on foreign tax credit.</E> (i) Failure by a domestic corporation to furnish, in accordance with the provisions of this section, any return or any information in any return, required to be filed for a taxable year under authority of section 6038 on or before the date prescribed in paragraph (h) of this section (determined with regard to any extension of time for such filing) shall affect the application of section 902 as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph. Such failure shall affect the application of section 902 to such domestic corporation or to any person who acquires from any person any portion (but only to the extent of such <PRTPAGE P="153"/>portion) of the interest of such domestic corporation in any controlled foreign corporation or foreign subsidiary.</P> <P>(ii) Where the domestic corporation, having filed the return required by this section except for an omission of, or error with respect to, some of the information referred to in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section, establishes to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that such omission or error was inadvertent or for reasonable cause and that such domestic corporation has substantially complied with this section, such omission or error shall not constitute a failure under this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Reduction of foreign taxes.</E> In the application of section 902 to the domestic corporation or person referred to in subparagraph (1)(i) of this paragraph for any taxable year, the amount of taxes paid or deemed paid by each controlled foreign corporation and each foreign subsidiary for the accounting period or periods for which the domestic corporation was required for the taxable year of the failure to furnish information under this section shall be reduced by 10 percent. The 10 percent reduction is not limited to the taxes paid or deemed paid by the controlled foreign corporation or foreign subsidiary with respect to which there is a failure to file information but shall apply to the taxes paid or deemed paid by all controlled foreign corporations and foreign subsidiaries.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Reduction for continued failure.</E> (i) If the failure, referred to in subparagraph (1)(i) of this paragraph, continues for 90 days or more after date of written notice by the district director to the domestic corporation, then the amount of the reduction referred to in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph shall be 10 percent plus an additional 5 percent for each 3-month period, or fraction thereof, during which such failure continues after the expiration of such 90-day period.</P> <P>(ii) Taxes paid by a foreign subsidiary when once reduced for a failure shall not be reduced again for the same failure in their status as taxes deemed paid by a controlled foreign corporation. Where a failure continues, each additional periodic 5 percent reduction, referred to in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph, shall be considered as part of the one reduction.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Reasonable cause.</E> (i) For purposes of subsection (b) of section 6038 and this section the time prescribed for furnishing information under this paragraph, and the beginning of the 90-day period after notice by the district director, shall be treated as being not earlier than the last day on which (as shown to the satisfaction of the district director) reasonable cause existed for failure to furnish such information.</P> <P>(ii) A domestic corporation, which wishes to avoid a reduction in foreign tax credit as provided in subparagraphs (2) and (3) of this paragraph for failure to furnish information in accordance with this section, must make an affirmative showing of all facts alleged as a reasonable cause for such failure in the form of a written statement containing a declaration that it is made under the penalties of perjury.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Penalties.</E> The information required by section 6038 of the Code must be furnished even though there are no foreign taxes which would be reduced under the provisions of subparagraph (2) of this paragraph. For criminal penalties for failure to file a return and filing a false or fraudulent return, see sections 7203, 7206, and 7207 of the Code.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 6506, 25 FR 12241, Nov. 30, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6621, 27 FR 11878, Dec. 1, 1962]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of United States persons with respect to annual accounting periods of certain foreign corporations beginning after December 31, 1962.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Requirement of return.</E> Every U.S. person shall make a separate annual information return with respect to each annual accounting period (described in paragraph (e) of this section) beginning after December 31, 1962, of each foreign corporation which that person controls (as defined in paragraph (b) of this section) for an uninterrupted period of 30 days or more during such annual accounting period. Such information shall not be required to be furnished, however, with respect to a corporation defined in section 1504(d) of the Code which makes a consolidated return for the taxable year. <PRTPAGE P="154"/>The return shall be made, with respect to annual accounting periods ending with or within the United States person's taxable year, on—</P> <P>(1) Form 2952 if such taxable year ends before December 31, 1982,</P> <P>(2) Form 5471 if such taxable year ends on or after December 31, 1983, or</P> <P>(3) Either Form 5471 or Form 2952 if such taxable year ends on or after December 31, 1982 and before December 31, 1963.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Control.</E> A person shall be deemed to be in control of a foreign corporation if at any time during that person's taxable year it owns stock possessing more than 50 percent of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or more than 50 percent of the total value of shares of all classes of stock of the foreign corporation. A person in control of a corporation which, in turn, owns more than 50 percent of the combined voting power, or of the value, of all classes of stock of another corporation is also treated as being in control of such other corporation. The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following example: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Corporation A owns 51 percent of the voting stock in Corporation B. Corporation B owns 51 percent of the voting stock in Corporation C. Corporation C in turn owns 51 percent of the voting stock in Corporation D. Corporation D is controlled by Corporation A.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(c) <E T="03">Attribution rules.</E> For the purpose of determining control of domestic or foreign corporations the constructive ownership rules of section 318(a) shall apply except that:</P> <P>(1) Stock owned by or for a partner or a beneficiary of an estate or trust shall not be considered owned by the partnership, estate, or trust when the effect is to consider a United States person as owning stock owned by a person who is not a United States person;</P> <P>(2) A corporation will not be considered as owning stock owned by or for a 50 percent or more shareholder when the effect is to consider a United States person as owning stock owned by a person who is not a United States person; and</P> <P>(3) If 10 percent or more in value of the stock in a corporation is owned, directly or indirectly, by or for any person, section 318(a)(2)(C) shall apply.</P> <FP>The constructive ownership rules of section 318(a) apply only for purposes of determining control as defined in paragraph (b) of this section.</FP> <P>(d) <E T="03">U.S. person.</E> For purposes of section 6038 and this section, the term “United States person” has the meaning assigned to it by section 7701(a)(30) of the Code, except that—</P> <P>(1) With respect to a corporation organized under the laws of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, such term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico, if a dividened received by such individual during the taxable year from such corporation would be excluded from gross income under section 933(1),</P> <P>(2) With respect to a corporation organized under the laws of the Virgin Islands, such term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of the Virgin Islands and whose income tax obligation under Subtitle A (relating to income taxes) of the Code for the taxable year is satisfied pursuant to section 28(a) of the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, approved July 22, 1954 (48 U.S.C. 1642), by paying tax on income derived from all sources both within and outside the Virgin Islands into the treasury of the Virgin Islands,</P> <P>(3) With respect to a corporation organized under the laws of Guam or the Northern Mariana Islands, such term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of Guam or the Northern Mariana Islands, respectively, and who is relieved of liability for income tax to the United States under section 935(c)(3) of the Code or section 601 of the Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Political Union with the United States of America (Pub. L. 94-241), respectively, for such individual's taxable year referred to in paragraph (e) of this section, and</P> <P>(4) With respect to a corporation organized under the laws of any possession of the United States (other than Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands), such term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of such possession for the entire taxable <PRTPAGE P="155"/>year and whose income derived from sources within any possession of the United States is not, by reason of section 931(a), includible in gross income under subtitle A (relating to income taxes) of the Code for the taxable year.</P> <P>(5) For taxable years ending after December 31, 1987, with respect to a corporation organized under the laws of American Samoa, the term does not include an individual who is a bona fide resident of American Samoa, provided—</P> <P>(i) 80 percent or more of the gross income of the corporation for the 3-year period ending at the close of the taxable year (or for such part of such period as such corporation or any predecessor has been in existence) was derived from sources within American Samoa or was effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in American Samoa; and</P> <P>(ii) 50 percent or more of the gross income of such corporation for such period (or part) was derived from the conduct of an active trade or business within American Samoa.</P> <FP>An individual for whom an election under section 6013 (g) or (h) is in effect shall, subject to the exceptions contained in this paragraph (d), be considered a United States person for purposes of section 6038 and this section.</FP> <P>(e) <E T="03">Period covered by return.</E> The information required under paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section with respect to a foreign corporation shall be furnished for the annual accounting period of the foreign corporation ending with or within the United States person's taxable year. For purposes of this section, the annual accounting period of a foreign corporation is the annual period on the basis of which that corporation regularly computes its income in keeping its books. In the case of a specified foreign corporation (as defined in section 898), the taxable year of such corporation shall be treated as its annual accounting period. The term <E T="03">annual accounting period</E> may refer to a period of less than one year, where, for example, the foreign income, war profits, and excess profits taxes are determined on the basis of an accounting period of less than one year as described in section 902(c)(5). If more than one annual accounting period ends with or within the United States person's taxable year, separate annual information returns shall be submitted for each annual accounting period.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Contents of return.</E> The return on Form 2952 or Form 5471 shall contain so much of the following information, and in such form or manner, as the form shall prescribe with respect to each foreign corporation:</P> <P>(1) The name, address, and employer identification number, if any, of the corporation;</P> <P>(2) The principal place of business of the corporation;</P> <P>(3) The date of incorporation and the country under whose laws incorporated;</P> <P>(4) The name and address of the foreign corporation's statutory or resident agent in the country of incorporation;</P> <P>(5) The name, address, and identifying number of any branch office or agent of the foreign corporation located in the United States;</P> <P>(6) The name and address of the person (or persons) having custody of the books of account and records of the foreign corporation, and the location of such books and records if different from such address;</P> <P>(7) The nature of the corporation's business and the principal places where conducted;</P> <P>(8) As regards the outstanding stock of the corporation—</P> <P>(i) A description of each class of the corporation's stock, and</P> <P>(ii) The number of shares of each class outstanding at the beginning and end of the annual accounting period;</P> <P>(9) A list showing the name, address, and identifying number of, and the number of shares of each class of the corporation's stock held by, each United States person who is a shareholder owning at any time during the annual accounting period 5 percent or more in value of any class of the corporation's outstanding stock;</P> <P>(10) For the annual accounting period, the amount of the corporation's:</P> <P>(i) Current earnings and profits;</P> <P>(ii) Foreign income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued;</P> <P>(iii) Distributions out of current earnings and profits for the period;<PRTPAGE P="156"/> </P> <P>(iv) Distributions other than those described in paragraph (f)(10)(iii) of this section and the source thereof; and</P> <P>(v) For Forms 5471 filed for taxable years ending after December 15, 1990, such earnings and profits information as the form shall prescribe, including post-1986 undistributed earnings described in section 902(c)(1), pre-1987 amounts, total earnings and profits, and previously taxed earnings and profits described in section 959(c); and</P> <P>(11) A summary showing the total amount of each of the following types of transactions of the corporation, which took place during the annual accounting period, with the person required to file this return, any other corporation controlled by that person, or any United States person owning at the time of the transaction 10 percent or more in value of any class of stock outstanding of the foreign corporation, or of any corporation controlling that foreign corporation:</P> <P>(i) Sales and purchases of stock in trade;</P> <P>(ii) Purchases of tangible property other than stock in trade;</P> <P>(iii) Sales and purchases of patents, inventions, models, or designs (whether or not patented), copyrights, trademarks, secret formulas or processes, or any other similar property rights;</P> <P>(iv) Compensation paid and compensation received for the rendition of technical, managerial, engineering, construction, scientific, or like services;</P> <P>(v) Commission paid and commissions received;</P> <P>(vi) Rents and royalties paid and rents and royalties received;</P> <P>(vii) Amount loaned and amounts borrowed (except open accounts resulting from sales and purchases reported under other items listed in this paragraph (f)(11) that arise and are collected in full in the ordinary course of business);</P> <P>(viii) Dividends paid and dividends received;</P> <P>(ix) Interest paid and interest received; and</P> <P>(x) Premiums received for insurance or reinsurance.</P> <FP>For purposes of this paragraph (f)(11), if the United States person is a bank, as defined in section 581, or is controlled within the meaning of section 368(c) by a bank, the term “transactions” shall not, as to a corporation with respect to which a return is filed, include banking transactions entered into on behalf of customers; in any event, however, deposits in accounts between a foreign corporation, controlled (within the meaning of paragraph (b) of this section) by a United States person, and a person described in this paragraph (f)(11) and withdrawals from such accounts shall be summarized by reporting end-of-month balances.</FP> <P>(g) <E T="03">Financial statements.</E> The following information with respect to the foreign corporation shall be attached to and filed as part of the return required by this section. Forms 5471 filed after September 30, 1991, shall contain this information in such form or manner as the form shall prescribe with respect to each foreign corporation:</P> <P>(1) A statement of the corporation's profit and loss for the annual accounting period;</P> <P>(2) A balance sheet as of the end of the annual accounting period of the corporation showing—</P> <P>(i) The corporation's asset;</P> <P>(ii) The corporation's liabilities; and</P> <P>(iii) The corporation's net worth; and</P> <P>(3) An analysis of changes in the corporation's surplus accounts during the annual accounting period including both opening and closing balances.</P> <FP>The information listed in this paragraph (g) shall be prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles, and in such detail as is customary for the corporation's accounting records.</FP> <P>(h) <E T="03">Method of reporting.</E> Except as provided in this paragraph (h), all amounts furnished under paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section shall be expressed in United States dollars with a statement of the exchange rates used. The following rules shall apply for taxable years ending after December 31, 1994, with respect to returns filed after December 31, 1995. All amounts furnished under paragraph (g) of this section shall be expressed in United States dollars computed and translated in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles. Amounts furnished under paragraph <PRTPAGE P="157"/>(g)(1) of this section shall also be furnished in the foreign corporation's functional currency as required on the form. Earnings and profits amounts furnished under paragraphs (f)(10) (i), (iii), (iv), and (v) of this section shall be expressed in the foreign corporation's functional currency except to the extent the form requires specific items to be translated into United States dollars. Tax amounts furnished under paragraph (f)(10)(ii) of this section shall be furnished in the foreign currency in which the taxes are payable and in United States dollars translated in accordance with section 986(a). All amounts furnished under paragraph (f)(11) of this section shall be expressed in U.S. dollars translated from functional currency at the weighted average exchange rate for the year as defined in § 1.989(b)-1. The foreign corporation's functional currency is determined under section 985. All statements submitted on or with the return required under this section shall be rendered in the English language.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Time and place for filing return.</E> Returns on Form 2952 or Form 5471 required under paragraph (a) of this section shall be filed with the United States person's income tax return on or before the date required by law for the filing of that person's income tax return. District directors and directors of service centers are authorized to grant reasonable extensions of time for filing returns on Form 2952 or Form 5471 in accordance with the applicable provisions of § 1.6081-1 of this chapter. An application for an extension of time for filing a return of income shall also be considered as an application for an extension of time for filing returns on Form 2952 or Form 5471.</P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Two or more persons required to submit the same information</E>—(1) <E T="03">Return jointly made.</E> If two or more persons are required to furnish information with respect to the same foreign corporation for the same period, such persons may, in lieu of making separate returns, jointly make one return. Such joint return shall be filed with the income tax return of any one of the persons making such joint return.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Persons excepted from furnishing information</E>—(i) <E T="03">Conditions.</E> Any person required to furnish information under this section with respect to a foreign corporation need not furnish that information provided all of the following conditions are met:</P> <P>(A) Such person does not directly own an interest in the foreign corporation;</P> <P>(B) Such person is required to furnish the information solely by reason of attribution of stock ownership from a United States person under paragraph (c) of this section; and</P> <P>(C) The person from whom the stock ownership is attributed furnishes all of the information required under this section of the person to whom the stock ownership is attributed. (For a rule regarding attribution from a nonresident alien, see paragraph (l) of this section).</P> <P>(ii) If an individual who is a United States person required to furnish information with respect to a foreign corporation under section 6038 is entitled under a treaty to be treated as a nonresident of the United States, and if the individual claims this treaty benefit, and if there are no other United States persons that are required to furnish information under section 6038 with respect to the foreign corporation, then the individual may satisfy the requirements of paragraphs (f)(10), (f)(11), (g), and (h) of this section by filing the audited foreign financial statements of the foreign corporation with the individual's return required under section 6038.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Illustrations.</E> The rule of this paragraph (j)(2) is illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>A, a U.S. person owns 100 percent of the stock of M, a domestic corporation. A also owns 100 percent of the stock of N, a foreign corporation organized under the laws of foreign country Y. A, in filing the information return required by this section with respect to N Corporation, in fact furnishes all of the information required of M Corporation with respect to N Corporation. M Corporation need not file the information.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>X, a domestic corporation owns 100 percent of the stock of Y, a domestic corporation, Y Corporation owns 100 percent of the stock of Z, a foreign corporation. X Corporation is not excused by this paragraph (j)(2) from filing information with respect to Z Corporation because X Corporation is deemed to control Z Corporation under the provisions of paragraph (b) of this <PRTPAGE P="158"/>section without recourse to the attribution rules in paragraph (c) of this section.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) <E T="03">Statement required.</E> Any United States person required to furnish information under this section with his return who does not do so by reason of the provisions of paragraph (j)(1) or (2) of this section shall file a statement with his income tax return indicating that such liability has been (or, in the case of a joint return made under paragraph (j)(1) of this section, will be) satisfied and identifying the return with which the information was or will be filed and the place of filing.</P> <P>(k) <E T="03">Failure to furnish information—</E>(1) <E T="03">Dollar amount penalty—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> If any person required to file Form 2952 or Form 5471 under section 6038 and this section fails to furnish any information described in paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section within the time prescribed by paragraph (i) of this section, such person shall pay a penalty of $1,000 for each annual accounting period of each foreign corporation with respect to which such failure occurs.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Increase in penalty for continued failure after notification.</E> If a failure described in paragraph (k)(1)(i) of this section continues for more than 90 days after the date on which the district director mails notice of such failure to the person required to file Form 2952 or Form 5471, such person shall pay a penalty of $1,000, in addition to the penalty imposed by section 6038(b)(1) and paragraph (k)(1)(i) of this section, for each 30-day period (or fraction thereof) during which such failure continues after such 90-day period has expired. The additional penalty imposed by section 6038(b)(2) and this paragraph (k)(1)(ii) shall be limited to a maximum of $24,000 for each failure.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> The penalty imposed by section 6038(b) and this paragraph (k)(1) shall apply with respect to information for annual accounting periods ending after September 3, 1982.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Penalty of reducing foreign tax credit</E>—(i) <E T="03">Effect on foreign tax credit.</E> Failure of a United States person to furnish, in accordance with the provisions of this section, any return or any information in any return, required to be filed for a taxable year under authority of section 6038 on or before the date prescribed in paragraph (i) of this section may affect the application of section 901 as provided in paragraph (k)(2)(ii) of this section and may affect the application of sections 902 and 960 as provided in paragraph (k)(2)(iii) of this section. Such failure may affect the application of sections 902 and 960 to any such United States person which is a corporation or to any person who acquires from any other person any portion (but only to the extent of such portion) of the interest of such other person in any such foreign corporation.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Application of section 901.</E> In the application of section 901 to a United States person referred to in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section, the amount of taxes paid or deemed paid by such person for any taxable year, with or within which the annual accounting peroid of a foreign corporation for which such person failed to furnish information required under this section ended, may be reduced by 10 percent. However, no tax reduced under paragraph (k)(2)(iii) of this section or deemed paid under section 904(c) shall be reduced under the provisions of this paragraph (k)(2)(ii).</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Application of sections 902 and 960.</E> In the application of sections 902 and 960 to a United States person referred to in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section for any taxable year, the amount of taxes paid or deemed paid by each foreign corporation for the accounting period or periods for which such person was required for the taxable year of the failure to furnish information under this section may be reduced by 10 percent. The 10-percent reduction is not limited to the taxes paid or deemed paid by the foreign corporation with respect to which there is a failure to file information but may apply to the taxes paid or deemed paid by all foreign corporations controlled by that person. In applying subsections (a) and (b) of section 902, and in applying subsection (a) of section 960, the reduction provided by this paragraph (k)(2) shall not apply for purposes of determining the amount of accumulated profits in excess of income, war profits, and excess profits taxes.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Reduction for continued failure after notice.</E> (A) If the failure referred to in paragraph (k)(2)(i) of this section continues for more than 90 days after <PRTPAGE P="159"/>the date on which the district director mails notice of such failure to such United States person, then the amount of the reduction referred to in paragraphs (k)(2) (ii) and (iii) of this section may be 10 percent plus an additional 5 percent for each 3-month period, or fraction thereof, during which such failure continues after the expiration of such 90-day period.</P> <P>(B) No taxes shall be reduced under this paragraph (k)(2) more than once for the same failure. Taxes paid by a foreign corporation when once reduced for a failure shall not be reduced again for the same failure in their status as taxes deemed paid by a corporate shareholder. Where a failure continues, each additional periodic 5-percent reduction, referred to in paragraph (k)(2)(iv)(A) of this section, shall be considered as part of the one reduction.</P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Limitation on reduction of foreign tax credit.</E> The amount of the reduction under this paragraph (k)(2) for each failure to furnish information with respect to a foreign corporation as required under this section shall not exceed the greater of:</P> <P>(A) $10,000, or</P> <P>(B) The income of the foreign corporation for its annual accounting period with respect to which the failure occurs. For purposes of this section if a person is required to furnish information with respect to more than one foreign corporation, controlled (within the meaning of paragraph (b) of this section) by that person, each failure to submit information for each such corporation constitutes a separate failure.</P> <P>(vi) <E T="03">Offset for dollar amount penalty imposed.</E> The total amount of the reduction or reductions which, but for this paragraph (k)(2)(vi), may be made under this paragraph (k)(2) with respect to any separate failure, shall not exceed the maximum amount of such reductions which may be imposed, reduced (but not below zero) by the amount of the dollar amount penalty imposed by paragraph (k)(1) of this section with respect to such separate failure.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Reasonable cause.</E> (i) For purposes of section 6038 (b) and (c) and this section, the time prescribed for furnishing information under paragraph (i) of this section, and the beginning of the 90-day period after mailing of notice by the district director under paragraphs (k)(1)(ii) and (2)(iv)(A) of this section, shall be treated as being not earlier than the last day on which reasonable cause existed for failure to furnish the information.</P> <P>(ii) To show that reasonable cause existed for failure to furnish information as required by section 6038 and this section, the person required to report such information must make an affirmative showing of all facts alleged as reasonable cause for such failure in a written statement containing a declaration that it is made under the penalties of prejury. The statement must be filed with the district director for the district or the director of the service center where the return is required to be filed. The district director or the director of the service center shall determine whether the failure to furnish information was due to reasonable cause, and if so, the period of time for which such reasonable cause existed. In the case of a return that has been filed as required by this section except for an omission of, or error with respect to, some of the information required, if the person who filed the return establishes to the satisfaction of the district director or the director of the service center that the person has substantially complied with this section, then the omission or error shall not constitute a failure under this section.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Other penalties.</E> The information required by section 6038 and this section must be furnished even though there are no foreign taxes which would be reduced under the provisions of this section, and even though the information required may not affect the amount of any tax due under the Internal Revenue Code. For criminal penalties for failure to file a return and filing a false or fraudulent return, see sections 7203, 7206, and 7207 of the Code.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Illustrations.</E> 1'>The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (1).</HD> <P>M, a domestic corporation owns 100 percent of the stock of N, a foreign corporation. Both M and N use the calendar year as a taxable year and annual accounting period, and all of the following events occur in or with respect to the 1980 taxable year. The dividend from N is the only dividend from a foreign corporation received by <PRTPAGE P="160"/>M during the taxable year, and the foreign taxes listed are the only foreign taxes paid or deemed paid by M and N for the taxable year. On March 15, 1981, M filed its income tax return and paid its income tax, but M did not file Form 2952 with respect to N's 1980 annual accounting period. On June 1, 1961, the district director mailed notice to M of M's failure to file Form 2952 with respect to N. On November 30, 1981, M filed a complete Form 2952 with respect to N's 1980 annual accounting period.</P> <GPOTABLE CDEF="s200,10" COLS="2" OPTS="L0,7/8,g1,t1,i1"> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(a) Gains, profits, and income of N</ENT> <ENT>$100,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(b) Foreign tax paid by N with respect to such gains, profits, and income</ENT> <ENT>40,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(c) Reduction of foreign tax paid by N (for purposes of M's section 902 deemed paid credit) resulting from M's failure to file information with respect to N as required under section 6038(a) and this section: failure to file within the time prescribed in paragraph (i) of this section, 10-percent reduction; continued failure for one additional 3-month period after 90-day period after notice mailed, 5-percent reduction; total reduction, 15 percent ($40,000 times 15 percent)</ENT> <ENT>6,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(d) Foreign tax paid by N after section 6038(c)(1)(B) reduction</ENT> <ENT>34,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(e) Dividend paid by N to M</ENT> <ENT>45,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(f) Accumulated profits of N as defined in section 902(c)(1) (determined without regard to the section 6038(c)(1)(B) reduction)</ENT> <ENT>100,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(g) Accumulated profits of N as described in section 902(a) (determined without regard to the section 6038(c)(1)(B) reduction)</ENT> <ENT>60,000</ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="01">(h) For purposes of the section 902 credit, M is deemed to have paid the same proportion of foreign taxes paid (reduced as provided under section 6038(c)) with respect to the accumulated profits described in section 902(a) (determined without regard to the reduction provided under section 6038(c)) as the amount of the dividend (determined without regard to section 78) bears to such amount of accumulated profits</ENT> <ENT>25,500 </ENT> </ROW> <ROW> <ENT I="04">(45,000÷60,000)×34,000=25,500</ENT> </ROW> </GPOTABLE> <FP>M must include $25,500 in gross income as a dividend under the provisions of section 78 of the Code. This example illustrates that the reductions in foreign taxes paid by the foreign corporation provided under section 8038(c) are taken into account in determining the amount included in gross income of the domestic corporation under section 78 of the Code as foreign taxes deemed paid, but such reductions are not taken into account in computing accumulated profits for purposes of determining the portion of foreign taxes deemed paid with respect to a particular dividend. The dollar amount penalty imposed by section 8038 (b) and paragraph (k)(1) of this section does not apply with respect to information for annual accounting periods ending before September 4, 1982, and therefore does not apply to M with respect to M's failure to file Form 2952 in this example.</FP> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example (2).</HD> <P>The facts are the same as in example (1) except that all of the events occur in or with respect to the 1982 taxable year. On March 15, 1983. M filed its income tax return and paid its income tax, but M did not file Form 2952 or Form 5471 with respect to N's 1982 annual accounting period. On June 1, 1983, the district director mailed notice to M of M's failure to file Form 2952 or Form 5471 with respect to N. On November 30, 1983, M filed a complete Form 5471 with respect to N's 1982 annual accounting period. Under paragraph (k)(1)(i) of this section, M is subject to a penalty of $1,000. Under paragraph (k)(1)(ii) of this section, that penalty is increased by $4,000 because the failure continued for 92 days (three full 30-day periods and a fraction of a fourth 30-day period) after the end of the 90-day period following mailing of the notice by the district director, bringing M's dollar amount penalty under paragraph (k)(1) of this section to $5,000. For purpose of determining the foreign tax credit available to M, there may be imposed a reduction of foreign tax paid by N of $6,000, which would be the total of reductions under paragraph (k)(2) of this section with respect to M's failure to file under section 6038 for N's 1982 annual accounting period, before application of paragraph (k)(2)(vi) of this section. Under said paragraph (k)(2)(vi), the amount of the foreign tax reduction imposed is reduced by the amount of the dollar amount penalty, leaving a foreign tax reduction penalty of $1,000 which may be imposed in addition to the $5,000 dollar amount penalty. If imposed, the $1,000 tax reduction would then be applied in the calculation of taxes deemed paid by M under section 902 as in example (1), items (c), (d), and (h).</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(l) <E T="03">Other persons excepted from filing.</E> For tax years of foreign corporations ending on or after December 29, 1999, any person required to furnish information under this section with respect to a foreign corporation does not have to furnish that information if the following conditions are met—<PRTPAGE P="161"/> </P> <P>(1) Such person does not own a direct or indirect interest in the foreign corporation; and</P> <P>(2) Such person is required to furnish information solely by reason of attribution of stock ownership from a nonresident alien(s) under paragraph (c) of this section.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8040, 50 FR 30163, July 24, 1985, as amended by T.D. 8573, 59 FR 64302, Dec. 14, 1994; T.D. 8733, 62 FR 53385, Oct. 14, 1997; T.D. 8850, 64 FR 72550, Dec. 28, 1999]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of certain United States persons with respect to controlled foreign partnerships (CFPs).</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Persons required to make return</E>—(1) <E T="03">Controlling fifty-percent partners.</E> The term <E T="03">controlling fifty-percent partner</E> means a United States person that controlled (as defined in paragraph (b)(1) of this section) the foreign partnership at any time during the partnership's tax year (as defined in paragraph (b)(8) of this section). Except as provided in paragraph (c), (d), or (e) of this section, for each tax year of a foreign partnership during which the partnership has one or more controlling fifty-percent partners, each controlling fifty-percent partner must complete and file Form 8865, “Return of U.S. Persons With Respect To Certain Foreign Partnerships,” containing the information described in paragraph (g) of this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Controlling ten-percent partners.</E> If at any point during a foreign partnership's tax year (as defined in paragraph (b)(8) of this section) a United States person owned a ten-percent or greater interest in the partnership while the partnership was controlled by United States persons owning ten-percent or greater interests, such United States person is a controlling ten-percent partner. See paragraph (b)(1) of this section for the definition of control. However, a United States person is not a controlling ten-percent partner with respect to a particular foreign partnership for a particular tax year of the foreign partnership if at any point during that year the partnership had a controlling fifty-percent partner, as defined in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. Except as provided in paragraph (c), (d), or (e) of this section, for each tax year of a partnership during which the partnership has controlling ten-percent partners, each controlling ten-percent partner must complete and file Form 8865 containing the information described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Separate returns for each partnership.</E> A United States person required to report under this paragraph (a) must file a separate Form 8865 for each foreign partnership with respect to which the person is a controlling fifty-percent partner or a controlling ten-percent partner.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Ownership determinations and definitions</E>—(1) <E T="03">Control.</E> Control of a foreign partnership is ownership of more than a fifty-percent interest in the partnership.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Fifty-percent interest.</E> A fifty-percent interest in a partnership is an interest equal to fifty percent of the capital interest in such partnership, an interest equal to fifty percent of the profits interest in such partnership, or an interest to which fifty percent of the deductions or losses of such partnership are allocated.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Ten-percent interest.</E> A ten-percent interest in a partnership is an interest equal to ten percent of the capital interest in such partnership, an interest equal to ten percent of the profits interest in such partnership, or an interest to which ten percent of the deductions or losses of such partnership are allocated.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Constructive ownership rules.</E> For purposes of determining an interest in a partnership, the constructive ownership rules of section 267(c) (other than section 267(c)(3)) apply, taking into account that such rules refer to corporations and not to partnerships. However, an interest will be attributed from a nonresident alien under the family attribution rules of section 267(c)(2) and (4) only if the person to whom the interest is attributed owns a direct or indirect (under the rules of 267(c)(1) or (5)) interest in the foreign partnership.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Determination of amount of interest.</E> Whether a person owns a fifty-percent interest, or a ten-percent interest, as described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, is determined for each tax <PRTPAGE P="162"/>year of the foreign partnership by reference to the agreement of the partners relating to such interests during that tax year.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Definition of United States person.</E> The term <E T="03">United States person</E> is defined in section 7701(a)(30).</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Definition of a foreign partnership.</E> A foreign partnership is a partnership described in section 7701(a)(5).</P> <P>(8) <E T="03">Tax year of a foreign partnership.</E> The tax year of a foreign partnership is determined under section 706.</P> <P>(9) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The rules of paragraph (a) of this section and this paragraph (b) are illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>Sole U.S. partner does not own more than a fifty-percent interest. No United States person owns any interest (directly or constructively) in <E T="03">FPS</E>, a foreign partnership whose tax year under section 706 is the calendar year. On January 1, 2001, <E T="03">US</E>, a United States person with the calendar year as its tax year, contributes property to <E T="03">FPS</E> in exchange for a 40% interest in a section 721 transaction. No United States persons acquire directly or constructively any other interests in <E T="03">FPS</E> during <E T="03">FPS</E>'s 2001 tax year. <E T="03">US</E> is not a controlling fifty-percent partner during <E T="03">FPS</E>'s 2001 tax year. <E T="03">US</E> did not own during that tax year, either directly or constructively, more than a 50% interest in the partnership under paragraphs (b)(2) and (4) of this section. Also, <E T="03">US</E> is not a controlling ten-percent partner; although <E T="03">US</E> owned a 10% or greater interest, <E T="03">US</E> persons owning at least 10% interests did not control <E T="03">FPS</E>. Therefore, <E T="03">US</E> does not have to file with its 2001 income tax return a Form 8865 with respect to <E T="03">FPS</E> under section 6038. (But see section 6038B for the reporting obligations of <E T="03">US</E> with respect to its transfer of property to <E T="03">FPS</E> and section 6046A for the reporting obligation of <E T="03">US</E> with respect to its acquisition of an interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>. See also § 1.6046A-1(f)(1) regarding the overlap between sections 6038B and 6046A.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>Controlling ten-percent partners. Assume the same facts as in <E T="03">Example 1.</E> In addition, on January 1, 2002, <E T="03">US1</E>, a United States person unrelated to <E T="03">US</E> and a calendar year taxpayer, purchases a 15% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E> from a foreign partner of <E T="03">FPS</E>. Neither <E T="03">US</E> nor <E T="03">US1</E> is a controlling fifty-percent partner during <E T="03">FPS</E>'s 2002 tax year because neither one owns more than a 50% percent interest in <E T="03">FPS</E> during that year. However, <E T="03">US</E> and <E T="03">US1</E> are controlling ten-percent partners for that year because each owns at least a 10% interest (<E T="03">US</E> owns a 40% interest and <E T="03">US1</E> owns a 15% interest) and together they control <E T="03">FPS</E> because collectively they own more than a 50% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>. As controlling ten-percent partners, under section 6038, each is required to file a Form 8865 with its 2002 income tax return. (<E T="03">US1</E> must also report its acquisition of the 15% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E> under section 6046A on its Form 8865 filed with its 2002 income tax return.)</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 3.</HD> <P>Constructive ownership rules. Assume the same facts as in <E T="03">Example 2.</E> In addition, on January 1, 2003, <E T="03">US2</E>, a United States person and the brother of <E T="03">US</E>, purchases 50% of the stock of <E T="03">FC</E>, a foreign corporation. <E T="03">FC</E> owns a 20% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>. Thus, under sections 6038(e)(3) and 267(c)(1), <E T="03">US2</E> indirectly owns a 10% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E> (10% is <E T="03">US2</E>'s proportionate share of <E T="03">FC</E>'s 20% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>), and under sections 6038(e)(3) and 267(c)(2), <E T="03">US2</E> is attributed <E T="03">US</E>'s 40% interest. Additionally, <E T="03">US</E> directly owns a 40% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E> and is attributed <E T="03">US2</E>'s 10% interest pursuant to section 6038(e)(3) and section 267(c)(2). Therefore, <E T="03">US2</E> is considered to own a 50% interest (10% indirectly and 40% from <E T="03">US</E>) in <E T="03">FPS</E>, and <E T="03">US</E> is considered to own a 50% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E> (40% directly and 10% from <E T="03">US2</E>). <E T="03">FPS</E> has no controlling fifty-percent partners, because neither <E T="03">US</E>, <E T="03">US1</E>, nor <E T="03">US2</E>, owns a greater than 50% interest. However, <E T="03">US</E>, <E T="03">US1</E>, and <E T="03">US2</E> are each controlling ten-percent partners and each must file Form 8865 pursuant to section 6038 for <E T="03">FPS</E>'s 2003 tax year ending December 31, 2003. Each must attach Form 8865 to its tax return for its 2003 tax year.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 4.</HD> <P>Controlling fifty-percent partners. Assume the same facts as in <E T="03">Example 3.</E> In addition, on June 1, 2004, <E T="03">US</E> acquires an additional 1% direct interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>. <E T="03">US</E> is now a controlling fifty-percent partner of <E T="03">FPS</E>, because <E T="03">US</E> owns a 41% interest directly and a 10% interest constructively from <E T="03">US2</E>. <E T="03">US2</E> is also a controlling fifty-percent partner, because <E T="03">US2</E> owns 10% indirectly and 41% constructively from <E T="03">US</E>. Both <E T="03">US</E> and <E T="03">US2</E> are required to file Form 8865 containing all the information required to be submitted by controlling fifty-percent partners. (But see paragraph (c)(1) of this section, which contains filing exceptions when there are multiple controlling fifty-percent partners). <E T="03">US1</E> is no longer a controlling ten-percent partner because <E T="03">FPS</E> now has at least one controlling fifty-percent partner, and <E T="03">US1</E> does not qualify as a controlling fifty-percent partner. Therefore, <E T="03">US1</E> is not required to file Form 8865 under section 6038.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 5.</HD> <P>Constructive ownership from a nonresident alien. <E T="03">US</E>, a United States person, does not own directly or constructively an interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>, a foreign partnership. The tax year of <E T="03">FPS</E> is the calendar year. <E T="03">NRA</E>, a nonresident alien, is the mother of <E T="03">US</E>. In 2002, <E T="03">NRA</E> acquires a 55% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>. Because <E T="03">US</E> owns neither a direct nor a constructive interest in <E T="03">FPS</E> under sections 6038(e)(3) and 267(c)(1) or (5), <E T="03">NRA</E>'s interest is not attributed to <E T="03">US</E> under sections 6038(e)(3) and 267(c)(2). If in 2003 <E T="03">NRA</E> becomes a United <PRTPAGE P="163"/>States person, <E T="03">NRA</E>'s interest will be attributed to <E T="03">US</E>. However, <E T="03">US</E> is excused from filing Form 8865 if <E T="03">US</E> satisfies the requirements of the constructive owners exception in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. In 2003, <E T="03">NRA</E> is a controlling fifty-percent partner and must file a Form 8865 under section 6038 for <E T="03">FPS</E>'s 2003 tax year.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(c) <E T="03">Exceptions when more than one United States person is required to file Form 8865 pursuant to section 6038</E>—(1) <E T="03">Multiple controlling fifty-percent partners</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> If, with respect to the same foreign partnership for the same tax year, more than one United States person is a controlling fifty-percent partner, then in lieu of each controlling fifty-percent partner filing a separate Form 8865, only one Form 8865 from one of the controlling fifty-percent partners is required, provided all of the requirements of paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section are satisfied. A person that is a controlling fifty-percent partner solely because of an interest to which deductions or losses are allocated may file the single return only if there is no United States person that is a controlling fifty-percent partner by reason of an interest in capital or profits.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Requirements</E>—(A) The person undertaking the filing obligation must file Form 8865 with that person's income tax return in the manner provided by Form 8865 and the accompanying instructions. The return must contain all of the information that would have been required to be reported by this section if each controlling fifty-percent partner had filed its own Form 8865.</P> <P>(B) Any controlling fifty-percent partner not filing Form 8865 must file with its income tax return a statement titled “Controlled Foreign Partnership Reporting” containing the following information—</P> <P>(<E T="03">1</E>) A statement that the person qualified as a controlling fifty-percent partner, but is not submitting Form 8865 pursuant to the multiple controlling fifty-percent partners exception;</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) The name, address, and taxpayer identification number (if any) of the foreign partnership of which the person qualified as a controlling fifty-percent partner;</P> <P>(<E T="03">3</E>) A representation that the filing requirement has been or will be satisfied;</P> <P>(<E T="03">4</E>) The name and address of the person filing the single return;</P> <P>(<E T="03">5</E>) The Internal Revenue Service Center where the single return is required to be filed; and</P> <P>(<E T="03">6</E>) Any additional information that Form 8865 and the accompanying instructions require.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Penalties.</E> If the requirements listed in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section are not satisfied, a United States person that did not file a Form 8865 pursuant to this paragraph will be subject to the penalties in paragraph (k) of this section, unless the reasonable cause provision in paragraph (k)(4) of this section is satisfied.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Certain constructive owners excepted from furnishing information</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A United States person that does not own a direct interest in the foreign partnership and that is required to file Form 8865 under this section solely by reason of constructive ownership from a United States person(s) pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section (an indirect partner) is not required to file Form 8865 if all of the requirements listed in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section are met.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Requirements</E>—(A) The United States person(s) whose interest the indirect partner constructively owns reports all the information such person(s) is required to submit under this section, unless such person also is required to file solely by reason of constructive ownership from a United States person(s) pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section, or another person reports the information pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) of this section.</P> <P>(B) The indirect partner files with its income tax return a statement titled “Controlled Foreign Partnership Reporting” containing the following information—</P> <P>(<E T="03">1</E>) A representation that the indirect partner was required to file Form 8865, but is not doing so pursuant to the constructive owners exception;</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) The names and addresses of the United States persons whose interests the indirect partner constructively owns;<PRTPAGE P="164"/> </P> <P>(<E T="03">3</E>) The name and address of the foreign partnership with respect to which the indirect partner would have had to have filed Form 8865 but for this exception; and</P> <P>(<E T="03">4</E>) Any additional information that Form 8865 and the accompanying instructions require.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Penalties.</E> A United States person that pursuant to this paragraph (c)(2) does not file a return will be subject to the penalties in paragraph (k) of this section if the requirements listed in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section are not satisfied, unless such failure is due to reasonable cause, as defined in paragraph (k)(4) of this section.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Overlap with multiple controlling fifty-percent partners exception</E>—(A) If a United States person qualifies for both the exception in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and the exception in this paragraph (c)(2), such person may only utilize the multiple controlling fifty-percent partners exception in paragraph (c)(1) of this section to avoid filing Form 8865.</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Example.</E> The following example illustrates the operation of this paragraph (c)(2)(iv): </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>US is a U.S. citizen. <E T="03">US</E> owns 100% of the stock of <E T="03">DC</E>, a domestic corporation. <E T="03">DC</E> owns a 60% direct interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>, a foreign partnership. <E T="03">DC</E> and <E T="03">US</E> are the only U.S. persons that own interests directly or constructively in <E T="03">FPS</E>. <E T="03">DC</E> owns directly a greater than 50% interest in <E T="03">FPS</E>. <E T="03">US</E> constructively owns <E T="03">DC</E>'s interest pursuant to sections 6038(e)(3) and 267(c)(1). Therefore, both <E T="03">DC</E> and <E T="03">US</E> are controlling fifty-percent partners. <E T="03">US</E> qualifies for both the exception in paragraph (c)(1) of this section (multiple controlling fifty-percent partners) and the exception in paragraph (c)(2) of this section (constructive owner exception). <E T="03">US</E> may only utilize the paragraph (c)(1) exception to avoid its filing obligation. Accordingly, <E T="03">DC</E> may file a single Form 8865 on behalf of <E T="03">US</E> and itself. However, that form must contain all the information that would have been submitted had <E T="03">DC</E> and <E T="03">US</E> each submitted a separate Form 8865.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) <E T="03">Members of an affiliated group of corporations filing a consolidated return.</E> If one or more members of an affiliated group of corporations filing a consolidated return are required under section 6038 to file a Form 8865 for a particular foreign partnership, the common parent corporation may file one Form 8865 on behalf of all of the members of the group required to report under section 6038. Except with respect to group members who also qualify under the exception in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the Form 8865 must contain all the information that would have been required to be submitted if each group member were required to file its own Form 8865.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Exception for certain trusts.</E> Trusts relating to state and local government employee retirement plans are not required to report under this section, unless the instructions to Form 8865 provide otherwise.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Reporting under this section not required with respect to partnerships excluded from the application of subchapter K.</E> The reporting requirements of this section will not apply to any United States person in respect of an eligible partnership as described in § 1.761-2(a) if such partnership has validly elected to be excluded from all of the provisions of subchapter K of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code in the manner specified in § 1.761-2(b)(2)(i), or such partnership is deemed to have elected to be excluded from all of the provisions of subchapter K of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code in accordance with the provisions of § 1.761-2(b)(2)(ii).</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Period covered by return.</E> The information required under this section must be furnished for the tax year of the foreign partnership ending with or within the United States person's tax year. See section 706 for rules regarding tax years of partnerships.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Contents of return</E>—(1) <E T="03">Information required to be submitted by controlling fifty-percent partners and controlling ten-percent partners.</E> All controlling fifty-percent partners and all controlling ten-percent partners must submit the following information on Form 8865 in the form and manner and to the extent prescribed by Form 8865 and its instructions—</P> <P>(i) The name, address, and taxpayer identification number (if any) of the foreign partnership of which the person qualified as a controlling fifty-percent partner or a controlling ten-percent partner;</P> <P>(ii) A statement of the income, gain, losses, deductions and credits allocated <PRTPAGE P="165"/>to the direct interest in the partnership of the person reporting under section 6038;</P> <P>(iii) A list of all partnerships (foreign or domestic) in which the foreign partnership owned a direct interest, or owned a constructive interest of ten percent of more under the rules of section 267(c)(1) or (5), during the partnership's tax year for which the Form 8865 is being filed;</P> <P>(iv) Information about all foreign entities that were disregarded as entities separate from their owner under §§ 301.7701-2 and 301.7701-3 that were owned by the foreign partnership during the partnership's tax year for which the Form 8865 is being filed;</P> <P>(v) A summary of the transactions that took place during the partnership's tax year between the partnership and the person filing the return, between the partnership and any other partnership of which the person filing the return is a controlling fifty-percent partner, and between the partnership and any corporation controlled (under section 6038(e)(2) and the regulations thereunder) by the person filing the return; and</P> <P>(vi) Any other information that Form 8865 or its accompanying instructions require to be submitted.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Additional information required to be submitted by controlling fifty-percent partners.</E> In addition to the information required pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this section, controlling fifty-percent partners must also submit the following information in the form and manner and to the extent required by Form 8865 and its instructions—</P> <P>(i) A list of the names, addresses and tax identification numbers (if any) of each United States person that owned a direct interest of ten percent or more in the partnership during the partnership's tax year, and of each United States and foreign person whose interests in the partnership the controlling fifty-percent partner constructively owned under paragraph (b)(4) of this section during the partnership's tax year;</P> <P>(ii) A list of transactions between the partnership and any United States person owning at the time of the transaction at least a 10-percent direct interest (as defined in paragraph (b)(3) of this section) in the foreign partnership;</P> <P>(iii) A statement of the aggregate of the partners’ distributive shares of items of income, gain, losses, deductions and credits;</P> <P>(iv) A statement of income, gain, losses, deductions and credits allocated to each United States person holding a direct interest in the foreign partnership of ten percent or more; and</P> <P>(v) Any other information Form 8865 or its accompanying instructions require controlling fifty-percent partners to submit.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Method of reporting.</E> Except as otherwise provided on Form 8865 or the accompanying instructions, all amounts required to be furnished on Form 8865 must be expressed in United States dollars. All statements required on or with Form 8865 pursuant to this section must be in English.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Time and place for filing return</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Form 8865 must be filed with the United States person's income tax return on or before the due date (including extensions) of that return. If the United States person is not required to file an income tax return for its tax year with which or within which the foreign partnership's tax year ends, but is required to file an information return for that year (for example, Form 1065, “U.S. Partnership Return of Income,” or Form 990, “Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax”), the Form 8865 must be filed with the United States person's information return filed on or before the due date (including extensions) of that return.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Duplicate return.</E> If required by the instructions to Form 8865, a duplicate Form 8865 (including attachments and schedules) must also be filed.</P> <P>(j) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038-3T(j).</P> <P>(k) <E T="03">Failure to comply with reporting requirement</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Any United States person required to file Form 8865 under Section 6038 and this section that fails to comply (as defined in paragraph (k)(2) of this section) with the reporting requirements of this section, will be subject to the penalties described in paragraph (k)(3) of this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Failure to comply.</E> A failure to comply is separately determined for <PRTPAGE P="166"/>each foreign partnership for which a United States person has a section 6038 reporting obligation. A failure to comply with the requirements of section 6038 includes the following—</P> <P>(i) The failure to report at the proper time and in the proper manner any information required to be reported under the rules of this section; or</P> <P>(ii) The provision of false or inaccurate information in purported compliance with the requirements of this section.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Penalties.</E> A United States person that fails to comply (as defined in paragraph (k)(2) of this section) with the reporting requirements of this section must pay the following penalties, subject to the reasonable cause exception in paragraph (k)(4) of this section:</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Dollar amount penalty</E>—(A) <E T="03">$10,000 penalty.</E> A penalty of $10,000 shall be imposed for each tax year of each foreign partnership with respect to which a failure to comply occurs.</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Increase in penalty.</E> If a failure to comply with the applicable reporting requirements of section 6038 and this section continues for more than 90 days after the date on which the Commissioner or the Commissioner's delegate mails notice of the failure to the United States person required to file Form 8865, the person must pay an additional penalty of $10,000 for each 30-day period (or fraction thereof) during which the failure continues after the 90-day period has expired.</P> <P>(C) <E T="03">Limitation.</E> The additional penalty imposed on any United States person by section 6038(b)(2) and paragraph (k)(3)(i)(B) of this section is limited to a maximum of $50,000 for each partnership for each tax year with respect to which the failure occurs.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Penalty of reducing foreign tax credit—</E>(A) <E T="03">Effect on foreign tax credit.</E> Failure to comply with the reporting requirements of section 6038 and this section may cause a reduction of foreign tax credits under section 901 (taxes of foreign countries and of possessions of the United States). In applying section 901 to a United States person for any tax year with or within which its foreign partnership's tax year ended, the amount of taxes paid (and deemed paid under sections 902 and 960) by the United States person will be reduced by 10 percent if the person fails to comply. However, no tax deemed paid under section 904(c) will be reduced under the provisions of this paragraph (k)(3)(ii).</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Reduction for continued failure.</E> If a failure to comply with the reporting requirements of section 6038 and this section continues for more than 90 days after the date on which the Commissioner or the Commissioner's delegate mails notice of the failure to the person required to file Form 8865, then the amount of the reduction in paragraph (k)(3)(ii)(A) of this section will be 10 percent, plus an additional 5 percent for each 3-month period (or fraction thereof) during which the failure continues after the 90-day period has expired.</P> <P>(C) <E T="03">Limitation on reduction.</E> The amount of the reduction under paragraphs (k)(3)(ii)(A) and (B) of this section for each failure to furnish information required under this section will not exceed the greater of $10,000, or the gross income of the foreign partnership for its tax year with respect to which the failure occurred.</P> <P>(D) <E T="03">Offset for dollar amount penalty imposed.</E> The total amount of the reduction which, but for this paragraph (k)(3)(ii)(D), may be made under this paragraph (k)(3)(ii) with respect to any separate failure, may not exceed the maximum amount of the reductions that may be imposed, reduced (but not below zero) by the dollar amount penalty imposed by paragraph (k)(3)(i) of this section with respect to the failure.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Reasonable cause limitation.</E> The time prescribed for filing a complete Form 8865, and the beginning of the 90-day period after the Commissioner or the Commissioner's delegate mails notice under paragraphs (k)(3)(i)(B) and (ii)(B) of this section, will be treated as being not earlier than the last day on which reasonable cause existed for failure to furnish the information. The United States person may show reasonable cause by providing a written statement to the Commissioner's delegate having jurisdiction over the person's return to which the Form 8865 should have been attached, setting forth the reasons for the failure to comply. Whether a failure to comply <PRTPAGE P="167"/>was due to reasonable cause will be determined by the Commissioner, or the Commissioner's delegate, under all the facts and circumstances.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Statute of limitations.</E> For exceptions to the limitations on assessment in the event of a failure to provide information under section 6038, see section 6501(c)(8).</P> <P>(l) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> Except as otherwise provided, this section shall apply for tax years of a foreign partnership ending on or after December 31, 2000. For tax years of a foreign partnership prior to December 23, 2002, see § 1.6038-3(j) in effect prior to these amendments (see 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 2002).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8850, 64 FR 72550, Dec. 28, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9033, 67 FR 78175, Dec. 23, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038-3T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Information returns required of certain United States persons with respect to controlled foreign partnership (CFPs) (temporary).</SUBJECT> <P>(a) Through (i)(2) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038-3(a) through (i)(2).</P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Overlap with section 6031.</E> A partner may be required to file Form 8865 under this section and the foreign partnership in which it is a partner may also be required to file a Form 1065 or Form 1065-B under section 6031(e) for the same partnership tax year. For cases where a United States person is a controlling fifty-percent partner or a controlling ten-percent partner with respect to a foreign partnership, and that foreign partnership completes and files Form 1065 or Form 1065-B, the instructions for Form 8865 will specify the filing requirements that address this overlap in reporting obligations.</P> <P>(k) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038-3(k).</P> <P>(l) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> This section shall apply to tax years of a foreign partnership ending on or after December 23, 2002. The applicability of this section expires on December 20, 2005.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 9033, 67 FR 78176, Dec. 23, 2002]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038A-0</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Table of contents.</SUBJECT> <P>This section lists the captions that appear in the regulations under section 6038A. </P> <EXTRACT> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6038A-1 General requirements and definitions.</HD> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(a) Purpose and scope.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(b) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(c) Reporting corporation.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) 25-percent foreign-owned.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) 25-percent foreign shareholder.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Total voting power and value.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Direct 25-percent foreign shareholder.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iv) Indirect 25-percent foreign shareholder.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Application to prior open years.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(5) Exceptions.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) Treaty country residents having no permanent establishment.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Qualified exempt shipping income.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Status as a foreign related party.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(d) Related party.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(e) Attribution rules.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) Attribution under section 318.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Attribution of transactions with related parties engaged in by a partnership.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(f) Foreign person.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(g) Foreign related party.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(h) Small corporation exception.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) Safe harbor for reporting corporations with related party transactions of <E T="03">de minimis</E> value.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Aggregate value of gross payments made or received.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(j) Related reporting corporations.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(k) Consolidated return groups.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) Required information.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Maintenance of records and authorization of agent.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Monetary penalties.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(l) District Director.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(m) Examples.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(n) Effective dates.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) Section 1.6038A-1.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Section 1.6038A-2.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Section 1.6038A-3.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Section 1.6038A-4.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(5) Section 1.6038A-5.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(6) Section 1.6038A-6.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(7) Section 1.6038A-7.</FP> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6038A-2 Requirement of return.</HD> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(a) Form 5472 required.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Reportable transaction.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(b) Contents of return.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) Reporting corporation.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Related party.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Foreign related party transactions for which only monetary consideration is paid or received by the reporting corporation.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Foreign related party transactions involving nonmonetary consideration or less than full consideration.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(5) Additional information.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(6) Reasonable estimate.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) Estimate within 25 percent of actual amount.<PRTPAGE P="168"/> </FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Other estimates.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(7) Small amounts.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(8) Accrued payments and receipts.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(c) Method of reporting.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(d) Time and place for filing returns.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(e) Untimely filed return.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(f) Exceptions.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) No reportable transactions.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Transactions solely with a domestic reporting corporation.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Transactions with a corporation subject to reporting under section 6038.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Transactions with a foreign sales corporation.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(g) Filing Form 5472 when transactions with related parties engaged in by a partnership are attributed to a reporting corporation.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(h) Effective dates for certain reporting corporations.</FP> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6038A-3 Record maintenance.</HD> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(a) General maintenance requirements.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) Section 6001 and section 6038A.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Safe harbor.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Examples.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(b) Other maintenance requirements.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) Indirectly related records.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Foreign related party or third-party maintenance.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Translation of records.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Exception for foreign governments.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(c) Specific records to be maintained for safe harbor.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Descriptions of categories of documents to be maintained.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) Original entry books and transaction records.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Profit and loss statements.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Pricing documents.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iv) Foreign country and third party filings.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(v) Ownership and capital structure records.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(vi) Records of loans, services, and other non-sales transactions.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Material profit and loss statements.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Existing records test.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(5) Significant industry segment test.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Form of the statements.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Special rule for component sales.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iv) Level of specificity required.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(v) Examples.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(6) High profit test.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Return on assets test.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Additional rules.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(7) Definitions.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) U.S.-connected products or services.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Industry segment.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Gross revenue of an industry segment.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iv) Identifiable assets of an industry segment.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(v) Operating profit of an industry segment.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(vi) Product.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(vii) Related products or services.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(viii) Model.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ix) Product line.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(8) Example.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) Facts.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Existing records test.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Signficant industry segments.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iv) High profit test.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(v) Material profit and loss statements.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(d) Liability for certain partnership record maintenance.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(e) Agreements with the District Director or the Assistant Commissioner (International).</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Content of agreement.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Significant industry segment test.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Example.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Circumstances of agreement.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Agreement as part of APA process.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(f) U.S. maintenance.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) General rule.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Non-U.S. maintenance requirements.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Prior taxable years.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Scheduled production for high volume or other reasons.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(5) Required U.S. maintenance.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(g) Period of retention.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(h) Application of record maintenance rules to banks and other financial institutions. [Reserved]</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) Effective dates.</FP> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6038A-4 Monetary penalty.</HD> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(a) Imposition of monetary penalty.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Liability for certain partnership transactions.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Calculation of monetary penalty.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(b) Reasonable cause.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Affirmative showing required.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(i) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(ii) Small corporations.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(iii) Facts and circumstances taken into account.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(c) Failure to maintain records or to cause another to maintain records.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(d) Increase in penalty where failure continues after notification.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Additional penalty for another failure.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Cessation of accrual.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(4) Continued failures.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(e) Other penalties.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(f) Examples.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP1-2">Example (1)—Failure to file Form 5472.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">Example (2)—Failure to maintain records.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(g) Effective dates.</FP> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6038A-5 Authorization of agent.</HD> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(a) Failure to authorize.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(b) Authorization by related party.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Authorization for prior years.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(c) Foreign affiliated groups.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.<PRTPAGE P="169"/> </FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Application of noncompliance penalty adjustment.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(d) Legal effect of authorization of agent.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) Agent for purposes of commencing judicial proceedings.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Foreign related party found where reporting corporation found.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(e) Successors in interest.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(f) Deemed compliance.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(1) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(2) Reason to know.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(3) Effect of deemed compliance.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(g) Effective dates.</FP> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6038A-6 Failure to furnish information.</HD> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(a) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(b) Coordination with treaties.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(c) Enforcement proceeding not required.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(d) <E T="03">De minimis</E> failure.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(e) Suspension of statute of limitations.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(f) Effective dates.</FP> <HD SOURCE="HD2">§ 1.6038A-7 Noncompliance.</HD> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(a) In general.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(b) Determination of the amount.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(c) Separate application.</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-2">(d) Effective dates.</FP> </EXTRACT> <CITA>[T.D. 8353, 56 FR 28060, June 19, 1991]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038A-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>General requirements and definitions.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Purpose and scope.</E> This section and §§ 1.6038A-2 through 1.6038A-7 provide rules for certain foreign-owned U.S. corporations and foreign corporations engaged in trade or business within the United States (reporting corporations) relating to information that must be furnished, records that must be maintained, and the authorization of the reporting corporation to act as agent for related foreign persons for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604 that must be executed. Section 6038A(a) and this section require that a reporting corporation furnish certain information annually and maintain certain records relating to transactions between the reporting corporation and certain related parties. This section also provides definitions of terms used in section 6038A. Section 1.6038A-2 provides guidance concerning the information to be submitted and the filing of the required return. Section 1.6038A-3 provides guidance concerning the maintenance of records. Section 1.6038A-4 provides guidance concerning the application of the monetary penalty for the failure either to furnish information or to maintain records. Section 1.6038A-5 provides guidance concerning the authorization of an agent for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604. Section 1.6038A-6 provides guidance concerning the failure to furnish information requested by a summons. Finally, § 1.6038A-7 provides guidance concerning the application of the noncompliance penalty for failure by the related party to authorize an agent or by the reporting corporation to substantially comply with a summons.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">In general.</E> A reporting corporation must furnish the information described in § 1.6038A-2 by filing an annual information return (Form 5472 or any successor), and must maintain records as described in § 1.6038A-3.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Reporting corporation</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> For purposes of section 6038A, a reporting corporation is either a domestic corporation that is 25-percent foreign-owned as defined in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, or a foreign corporation that is 25-percent foreign-owned and engaged in trade or business within the United States. After November 4, 1990, a foreign corporation engaged in a trade or business within the United States at any time during a taxable year is a reporting corporation. See section 6038C.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">25-percent foreign-owned.</E> A corporation is 25-percent foreign-owned if it has at least one direct or indirect 25-percent foreign shareholder at any time during the taxable year.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">25-percent foreign shareholder</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A foreign person is a 25-percent foreign shareholder of a corporation if the person owns at least 25 percent of—</P> <P>(A) The total voting power of all classes of stock of the corporation entitled to vote, or</P> <P>(B) The total value of all classes of stock of the corporation.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Total voting power and value.</E> In determining whether one foreign person owns 25 percent of the total voting power of all classes of stock of a corporation entitled to vote or 25 percent of the total value of all classes of stock of a corporation, consideration will be given to all the facts and circumstances of each case, under principles similar to § 1.957-1(b)(2) (consideration of arrangements to shift formal voting power away from a foreign person).<PRTPAGE P="170"/> </P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Direct 25-percent foreiqn shareholder.</E> A foreign person is a direct 25-percent foreign shareholder if it owns directly at least 25 percent of the stock of the reporting corporation, either by vote or by value.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Indirect 25-percent foreign shareholder.</E> A foreign person is an indirect 25-percent foreign shareholder if it owns indirectly (or under the attribution rules of section 318 is considered to own indirectly) at least 25 percent of the stock of the reporting corporation, either by vote or by value.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Application to prior open years.</E> For taxable years beginning before July 11, 1989, the definition of a reporting corporation under this paragraph applies in determining whether a foreign-owned corporation is a reporting corporation. An examination may be reopened if the statute of limitations period for that taxable year has not expired. A taxable year may not be reopened under section 6038A for examination purposes if the taxable year is open under section 6511 only for purposes of the carryback of net operating losses or net capital losses.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Exceptions</E>—(i) <E T="03">Treaty country residents having no permanent establishment.</E> A foreign corporation that has no permanent establishment in the United States under an applicable income tax convention is not a reporting corporation for purposes of section 6038A and this section. Accordingly, such a foreign corporation is not subject to §§ 1.6038A-2, 1.6038A-3, and 1.6038A-5. It must timely and fully provide the required notice to the Commissioner under section 6114. See section 6114 and the regulations thereunder for the notice that such a corporation must file and the applicable penalties for failure to file such notice.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Qualified exempt shipping income.</E> A foreign corporation whose gross income is exempt from U.S. taxation under section 883 is not a reporting corporation provided that it timely and fully complies with the reporting requirements required to claim such exemption. In the event that such a corporation does not timely and fully comply with the reporting requirements under sections 887 and 883, it will be a reporting corporation subject to section 6038A, including the application of the monetary penalty for failure to file required information.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Status as foreign related party.</E> Nothing in this paragraph affects the determination of whether a person is a foreign related party as defined in paragraph (g) of this section.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Related party.</E> The term “related party” means—</P> <P>(1) Any direct or indirect 25-percent foreign shareholder of the reporting corporation,</P> <P>(2) Any person who is related within the meaning of sections 267(b) or 707(b)(1) to the reporting corporation or to a 25-percent foreign shareholder of the reporting corporation, or</P> <P>(3) Any other person who is related to the reporting corporation within the meaning of section 482 and the regulations thereunder. However, the term “related party” does not include any corporation filing a consolidated federal income tax return with the reporting corporation.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Attribution rules</E>—(1) <E T="03">Attribution under section 318.</E> For purposes of determining whether a corporation is 25-percent foreign-owned and whether a person is a related party under section 6038A, the constructive ownership rules of section 318 shall apply, and the attribution rules of section 267(c) also shall apply to the extent they attribute ownership to persons to whom section 318 does not attribute ownership. However, “10 percent” shall be substituted for “50 percent” in section 318(a)(2)(C), and section 318(a)(3) (A), (B), and (C) shall not be applied so as to consider a U.S. person as owning stock that is owned by a person who is not a U.S. person. Additionally, section 318(a)(3)(C) and § 1.318-1(b) shall not be applied so as to consider a U.S. corporation as being a reporting corporation if, but for the application of such sections, the U.S. corporation would not be 25-percent foreign owned.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Attribution of transactions with related parties engaged in by a partnership.</E> The transactions in which a domestic or foreign partnership engages shall be attributed to any reporting corporation whose interest in the capital or profits of the partnership, either directly or indirectly, combined with the interests of all related parties of the reporting corporation partner, equals <PRTPAGE P="171"/>25 percent or more of the total partnership interests. Attribution of such transactions shall be made only to the extent of the partnership interest held by that reporting corporation partner. See sections 875 and 702(a) and the regulations thereunder. (Attribution shall not be made however, of transactions directly between the partnership and a reporting corporation.) Accordingly, a reporting corporation partner that is deemed to engage in transactions with related parties under this rule is subject to the information reporting requirements of § 1.6038A-2, to the record maintenance requirements of § 1.6038A-3, to the monetary penalty under § 1.6038A-4, to the requirement of authorization of agent under § 1.6038A-5, to the rules of § 1.6038A-6 relating to the requirement to produce records, and to the noncompliance penalty adjustment under § 1.6038A-7.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Foreign person.</E> For purposes of section 6038A, a foreign person is—</P> <P>(1) Any individual who is not a citizen or resident of the United States, but not including any individual for whom an election under section 6013 (g) or (h) (relating to an election to file a joint return) is in effect;</P> <P>(2) Any individual who is a citizen of any possession of the United States and who is not otherwise a citizen or resident of the United States;</P> <P>(3) Any partnership, association, company, or corporation that is not created or organized in the United States or under the law of the United States or any State thereof;</P> <P>(4) Any foreign trust or foreign estate, as defined in section 7701(a)(31); or</P> <P>(5) Any foreign government (or agency or instrumentality thereof). To the extent that a foreign government is engaged in the conduct of commercial activity as defined under section 892 and the regulations thereunder, it will be treated as a foreign person under section 6038A and this section only for purposes of the information reporting requirements of § 1.6038A-2. A foreign government will not be treated as a foreign related party for purposes of §§ 1.6038A-3 and 1.6038A-5.</P> <FP>For purposes of section 6038A, a possession of the United States shall be considered to be a foreign country.</FP> <P>(g) <E T="03">Foreign related party.</E> A foreign related party is a foreign person as defined under paragraph (f) of this section that is also a related party as defined under paragraph (d) of this section.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Small corporation exception.</E> A reporting corporation that has less than $10,000,000 in U.S. gross receipts for a taxable year is not subject to §§ 1.6038A-3 and 1.6038A-5 for that taxable year. Such a corporation, however, remains subject to the information reporting requirements of § 1.6038A-2 and the general record maintenance requirements of section 6001. For purposes of this paragraph, U.S. gross receipts includes all amounts received or accrued to the extent that such amounts are taken into account for the determination and computation of the gross income of the corporation. For purposes of this test, the U.S. gross receipts of all related reporting corporations shall be aggregated.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Safe harbor for reporting corporations with related party transactions of de minimis value</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> A reporting corporation is not subject to §§ 1.6038A-3 and 1.6038A-5 for any taxable year in which the aggregate value of all gross payments it makes to and receives from foreign related parties with respect to related party transactions (including monetary consideration, nonmonetary consideration, and the value of transactions involving less than full consideration), is not more than $5,000,000 and is less than 10 percent of its U.S. gross income. Such a corporation, however, remains subject to the information reporting requirements of § 1.6038A-2 and the general record maintenance requirements of section 6001. For purposes of this paragraph, U.S. gross income means the gross income reportable by the reporting corporation (or the aggregate gross income reportable by all related reporting corporations) for U.S. income tax purposes. Gross payments made to or received from foreign related parties cannot be netted; rather, the gross payments made to and received from foreign related parties are to be aggregated. Thus, for example, if a reporting corporation receives $4,700,000 of gross payments from a related party and makes $500,000 of gross payments to the <PRTPAGE P="172"/>same related party, it has aggregate gross payments of $5,200,000, and, therefore, does not qualify for the safe harbor under this paragraph.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Aggregate value of gross payments made or received.</E> The aggregate value of gross payments made to (or received from) a foreign related party with respect to foreign related party transactions is determined by totaling the dollar amounts of foreign related party transactions as described in § 1.6038A-2(b) (3) and (4) on all Forms 5472 filed by the reporting corporation or related reporting corporations.</P> <P>(j) <E T="03">Related reporting corporations.</E> A reporting corporation is related to another reporting corporation if it is related to that other reporting corporation under the principles described in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section.</P> <P>(k) <E T="03">Consolidated return groups</E>—(1) <E T="03">Required information.</E> If a reporting corporation is a member of an affiliated group for which a U.S. consolidated income tax return is filed, the return requirement of § 1.6038A-2 may be satisfied by filing a consolidated Form 5472. The common parent, as identified on Form 851, must attach a schedule to the consolidated Form 5472 stating which members of the U.S. affiliated group are reporting corporations under section 6038A, and which of those are joining in the consolidated Form 5472. The schedule must provide the name, address, and taxpayer identification number of each member whose transactions are included on the consolidated Form 5472. A member is not required to join in filing a consolidated Form 5472 merely because other members of the group choose to file one or more Forms 5472 on a consolidated basis.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Maintenance of records and authorization of agent.</E> Either the common parent or the principal operating company of an affiliated group filing a consolidated income tax return may be authorized under § 1.6038A-5 to act as the agent for foreign related persons engaged in transactions with members of the group solely for purposes of section 7602, 7603, and 7604 under section 6038A(e)(1) and § 1.6038A-5. Each member of the group, however, must maintain the records required under section 6038A (a) and § 1.6038A-3 relating to its related party transactions.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Monetary penalties.</E> The common parent (or principal operating company) and all reporting corporations that join in the filing of a consolidated Form 5472 are liable jointly and severally for penalties for failure to file Form 5472 and for failure to mantain records under section 6038A(d) and § 1.6038A-4(e). See § 1.1502-77(a) regarding the scope of agency of the common parent corporation.</P> <P>(l) <E T="03">District Director.</E> For purposes of the regulations under section 6038A, the term “District Director” means any District Director, or the Assistant Commissioner (International) when performing duties similar to those of a District Director with respect to any person over which the Assistant Commissioner (International) has appropriate jurisdiction.</P> <P>(m) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The following examples illustrate the rules of this section. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>P, a U.S. partnership that is engaged in a U.S. trade or business, is 75 percent owned by FC1, a foreign corporation that, in turn, is wholly owned by another foreign corporation, FC2. The remaining 25 percent of P is owned by Corp, a domestic corporation, that is wholly owned by FC3. P engages in transactions solely with FC2 and FC3. These transactions are attributed to FC1 and Corp. Under section 875, FC1 is considered as being engaged in a U.S. trade or business. For purposes of section 6038A and this section, FC1 and Corp are reporting corporations and must report their pro rata shares of the value of the transactions with FC2 and FC3. Thus, Corp must report 25 percent of P's transactions with FC3 and FC1 must report 75 percent of P's transactions with FC2.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>FC2 and FC3 are both foreign corporations that are wholly owned by FC1, also a foreign corporation. FC2 engages in a trade or business in the United States through a branch. The branch engages in related party transactions with FC1. FC2 is a reporting corporation. FC3 is a foreign related party. FC1 is a direct 25-percent foreign shareholder of both FC2 and FC3. Neither FC1 nor FC3 is a reporting corporation.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 3.</HD> <P>FC1 owns 25 percent of total voting power in each of FC2 and FC3. FC2 and FC3 each own 20 percent of the total voting power of Corp, a domestic corporation. The remaining stock of Corp is owned by an unrelated domestic corporation. Neither FC2 nor FC3 is engaged in a U.S. trade or business. Under section 318(a)(2)(C) and paragraph (e) of this section, FC1 constructively owns its <PRTPAGE P="173"/>proportionate share of the stock of Corp owned directly by FC2 and FC3. Thus, FCl is treated as constructively owning five percent of Corp through each of FC2 and FC3 or a total of 10 percent of the Corp stock. Consequently, Corp is not a reporting corporation because no 25 percent shareholder exists.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 4.</HD> <P>FP owns 100 percent of FCl which, in turn, owns 100 percent of FC2. FC2 owns 100 percent of FC3 which owns 100 percent of RC. FP, FC1, and FC2 are indirect 25-percent foreign shareholders of RC, and FC3 is a direct 25-percent foreign shareholder.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 5.</HD> <P>FP owns 100 percent of USS, a U.S. corporation, and 25 percent of FS, a foreign corporation. The remaining 75 percent of FS is publicly owned by numerous small shareholders. Sales transactions occur between USS and FS. Applying the rules of this section, USS is a reporting corporation. It is determined that USS and FS are each controlled by FP under section 482 and the regulations thereunder. Therefore, FS is related to USS within the meaning of section 482 and is a related party to USS. Accordingly, the sales transactions between USS and FS are subject to section 6038A.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 6.</HD> <P>The facts are the same as in <E T="03">Example 5,</E> except that the remaining 75 percent of FS is owned by one shareholder that is unrelated to the FP group and it is determined that FS is not controlled by FP for purposes of section 482. Under these facts, FS is not a related party of either FP or USS. Accordingly, section 6038A does not apply to the sales transactions between FS and USS.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 7.</HD> <P>P, a U.S. multinational, is a holding company that wholly owns X, a U.S. operating company, which in turn wholly owns FS, a controlled foreign corporation. Applying the rule of section 318(a)(3)(C), FS is deemed to own the stock of X that is actually held by P. However, under the rules of paragraph (e) of this section, X will not be a reporting corporation by reason of section 318.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(n) <E T="03">Effective dates</E>—(1) <E T="03">Section 1.6038A-1.</E> Paragraphs (c) (relating to the definition of a reporting corporation), (d) (relating to the definition of a related party), (e)(1) (relating to the application of section 318), and (f) (relating to the definition of a foreign person) of this section are effective for taxable Years beginning after July 10, 1989. The remaining paragraphs of this section are effective December 10, 1990, without regard to when the taxable year began.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Section 1.6038A-2.</E> Section 1.6038A-2 (relating to the requirement to file Form 5472) is generally effective for taxable years beginning after July 10, 1989. However, § 1.6038A-2 as it applies to reporting corporations whose sole trade or business in the United States is a banking, financing, or similar business as defined in § 1.864-4(c)(5)(i) is effective for taxable years beginning after December 10, 1990.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Section 1.6038A-3.</E> Section 1.6038A-3 (relating to the record maintenance requirement) is generally effective December 10, 1990. However, records described in § 1.6038A-3 in existence on or after March 20, 1990, must be maintained, without regard to when the taxable year to which the records relate began.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Section 1.6038A-4.</E> Section 1.6038A-4 (relating to the monetary penalty) is generally effective for taxable years beginning after July 10, 1989, for the failure to file Form 5472. For the failure to maintain records or the failure to produce documents under § 1.6038A-4(f)(2), the section is effective December 10, 1990, without regard to when the taxable year to which the records relate began.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Section 1.6038A-5.</E> Section 1.6038A-5 (relating to the authorization of agent requirement) is effective December 10, 1990, without regard to when the taxable year to which the records relate began.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Section 1.6038A-6.</E> Section 1.6038A-6 (relating to the failure to furnish information under a summons) is effective November 6, 1990, without regard to when the taxable year to which the summons relates began.</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Section 1.6038A-7.</E> Section 1.6038A-7 (relating to the noncompliance penalty adjustment) is effective December 10, 1990, without regard to when the taxable year began.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8353, 56 FR 28061, June 19, 1991; T.D. 8353, 56 FR 41792, Aug. 23, 1991]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038A-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Requirement of return.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Form 5472 required</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Each reporting corporation as defined in § 1.6038A-1(c) (or members of an affiliated group filing together as described in § 1.6038A-1(k)) shall make a separate annual information return on Form 5472 with respect to each related party as defined in § 1.6038A-1(d) with which the reporting corporation (or any group member joining in a consolidated Form 5472) has had any reportable transaction during the taxable <PRTPAGE P="174"/>year. The information required by section 6038A and this section must be furnished even though it may not affect the amount of any tax due under the Code.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Reportable transaction.</E> A reportable transaction is any transaction of the types listed in paragraphs (b) (3) and (4) of this section. However, if neither party to the transaction is a United States person as defined in section 7701(a)(30) and the transaction—</P> <P>(i) Will not generate in any taxable year gross income from sources within the United States or income effectively connected, or treated as effectively connected, with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, and</P> <P>(ii) Will not generate in any taxable year any expense, loss, or other deduction that is allocable or apportionable to such income, the transaction is not a reportable transaction.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Contents of return</E>—(1) <E T="03">Reporting corporation.</E> Form 5472 must provide the following information in the manner the form prescribes with respect to each reporting corporation:</P> <P>(i) Its name, address (including mailing code), and U.S. taxpayer identification number; each country in which the reporting corporation files an income tax return as a resident under the tax laws of that country; its country or countries of organization, and incorporation; its total assets for U.S. reporting corporation; the places where it conducts its business; and its principal business activity.</P> <P>(ii) The name, address, and U.S. taxpayer identification number, if applicable, of all its direct and indirect 25-percent foreign shareholders (for an indirect 25-percent foreign shareholder, explain the attribution of ownership); each country in which each 25-percent foreign shareholder files an income tax return as a resident under the tax laws of that country; the places where each 25-percent shareholder conducts its business; and the country or countries of organization, citizenship, and incorporation of each 25-percent foreign shareholder.</P> <P>(iii) The number of Forms 5472 filed for the taxable year and the aggregate value in U.S. dollars of gross payments as defined in § 1.6038A-1(h)(2) made with respect to all foreign related party transactions reported on all Forms 5472.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Related party.</E> The reporting corporation must provide information on Form 5472, set forth in the manner the form prescribes, about each related party, whether foreign or domestic, with which the reporting corporation had a transaction of the types described in paragraphs (b) (3) and (4) of this section during its taxable year, including the following information:</P> <P>(i) The name, U.S. taxpayer identification number, if applicable, and address of the related party.</P> <P>(ii) The nature of the reated party's business and the principal place or places where it conducts its business.</P> <P>(iii) Each country in which the related party files an income tax return as a resident under the tax laws of that country.</P> <P>(iv) The relationship of the reporting corporation to the related party.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Foreign related party transactions for which only monetary consideration is paid or received by the reporting corporation.</E> If the related party is a foreign person, the reporting corporation must set forth on Form 5472 the dollar amounts of all reportable transactions for which monetary consideration (including U.S. and foreign currency) was the sole consideration paid or received during the taxable year of the reporting corporation. The total amount of such transactions, as well as the separate amounts for each type of transaction described below, must be reported on Form 5472, in the manner the form prescribes. Where actual amounts are not determinable, a reasonable estimate (as described in paragraph (b)(6) of this section) is permitted. The types of transactions described in this paragraph are:</P> <P>(i) Sales and purchases of stock in trade (inventory);</P> <P>(ii) Sales and purchases of tangible property other than stock in trade;</P> <P>(iii) Rents and royalties paid and received (other than amounts reported under paragraph (b)(3)(iv) of this section);</P> <P>(iv) Sales, purchases, and amounts paid and received as consideration for the use of all intangible property, including (but not limited to) copyrights, <PRTPAGE P="175"/>designs, formulas, inventions, models, patents, processes, trademarks, and other similar intangible property rights;</P> <P>(v) Consideration paid and received for technical, managerial, engineering, construction, scientific, or other services;</P> <P>(vi) Commissions paid and received;</P> <P>(vii) Amounts loaned and borrowed (except open accounts resulting from sales and purchases reported under other items listed in this paragraph (b)(3) that arise and are collected in full in the ordinary course of business);</P> <P>(viii) Interest paid and received;</P> <P>(ix) Premiums paid and received for insurance and reinsurance; and</P> <P>(x) Other amounts paid or received not specifically identified in this paragraph (b)(3) to the extent that such amounts are taken into account for the determination and computation of the taxable income of the reporting corporation.</P> <FP>Amounts required to be reported under paragraph (b)(3)(vii) of this section shall be reported as monthly averages or outstanding balances at the beginning and end of the taxable year, as the form shall prescribe.</FP> <P>(4) <E T="03">Foreign related party transactions involving nonmonetary consideration or less than full consideration.</E> If the related party is a foreign person, the reporting corporation must provide on Form 5472 a description of any reportable transaction, or group of reportable transactions, listed in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, for which any part of the consideration paid or received was not monetary consideration, or for which less than full consideration was paid or received. A description required under paragraph (b)(4) of this section shall include sufficient information from which to determine the nature and approximate monetary value of the transaction or group of transactions, and shall include:</P> <P>(i) A description of all property (including monetary consideration), rights, or obligations transferred from the reporting corporation to the foreign related party and from the foreign related party to the reporting corporation;</P> <P>(ii) A description of all services performed by the reporting corporation for the foreign related party and by the foreign related party for the reporting corporation; and</P> <P>(iii) A reasonable estimate of the fair market value of all properties and services exchanged, if possible, or some other reasonable indicator of value.</P> <FP>If, for any transaction, the entire consideration received includes both tangible and intangible property and the consideration paid is solely monetary consideration, the transaction should be reported under paragraph (b)(3) of this section if the intangible property was related and incidental to the transfer of the tangible property (for example, a right to warranty services.)</FP> <P>(5) <E T="03">Additional information.</E> In addition to the information required under paragraphs (b) (3) and (4) of this section, a reporting corporation must provide on Form 5472, in the manner the form prescribes, the following information:</P> <P>(i) If the reporting corporation imports goods from a foreign related party, whether the costs taken into account in computing the basis or inventory cost of such goods are greater than the costs taken into account in computing the valuation of the goods for customs purposes, adjusted pursuant to section 1059A and the regulations thereunder, and if so, the reasons for the difference.</P> <P>(ii) If the costs taken into account in computing the basis or inventory cost of such goods are greater than the costs taken into account in computing the valuation of the goods for customs purposes, whether the documents supporting the reporting corporation's treatment of the items set forth in paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section are in existence and available in the United States at the time Form 5472 is filed.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Reasonable estimate</E>—(i) <E T="03">Estimate within 25 percent of actual amount.</E> Any amount reported under this section is considered to be a reasonable estimate if it is at least 75 percent and not more than 125 percent of the actual amount.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Other estimates.</E> If any amount reported under this paragraph (b) of this section fails to meet the reasonable estimate test of paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section, the reporting corporation nevertheless may show that such amount is a reasonable estimate by making an <PRTPAGE P="176"/>affirmative showing of relevant facts and circumstances in a written statement containing a declaration that it is made under the penalties of perjury. The District Director shall determine whether the amount reported was a reasonable estimate.</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Small amounts.</E> If any actual amount required under this section does not exceed $50,000, the amount may be reported as “$50,000 or less.”</P> <P>(8) <E T="03">Accrued payments and receipts.</E> For purposes of this section, in the case of an accrual basis taxpayer, the terms “paid” and “received” shall include accrued payments and receipts, respectively.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Method of reporting.</E> All statements required on or with the Form 5472 under this section and § 1.6038A-5 shall be in the English language. All amounts required to be reported under paragraph (b) of this section shall be expressed in United States currency, with a statement of the exchange rates used.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Time and place for filing returns.</E> A Form 5472 required under this section shall be filed with the reporting corporation's income tax return for the taxable year by the due date (including extensions) of that return. A duplicate Form 5472 (including any attachments and schedules) shall be filed at the same time with the Internal Revenue Service Center, Philadelphia, PA 19255.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Untimely filed return.</E> If the reporting corporation's income tax return is untimely filed, Form 5472 (with a duplicate to Philadelphia) nonetheless shall be timely filed at the service center where the return is due. When the income tax return is ultimately filed, a copy of Form 5472 must be attached.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Exceptions—</E>(1) <E T="03">No reportable transactions.</E> A reporting corporation is not required to file Form 5472 if it has no transactions of the types listed in paragraphs (b) (3) and (4) of this section during the taxable year with any related party.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Transactions solely with a domestic reporting corporation.</E> If all of a foreign reporting corporation's reportable transactions are with one or more related domestic reporting corporations that are not members of the same affiliated group, the foreign reporting corporation shall furnish on Form 5472 only the information required under paragraphs (b) (1) and (2) of this section, if the domestic reporting corporations provide the information required under paragraphs (b) (3) through (5) of this section. Such a foreign reporting corporation nonetheless is subject to the record maintenance requirements of § 1.6038A-3 and the requirements of §§ 1.6038A-5 and 1.6038A-6. The name, address, and taxpayer identification number of each domestic reporting corporation that provided such information must be indicated on Form 5472 in the space provided for the information under paragraphs (b) (1) and (2) of this section.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Transactions with a corporation subject to reporting under section 6038.</E> A reporting corporation is not required to make a return of information on Form 5472 with respect to a related foreign corporation for a taxable year for which a U.S. person that controls the foreign related corporation makes a return of information on Form 5471 that is required under section 6038 and this section, if that return contains information required under § 1.6038-2(f)(11) with respect to the reportable transactions between the reporting corporation and the related corporation for that taxable year. Such a reporting corporation also is not subject to §§ 1.6038A-3 and 1.6038A-5. It remains subject to the general record maintenance requirements of section 6001.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Transactions with a foreign sales corporation.</E> A reporting corporation is not required to make a return of information on Form 5472 with respect to a related corporation that qualifies as a foreign sales corporation for a taxable year for which the foreign sales corporation files Form 1120-FSC.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Filing Form 5472 when transactions with related parties engaged in by a partnership are attributed to a reporting corporation.</E> If transactions engaged in by a partnership are attributed under § 1.6038A-1(e)(2) to a reporting corporation, the reporting corporation need report on Form 5472 only the percentage of the value of the transaction or transactions equal to the percentage of its partnership interest. Thus, for example, if a partnership buys $1000 of widgets from the foreign parent of a reporting corporation whose partnership <PRTPAGE P="177"/>interest in the partnership equals 50 percent of the partnership interests (and the remaining 50 percent is held by unrelated parties), the reporting corporation must report $500 of purchases from a foreign related party on Form 5472.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Effective dates for certain reporting corporations.</E> For effective dates for this section, see § 1.6038A-1(n).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8353, 56 FR 28063, June 19, 1991]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038A-3</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Record maintenance.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">General maintenance requirements—</E>(1) Section 6001 and section 6038A. A reporting corporation must keep the permanent books of account or records as required by section 6001 that are sufficient to establish the correctness of the federal income tax return of the corporation, including information, documents, or records (“records”) to the extent they may be relevant to determine the correct U.S. tax treatment of transactions with related parties. Under section 6001, the District Director may require any person to make such returns, render such statements, or keep such specific records as will enable the District Director to determine whether or not that person is liable for any of the taxes to which the regulations under part I have application. See section 6001 and the regulations thereunder. Such records must be permanent, accurate, and complete, and must clearly establish income, deductions, and credits. Additionally, in appropriate cases, such records include sufficient relevant cost data from which a profit and loss statement may be prepared for products or services transferred between a reporting corporation and its foreign related parties. This requirement includes records of the reporting corporation itself, as well as to records of any foreign related party that may be relevant to determine the correct U.S. tax treatment of transactions between the reporting corporation and foreign related parties. The relevance of such records with respect to related party transactions shall be determined upon the basis of all the facts and circumstances. Section 6038A and this section provide detailed guidance regarding the required maintenance of records with respect to such transactions and specify penalties for noncompliance. Banks and other financial institutions shall follow the specific record maintenance rules described in paragraph (h) of this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Safe harbor.</E> A safe harbor for record maintenance is provided under paragraph (c) of this section, which sets forth detailed guidance concerning the types of records to be maintained with respect to related party transactions. The safe harbor consists of an all-inclusive list of record types that could be relevant to different taxpayers under a variety of facts and circumstances. It does not constitute a checklist of records that every reporting corporation must maintain or that generally should be requested by the Service. A specific reporting corporation is required to maintain, and the Service will request, only those records enumerated in the safe harbor (including material profit and loss statements) that may be relevant to its business or industry and to the correct U.S. tax treatment of its transactions with its foreign related parties. Accordingly, not every item listed in the safe harbor must be maintained by every reporting corporation. A corporation that maintains or causes another person to maintain the records listed in paragraph (c)(2) of this section that may be relevant to its foreign related party transactions and to its business or industry will be deemed to have met the record maintenance requirements of section 6038A.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The following examples illustrate the rules of this paragraph. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>RC, a U.S. reporting corporation, is owned by two shareholders, F and P. F is a foreign corporation that owns 30 percent of the stock of RC. P is a domestic corporation that owns the remaining 70 percent. RC purchases tangible property from F; however, the only potential audit issue with respect to these transactions is their treatment under section 482. It is determined that F does not in fact control RC and the two corporations do not constitute a group of “controlled taxpayers” for purposes of section 482 and the regulations thereunder. There are no other reportable transactions between RC and F. Under § 1.6038A-1(g), F is a foreign related party with respect to RC. Accordingly, RC is required to report its purchases of property from F under the reporting requirements of § 1.6038A-2. Nevertheless, because section 482 is not applicable to the transactions between RC and F, the records <PRTPAGE P="178"/>created by F with respect to its sales to RC are not relevant for purposes of determining the correct tax treatment of these transactions. RC is required to maintain its own records of these transactions under the requirements of section 6001, but the transactions are not subject to the record maintenance requirements of this section. If, however, on audit it is determined that F does control RC, all records relevant to determining the arm's length consideration for the tangible property under section 482 will be subject to these requirements.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>FP, a foreign person, owns 30 percent of the stock of RC, a reporting corporation. The remaining 70 percent of RC stock is held by persons that are not 25-percent foreign shareholders. It is determined that FP is related to RC within the meaning of section 482 and the regulations thereunder. The only transactions between FP and RC are FP's capital contributions, dividends paid from RC to FP, and loans from FP to RC. Under section 6001, RC is required to maintain all documentation necessary to establish the U.S. tax treatment of the capital contributions, dividends, and loans. RC is not required to maintain records in other categories listed in paragraph (c)(3) of this section because they are not relevant to the transactions between FP and RC. Records of FP not related to these transactions are not subject to the record maintenance requirements under section 6038A(a) and this section.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 3.</HD> <P>G, a foreign multinational group, creates Sub, a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, in order to purchase tangible property from unrelated parties in the United States and resell such property to G. The property purchased by Sub is either used in G's business or resold to other unrelated parties by G. Sub's sole function is to act as a buyer for G and these purchases are the only transactions that G has with any U.S. affiliates. Under all the facts and circumstances of this case, it is determined that an analysis of the group's worldwide profit attributable to the property it purchases from Sub is not relevant for purposes of determining the tax treatment of the sales from Sub to G. Therefore, the records with respect to the profitability of G are not subject to the record maintenance requirements of this section. However, all records related to the appropriate method under section 482 for determining an arm's-length consideration for the property sold by Sub to G are subject to the record maintenance requirements of this section.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 4.</HD> <P>S, a U.S. reporting corporation, is the purchasing agent for its multinational parent group. It arranges for the purchase and export of miscellaneous tangible property to X, Y, and Z, each of which is a foreign related party. The miscellaneous tangible property is purchased from unrelated third parties for resale to X, Y, and Z. These resales of miscellaneous tangible property constitute the sole transactions between S and X, Y, and Z. The purchasing agent activity of S is not an integral part of the business activity of S or of any beneficiary of the purchasing agent services provided by S as defined in § 1.482-2(b)(7). Under § 1.482-2(b)(7), the arm's-length charge is deemed to be equal to the costs or deductions incurred with respect to the provision of the purchasing agent services. S is required to maintain records to permit verification upon audit of such costs or deductions. The records of X, Y, and Z are not relevant to the costs or deductions incurred by S with respect to its purchasing agent activities. Therefore, under section 6038A and this section, only the records maintained by S that permit verification of the costs and deductions of the purchasing agent services are relevant. Accordingly, solely with respect to these transactions, records of X, Y, and Z need not be maintained under section 6038A or this section. If, however, upon audit, it is determined that S is not merely engaging in services not integral to its business as defined in § 1.482-2(b)(7), the record maintenance requirements under section 6038A(a) and this section will be applicable to the records of S, X, Y and Z to the extent that such records are relevant for determining the correct tax treatment of transactions engaged in by X, Y, or Z with S. If S has other transactions with X, S must maintain or cause to be maintained records that may be relevant with respect to those transactions.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(b) <E T="03">Other maintenance requirements</E>—(1) <E T="03">Indirectly related records.</E> This section applies to records that are directly or indirectly related to transactions between the reporting corporation and any foreign related parties. An example of records that are indirectly related to such transactions is records possessed by a foreign subsidiary of a foreign related party that document the raw material or component costs of a product that is manufactured or assembled by the subsdiary and sold as a finished product by the foreign related party to the reporting corporation.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Foreign related party or third-party maintenance.</E> If records that are required to be maintained under this section are in the control of a foreign related party, the records may be obtained or compiled (if not already in the possession of the foreign related party or already compiled) under the direction of the reporting corporation and then maintained by the reporting corporation, the foreign related party, <PRTPAGE P="179"/>or a third party. Thus, for example, a foreign related party may either itself maintain such records outside the United States or permit a third party to maintain such records outside the United States, provided that the conditions described in paragraph (f) of this section are met. Upon a request for such records by the Service, a foreign related party or third party may make arrangements with the District Director to furnish the records directly, rather than through the reporting corporation.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Translation of records.</E> When records are provided to the Service under a request for production, any portion of such records must be translated into the English language within 30 days of a request for translation of that portion by the District Director. To the extent that any requested documents are identical to documents that have already been translated, an explanation of how such documents are identical instead may be provided. An extension of this time period may be requested under paragraph (f)(4) of this section. Appropriate extensions will be liberally granted for translation requests where circumstances warrant. If a good faith effort is made to translate accurately the requested documents within the specified time period, the reporting corporation will not be subject to the penalties in §§ 1.6038A-4 and 1.6038A-7.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Exception for foreign governments.</E> A foreign government is not subject to the obligation to maintain records under this section.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Records relating to conduit financing arrangements.</E> See § 1.881-4 relating to conduit financing arrangements.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Specific records to be maintained for safe harbor</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> A reporting corporation that maintains or causes another person to maintain the records specified in this paragraph (c) that are relevant to its business or industry and to the correct U.S. tax treatment of its transactions with its foreign related parties will deemed to have met the record maintenance requirements of this section. This paragraph provides general descriptions of the categories of records to be maintained; the particular title or label applied by a reporting corporation or related party does not control. Functional equivalents of the specified documents are acceptable. Record maintenance in accordance with this safe harbor, however, requires only the maintenance of types of documents described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section that are directly or indirectly related to transactions between the reporting corporation and any foreign related party. Additionally, to the extent the reporting corporation establishes that records in a particular category are not applicable to the industry or business of the reporting corporation and any foreign related party, maintenance of such records is not required under this paragraph. Record maintenance in accordance with this paragraph (c) generally does not require the original creation of records that are ordinarily not created by the reporting corporation or its related parties. (If, however, a document that is actually created is described in this paragraph (c), it is to be maintained even if the document is not of the type ordinarily created by the reporting corporation or its related parties.) There are two exceptions to the rule. First, basic accounting records that are sufficient to document the U.S. tax effects of transactions between related parties must be created and retained, if they do not otherwise exist. Second, records sufficient to produce material profit and loss statements as described in paragraphs (c)(2) (ii) and (3) of this section that are relevant for determining the U.S. tax treatment of transactions between the reporting corporation and foreign related parties must be created if such records are not ordinarily maintained. All internal records storage and retrieval systems used for each taxable year must be retained.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Descriptions of categories of documents to be maintained.</E> The following records must be maintained in order to satisfy this paragraph (c) to the extent they may be relevant to determine the correct U.S. tax treatment of transactions between the reporting corporation and any foreign related party.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Original entry books and transaction records.</E> This category includes books and records of original entry or their functional equivalents, however designated or labelled, that are relevant <PRTPAGE P="180"/>to transactions between any foreign related party and the reporting corporation. Examples include, but are not limited to, general ledgers, sales journals, purchase order books, cash receipts books, cash disbursement books, canceled checks and bank statements, workpapers, sales contracts, and purchase invoices. Descriptive material to explicate entries in the foregoing types of records, such as a chart of accounts or an accounting policy manual, is included in this category.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Profit and loss statements.</E> This category includes records from which the reporting corporation can compile and supply, within a reasonable time, material profit and loss statements of the reporting corporation and all related parties as defined in § 1.6038A-1 (d) (the “related party group”) that reflect profit or loss of the related party group attributable to U.S.-connected products or services as defined in paragraph (c)(7)(i) of this section. The determination of whether a profit and loss statement is material is made under the rules provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section. The material profit and loss statements described in this paragraph (c)(2)(ii) must reflect the consolidated revenue and expenses of all members of the related party group. Thus, records in this category include the documentation of the cost of raw materials used by a related party to manufacture finished goods that are then sold by another related party to the reporting corporation. The records should be kept under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles if they are ordinarily maintained in such manner; if not, an explanation of the material differences between the accounting principles used and U.S. generally accepted accounting principles must be made available. The statements need not reflect tracing of the actual costs borne by the group with respect to its U.S.-connected products or services; rather, any reasonable method may be used to allocate the group's worldwide costs to the revenues generated by the sales of those products or services. An explanation of the methods used to allocate specific items to a particular profit and loss statement must be made available. The explanation of material differences between accounting principles and the explanation of allocation methods must be sufficient to permit a comparison of the profitability of the group to that of the reporting corporation attributable to the provision of U.S.-connected products or services.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Pricing documents.</E> This category includes all documents relevant to establishing the appropriate price or rate for transactions between the reporting corporation and any foreign related party. Examples include, but are not limited to, documents related to transactions involving the same or similar products or services entered into by the reporting corporation or a foreign related party with related and unrelated parties; shipping and export documents; commission agreements; documents relating to production or assembly facilities; third-party and intercompany purchase invoices; manuals, specifications, and similar documents relating to or describing the performance of functions conducted at particular locations; intercompany correspondence discussing any instructions or assistance relating to such transactions provided to the reporting corporations by the related foreign person (or vice versa); intercompany and intracompany correspondence concerning the price or the negotiation of the price used in such transactions; documents related to the value and ownership of intangibles used or developed by the reporting corporation or the foreign related party; documents related to cost of goods sold and other expenses; and documents related to direct and indirect selling, and general and administrative expenses (for example, relating to advertising, sales promotions, or warranties).</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Foreign country and third party filings.</E> This category includes financial and other documents relevant to transactions between a reporting corporation and any foreign related party filed with or prepared for any foreign government entity, any independent commission, or any financial institution.</P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Ownership and capital structure records.</E> This category includes records or charts showing the relationship between the reporting corporation and the foreign related party; the location, ownership, and status (for example, joint venture, partnership, branch, or <PRTPAGE P="181"/>division) of all entities and offices directly or indirectly involved in the transactions between the reporting corporation and any foreign related party; a worldwide organization chart; records showing the management structure of all foreign affiliates; and loan documents, agreements, and other documents relating to any transfer of the stock of the reporting corporation that results in the change of the status of a foreign person as a foreign related party.</P> <P>(vi) <E T="03">Records of loans, services, and other non-sales transactions.</E> This category includes relevant documents relating to loans (including all deposits by one foreign related party or reporting corporation with an unrelated party and a subsequent loan by that unrelated party to a foreign related party or reporting corporation that is in substance a direct loan between a reporting corporation and a foreign related party); guarantees of a foreign related party of debts of the reporting corporation, and vice versa; hedging arrangements or other risk shifting or currency risk shifting arrangements involving the reporting corporation and any foreign related party; security agreements between the reporting corporation and any foreign related party; research and development expense allocations between any foreign related party and the reporting corporation; service transactions between any foreign related party and the reporting corporation, including, for example, a description of the allocation of charges for management services, time or travel records, or allocation studies; import and export transactions between a reporting corporation and any foreign related party; the registration of patents and copyrights with respect to transactions between the reporting corporation and any foreign related party: and documents regarding lawsuits in foreign countries that relate to such transactions between a reporting corporation and any foreign related party (for example, product liability suits for U.S. products).</P> <P>(vii) <E T="03">Records relating to conduit financing arrangements.</E> See § 1.881-4 relating to conduit financing arrangements.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Material profit and loss statements.</E> For purposes of paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, the determination of whether a profit and loss statement is material will be made according to the following rules. An agreement between the reporting corporation and the District Director as described in paragraph (e) of this section may identify material profit and loss statements of the related party group and describe the items to be included in any profit and loss statements for which records are to be maintained to satisfy the requirements of paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section. In the absence of such an agreement, a profit and loss statement will be material if it meets any of the following tests: the existing records test described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the significant industry segment test described in paragraph (c)(5) of this section, or the high profit test described in paragraph (c)(6) of this section.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Existing records test.</E> A profit and loss statement is material under the existing records test described in this paragraph (c)(4) if any member of the related party group creates or compiles such statement in the course of its business operations and the statement reflects the profit or loss of the related party group attributable to the provision of U.S.-connected products or services (regardless of whether the profit and loss attributable to U.S.-connected products or services is shown separately or included within the calculation of aggregate figures on the statement). For example, a profit and loss statement is described in this paragraph if it was produced for internal accounting or management purposes, or for disclosure to shareholders, financial institutions, government agencies, or any other persons. Such existing statements and the records from which they were complied (to the extent such records relate to profit and loss attributable to U.S.-connected products or services) are subject to the record maintenance requirements described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Significant industry segment test—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> A profit and loss statement is material under the significant industry segment test described in this paragraph (c)(5) if—<PRTPAGE P="182"/> </P> <P>(A) The statement reflects the profit or loss of the related party group attributable to the group's provision of U.S.-connected products or services within a single industry segment (as defined in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section);</P> <P>(B) The worldwide gross revenue attributable to such industry segment is 10 percent or more of the worldwide gross revenue attributable to the group's combined industry segments; and</P> <P>(C) The amount of gross revenue earned by the group from the provision of U.S.-connected products or services within such industry segment is $25 million or more in the taxable year.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Form of the statements</E>. Profit and loss statements compiled for the group's provision of U.S.-connected products or services in each significant industry segment must reflect revenues and expenses attributable to the operations in such segment by all members of the related party group. Statements may show each related party's revenues and expenses separately, or may be prepared in a consolidated format. Any reasonable method may be used to allocate the group's worldwide costs within the industry segment to the U.S.-connected products or services within that segment. An explanation of the methods used to prepare consolidated statements and to allocate specific items to a particular profit and loss statement must be made available, and the records from which the consolidations and allocations were prepared must be maintained.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Special rule for component sales.</E> Where the U.S.-connected products or services consist of components that are incorporated into other products or services before sale to customers, the portion of the total gross revenue derived from sales of the finished products or services attributable to the components may be determined on the basis of relative costs of production. Thus, where relevant for determining whether the $25 million threshold in paragraph (c)(5)(i)(C) of this section has been met, the amount of gross revenue derived by the related party group from the provision of the finished products or services may be reduced by multiplying it by a fraction, the numerator of which is the costs of production of the related party group attributable to the component products or services that constitute U.S.-connected products or services and the denominator of which is the costs of production of the related party group attributable to the finished products in which such components are incorporated.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Level of specificity required.</E> In applying the significant industry segment test of this paragraph (c)(5), groups of related products and services must be chosen to provide a reasonable level of specificity that results in the greatest number of separate significant industry segments in comparison to other possible classifications. This determination must be made on the basis of the particular facts presented by the operations of the related party group. The following rules, however, provide general guidelines for making such classifications. First, the related party group's operations that involve the provision of U.S.-connected products should be grouped into product lines. The rules of this paragraph (c)(5) should then be applied to determine if any such product line would, standing alone, constitute a significant industry segment when compared to the related party group's operations as a whole. Any significant industry segments determined at the level of product lines should be further segregated, and tested for significant industry segments, at the level of separate products. Finally, any significant industry segments determined at the level of separate products should be segregated, and tested for significant industry segments, at the level of separate models. Similar principles should be applied in classifying and testing types of services. A profit and loss statement reflecting the related party group's provision of any product or service (or group of products or services as classified under these rules) that constitutes a significant industry segment will be considered material for purposes of this paragraph (c)(5). For definitions of the terms “product”, “related products or services”, “model”, and ”product line”, see paragraph (c)(7) of this section.<PRTPAGE P="183"/> </P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The rules for determining reasonable levels of specificity for significant industry segments may be illustrated by the following examples. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>A related party group is engaged in the manufacture and worldwide sales of automobiles and aftermarket parts. The group's operations within the categories of “automobiles” and “aftermarket parts”. are each sufficient to constitute significant industry segments for the group under the rules of this paragraph (c)(5). No narrower classification of aftermarket parts results in any significant industry segments. Automobiles produced by the group are generally classified for marketing purposes by trade names; aggregating groups of automobiles by these trade names results in three significant industry segments, those for trade names A, B, and C. Finally, two car models sold under the trade name A (“A1” and “A2”) and one car model sold under the trade name B (“B3”), produce sufficient revenue to constitute significant industry segments. Such classifications into trade names and car models are generally used in the related party group's industry; moreover, different types of classifications would produce fewer significant industry segments. Accordingly, a reasonable level of specificity for this related party group's industry segments would be eight categories of products consisting of “automobiles”, “aftermarket parts”, “A”, “B”, “C”, “A1”, “A2”, and “B3”.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>A related party group is engaged in manufacturing electronic goods that are distributed at retail in the United States by the reporting corporation. The group sells three types of products in the United States: televisions, radios, and video cassette recorders (VCRs). Each of these three broad product areas constitutes a significant industry segment for the group as a whole. VCRs can be further segregated by price into high-end and low-end models, and the provision of each constitutes a significant industry segment for the group. Revenues from only one VCR model, model number VCRX-10, are sufficiently large to make the provision of that model a significant industry segment. With respect to televisions, the group normally accounts for these products by size. Using this classification, portable televisions, medium-sized televisions, and consoles each constitute significant industry segments. Narrower classifications by television model numbers result in no additional significant industry segments. Finally, a single radio product line, those sold under the trade name R, produces sufficient revenue to constitute a significant industry segment, but no other radio models or product groups are large enough to constitute a significant industry segment. In each case, these classifications conform to normal business practices in the industry and result in the greatest possible number of significant industry segments for this related party group. Accordingly, a reasonable level of specificity for this related party group's industry segments would include the ten categories consisting of “VCRs”, “high-end VCRs”, “low-end VCRs”, “model number VCRX-10”, “televisions”, “portable televisions”, “medium-sized televisions”, “console televisions”, “radios”, and “radio trade name R”.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(6) <E T="03">High profit test—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general</E>. A profit and loss statement is material under the high profit test described in this paragraph (c)(6) if—</P> <P>(A) The statement reflects the profit or loss of the related party group attributable to the group's provision of U.S.-connected products or services within a single industry segment (as defined in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section);</P> <P>(B) The amount of gross revenue earned by the group from the provision of U.S.-connected products or services within such industry segment is $100 million or more in the taxable year; and</P> <P>(C) The return on assets test described in paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section is satisfied with respect to the products and services attributable to such segment.</P> <FP>Accordingly, a significant industry segment (as determined under paragraph (c)(5) of this section) must be divided into any narrower industry segments that meet the high profit test of this paragraph (c)(6), even if such narrower segments would not, standing alone, meet the significant industry segment test of paragraph (c)(5) of this section.</FP> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Return on assets test</E>. An industry segment meets the return on assets test if the rate of return on assets earned by the related party group on its worldwide operations within this industry segment exceeds 15 percent, and is at least 200 percent of the return on assets earned by the group in all industry segments combined. For purposes of this paragraph, the rate of return on assets earned by an industry segment is determined by dividing that segment's operating profit (as defined in paragraph (c)(7)(v) of this section) by its identifiable assets (as defined in paragraph (c)(7)(iv) of this section).<PRTPAGE P="184"/> </P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Additional rules</E>. The rules in paragraphs (c)(5)(ii) through (iv) of this section describing the application of the significant industry segment test shall apply in a similar manner for purposes of the high profit test.</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Definitions</E>. The following definitions apply for purposes of paragraphs (c)(2)(ii), (c)(5), and (c)(6) of this section.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">U.S.-connected products or services</E>. The term <E T="03">U.S.-connected products or services</E> means products or services that are imported to or exported from the United States by transfers between the reporting corporation and any of its foreign related parties.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Industry segment</E>. An industry segment is a segment of the related party group's combined operations that is engaged in providing a product or service or a group of related products or services (as defined in paragraph (c)(7)(vii) of this section) primarily to customers that are not members of the related party group.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Gross revenue of an industry segment</E>. Gross revenue of an industry segment includes receipts (prior to reduction for cost of goods sold) both from sales to customers outside of the related party group and from sales or transfers to other industry segments within the related party group (but does not include sales or transfers between members of the related party group within the same industry segment). Interest from sources outside the related party group and interest earned on trade receivables between industry segments is included in gross revenue if the asset on which the interest is earned is included among the industry segment's identifiable assets, but interest earned on advances or loans to other industry segments is not included.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Identifiable assets of an industry segment</E>. The identifiable assets of an industry segment are those tangible and intangible assets of the related party group that are used by the industry segment, including assets that are used exclusively by that industry segment and an allocated portion of assets used jointly by two or more industry segments. The value of an identifiable asset may be determined using any reasonable method (such as book value or fair market value) applied consistently. Any allocation of assets among industry segments must be made on a reasonable basis, and a description of such basis must be provided. Assets of an industry segment that transfers products or services to another industry segment shall not be allocated to the receiving segment. Assets that represent part of the related party group's investment in an industry segment, such as goodwill, shall be included in the industry segment's identifiable assets. Assets maintained for general corporate purposes (that is, those not used in the operations of any industry segment) shall not be allocated to industry segments.</P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Operating profit of an industry segment</E>. The operating profit of an industry segment is its gross revenue (as defined in paragraph (c)(7)(iii) of this section) minus all operating expenses. None of the following shall be added or deducted in computing the operating profit of an industry segment: revenue earned at the corporate level and not derived from the operations of any industry segment; general corporate expenses; interest expense; domestic and foreign income taxes; and other extraordinary items not reflecting the ongoing business operations of the industry segment.</P> <P>(vi) <E T="03">Product</E>. The term <E T="03">product</E> means an item of property (or combination of component parts) that is the result of a production process, is primarily sold to unrelated parties (or incorporated by the related party group into other products sold to unrelated parties), and performs a specific function.</P> <P>(vii) <E T="03">Related products or services.</E> The term <E T="03">related products or services</E> means groupings of products and types of services that reflect reasonable accounting, marketing, or other business practices within the industries in which the related party group operates.</P> <P>(viii) <E T="03">Model.</E> The term <E T="03">model</E> means a classification of products that incorporate particular components, options, styles, and any other unique features resulting in product differentiation. Examples of models are electronic products that are sold or accounted for under a single model number and automobiles sold under a single model name.<PRTPAGE P="185"/> </P> <P>(ix) <E T="03">Product line.</E> The term <E T="03">product line</E> means a group of products that are aggregated into a single classification for accounting, marketing, or other business purposes. Examples of product lines are groups of products that perform similar functions; products that are marketed under the same trade names, brand names, or trademarks; and products that are related economically (that is, having similar rates of profitability, similar degrees of risk, and similar opportunities for growth).</P> <P>(8) <E T="03">Example.</E> The application of the rules for determining material profit and loss statements under paragraphs (c)(4) through (7) of this section is illustrated by the following example. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>(i) <E T="03">Facts.</E> A multinational enterprise manufactures 50 different agricultural and chemical products that are sold through Subl, its wholly owned U.S. subsidiary, and other subsidiaries located in foreign countries. The parent company of the enterprise, P, is a foreign corporation. The corporations participating in the enterprise form a related party group, and Subl is a reporting corporation for purposes of section 6038A. Under the facts and circumstances of this case, an analysis of the group's worldwide profit attributable to its products sold in the U.S. is relevant for determining an arm's length consideration under section 482 for the transfers of goods between Subl and its foreign affiliates.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Existing records test.</E> For management purposes, the group prepares profit and loss statements that are segmented by sales in different geographic markets. One of these statements shows the combined worldwide profitability of the group. Another statement shows the profitability of the group attributable to its North American sales. Both of these profit and loss statements reflect aggregate figures that include sales to unrelated parties of products that have been transferred from P and other group members to Subl (that is, the group's “U.S.-connected products”). The two statements meet the existing records test described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Significant industry segments.</E> The group's worldwide gross revenue in all industry segments is $2 billion. An analysis of the group's 50 products demonstrates that they are reasonably grouped into eight industry segments (each of which earns roughly $250 million in worldwide gross revenue). Segments 1 through 6 relate to agricultural products and Segments 7 and 8 relate to other chemical products. More specific categories would result in groupings that generate less than 10 percent of the group's worldwide gross revenue (that is, less than $200 million each); these narrower categories would thus fail the gross revenue percentage test of paragraph (c)(5)(i)(B) of this section. The gross revenue in each of the eight segments from the sale to unrelated parties of U.S.-connected products is as follows: $180 million for Segment 1; $30 million for Segment 2; and less than $25 million for each of Segments 3 through 8. Under the $25 million threshold test of paragraph (c)(5)(i)(C) of this section, the group's significant industry segments are thus limited to Segments 1 and 2. In addition, the combined operations of the group related to agricultural products (encompassing Segments 1 through 6 on an aggregated basis), constitute a single significant industry segment.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">High profit test.</E> One highly profitable product line within Segment 1, HPPL, accounts for $120 million gross revenue from Sub1's domestic sales of U.S.-connected products (and thus exceeds the $100 million gross revenue threshold in paragraph (c)(6)(i)(B) of this section). The return on the identifiable assets attributable to the HPPL product line is 85 percent, which is more than 15 percent and more than twice the return on assets earned by the group from its worldwide operations in its combined industry segments. The group's industry segment for HPPL thus meets the high profit test described in paragraph (c)(6) of this section.</P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Material Profit and Loss Statements.</E> The group's material profit and loss statements consist of statements for combined worldwide sales and North American sales (under the existing records test); Segment 1, Segment 2, and aggregated Segments 1-6 (under the significant industry segment test); and HPPL (under the high profit test). Under paragraph (c) of this section, Subl is required to retain the combined worldwide sales and North American sales profit and loss statements and to maintain sufficient records so that it can compile and supply upon request statements of the group's profitability from sales of its U.S.-connected products within Segment l, Segment 2, aggregated Segments 1-6, and HPPL. These records need not be in the possession of Subl and may be kept under the control of and produced by P or any third party. The statements for Segment l, Segment 2, aggregated Segments 1-6, and HPPL do not require tracing of actual costs to the U.S.-connected products; rather, these statements may be prepared by using any reasonable method to allocate a portion of the industry segment's overall operating costs to the sales of U.S.-connected products within that segment.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(d) <E T="03">Liability for certain partnership record maintenance.</E> A reporting corporation to which transactions engaged in by a partnership are attributed under § 1.6038A-1 (e)(2) is subject to the <PRTPAGE P="186"/>record maintenance requirements of this section to the extent of the transactions so attributed.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Agreements with the District Director—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> The District Director who has audit jurisdiction over the reporting corporation may negotiate and enter into an agreement with a reporting corporation that establishes the records the reporting corporation must maintain or cause another to maintain, how the records must be maintained, the period of retention for the records, and by whom the records must be maintained in order to satisfy the reporting corporation's obligations under this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Content of agreement—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> The agreement may include provisions relating to the authorization of agent requirement, the record maintenance requirement, and the production and translation time periods that vary the rules contained in these regulations under section 6038A. The District Director will generally require a reporting corporation to maintain only those records specified under the safe harbor provisions of paragraph (c) of this section that permit an adequate audit of the income tax return of the reporting corporation and to provide such authorizations of agent that permit adequate access to such records. In most instances, required record maintenance for a particular reporting corporation under a negotiated agreement will be less than the broad range of records described under the safe harbor provisions. Additionally, a provision specifying the effective date and the expiration date of the agreement that may vary the effective date of the regulations may be included.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Significant industry segment test.</E> A District Director may determine which industry segment profit and loss statements are material for purposes of requiring the maintenance of records (under either paragraph (a)(1) of this section or the safe harbor described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section). The industry segments that the District Director determines are material need not be the industry segments that meet the significant industry segment test under paragraph (c)(5) of this section or the high profit test under paragraph (c)(6) of this section. For this purpose, a reporting corporation will be required to maintain only those records from which profit and loss statements for the related party group may be constructed with respect to industry segments identified by the District Director. To the extent that existing profit and loss statements are similar in scope and level of detail to statements for industry segments that would otherwise be described under the tests of paragraphs (c)(5) and (6) of this section, the District Director shall accept the existing statements instead of the statements that would otherwise be required under paragraphs (c)(5) and (6) of this section.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Example.</E> The following example illustrates the rules of paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>The District Director determines that RC, a reporting corporation that is a manufacturer of related chemical products, has two industry segments, Segment 1 and Segment 2. While both industry segments meet the significant industry segment test of paragraph (c)(5) of this section, Segment 1 has a relatively low volume of sales to foreign related parties. Additionally, Segment 1 consists of products that produce only a small profit margin because the product is generic and other companies also sell the product. The District Director enters into an agreement with RC that requires only records from which a profit and loss statement for the related party group can be constructed for Segment 2. Therefore, RC is not required to maintain records for Segment 1 from which a profit and loss statement for the related party group can be constructed. The other record maintenance requirements under this section apply, however.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(3) <E T="03">Circumstances of agreement.</E> The District Director generally will enter into an agreement under this paragraph (e) upon request by the reporting corporation when the District Director believes that the District has or can obtain sufficient knowledge of the business or industry of the reporting corporation to limit the record maintenance requirement to particular documents.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Agreement as part of APA process.</E> An agreement with a reporting corporation under this paragraph (e) may be entered into as a part of the Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) process at any time during the APA process, insofar as the agreement relates to the subject matter of the APA.<PRTPAGE P="187"/> </P> <P>(f) <E T="03">U.S. maintenance—</E>(1) <E T="03">General rule.</E> Records that must be maintained under this section must be maintained within the United States, unless the conditions described in paragraph (f)(2) of this section are met.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Non-U.S. maintenance requirements.</E> A reporting corporation may maintain outside the United States records not ordinarily maintained in the United States but required to be maintained in the United States under this section. However, the reporting corporation must either:</P> <P>(i) Deliver to the Service the original documents (or duplicates) requested within 60 days of the request by the Service for such records and provide translations of such documents within 30 days of a request for translations of specific documents; or</P> <P>(ii) Move the original documents (or duplicates) requested to the United States within 60 days of the request of the Service for such records; provide the Service with an index to the requested records, the name and address of a custodian located within the United States having control over the records, and the address where the records are located within 60 days of the Service's request for the records; and continue to maintain the records within the United States throughout the period of retention described in paragraph (g) of this section. For summons procedures with respect to records that have been moved to the United States, see sections 6038A(e), 7602, 7603, and 7604.</P> <FP>With respect to any material profit and loss statements required to be created (either under paragraph (c) of this section or under an agreement with the District Director), unless otherwise specified, “120 days” shall be substituted for “60 days” in this paragraph (f)(2), and labels and text with respect to such statements must be in the English language.</FP> <P>(3) <E T="03">Prior taxable years.</E> The non-U.S. maintenance requirements described in paragraph (f)(2) of this section apply to records located outside the United States that were in existence on or after March 20, 1990, without regard to the taxable year to which such records relate.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Scheduled production for high volume or other reasons.</E> Upon a written request, for good cause shown, the District Director may grant an extension of the time for the production or translation of the requested documents. Such requests should be made within 30 days of the request for records by the Service. If an extension is needed because of the volume of records requested or the amount of translation requested, the District Director may allow production or translation to be scheduled over a period of time so that not all records need be produced or translated at the same time.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Required U.S. maintenance.</E> The District Director (with the concurrence of the Assistant Commissioner (International)), may require, for cause, the maintenance within the United States of any records specified in paragraph (f)(1) of this section. Such a requirement will be imposed only if there exists a clear pattern of failure to maintain or timely produce the required records. The assessment of a monetary penalty under section 6038A(d) and § 1.6038A-4 for failure to maintain records is not necessarily sufficient to require the maintenance of records within the United States.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Period of retention.</E> Records required to be maintained by section 6038A(a) and this section shall be kept as long as they may be relevant or material to determining the correct tax treatment of any transaction between the reporting corporation and a related party, but in no case less than the applicable statute of limitations on assessment and collection with respect to the taxable year in which the transaction or item to which the records relate affects the U.S. tax liability of the reporting corporation. <E T="03">See</E> section 6001 and the regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Application of record maintenance rules to banks and other financial institutions.</E> [Reserved]</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Effective dates.</E> For effective dates for this section, see § 1.6038A-1(n).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8353, 56 FR 28065, June 19, 1991; T.D. 8353, 56 FR 41792, Aug. 23, 1991, as amended by T.D. 8611, 60 FR 41015, Aug. 11, 1995]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038A-4</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Monetary penalty.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Imposition of monetary penalty—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> If a reporting corporation <PRTPAGE P="188"/>fails to furnish the information described in § 1.6038A-2 within the time and manner prescribed in § 1.6038A-2 (d) and (e), fails to maintain or cause another to maintain records as required by § 1.6038A-3, or (in the case of records maintained outside the United States) fails to meet the non-U.S. record maintenance requirements within the applicable time prescribed in § 1.6038A-3(f), a penalty of $10,000 shall be assessed for each taxable year with respect to which such failure occurs. Such a penalty may be imposed by the District Director or the Director of the Internal Revenue Service Center where the Form 5472 is filed. The filing of a substantially incomplete Form 5472 constitutes a failure to file Form 5472. Where, however, the information described in § 1.6038A-2 (b)(3) through (5) is not required to be reported, a Form 5472 filed without such information is not a substantially incomplete Form 5472.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Liability for certain partnership transactions.</E> A reporting corporation to which transactions engaged in by a partnership are attributed under § 1.6038A-1(e)(2) is subject to the rules of this section to the extent failures occur with respect to the partnership transactions so attributed.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Calculation of monetary penalty</E>. If a reporting corporation fails to maintain records as required by § 1.6038A-3 of transactions with multiple related parties, the monetary penalty may be assessed for each failure to maintain records with respect to each related party. The monetary penalty, however, shall be imposed on a reporting corporation only once for a taxable year with respect to each related party for a failure to furnish the information required on Form 5472, for a failure to maintain or cause another to maintain records, or for a failure to comply with the non-U.S. maintenance requirements described in § 1.6038A-3(f). An additional penalty for another failure may be imposed, however, under the rules of paragraph (d)(2) of this section. Thus, unless such failures continue after notification as described in paragraph (d) of this section, the maximum penalty under this paragraph with respect to each related party for all such failures in a taxable year is $10,000. The members of a group of corporations filing a consolidated return are jointly and severally liable for any monetary penalty that may be imposed under this section.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Reasonable cause</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Certain failures may be excused for reasonable cause, including not timely filing Form 5472, not maintaining or causing another to maintain records as required by § 1.6038A-3, and not complying with the non-U.S. maintenance requirements described in § 1.6038A-3(f). If an affirmative showing is made that the taxpayer acted in good faith and there is reasonable cause for a failure that results in the assessment of the monetary penalty, the period during which reasonable cause exists shall be treated as beginning on the day reasonable cause is established and ending not earlier than the last day on which reasonable cause existed for any such failure. Additionally, the beginning of the 90-day period after mailing of a notice by the District Director or the Director of an Internal Revenue Service Center of a failure described in paragraph (d) of this section shall be treated as not earlier than the last day on which reasonable cause existed.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Affirmative showing required</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> To show that reasonable cause exists for purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the reporting corporation must make an affirmative showing of all the facts alleged as reasonable cause for the failure in a written statement containing a declaration that it is made under penalties of perjury. The statement must be filed with the District Director (in the case of failure to maintain or furnish requested information permitted to be maintained outside the United States within the time required under § 1.6038A-3(f) or a failure to file Form 5472) or the Director of the Internal Revenue Service Center where the Form 5472 is required to be filed (in the case of failure to file Form 5472). The District Director or the Director of the Internal Revenue Service Center where the Form 5472 is required to be filed, as appropriate, shall determine whether the failure was due to reasonable cause, and if so, the period of time for which reasonable cause existed. If a return has been filed as required by <PRTPAGE P="189"/>§ 1.6038A-2 or records have been maintained as required by § 1.6038A-3, except for an omission of, or error with respect to, some of the information required or a record to be maintained, the omission or error shall not constitute a failure for purposes of section 6038A(d) if the reporting corporation that filed the return establishes to the satisfaction of the District Director or the Director of the Internal Revenue Service Center that it has substantially complied with the filing of Form 5472 or the requirement to maintain records.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Small corporations.</E> The District Director shall apply the reasonable cause exception liberally in the case of a small corporation that had no knowledge of the requirements imposed by section 6038A; has limited presence in and contact with the United States; and promptly and fully complies with all requests by the District Director to file Form 5472, and to furnish books, records, or other materials relevant to the reportable transaction. A small corporation is a corporation whose gross receipts for a taxable year are $20,000,000 or less.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Facts and circumstances taken into account.</E> The determination of whether a taxpayer acted with reasonable cause and in good faith is made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account all pertinent facts and circumstances. Circumstances that may indicate reasonable cause and good faith include an honest misunderstanding of fact or law that is reasonable in light of the experience and knowledge of the taxpayer. Isolated computational or transcriptional errors generally are not inconsistent with reasonable cause and good faith. Reliance upon an information return or on the advice of a professional (such as an attorney or accountant) does not necessarily demonstrate reasonable cause and good faith. Similarly, reasonable cause and good faith is not necessarily indicated by reliance on facts that, unknown to the taxpayer, are incorrect. Reliance on an information return, professional advice or other facts, however, constitutes reasonable cause and good faith if, under all the circumstances, the reliance was reasonable. A taxpayer, for example, may have reasonable cause for not filing a Form 5472 or for not maintaining records under section 6038A if the taxpayer has a reasonable belief that it is not owned by a 25-percent foreign shareholder. A reasonable belief means that the taxpayer does not know or has no reason to know that it is owned by a 25-percent foreign shareholder. For example, a reporting corporation would not know or have reason to know that it is owned by a 25-percent foreign shareholder if its belief that it is not so owned is consistent with other information reported or otherwise furnished to or known by the reporting corporation. A taxpayer may have reasonable cause for not treating a foreign corporation as a related party for purposes of section 6038A where the foreign corporation is a related party solely by reason of § 1.6038A-1(d)(3) (under the principles of section 482), and the taxpayer had a reasonable belief that its relationship with the foreign corporation did not meet the standards for related parties under section 482.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Failure to maintain records or to cause another to maintain records.</E> A failure to maintain records or to cause another to maintain records is determined by the District Director upon the basis of the reporting corporation's overall compliance (including compliance with the non-U.S. maintenance requirements under § 1.6038A-3(f)(2)) with the record maintenance requirements. It is not an item-by-item determination. Thus, for example, a failure to maintain a single or small number of items may not constitute a failure for purposes of section 6038A(d), unless the item or items are essential to the correct determination of transactions between the reporting corporation and any foreign related parties. The District Director shall notify the reporting corporation in writing of any determination that it has failed to comply with the record maintenance requirement.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Increase in penalty where failure continues after notification—</E>(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> If any failure described in this section continues for more than 90 days after the day on which the District Director or the Director of the Internal Revenue Service Center where the Form 5472 is required to be filed mails <PRTPAGE P="190"/>notice of the failure to the reporting corporation, the reporting corporation shall pay a penalty (in addition to the penalty described in paragraph (a) of this section) of $10,000 with respect to each related party for which a failure occurs for each 30-day period during which the failure continues after the expiration of the 90-day period. Any uncompleted fraction of a 30-day period shall count as a 30-day period for purposes of this paragraph (d).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Additional penalty for another failure.</E> An additional penalty for a taxable year may be imposed, however, if at a time subsequent to the time of the imposition of the monetary penalty described in paragraph (a) of this section, a second failure is determined and the second failure continues after notification under paragraph (d)(1) of this section. Thus, if a taxpayer fails to file Form 5472 and is assessed a monetary penalty and later, upon audit, is determined to have failed to maintain records, an additional penalty for the failure to maintain records may be assessed under the rules of this paragraph if the failure to maintain records continues after notification under this paragraph.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Cessation of accrual.</E> The monetary penalty will cease to accrue if the reporting corporation either files Form 5472 (in the case of a failure to file Form 5472), furnishes information to substantially complete Form 5472, or demonstrates compliance with respect to the maintenance of records (in the case of a failure to maintain records) for the taxable year in which the examination occurs and subsequent years to the satisfaction of the District Director. The monetary penalty also will cease to accrue if requested information, documents, or records, kept outside the United States under the requirements of § 1.6038A-3(f) and not produced within the time specified are produced or moved to the United States under the rules of paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Continued failures.</E> If a failure under this section relating to a taxable year beginning before July 11, 1989 occurs, and if the failure continues following 90 days after the notice of failure under this paragraph is sent, the amount of the additional penalty to be assessed under this paragraph is $10,000 for each 30-day period beginning after November 5, 1990, during which the failure continues. There is no limitation on the amount of the monetary penalty that may be assessed after November 5, 1990.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Other penalties.</E> For criminal penalties for failure to file a return and filing a false or fraudulent return, see sections 7203 and 7206 of the Code. For the penalty relating to an underpayment of tax, see section 6662.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The following examples illustrate the rules of this section. </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1</HD> <P> <E T="03">Failure to file Form 5472.</E> Corp X, a U.S. reporting corporation, engages in related party transactions with FC. Corp X does not timely file a Form 5472 or maintain records relating to the transactions with FC for Year 1 or subsequent years. The Service Center with which Corp X files its income tax return imposes a $10,000 penalty for each of Years 1, 2, and 3 under section 6038A (d) and this section for failure to provide information as required on Form 5472 and mails a notice of failure to provide inrormation. Corp X does not file Form 5472. Ninety days following the mailing of the notice of failure to Corp X an additional penaly of $10,000 is imposed. On the 135th day following the mailing of the notice of failure, Corp X files Form 5472 for Years 1, 2, and 3. The total penalty owed by Corp X for Year 1 is $30,000. ($10,000 for not timely filing Form 5472, $10,000 for the first 30-day period following the expiration of the 90-day period, and $10,000 for the fraction of the second 30-day period). The penalty for Years 2 and 3 for the failure to file Form 5472 is also $30,000 for each year, calculated in the same manner as for Year 1. The total penalty for failure to file Form 5472 for Years 1, 2, and 3 is $90,000.</P> </EXAMPLE> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2</HD> <P> <E T="03">Failure to maintain records.</E> Assume the same facts as in <E T="03">Example 1.</E> In Year 5, Corp X is audited for Years 1 through 3. Corp X has not been maintaining records relating to the transactions with FC. The District Director issues a notice of failure to maintain records. Corp X has already been subject to the monetary penalty of $10,000 for each of Years 1, 2, and 3 for failure to file Form 5472 and, therefore, a monetary penalty under paragraph (a) of this section for failure to maintain records is not assessed. However, an additional penalty is assessed after the 90th day following the mailing of the notice of failure to maintain records. Corp X develops a record maintenance system as required by section 6038A and § 1.6038A-3. On the 180th day following the mailing of the notice of failure to maintain records, Corp X demonstrates to the satisfaction of the District Director that the newly <PRTPAGE P="191"/>developed record maintenance system will comply with the requirements of § 1.6038A-3 and the increase in the monetary penalty after notification ceases to accrue. The additional penalty for failure to maintain records is $30,000. An additional penalty of $30,000 per year is assessed for each of years 2 and 3 for the failure to maintain records for a total of $90,000.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(g) <E T="03">Effective dates.</E> For effective dates for this section, see § 1.6038A-1(n).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8353, 56 FR 28072, June 19, 1991]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038A-5</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Authorization of agent.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Failure to authorize.</E> The rules of § 1.6038A-7 shall apply to any transaction between a foreign related party and a reporting corporation (including any transaction engaged in by a partnership that is attributed to the reporting corporation under § 1.6038A-1(e)(2)), unless the foreign related partyauthorizes (in the manner described in paragraph (b) of this section) the reporting corporation to act as its limited agent solely for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604 with respect to any request by the Service to examine records or produce testimony that may be relevant to the tax treatment of such a transaction or with respect to any summons by the Service for such records or testimony. The fact that a reporting corporation is authorized to act as an agent for a foreign related party is to be disregarded for purposes of determining whether the foreign related party either has a trade or business in the United States for purposes of the Code or a permanent establishment or fixed base in the United States for purposes of an income tax treaty.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Authorization by related party</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> Upon request by the Service, a foreign related party shall authorize as its agent (solely for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604) the reporting corporation with which it engages in transactions. The authorization must be signed by the foreign related party or an officer of the foreign related party possessing the authority to authorize an agent for purposes of Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The reporting corporation will accept this appointment by providing a statement to that effect, signed by an officer of the reporting corporation possessing the authority to accept such an appointment. The agency shall be effective at alltimes. For taxable years beginning after July 10, 1989, the authorization and acceptance must be provided to the Service within 30 days of a request by the Service to the reporting corporation for such an authorization. The authorization must contain a heading and statement as set forth below. A foreign government is not subject to the authorization of agent requirement.</P> <EXTRACT> <HD SOURCE="HD1">AUTHORIZATION OF AGENT</HD> <P>“[Name of foreign related party] hereby expressly authorizes [name of reporting corporation] to act as its agent solely for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604 of the Internal Revenue Code with respect to any request to examine records or produce testimony that may be relevant to the U.S. income tax treatment of any transaction between [name of the above-named foreign related party] and [name of reporting corporation] or with respect to any summons for such records or testimony.</P> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> <FP>Signature of or for [name of foreign related party]</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> <FP>(Title)</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> <FP>(Date)</FP> <P>(If signed by a corporate officer, partner, or fiduciary on behalf of a foreign related party: I certify that I have the authority to execute this authorization of agent to act on behalf of [name of foreign related party]).</P> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> <P>Type or print your name below if signing for a foreign related party that is not an individual.</P> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> <P>[Name of reporting corporation] accepts this appointment to act as agent for [name of foreign related party] for the above purpose.</P> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> <FP>Signature for (Name of Reporting Corporation]</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> <FP>(Title)</FP> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> <FP>(Date)</FP> <P>I certify that I have the authority to accept this appointment to act as agent on behalf of (name of foreign related party] and agree to accept service of process for the above purposes.</P> <P>Type or print your name below.</P> <FP SOURCE="FP-DASH"/> </EXTRACT> <P>(2) <E T="03">Authorization for prior years.</E> A foreign related party shall authorize a reporting corporation to act as its agent <PRTPAGE P="192"/>with respect to taxable years for which a Form 5472 is required to be filed prior to the date on which the final regulations under section 6038A are published by providing the above executed authorization of agent within 30 days of a request by the Service for such an authorization.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Foreign affiliated groups</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> A foreign corporation that has effective legal authority to make the authorization of agent under paragraph (b) of this section on behalf of any group of foreign related parties may execute such an authorization for any members of the group. A single authorization may be made on a consolidated basis. In such a case, the common parent must attach a schedule to the authorization of agent stating which members of the group would otherwise be required to separately authorize the reporting corporation as agent. The schedule must provide the name, address, relationship to the reporting corporation, and U.S. taxpayer identification number, if applicable, of each member.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Application of noncompliance penalty adjustment.</E> In circumstances where a consolidated authorization of agent has been executed, if the agency authorization for any member of the group is not legally effective for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604, the noncompliance penalty adjustment under section 6038A(e) and § 1.6038A-7 shall apply.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Legal effect of authorization of agent.</E> The legal consequences of a foreign related party authorizing a reporting corporation to act as its agent for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604 of the Code are as follows.</P> <P>(1) <E T="03">Agent for purposes of commencing judicial proceedings.</E> A reporting corporation that is authorized by a foreign related party to act as its agent for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604 (including service of process) is also the agent of the foreign related party for purposes of—</P> <P>(i) The filing of a petition to quash under section 6038A(e)(4)(A) or a petition to review an Internal Revenue Service determination of noncompliance under section 6038A(e)(4)(B), and</P> <P>(ii) The commencement of a judicial proceeding to enforce a summons under section 7604, whether commenced in conjunction with a petition to quash under section 6038A(e)(4)(A) or commenced as a separate proceeding in the federal district court for the district in which the person to whom the summons is issued resides or is found.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Foreign related party found where reporting corporation found.</E> For any purposes relating to sections 7602, 7603, or 7604 (including service of process), a foreign related party that authorizes a reporting corporation to act on its behalf under section 6038A(e)(1) and this section may be found anywhere where the reporting corporation has residence or is found.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Successors in interest.</E> A successor in interest to a related party must execute the authorization of agent as described in paragraph (b) of this section.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Deemed compliance</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> In exceptional circumstances, the District Director may treat a reporting corporation as authorized to act as agent for a related party for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604 in the absence of an actual agency appointment by the foreign related party, in circumstances where the actual absence of an appointment is reasonable. Factors to be considered include—</P> <P>(i) If neither the reporting corporation nor the other party to the transaction knew or had reason to know that the two parties were related at the time of the transaction, and</P> <P>(ii) The extent to which the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the District Director that all transactions between the reporting corporation and the related party were on arm's length terms and did not involve the participation of any known related party.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Reason to know.</E> Whether the reporting corporation or other party had reason to know that the two parties were related at the time of the transaction will be determined by all the facts and circumstances.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Effect of deemed compliance.</E> If a reporting corporation is deemed under this paragraph (f) to have been authorized to act as an agent for a foreign related party for purposes of sections 7602, 7603, and 7604, such deemed compliance is applicable only for that particular transaction and other reportable transactions entered into prior to <PRTPAGE P="193"/>the time when the reporting corporation knew or had reason to know that the related party, in fact, was related. The noncompliance rule of § 1.6038A-7 shall apply to any transaction subsequent to that time with the same related party, unless the related party actually authorizes the reporting corporation to act as its agent under paragraph (a) of this section. In addition, the record maintenance requirements of § 1.6038A-3 will apply to all subsequent transactions and, with respect to prior transactions, will apply to relevant records in existence at the time the relationship was discovered.</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Effective dates.</E> For effective dates for this section, see § 1.6038A-1(n).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8353, 56 FR 28073, June 19, 1991; T.D. 8353, 56 FR 41792, Aug. 23, 1991]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038A-6</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Failure to furnish information.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> The rules of § 1.6038A-7 may be applied with respect to a transaction between a foreign related party and the reporting corporation (including any transaction engaged in by a partnership that is attributed to the reporting corporation under § 1.6038A-1(e)(2)) if a summons is issued to the reporting corporation to produce any records or testimony, either directly or as agent for such related party, to determine the correct treatment under title 1 of the Code of such a transaction between the reporting corporation and the related party; and if—</P> <P>(1)(i) The summons is not quashed in a proceeding, if any, begun under section 6038A(e)(4) and is not determined to be invalid in a proceeding, if any, begun under section 7604 to enforce such summons; and</P> <P>(ii) The reporting corporation does not substantially and timely comply with the summons, and the District Director has sent by certified or registered mail a notice under section 6038A(e)(2)(C) to the reporting corporation that it has not so complied; or</P> <P>(2) The reporting corporation fails to maintain or to cause another to maintain records as required by § 1.6038A-3, and by reason of that failure, the summons is quashed in a proceeding under section 6038A(e)(4) or in a proceeding begun under section 7604 to enforce the summons, or the reporting corporation is not able to provide the records requested in the summons.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Coordination with treaties.</E> Where records of a related party are obtainable on a timely and efficient basis under information exchange procedures provided under a tax treaty or tax information exchange agreement (TIEA), the Service generally will make use of such procedures before issuing a summons. The absence or pendency of a treaty or TIEA request may not be asserted as grounds for refusing to comply with a summons or as a defense against the assertion of the noncompliance penalty adjustment under § 1.6038A-7. For purposes of this paragraph, information is available on a timely and efficient basis if it can be obtained within 180 days of the request.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Enforcement proceeding not required.</E> The District Director is not required to begin an enforcement proceeding to enforce the summons in order to apply the rules of § 1.6038A-7.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">De minimis failure.</E> Where a reporting corporation's failure to comply with the requirement to furnish information under this section is <E T="03">de minimis,</E> the District Director, in the exercise of discretion, may choose not to apply the noncompliance penalty. Thus, for example, in cases where a particular document or group of documents is not furnished upon request or summons, the District Director (in the District Director's sole discretion), may choose not to apply the noncompliance penalty if the District Director deems the document or documents not to have significant or sufficient value in the determination of the correctness of the tax treatment of the related party transaction.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Suspension of statute of limitations.</E> If the reporting corporation brings an action under section 6038A(e)(4)(A) (proceeding to quash) or (e)(4)(B) (review of secretarial determination of noncompliance), the running of any period of limitation under section 6501 (relating to assessment and collection of tax) or under section 6531 (relating to criminal prosecutions) for the taxable year or years to which the summons that is the subject of such proceeding relates shall be suspended for <PRTPAGE P="194"/>the period during which such proceeding, and appeals therein, are pending. In no event shall any such period expire before the 90th day after the day on which there is a final determination in such proceeding.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Effective dates.</E> For effective dates for this section, see § 1.6038A-1(n).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8353, 56 FR 28075, June 19, 1991]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038A-7</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Noncompliance.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">In general.</E> In the case of any failure described in § 1.6038A-5 or § 1.6038A-6, the rules of this § 1.6038A-7 apply to the reporting corporation. In such a case—</P> <P>(1) The amount of the deduction allowed under subtitle A for any amount paid or incurred by the reporting corporation to the related party in connection with such transaction, and</P> <P>(2) The cost to the reporting corporation of any property acquired in such transaction from the related party or transferred by such corporation in such transaction to the related party, may be determined by the District Director.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Determination of the amount.</E> The amount of the deduction or the cost to the reporting corporation shall be the amount determined by the District Director (in the District Director's sole discretion) from the District Director's own knowledge or from such information as the District Director may choose to obtain through testimony or otherwise. The District Director shall consider any information or materials that have been submitted by the reporting corporation or a foreign related party. The District Director, however, may disregard any information, documents, or records submitted by the reporting corporation or the related party if (in the District Director's sole discretion) the District Director deems that they are insufficiently probative of the relevant facts.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Separate application.</E> If the noncompliance penalty of this section applies with respect to transactions with a related party of the reporting corporation, it will not be applied with respect to any other related parties of the reporting corporation solely upon the basis of that failure. Thus, for example, if a reporting corporation engages in transactions with related party A and related party B, and the reporting corporation does not respond to a summons for records related to the transactions between the reporting corporation and related party A, the noncompliance penalty imposed as a result of such failure will not apply to the transactions between the reporting corporation and related party B. If a separate summons is issued for records relating to the transactions between the reporting corporation and related party B and the reporting corporation does not produce such records, the noncompliance penalty may be applied to those transactions.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Effective dates.</E> For effective dates for this section, see § 1.6038A-1(n).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8353, 56 FR 28075, June 19, 1991]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038B-1</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting of certain transfers to foreign corporations.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Purpose and scope.</E> This section sets forth information reporting requirements under section 6038B concerning certain transfers of property to foreign corporations. Paragraph (b) of this section provides general rules explaining when and how to carry out the reporting required under section 6038B with respect to the transfers to foreign corporations. Paragraph (c) of this section and § 1.6038B-1T(d) specify the information that is required to be reported with respect to certain transfers of property that are described in section 6038B(a)(1)(A) and 367(d), respectively. Section 1.6038B-1(e) describes the filing requirements for property transfers described in section 367(e). Paragraph (f) of this section sets forth the consequences of a failure to comply with the requirements of section 6038B and this section. For effective dates, see paragraph (g) of this section. For rules regarding transfers to foreign partnerships, see section 6038B(a)(1)(B) and any regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(b) <E T="03">Time and manner of reporting</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general</E>— (i) <E T="03">Reporting procedure.</E> Except for stock or securities qualifying under the special reporting rule of paragraph (b)(2) of this section, and certain exchanges described in section 354 (listed below), any U.S. person that makes a transfer described in section 6038B(a)(1)(A), 367(d) or (e), is required to report pursuant to section 6038B and the rules of this section and must attach the required information to Form <PRTPAGE P="195"/>926, “Return by Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation.” For special rules regarding cash transfers made in tax years beginning after February 5, 1999, see paragraphs (b)(3) and (g) of this section. For purposes of determining a U.S. transferor that is subject to section 6038B, the rules of § 1.367(a)-1T(c) and § 1.367(a)-3(d) shall apply with respect to a transfer described in section 367(a), and the rules of § 1.367(a)-1T(c) shall apply with respect to a transfer described in section 367(d). Additionally, if in an exchange described in section 354, a U.S. person exchanges stock of a foreign corporation in a reorganization described in section 368(a)(1)(E), or a U.S. person exchanges stock of a domestic or foreign corporation for stock of a foreign corporation pursuant to an asset reorganization described in section 368(a)(1)(C), (D), or (F), that is not treated as an indirect stock transfer under section 367(a), then the U.S. person exchanging stock is not required to report under section 6038B. Notwithstanding any statement to the contrary on Form 926, the form and attachments must be attached to, and filed by the due date (including extensions) of, the transferor's income tax return for the taxable year that includes the date of the transfer (as defined in § 1.6038B-1T(b)(4)). Any attachment to Form 926 required under the rules of this section is filed subject to the transferor's declaration under penalties of perjury on Form 926 that the information submitted is true, correct, and complete to the best of the transferor's knowledge and belief.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Reporting by corporate transferor.</E> If the transferor is a corporation, Form 926 must be signed by an authorized officer of the corporation. If, however, the transferor is a member of an affiliated group under section 1504(a)(1) that files a consolidated Federal income tax return, but the transferor is not the common parent corporation, an authorized officer of the common parent corporation must sign Form 926.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Transfers of jointly-owned property.</E> If two or more persons transfer jointly-owned property to a foreign corporation in a transfer with respect to which a notice is required under this section, then each person must report with respect to the particular interest transferred, specifying the nature and extent of the interest. However, a husband and wife who jointly file a single Federal income tax return may file a single Form 926 with their tax return.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Exceptions and special rules for transfers of stock or securities under section 367(a)</E>—(i) <E T="03">Transfers on or after July 20, 1998.</E> A U.S. person that transfers stock or securities on or after July 20, 1998 in a transaction described in section 6038B(a)(1)(A) will be considered to have satisfied the reporting requirement under section 6038B and paragraph (b)(1) of this section if either—</P> <P>(A) The U.S. transferor owned less than 5 percent of both the total voting power and the total value of the transferee foreign corporation immediately after the transfer (taking into account the attribution rules of section 318 as modified by section 958(b)), and either:</P> <P>(<E T="03">1</E>) The U.S. transferor qualified for nonrecognition treatment with respect to the transfer (i.e., the transfer was not taxable under §§ 1.367(a)-3(b) or (c)); or</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) The U.S. transferor is a tax-exempt entity and the income was not unrelated business income; or</P> <P>(<E T="03">3</E>) The transfer was taxable to the U.S. transferor under § 1.367(a)-3(c), and such person properly reported the income from the transfer on its timely-filed (including extensions) Federal income tax return for the taxable year that includes the date of the transfer; or</P> <P>(<E T="03">4</E>) The transfer is considered to be to a foreign corporation solely by reason of § 1.83-6(d)(1) and the fair market value of the property transferred did not exceed $100,000; or</P> <P>(B) The U.S. transferor owned 5 percent or more of the total voting power or the total value of the transferee foreign corporation immediately after the transfer (taking into account the attribution rules of section 318 as modified by section 958(b)) and either:</P> <P>(<E T="03">1</E>) The transferor (or one or more successors) properly entered into a gain recognition agreement under § 1.367(a)-8; or</P> <P>(<E T="03">2</E>) The transferor is a tax-exempt entity and the income was not unrelated business income; or</P> <P>(<E T="03">3</E>) The transferor properly reported the income from the transfer on its <PRTPAGE P="196"/>timely-filed (including extensions) Federal income tax return for the taxable year that includes the date of the transfer; or</P> <P>(<E T="03">4</E>) The transfer is considered to be to a foreign corporation solely by reason of § 1.83-6(d)(1) and the fair market value of the property transferred did not exceed $100,000.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Transfers before July 20, 1998.</E> With respect to transfers occurring after December 16, 1987, and prior to July 20, 1998, a U.S. transferor that transferred U.S. or foreign stock or securities in a transfer described in section 367(a) is not subject to section 6038B if such person is described in paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Special rule for transfers of cash.</E> A U.S. person that transfers cash to a foreign corporation in a transfer described in section 6038B(a)(1)(A) must report the transfer if—</P> <P>(i) Immediately after the transfer such person holds directly, indirectly, or by attribution (determined under the rules of section 318(a), as modified by section 6038(e)(2)) at least 10 percent of the total voting power or the total value of the foreign corporation; or</P> <P>(ii) The amount of cash transferred by such person or any related person (determined under section 267(b)(1) through (3) and (10) through (12)) to such foreign corporation during the 12-month period ending on the date of the transfer exceeds $100,000.</P> <P>(4) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038B-1T(b)(4).</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Information required with respect to transfers described in section 6038B(a)(1)(A).</E> A United States person that transfers property to a foreign corporation in an exchange described in section 6038B(a)(1)(A) (including cash transferred in taxable years beginning after February 5, 1999, and other unappreciated property) must provide the following information, in paragraphs labeled to correspond with the number or letter set forth in this paragraph (c) and § 1.6038B-1T(c)(1) through (5). If a particular item is not applicable to the subject transfer, the taxpayer must list its heading and state that it is not applicable. For special rules applicable to transfers of stock or securities, see paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section.</P> <P>(1) through (5) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038B-1T(c)(1) through (5).</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Application of section 367(a)(5).</E> If the asset is transferred in an exchange described in section 361(a) or (b), a statement that the conditions set forth in the second sentence of section 367(a)(5) and any regulations under that section have been satisfied, and an explanation of any basis or other adjustments made pursuant to section 367(a)(5) and any regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(d) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038B-1T(d).</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Transfers subject to section 367(e)</E>—(1) <E T="03">In general.</E> If a domestic corporation (distributing corporation) makes a distribution described in section 367(e)(1) or section 367(e)(2), the distributing corporation must comply with the reporting requirements of this paragraph (e). Unless otherwise provided in this section, a distributing corporation making a distribution described in sections 367(e)(1) or 367(e)(2) must file a Form 926, “Return by a U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation (under section 367),” as amended and modified by this section.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Reporting requirements for section 367(e)(1) distributions of domestic controlled corporations.</E> A domestic distributing corporation making a distribution of the stock or securities of a domestic corporation under section 355 is not required to file a Form 926, as described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and shall have no other reporting requirements under section 6038B.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Reporting requirements for section 367(e)(1) distributions of foreign controlled corporations.</E> If the distributing corporation makes a section 355 distribution of the stock or securities of a foreign controlled corporation to distributee shareholders who are not qualified U.S. persons, as defined in § 1.367(e)-1(b)(1), then the distributing corporation shall complete Part 1 of the Form 926 and attach a signed copy of such form to its U.S. income tax return for the year of the distribution. The distributing corporation shall also attach to its U.S. income tax return for the year of distribution a statement signed under the penalties of perjury entitled, “Addendum to Form 926.” The <PRTPAGE P="197"/>addendum shall contain a brief description of the transaction, state the number of shares distributed to distributees who are not qualified U.S. persons (applying the rules contained in § 1.367(e)-1(d)), and state the basis and fair market value of the distributed stock or securities (including a list stating the amounts that were distributed to distributees who were not qualified U.S. persons and distributees who were qualified U.S. persons).</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Reporting rules for section 367(e)(2) distributions by domestic liquidating corporations.</E> If the distributing corporation makes a distribution of property in complete liquidation under section 332 to a foreign distributee corporation that meets the stock ownership requirements of section 332(b) with respect to the stock of the distributing corporation, then the distributing corporation shall complete a Form 926 and attach a signed copy of such form to its U.S. income tax return for the year of the distribution. The property description contained in Part III of the Form 926 shall contain a description of all property distributed by the liquidating corporation (regardless of whether the property qualifies for nonrecognition). The description shall also identify the property excepted from gain recognition under § 1.367(e)-2(b)(2)(ii) and (iii). If the distributing corporation distributes property that will be used by the foreign distributee corporation in a U.S. trade or business and the distributing corporation does not recognize gain on such distribution under § 1.367(e)-2(b)(2)(i), then the distributing corporation may satisfy the requirements of this section by completing Part 1 of the Form 926, noting thereon that the information required by the Form 926 is contained in the statement required by § 1.367(e)-2(b)(2)(i)(C)(<E T="03">2</E>), and attaching a signed copy of the Form 926 to its U.S. income tax return for the year of the distribution.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Failure to comply with reporting requirements</E>—(1) <E T="03">Consequences of failure.</E> If a U.S. person is required to file a notice (or otherwise comply) under paragraph (b) of this section and fails to comply with the applicable requirements of section 6038B and this section, then with respect to the particular property as to which there was a failure to comply—</P> <P>(i) That property shall not be considered to have been transferred for use in the active conduct of a trade or business outside of the United States for purposes of section 367(a) and the regulations thereunder;</P> <P>(ii) The U.S. person shall pay a penalty under section 6038B(b)(1) equal to 10 percent of the fair market value of the transferred property at the time of the exchange, but in no event shall the penalty exceed $100,000 unless the failure with respect to such exchange was due to intentional disregard (described under paragraph (g)(4) of this section); and</P> <P>(iii) The period of limitations on assessment of tax upon the transfer of that property does not expire before the date which is 3 years after the date on which the Secretary is furnished the information required to be reported under this section. See section 6501(c)(8) and any regulations thereunder.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Failure to comply.</E> A failure to comply with the requirements of section 6038B is—</P> <P>(i) The failure to report at the proper time and in the proper manner any material information required to be reported under the rules of this section; or</P> <P>(ii) The provision of false or inaccurate information in purported compliance with the requirements of this section. Thus, a transferor that timely files Form 926 with the attachments required under the rules of this section shall, nevertheless, have failed to comply if, for example, the transferor reports therein that property will be used in the active conduct of a trade or business outside of the United States, but in fact the property continues to be used in a trade or business within the United States.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Reasonable cause exception.</E> The provisions of paragraph (f)(1) of this section shall not apply if the transferor shows that a failure to comply was due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect. The transferor may do so by providing a written statement to the district director having jurisdiction of the taxpayer's return for the year of the transfer, setting forth the reasons for <PRTPAGE P="198"/>the failure to comply. Whether a failure to comply was due to reasonable cause shall be determined by the district director under all the facts and circumstances.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Definition of intentional disregard.</E> If the transferor fails to qualify for the exception under paragraph (f)(3) of this section and if the taxpayer knew of the rule or regulation that was disregarded, the failure will be considered an intentional disregard of section 6038B, and the monetary penalty under paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section will not be limited to $100,000. See § 1.6662-3(b)(2).</P> <P>(g) This section applies to transfers occurring on or after July 20, 1998, except for transfers of cash made in tax years beginning on or before February 5, 1999, which are not required to be reported under section 6038B, and except for paragraph (e) of this section, which applies to transfers that are subject to §§ 1.367(e)-1(f) and 1.367(e)-2(e). See § 1.6038B-1T for transfers occurring prior to July 20, 1998. See also § 1.6038B-1T(e) in effect prior to August 9, 1999 (as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999), for transfers described in section 367(e) that are not subject to §§ 1.367(e)-1(f) and 1.367(e)-2(e).</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8770, 63 FR 33568, June 19, 1998, as amended by T.D. 8817, 64 FR 5715, Feb. 5, 1999; 64 FR 15686, 15687, Apr. 1, 1999; T.D. 8834, 64 FR 43082, Aug. 9, 1999; T.D. 8850, 64 FR 72553, Dec. 28, 1999]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038B-1T</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting of certain transactions to foreign corporations (temporary).</SUBJECT> <P>(a) through (b)(2) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038B-1(a) through (b)(2).</P> <P>(b)(3) [Reserved]</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Date of transfer—</E>(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> For purposes of this section, the date of a transfer described in section 367 is the first date on which title to, possession of, or rights to the use of stock, securities, or other property passes pursuant to the plan for purposes of subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code. A transfer will not be considered to begin with a decision of a board of directors or similar action unless the transaction otherwise takes effect for purposes of subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code on that date.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Termination of section 1504(d) election.</E> A transfer deemed to occur as a result of the termination of an election under section 1504(d) will be considered to occur on the date the contiguous country corporation first fails to continue to qualify for the election under section 1504(d). The rule of this paragraph (b)(3)(ii) is illustrated by the following example.</P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>Domestic corporation W previously made a valid election under section 1504(d) to have its Mexican subsidiary S treated as a domestic corporation. On August 1, 1986, W disposes of its right, title, and interest in 10 percent of the stock of S by selling such stock to an unrelated United States person who is not a director of S. S first fails to continue to qualify for the election under section 1504(d) on August 1, 1986, since on such date it ceases to be directly or indirectly wholly owned or controlled by W. The constructive transfer of assets from “domestic” corporation S to Mexican corporation S is considered to occur on that date.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Change in classification.</E> A transfer deemed to occur as a result of a change in classification of an entity caused by a change in the governing documents, articles, or agreements of the entity (as described in § 1.367(a)-1T(c)(6)) will be considered to occur on the date that such changes take effect for purposes of subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">U.S. resident under section 6013 (g) or (h).</E> A transfer made by an alien individual who is considered to be a U.S. resident by reason of a timely election under section 6013 (g) or (h) will be considered to occur, for purposes of this section (but not for purposes of section 367), on the later of—</P> <P>(A) The date on which the election under section 6013 (g) or (h) is made; or</P> <P>(B) The date on which the transfer would otherwise be considered to occur under the rules of this paragraph (b)(3).</P> <FP>The rule of this paragraph (b)(3)(iv) is illustrated by the following example.</FP> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example.</HD> <P>D is a nonresident alien individual who is married to a United States citizen. On March 1, 1986, D transfers property to a foreign corporation in an exchange described in section 351. On April 15, 1987, D and the spouse timely file with their tax return for the taxable year ended December 31, 1986, an election under section 6013(g) for D to be treated as a United States resident. The election is effective on January 1, 1986. For purposes of section 6038 B, the transfer described <PRTPAGE P="199"/>in section 367(a) made by D in connection with the section 351 exchange is considered to occur on April 15, 1987, the date on which the timely election was made under section 6013(g).</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(c) Introductory text [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038B-1(c).</P> <P>(1) <E T="03">Transferor.</E> Provide the name, U.S. taxpayer identification number, and address of the U.S. person making the transfer.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Transfer.</E> Provide the following information concerning the transfer:</P> <P>(i) Name, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), address, and country of incorporation of transferee foreign corporation;</P> <P>(ii) A general description of the transfer, and any wider transaction of which it forms a part, including a chronology of the transfers involved and an identification of the other parties to the transaction to the extent known.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Consideration received.</E> Provide a description of the consideration received by the U.S. person making the transfer, including its estimated fair market value and, in the case of stock or securities, the class or type, amount, and characteristics of the interest received.</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Property transferred.</E> Provide a description of the property transferred. The description must be divided into the following categories, and must include the estimated fair market value and adjusted basis of the property, as well as any additional information specified below.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Active business property.</E> Describe any transferred property (other than stock or securities) to be used in the active conduct of a trade or business outisde of the United States. Provide here a general description of the business conducted (or to be conducted) by the transferee, including the location of the business, the number of its employees, the nature of the business, and copies of the most recently prepared balance sheet and profit and loss statement. Property listed within this category may be identified by general type. For example, upon the transfer of the assets of a manufacturing operation, a reasonable description of the property to be used in the business might include the categories of office equipment and supplies, computers and related equipment, motor vehicles, and several major categories of manufacturing equipment. However, any property that is includible both in this subdivision (i) and in subdivision (iii) of this paragraph (c)(4)(property subject to depreciation recapture under § 1.367(a)-4T (b)) must be identified in the manner required in subdivision (iii). If property is considered to be transferred for use in the active conduct of a trade or business under a special rule in § 1.367(a)-4T, specify the applicable rule and provide information supporting the application of the rule. If property is subject to section 367(a)(1) regardless of its use in a trade or business under the rules of § 1.367(a)-4T or § 1.367(a)-5T, list the property only in response to subdivision (vii) of this paragraph (c)(4).</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Stock or securities.</E> Describe any transferred stock or securities, including the class or type, amount, and characteristics of the transferred stock or securities, as well as the name, address, place of incorporation, and general description of the corporation issuing the stock. In addition, provide the following information if applicable:</P> <P>(A) <E T="03">Active trade or business stock.</E> If the stock or securities are considered to be transferred for use in the active conduct of a trade or business outside of the United States under the rules of § 1.367(a)-3T(d)(2), provide information supporting the application of the rule.</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Application of special rules.</E> If any provision of § 1.367(a)-3T applies to except the transfer of stock or securities from the rule of section 367(a)(1), provide information supporting the claimed application of such provision (including information supporting the nonapplicability of either anti-abuse rule under § 1.367(a)-3T(h)). If the transferor is entering into an agreement to recognize gain upon a later disposition of the transferred stock by the transferee foreign corporation under § 1.367(a)-3T(g), attach the agreement and waiver as required by the rules of that paragraph.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Depreciated property.</E> Describe any property that is subject to depreciation recapture under the rules of § 1.367(a)-4T(b). Property within this category must be separately identified to the same extent as was required for <PRTPAGE P="200"/>purposes of the previously claimed depreciation deduction. Specify with respect to each such asset the relevant recapture provision, the number of months in which such property was in use within the United States, the total number of months the property was in use, the fair market value of the property, a schedule of the depreciation deduction taken with respect to the property, and a calculation of the amount of depreciation required to be recaptured.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Property to be leased.</E> Describe any property to be leased to other persons by the transferee foreign corporation (unless such property is considered to be transferred for use in the active conduct of a trade or business and was thus listed under subdivision (i) of this paragraph (c)(4)). If the rules of § 1.367(a)-4T(c)(2) apply to except the transfer from the rule of section 367(a)(1), provide information supporting the claimed application of such provision.</P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Property to be sold.</E> Describe any transferred property that is to be sold or otherwise disposed of by the transferee foreign corporation, as described in § 1.367(a)-4T(d).</P> <P>(vi) <E T="03">Transfers to FSCs.</E> Describe any property that is subject to the special rule of § 1.367(a)-4T(g) for transfers to FSCs. Provide information supporting the claimed application of that rule.</P> <P>(vii) <E T="03">Tainted property.</E> Describe any property that is subject to § 1.367(a)-5T (concerning property that is subject to the rule of section 367(a)(1) regardless of whether it is transferred for use in the active conduct of a trade or business outside of the United States). Such description must be divided into the relevant categories, as follows:</P> <P>(A) <E T="03">Inventory, etc.</E> Property described in § 1.367(a)-5T(b);</P> <P>(B) <E T="03">Installment obligations, etc.</E> Property described in § 1.367(a)-5T(c);</P> <P>(C) <E T="03">Foreign currency, etc.</E> Property described in § 1.367(a)-5T(d);</P> <P>(D) <E T="03">Intangible property.</E> Property described in § 1.367(a)-5T(e); and</P> <P>(E) <E T="03">Leased property.</E> Property described in § 1.367(a)-4T(f).</P> <FP>If any exception provided in § 1.367(a)-5T applies to the transferred property (making section 367(a)(1) not applicable to the transfer), provide information supporting the claimed application of such exception.</FP> <P>(viii) <E T="03">Foreign loss branch.</E> Provide the information specified in paragraph (c)(5) of this section.</P> <P>(ix) <E T="03">Other intangibles.</E> Describe an intangible property sold or licensed by the transferor to the transferee foreign corporation, and set forth the general terms of each sale or license.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Transfer of foreign branch with previously deducted losses.</E> If the property transferred is property of a foreign branch with previously deducted losses subject to the rules of § 1.367(a)-6T, provide the following information:</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Branch operation.</E> Describe the foreign branch the property of which is transferred, in accordance with the definition of § 1.367(a)-6T(g).</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Branch property.</E> Describe the property of the foreign branch, including its adjusted basis and fair market value. For this purpose property must be identified with reasonable particularity, but may be identified by category rather than listing every asset separately. Substantially similar property may be listed together for this purpose, and property of minor value may be grouped into functional categories. For example, a reasonable description of the property of a business office might include the following categories: Word processing or data processing equipment, other office equipment and furniture, and office supplies.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Previously deducted losses.</E> Set forth a detailed calculation of the sum of the losses incurred by the foreign branch before the transfer, and a detailed calculation of any reduction of such losses, in accordance with § 1.367(a)-6T (d) and (e).</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Character of gain.</E> Set forth a statement of the character of the gain required to be recognized, in accordance with § 1.367(a)-6T(c)(1).</P> <P>(6) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038B-1(c)(6).</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Transfers subject to section 367(d)</E>—(1) <E T="03">Initial transfer.</E> A U.S. person that transfers inntangible property to a foreign corporation in an exchange described in section 351 or 361 must provide the following information in paragraphs labelled to correspond with the number or letter set forth below. If a particular item is not applicable to the <PRTPAGE P="201"/>subject transfer, list its heading and state that it is not applicable. The information required by subdivisions (i) through (iii) need only be provided if such information was not otherwise provided under paragraph (c) of this section. (Note that the U.S. transferor may subsequently be required to file another return under paragraph (d)(2) of this section.)</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Transferor.</E> Provide the name, U.S. taxpayer identification number, and address of the U.S. person making the transfer.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Transfer.</E> Provide information concerning the transfer, including:</P> <P>(A) Name, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), address, and country of incorporation of the transferee foreign corporation;</P> <P>(B) A general description of the transfer, and any wider transaction of which it forms a part, including a chronology of the transfers involved and an identification of the other parties to the transaction to the extent known.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Consideration received.</E> Provide a description of the consideration received by the U.S. person making the transfer, including its estimated fair market value and, in the case of stock or securities, the class or type, amount, and characteristics of the interest received.</P> <P>(iv) <E T="03">Intangible property transferred.</E> Provide a description of the intangible property transferred, including its adjusted basis. Generally, each intangible asset must be separately identified. Operating intangibles and foreign goodwill or going concern value, as defined in § 1.367(a)-1T(d)(5) (ii) and (iii), should be so identified and classified.</P> <P>(v) <E T="03">Annual payment.</E> Provide and explain the calculation of the annual deemed payment for the use of the intangible property required to be recognized by the transferor under the rules of section 367(d).</P> <P>(vi) <E T="03">Election to treat as sale.</E> List any intangible with respect to which an election is being made under § 1.367(d)-1T(g)(2) to treat the transfer as a sale. Include the fair market value of the intangible on the date of the transfer and a calculation of the gain required to be recognized in the year of the transfer by reason of the election.</P> <P>(vii) <E T="03">Coordination with loss rules.</E> List any intangible property subject to section 367(d) the transfer of which also gives rise to the recognition of gain under section 904(f)(3) or § 1.367(a)-6T. Provide a calculation of the gain required to be recognized with respect to such property, in accordance with the provisions of § 1.367(d)-1T(g)(4).</P> <P>(viii) <E T="03">Other intangibles.</E> Describe any intangible property sold or licensed by the transferor to the transferee foreign corporation, and set forth the general terms of each sale or license.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Subsequent transfers.</E> If a U.S. person transfers intangible property to a foreign corporation in an exchange described in section 351 or 361, and at any time thereafter (within the useful life of the intangible property) either that U.S. person disposes of the stock of the transferee foreign corporation or the transferee foreign corporation disposes of the transferred intangible, then the U.S. person must provide the following information in paragraphs labelled to correspond with the number or letter set forth below. The information required by subdivisions (i) and (ii) need only be provided if such information was not otherwise provided in the same return, pursuant to paragraph (c) or (d)(1) of this section. For purposes of determining the date on which a return under this subparagraph (2) is required to be filed, the date of transfer is the date of the subsequent transfer of stock or intangible property.</P> <P>(i) <E T="03">Transferor.</E> Provide the name, U.S. taxpayer identification number, and address of the U.S. person making the transfer.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Initial transfer.</E> Provide the following information concerning the initial transfer:</P> <P>(A) The date of the transfer;</P> <P>(B) The name, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), address, and country of incorporation of the transferee foreign corporation; and</P> <P>(C) A general description of the transfer and any wider transaction of which it formed a part.</P> <P>(iii) <E T="03">Subsequent transfer.</E> Provide the following information concerning the subsequent transfer:</P> <P>(A) A general description of the subsequent transfer and any wider transaction of which it forms a part;<PRTPAGE P="202"/> </P> <P>(B) A calculation of any gain required to be recognized by the U.S. person under the rules of § 1.367(d)-1T (d) through (f); and</P> <P>(C) The name, address, and identifying number of each person that under the rules of § 1.367(d)-1T (e) or (f) will be considered to receive contingent annual payments for the use of the intangible property.</P> <P>(e) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038B-1(e).</P> <P>(f) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see § 1.6038B-1(f).</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Effective date.</E> This section applies to transfers occurring after December 31, 1984. See § 1.6038B-1T(a) through (b)(2), (c) introductory text, and (f) (26 CFR part 1, revised April 1, 1998) for transfers occurring prior to July 20, 1998. See § 1.6038B-1 for transfers occurring on or after July 20, 1998.</P> <CITA>[T.D. 8087, 51 FR 17957, May 16, 1986, as amended by T.D. 8682, 61 FR 42177, Aug. 14, 1996; T.D. 8770, 63 FR 33570, June 19, 1998; T.D. 8834, 64 FR 43083, Aug. 9, 1999]</CITA> </SECTION> <SECTION> <SECTNO>§ 1.6038B-2</SECTNO> <SUBJECT>Reporting of certain transfers to foreign partnerships.</SUBJECT> <P>(a) <E T="03">Reporting requirements</E>—(1) <E T="03">Requirement to report transfers.</E> A United States person that transfers property to a foreign partnership in a contribution described in section 721 (including section 721(b)) must report that transfer on Form 8865 “Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Partnerships” pursuant to section 6038B and the rules of this section, if—</P> <P>(i) Immediately after the transfer, the United States person owns, directly, indirectly, or by attribution, at least a 10-percent interest in the partnership, as defined in section 6038(e)(3)(C) and the regulations thereunder; or</P> <P>(ii) The value of the property transferred, when added to the value of any other property transferred in a section 721 contribution by such person (or any related person) to such partnership during the 12-month period ending on the date of the transfer, exceeds $100,000.</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Indirect transfer through a domestic partnership</E>—For purposes of this section, if a domestic partnership transfers property to a foreign partnership in a section 721 transaction, the domestic partnership's partners shall be considered to have transferred a proportionate share of the property to the foreign partnership. However, if the domestic partnership properly reports all of the information required under this section with respect to the contribution, no partner of the transferor partnership, whether direct or indirect (through tiers of partnerships), is also required to report under this section. For illustrations of this rule, see <E T="03">Examples 4</E> and <E T="03">5</E> of paragraph (a)(7) of this section.</P> <P>(3) <E T="03">Indirect transfer through a foreign partnership.</E> [Reserved]</P> <P>(4) <E T="03">Requirement to report dispositions</E>—(i) <E T="03">In general.</E> If a United States person was required to report a transfer to a foreign partnership of appreciated property under paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section, and the foreign partnership disposes of the property while such United States person remains a direct or indirect partner, that United States person must report the disposition by filing Form 8865. The form must be attached to, and filed by the due date (including extensions) of, the United States person's income tax return for the year in which the disposition occurred.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Disposition of contributed property in nonrecognition transaction.</E> If a foreign partnership disposes of contributed appreciated property in a nonrecognition transaction and substituted basis property is received in exchange, and the substituted basis property has built-in gain under § 1.704-3(a)(8), the original transferor is not required to report the disposition. However, the transferor must report the disposition of the substituted basis property in the same manner as provided for the contributed property.</P> <P>(5) <E T="03">Time for filing Form 8865.</E> The Form 8865 on which a transfer is reported must be attached to the transferor's timely filed (including extensions) income tax return for the tax year that includes the date of the transfer. If the person required to report under this section is not required to file an income tax return for its tax year during which the transfer occurred, but is required to file an information return for that year (for example, Form 1065, <PRTPAGE P="203"/>“U.S. Partnership Return of Income,” or Form 990, “Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax”), the person should attach the Form 8865 to its information return.</P> <P>(6) <E T="03">Returns to be made</E>—(i) <E T="03">Separate returns for each partnership.</E> If a United States person transfers property reportable under this section to more than one foreign partnership in a taxable year, the United States person must submit a separate Form 8865 for each partnership.</P> <P>(ii) <E T="03">Duplicate form to be filed.</E> If required by the instructions accompanying Form 8865, a duplicate Form 8865 (including attachments and schedules) must also be filed by the due date for submitting the original Form 8865 under paragraph (a)(5)(i) or (ii) of this section, as applicable.</P> <P>(7) <E T="03">Examples.</E> The application of this paragraph (a) may be illustrated by the following examples: </P> <EXAMPLE> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 1.</HD> <P>On November 1, 2001, <E T="03">US,</E> a United States person that uses the calendar year as its taxable year, contributes $200,000 to <E T="03">FP,</E> a foreign partnership, in a transaction subject to section 721. After the contribution, <E T="03">US</E> owns a 5% interest in <E T="03">FP. US</E> must report the contribution by filing Form 8865 for its taxable year ending December 31, 2001. On March 1, 2002, <E T="03">US</E> makes a $40,000 section 721 contribution to <E T="03">FP,</E> after which <E T="03">US</E> owns a 6% interest in <E T="03">FP. US</E> must report the $40,000 contribution by filing Form 8865 for its taxable year ending December 31, 2002, because the contribution, when added to the value of the other property contributed by <E T="03">US</E> to <E T="03">FP</E> during the 12-month period ending on the date of the transfer, exceeds $100,000.</P> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 2.</HD> <P>F, a nonresident alien, is the brother of <E T="03">US</E>, a United States person. <E T="03">F</E> owns a 15% interest in <E T="03">FP</E>, a foreign partnership. <E T="03">US</E> contributes $99,000 to <E T="03">FP</E>, in exchange for a 1-percent partnership interest. Under sections 6038(e)(3)(C) and 267(c)(2), <E T="03">US</E> is considered to own at least a 10-percent interest in <E T="03">FP</E> and, therefore, <E T="03">US</E> must report the $99,000 contribution under this section.</P> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 3.</HD> <P> <E T="03">US</E>, a United States person, owns 40 percent of <E T="03">FC,</E> a foreign corporation. <E T="03">FC</E> owns a 20-percent interest in <E T="03">FP</E>, a foreign partnership. Under section 267(c)(1), <E T="03">US</E> is considered to own 8 percent of <E T="03">FP</E> due to its ownership of <E T="03">FC. US</E> contributes $50,000 to <E T="03">FP</E> in exchange for a 5-percent partnership interest. Immediately after the contribution, <E T="03">US</E> is considered to own at least a 10-percent interest in <E T="03">FP</E> and, therefore, must report the $50,000 contribution under this section.</P> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 4.</HD> <P> <E T="03">US</E>, a United States person, owns a 60-percent interest in <E T="03">USP</E>, a domestic partnership. On March 1, 2001, <E T="03">USP</E> contributes $200,000 to <E T="03">FP</E>, a foreign partnership, in exchange for a 5-percent partnership interest. Under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, <E T="03">US</E> is considered as having contributed $120,000 to <E T="03">FP</E> ($200,000 × 60%). However, under paragraph (a)(2), if <E T="03">USP</E> properly reports the contribution to <E T="03">FP, US</E> is not required to report its $120,000 contribution. If <E T="03">US</E> directly contributes $5,000 to <E T="03">FP</E> on June 10, 2001, <E T="03">US</E> must report the $5,000 contribution because <E T="03">US</E> is considered to have contributed more than $100,000 to <E T="03">FP</E> in the 12-month period ending on the date of the $5,000 contribution.</P> <HD SOURCE="HED">Example 5.</HD> <P> <E T="03"> US,</E> a United States person, owns an 80-percent interest in <E T="03">USP</E>, a domestic partnership. <E T="03">USP</E> owns an 80-percent interest in <E T="03">USP1,</E> a domestic partnership. On March 1, 2001, <E T="03">USP1</E> contributes $200,000 to <E T="03">FP,</E> a foreign partnership, in exchange for a 3-percent partnership interest. Under paragraph (a)(2) of this section, <E T="03">USP</E> is considered to have contributed $160,000 ($200,000 × 80%) to <E T="03">FP. US</E> is considered to have contributed $128,000 to <E T="03">FP</E> ($200,000 × 80% × 80%). However, if <E T="03">USP1</E> reports the transfer of the $200,000 to <E T="03">FP,</E> neither <E T="03">US</E> nor <E T="03">USP</E> are required to report under this section the amounts they are considered to have contributed. Additionally, regardless of whether <E T="03">USP1</E> reports the $200,000 contribution, if <E T="03">USP</E> reports the $160,000 contribution it is considered to have made, <E T="03">US</E> does not have to report under this section the $128,000 contribution <E T="03">US</E> isconsidered to have made.</P> </EXAMPLE> <P>(b) <E T="03">Transfers by trusts relating to state and local government employee retirement plans.</E> Trusts relating to state and local government employee retirement plans are not required to report transfers under this section, unless otherwise specified in the instructions to Form 8865.</P> <P>(c) <E T="03">Information required with respect to transfers of property.</E> With respect to transfers required to be reported under paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section, the return must contain information in such form or manner as Form 8865 (and its accompanying instructions) prescribes with respect to reportable events, including—</P> <P>(1) The name, address, and U.S. taxpayer identification number of the United States person making the transfer;</P> <P>(2) The name, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), and address of the transferee foreign partnership, and the type of entity and country under whose laws the partnership was created or organized;<PRTPAGE P="204"/> </P> <P>(3) A general description of the transfer, and of any wider transaction of which it forms a part, including the date of transfer;</P> <P>(4) The names and addresses of the other partners in the foreign partnership, unless the transfer is solely of cash and the transferor holds less than a ten-percent interest in the transferee foreign partnership immediately after the transfer. However, for tax years of U.S. persons beginning on or after January 1, 2000, the person reporting pursuant to section 6038B (the transferor) must provide the names and addresses of each United States person that owned a ten-percent or greater direct interest in the foreign partnership during the transferor's tax year in which the transfer occurred, and the names and addresses of any other United States or foreign persons that were direct partners in the foreign partnership during that tax year and that were related to the transferor during that tax year. See paragraph (i)(4) of this section for the definition of a related person;</P> <P>(5) A description of the partnership interest received by the United States person, including a change in partnership interest;</P> <P>(6) A separate description of each item of contributed property that is appreciated property subject to the allocation rules of section 704(c)(except to the extent that the property is permitted to be aggregated in making allocations under section 704(c)), or is intangible property, including its estimated fair market value and adjusted basis; and</P> <P>(7) A description of other contributed property, not specified in paragraph (c)(6) of this section, aggregated by the following categories (with, in each case, a brief description of the property)—</P> <P>(i) Stock in trade of the transferor (inventory);</P> <P>(ii) Tangible property (other than stock in trade) used in a trade or business of the transferor;</P> <P>(iii) Cash;</P> <P>(iv) Stock, notes receivable and payable, and other securities; and</P> <P>(v) Other property.</P> <P>(d) <E T="03">Information required with respect to dispositions of property.</E> In respect of dispositions required to be reported under paragraph (a)(4) of this section, the return must contain information in such form or manner as Form 8865 (and its accompanying instructions) prescribes with respect to reportable events, including—</P> <P>(1) The date and manner of disposition;</P> <P>(2) The gain and depreciation recapture amounts, if any, realized by the partnership; and</P> <P>(3) Any such amounts allocated to the United States person.</P> <P>(e) <E T="03">Method of reporting.</E> Except as otherwise provided on Form 8865, or the accompanying instructions, all amounts reported as required under this section must be expressed in United States currency, with a statement of the exchange rates used. All statements required on or with Form 8865 pursuant to this section must be in the English language.</P> <P>(f) <E T="03">Reporting under this section not required of partnerships excluded from the application of subchapter K</E>—(1) <E T="03">Election to be wholly excluded.</E> The reporting requirements of this section will not apply to any United States person in respect of an eligible partnership as described in § 1.761-2(a), if such partnership has validly elected to be excluded from all of the provisions of subchapter K of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code in the manner specified in § 1.761-2(b)(2)(i).</P> <P>(2) <E T="03">Deemed excluded.</E> The reporting requirements of this section will not apply to any United States person in respect of an eligible partnership as described in § 1.761-2(a), if such partnership is validly deemed to have elected to be excluded from all of the provisions of subchapter K of chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code in accordance with the provisions of § 1.761-2(b)(2)(ii).</P> <P>(g) <E T="03">Deemed contributions.</E> Deemed contributions resulting from IRS-initiated section 482 adjustments are not required to be reported under section 6038B. However, taxpayers must report deemed contributions resulting from taxpayer-initiated adjustments. Such information will be furnished timely if filed by the due date, including extensions, for filing the taxpayer's income <PRTPAGE P="205"/>tax return for the year in which the adjustment is made.</P> <P>(h) <E T="03">Failure to comply with reporting requirements</E>—(1) <E T="03">Consequences of failure.</E> If a United States person is required to file a return under paragraph (a) of this section and fails to comply with the reporting requirements of section 6038B and this section, then such person is subject to the following penalties:</P> <P>(i) The United States person is subject to a penalty equal to 10 percent of the fair market value of the property at the time of the contribution. Such penalty with respect to a particular transfer is limited to $100,000, unless the failure to comply with respect to such transfer was due to intentional disregard.</P> <P>(ii) The United States person must recognize gain (reduced by the amount of any gain