[Senate Hearing 110-581] [From the U.S. Government Publishing Office] S. Hrg. 110-581 RAPE AS A WEAPON OF WAR: ACCOUNTABILITY FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT ======================================================================= HEARING before the SUBCOMMITTEE ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE LAW of the COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION __________ APRIL 1, 2008 __________ Serial No. J-110-82 __________ Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 45-210 PDF WASHINGTON DC: 2008 --------------------------------------------------------------------- For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; (202) 512�091800 Fax: (202) 512�092104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402�090001 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY PATRICK J. LEAHY, Vermont, Chairman EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts ARLEN SPECTER, Pennsylvania JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware ORRIN G. HATCH, Utah HERB KOHL, Wisconsin CHARLES E. GRASSLEY, Iowa DIANNE FEINSTEIN, California JON KYL, Arizona RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin JEFF SESSIONS, Alabama CHARLES E. SCHUMER, New York LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, South Carolina RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois JOHN CORNYN, Texas BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island TOM COBURN, Oklahoma Bruce A. Cohen, Chief Counsel and Staff Director Stephanie A. Middleton, Republican Staff Director Nicholas A. Rossi, Republican Chief Counsel ------ Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law RICHARD J. DURBIN, Illinois, Chairman EDWARD M. KENNEDY, Massachusetts TOM COBURN, Oklahoma JOSEPH R. BIDEN, Jr., Delaware JON KYL, Arizona RUSSELL D. FEINGOLD, Wisconsin LINDSEY O. GRAHAM, South Carolina BENJAMIN L. CARDIN, Maryland JOHN CORNYN, Texas SHELDON WHITEHOUSE, Rhode Island SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas Joseph Zogby, Chief Counsel Brooke Bacak, Republican Chief Counsel C O N T E N T S ---------- STATEMENTS OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS Page Coburn, Hon. Tom, a U.S. Senator from the State of Oklahoma...... 5 Durbin, Hon. Richard J., a U.S. Senator from the State of Illinois....................................................... 1 prepared statement........................................... 64 Feingold, Hon. Russell D., a U.S. Senator from the State of Wisconsin, prepared statement.................................. 68 WITNESSES Askin, Kelly Dawn, Senior Legal Officer, Open Society Justice Initiative, New York, New York................................. 10 Jackson, Lisa F., Documentary Maker, and Director of ``The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo,'' New York, New York...... 6 Mukwege, Denis, M.D., Director, Panzi General Referral Hospital, Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo, accompanied by Jean Moorhead, Interpreter.................................. 13 Wachter, Karin, Gender-Based Violence Technical Advisor, International Rescue Committee, New York, New York............. 8 SUBMISSIONS FOR THE RECORD Amnesty International USA, New York, New York, statement......... 23 Askin, Kelly Dawn, Senior Legal Officer, Open Society Justice Initiative, New York, New York, statement...................... 43 CARE, Atlanta, Georgia, statement................................ 57 Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT), Wendy Lehman, Chicago, Illinois, statement............................................ 62 Ensler, Eve, Founder, Artistic Director, VDay, New York, New York, letter................................................... 67 Fox, Ritu Sharma, President and Co-Founder, Women Thrive Worldwide, Washington, D.C., statement......................... 69 Human Rights Watch, New York, New York, statement................ 76 International Center for Transitional Justice, New York, New York, statement................................................ 79 Jackson, Lisa F., Documentary Maker, and Director of ``The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo,'' New York, New York, statement...................................................... 92 Mukwege, Denis, M.D., Director, Panzi General Referral Hospital, Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo, accompanied by Jean Moorhead, Interpreter, statement....................... 98 Physicians for Human Rights, Frank Donaghue, Chief Executive Officer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, statement................... 110 Rothenberg, Daniel, Managing Director of International Projects, and Elizabeth Drew, Project Coordinator, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University College of Law, Chicago, Illinois, statement................................... 123 Thomas-Jensen, Colin, Policy Advisor, Enough Project, Washington, D.C., statement................................................ 143 Wachter, Karin, Gender-Based Violence Technical Advisor, International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, statement.. 148 Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, New York, New York, statement................................................ 154 RAPE AS A WEAPON OF WAR: ACCOUNTABILITY FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT ---------- TUESDAY, APRIL 1, 2008 U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law, Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 a.m., in room SD-226, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Richard J. Durbin, Chairman of the Subcommittee, presiding. Present: Senators Durbin and Coburn. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD J. DURBIN, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS Chairman Durbin. This hearing of the Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law will come to order. The subject of this hearing is ``Rape as a Weapon of War: Accountability for Sexual Violence in Conflict.'' This is the first-ever congressional hearing on sexual violence in conflict. It is a sad testament to our failure to take action to stop this horrific human rights abuse. We will have a few opening remarks, and I will recognize any Senators who are joining us, including my Ranking Member, Senator Coburn, who will be here later in the session, and then turn to our witnesses. Let me make an opening statement. Today we will discuss the systematic and deliberate use of rape as a weapon of war to humiliate, expel, and destroy communities. Tragically, mass rape has been a feature common to recent conflicts in Bosnia, Darfur, the Democratic Republic of Congo, East Timor, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone. It is not new or unique to these conflicts. In World War II, the Japanese Imperial Army raped an estimated 20,000 women, ranging from infants to the elderly, in the city of Nanking in China in a 1-month period. Rapes in Nanking, and in too many conflicts since then, have frequently been carried out in public and in front of other family members. Men are often forced to rape their mothers, sisters, or daughters. Women are mutilated and often killed after the rape. Children are particularly at risk of being subjected to wartime sexual violence, and in some countries, girls and boys are abducted and repeatedly raped. Women and girls who survive sexual violence are frequently stigmatized and later rejected by their families and communities. We have preceded most of these hearings--in fact, all of them--by showing a brief video that we hope will put the hearing in context. This video features clips from the documentary on rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo by Lisa Jackson, one of our witnesses today, who I appreciate joining us. I would like to ask those who are present to view this video as an introduction to this hearing. [Videotape played as follows:] ``Up to 500,000 women were raped in the Rwandan genocide. ``As many as 64,000 were raped in the Sierra Leone civil war. ``Over 40,000 were raped in the Bosnia conflict. ``And today, as you read this, women are being raped in refugee camps in Darfur and Chad. ``These acts go beyond opportunistic rape and pillage in the chaos of war. ``Rape is used as a systematic and deliberate weapon of war to humiliate, demoralize, expel, and destroy civilian populations. ``Women and girls are tortured and mutilated in front of their families. ``Rape has been used to change the ethnic makeup of a group by forcibly impregnating women. ``Today, the use of rape as a weapon of war is at its worst in the Democratic Republic of Congo. ``They have taken our belongings. We were raped by 20 men at the same time. Our bodies are suffering. They have taken their guns and put them inside of us. They kill our children and then tell us to eat those children. If a woman is pregnant, they make your children stand on your belly so that you will abort. Then they take the blood from your womb and put it in a bowl and tell you to drink it. When we were living in the forest, it wasn't just one man. Every soldier can have sex with you. We got pregnant there. We gave birth in the forest, alone, like animals, without food or medicine. But by the mercy of God we had the courage to escape to the village. We are all alone. Our husbands have been killed, or they have denied us. Even our families have denied us. We don't know where to go, what to do. ``Mass rape in war has also taken place in Burundi, Burma, East Timor, Kosovo, and Liberia. ``Laws prohibiting wartime rape have been disregarded for centuries. ``After World War II, the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals largely ignored wartime sexual violence. ``That is beginning to change. ``That Yugoslav and Rwanda Tribunals have prosecuted sexual violence as genocide, torture, war crimes, persecution, and crimes against humanity. ``We must do more to hold accountable those who use rape as a weapon of war. ``To diminish the cases of rape, I think the first thing is we have to fight the problem of impunity. When the assailant is prosecuted and condemned, others will be afraid and won't commit the same type of infraction. ``Video courtesy of Lisa F. Jackson, from the documentary ``The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo.'' ``Images used in this production are not necessarily of survivors or perpetrators of sexual violence.'' Chairman Durbin. Lisa Jackson, thank you so much for contributing a portion of that video. It is so touching. It reminds me of a visit that Senator Brownback and I made to Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo and visiting DOCS Hospital, and Goma is one of those poor, poor places on Earth that is wracked by poverty and disease and war and volcanoes. And at this hospital, DOCS Hospital, the women were sitting in the dusty road outside the hospital, queued up, waiting sometimes for months for an opportunity for a surgery for obstetric fistula, which in many instances was the result of brutal rape and assault. Because of the problems, physical problems they had, they had been rejected by everyone, and they had nowhere to go. And they just literally sat in the dusty road hoping for the surgery, sometimes multiple surgeries. They still thought that was their only chance to survive. But thank you. The images that you have given us and that I know you will be talking about here will make a big difference. It is appalling that today women and girls are being raped in conflict situations around the world. It reflects our collective failure to stop the use of women's bodies as a battleground. The scale of this problem is daunting. A recent report documented conflict-related sexual violence in 51 countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East in the last two decades. Wartime rape is not inevitable. The widespread prevalence of sexual violence in recent conflicts results in part from the lack of accountability for those who commit the rape. Government and rebel forces violate human rights and these poor people with impunity, perpetuating the stigma that surrounds these crimes. Historically, wartime sexual violence was tolerated as unfortunate but unavoidable. Throughout the 20th century, rape and other forms of sexual violence were included in increasingly specific terms in international agreements on the conduct of war. Prejudice and misconceptions meant these crimes were initially framed as private acts violating family dignity and honor, rather than the violent public crimes that they are. As noted in the video we just watched, the Yugoslav and Rwanda Tribunals made significant progress by prosecuting perpetrators of sexual violence. That we have moved beyond the not-so-distant debate about whether sexual violence in conflict is a war crime is an important forward step. Despite these developments, wartime sexual violence and the experience of those women and men who survive it remain invisible far too often. During today's hearing, we are going to discuss the legal options for holding accountable those who use rape as a military tactic. While a growing number of perpetrators of wartime sexual violence have been prosecuted, a much larger number have escaped accountability. The average wartime rapist runs very little risk of being prosecuted. The United States and other countries must play a greater role. I am sorry to say that if a foreign warlord who engaged in mass rape came to the United States of America today, he would probably be beyond the reach of our laws. It is not a crime under U.S. law for a non-U.S. national to perpetrate sexual violence in conflict against non-U.S. nationals, so the U.S. Government is unable to prosecute such perpetrators of wartime rape who end up in our country. There is also no U.S. law prohibiting crimes against humanity, one of the most serious human rights violations, which includes mass rape and other forms of sexual violence. And we must make it clear that genocide and torture, two of the most serious human rights violations that are a crime under U.S. law, can include wartime sexual violence. These loopholes have real consequences. For example, take the case of Emmanuel ``Chuckie'' Taylor, son of the warlord Charles Taylor, whom the Justice Department is prosecuting under the torture statute. As the head of the notorious Anti- Terrorist Unit of the Liberian Government, Chuckie Taylor was implicated in wartime rapes committed by the ATU, but it is unlikely that he could be prosecuted for these crimes against humanity in the United States. Another example is Marko Boskic, who found safe haven in our country after reportedly participating in the execution of men and boys in the Srebrenica massacre. Under current law, the United States was unable to prosecute Boskic for his crimes against humanity and charged him only with visa fraud. In addition to punishing individual perpetrators, governments that tolerate and fail to take steps to stop wartime sexual violence must be held accountable for their actions. At the very least, we should ensure that U.S. tax dollars do not fund state armies that fail to prevent their forces from engaging in mass rape. We must work to end the use of rape as a weapon of war, but as long as the practice persists, we should support programs that provide protection, medical care, psychological services and legal remedies to survivors of wartime sexual violence. As I have said so many times and I will repeat again today, this Subcommittee will focus on legislation, not lamentation. We must end impunity for wartime sexual violence. I look forward to working with the members of this Subcommittee to ensure that our laws hold accountable those who use rape as a weapon of war. Before I turn to him, I just want to thank my colleague from Oklahoma. You could not find two more unlikely Senators sitting at the same table, as we have so many times, and we have found common ground so many times. Senator Coburn and I may disagree on so many things, but I just want to thank him personally for working extra hard to find that common ground so that in the past, this small, little, new Subcommittee, has generated what I think will turn out to be historic legislation. I want to recognize Senator Coburn now for any opening remarks. STATEMENT OF HON. TOM COBURN, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA Senator Coburn. Senator Durbin, thank you so much for your kind words, and thank all of you for the compelling stories and the information you bring to us. I am committed, as I know you are, to us forging a solution that will become law so that we can, in fact, prosecute those that are in our country for these terrible acts. I also want to thank you and your staff. The diligence and the awareness of the problems that are out there that have not been addressed by the U.S. Congress or the U.S. Senate means that they are doing great work. And I know that your staff is a reflection of your leadership, and I appreciate that. We do not always talk so kindly to one another when we are on the Senate floor, but there are lots of things that we come together on, and we have been able to pass several bills so far that are going to make a big difference in terms of how we handle in this country those who commit such atrocities. So I look forward to our witnesses, and I look forward to the action that is going to follow that in terms of legislation that I believe will be accomplished fairly quickly and at a time when no longer people can come here under safe haven for deeds that they have committed outside of this country. Thank you. Chairman Durbin. Thank you, Senator Coburn. Could the witnesses please rise for the oath? Would you raise your right hand? Do you affirm the testimony you are about to give before the Committee will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God? Ms. Jackson. I do. Ms. Wachter. I do. Ms. Askin. I do. Dr. Mukwege. I do. Chairman Durbin. Thank you. Let the record reflect that the witnesses all answered in the affirmative. Our first witness is Lisa Jackson, producer and director of ``The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo,'' a documentary on the systematic use of rape as a weapon of war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. ``The Greatest Silence,'' which will premier on HBO next week, won a special jury prize at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival. Ms. Jackson has been involved in documentary film making for over 30 years and has won a number of awards, including two Emmys. I happen to serve in the Senate with a colleague from Illinois who has won two Grammys. I am still trying to win my first award here. I do not know that I will ever do that. [Laughter.] Chairman Durbin. Ms. Jackson attended Sarah Lawrence College and studied film making at MIT. I know this is a deeply personal issue for you. I thank you for the courage it took to make this film and for joining us today. We look forward to your testimony, and I ask each of the witnesses if they could try to restrict their comments to 5 minutes. Your entire statement will be made part of the record. Then Senator Coburn and I will have a chance to ask questions. Ms. Jackson? STATEMENT OF LISA F. JACKSON, DOCUMENTARY MAKER, AND DIRECTOR OF ``THE GREATEST SILENCE: RAPE IN THE CONGO,'' NEW YORK, NEW YORK Ms. Jackson. Thank you. Chairman Durbin, Ranking Member Coburn, and members of the Subcommittee, I am honored to be asked to come before you to describe from my own perspective some of what I witnessed while shooting a documentary film in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2006 and 2007. During that time I interviewed many women and girls who had survived sexual violence. I also talked with peacekeepers, doctors, activists, and, most chillingly of all, with self-confessed rapists, uniformed members of the Congolese army who boasted to my camera about the dozens of women they had raped--women like the one that you just heard in the video clip, whose story is no exaggeration. I heard its variation many times: the cannibalism, the egregious acts of brutal violence, the unspeakable degradations, the resulting abandonment, shame, and total despair. What has been happening to women in the DRC in the last 10 years is beyond the pale of any historical precedent. They are being attacked by armed militias from Uganda and Burundi, by Hutu genocidaires who fled from justice in Rwanda, by warlords and their thugs, and by members of the very army and police forces who are supposed to protect them. Even United Nations peacekeepers have committed rape and sexual exploitation. Congo's is a war where women's bodies have literally become the battleground. This is a war being fought over riches, not ideologies, and militia are devastating the civilian population in order to loot the country's resources, especially the tin, cobalt, and coltan, that we all require for our consumer electronic devices. Perhaps another hearing might explore the causes and ruinous consequences of this illegal plundering, but everyone in this room should consider the possibility that there is the blood of Congolese women on their laptop computers and on their cell phones. But over the course of this conflict, hundreds of thousands of women and girls have been intentionally and systematically targeted, gang-raped, mutilated, forcibly abducted, and used as sex slaves. It is sexual terrorism, pure and simple. I met raped women of all ages, who at times would line up and wait for hours to talk with someone who would listen without judgment, hoping I would relay their stories to a world that seemed indifferent to their horrific plight. Marie Jeanne is a 34-year-old mother of eight, who was raped by five soldiers when she was 6 months pregnant. She has been abandoned by her husband who tells their children that she wanted to be raped. Safi was raped at age 11 while soldiers were looting her home. Her huge brown eyes still have a slightly stunned look. Maria was 70 years old when she was raped by three soldiers. When she told them, ``I am an old woman,'' they said to her, ``You're not too old for us.'' I thought about these women when I interviewed soldiers, members of the Congolese army, who talked brazenly to me about the rapes they had committed. They were practically swaggering, describing their reasons and methods of rape without a hint of remorse, because they knew that in Congo's culture of impunity they would face no reprisals for their crimes. They seemed to consider rape their right. I asked the soldiers how many women they had raped. Five, 11, 18, they replied. One man had lost track. ``It is hard to keep record of the number of women I have raped,'' he said. ``For an approximate number, I would say 25.'' In my 30 years of years of film making, interviewing these soldiers was the single, most devastating moment that I had ever experienced. I had just recorded men confessing to unspeakable crimes, yet when the interview was over, they just melted back into the forest. And I thought to myself, ``Who will be their next victims? '' Yes, the Congolese Government passed a sweeping law last year regarding sexual violence, a law that, for instance, finally makes rape with guns and sticks a crime. But I heard over and over again stories about the futility of enforcement, about rapists who would pay a bribe of $3 or $4 and walk free, about a police sex crimes unit with literally a staff of one, and about women who face brutal reprisals if they dare denounce their attackers. They are left to bear the pain alone, without the solace of peace or the possibility of justice. The international community cannot continue to turn a blind eye to what is happening in the Congo because an elected government is now in place. Future U.S. to Kabila's government should be contingent on Congo's ending the culture of impunity, ensuring assistance to victims, establishing security in all regions so that the women of Congo can live their lives with the dignity and safety entitled to every human being. We must all use our leverage to end this violence for the sake of women and girls, for the sake of the Congo, and for the sake of the future of Africa. I will leave you all with the words of Maria, the 70-year- old rape survivor from Bunyakiri, who said to me: ``Our country will be destroyed completely if this keeps happening. Women are suffering. We have forgotten what happiness is.'' Thank you. [The prepared statement of Ms. Jackson appears as a submission for the record.] Chairman Durbin. Thank you very much, Ms. Jackson. Karin Wachter is our second witness. She is the Acting Gender-Based Violence Senior Technical Advisor at the International Rescue Committee. That is a long title. In 2002, she launched IRC's Gender-Based Violence Program in the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has gone on to provide services to 40,000 survivors of sexual violence through a network of local partners. Now based in New York City, Ms. Wachter plays a key role in designing IRC's response to sexual violence in emergencies and provides technical guidance for programs throughout Africa. She holds a master's degree in international education from the University of Massachusetts and a bachelor of arts degree in social science and drama from the University of Michigan. Thank you for being here today. Please proceed. STATEMENT OF KARIN WACHTER, GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE TECHNICAL ADVISOR, INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK Ms. Wachter. Let me begin by saying that I feel extremely privileged for having been invited to speak here today. Above all, I wish I could share with you the concerns and hopes of the tens of thousands of women and girls who come forward for help, having been assaulted, tortured, humiliated, and disabled simply for having been born female and being caught in the cross-fire of war. In the past 6 years, I have seen firsthand the sexual and physical violence perpetrated against women and girls in ten different conflict-affected African countries. It is not an exaggeration to name conflict-related sexual violence a global human rights, public health, and security crisis. The use of sexual violence is both a tactic of warfare and an opportunistic consequence of conflict and displacement. They often go hand in hand. The systematic use of rape in war has many purposes, including ethnic cleansing, elimination, and the domination of target populations. Up to half a million women were raped during the Rwandan genocide. Tens of thousands of Bosnian women and girls were subjected to egregious acts of violence. Hundreds of thousands of women and girls in Eastern Congo have been brutally raped, a threat and reality that continues today. This form of warfare is tragically effective. It destroys the fabric of a community in a way that few weapons can. It produces unwanted children, it spreads disease, and it leaves an imprint on the individual and collective psyche that is difficult to erase. This strategic use of sexual violence is usually accompanied with a sharp increase in opportunistic rape and other forms of sexual violence, carried out not only by the armed groups in an environment of impunity, but within the family and community as well. The physical health and psychological and social consequences of this kind of violence are very real, and they often go untreated. You can only imagine what it does to a family to watch your daughter gang- raped or to be forced to commit the atrocity yourself. Given the significance burden and responsibility that women and girls carry in providing for their families, trampling upon their physical health and ability to function within society dramatically unhinges the family unit. In most contexts, women and girls are the ones punished for having been raped. Often abandoned, the survivors are left further exposed to sexual and physical exploitation. The effects of this kind of widespread sexualized terror on the family and community have long-term implications for a nation's capacity to heal, stabilize, and rebuild after war. And unfortunately, for women and girls, the threat of violence remains long after the fighting ends. In Sierra Leone, in 2007 alone, 1,176 girls and women sought care for sexual and physical violence at IRC centers: 65 percent of those cases were under the age of 15; 64 percent of those cases were rape or gang-rape; the youngest client was 2 months old. A recent study conducted in Liberia indicated that violence against women and girls is dramatically widespread. In the study population, 55 percent of the women surveyed had experienced violence in the home; 13 percent of minors in one county and 11 percent of minors in another county had been sexually abused in the past 18 months. Please let me assure you that at the bottom of all of this suffering is, in fact, a message of hope. The international community now maintains that sexual violence is to be assumed in all humanitarian emergencies, including natural disasters. It is becoming understood that the burden of proof for sexual violence in humanitarian emergencies should be to provide evidence that rape is, in fact, not rampant. The humanitarian community has made great strides in developing industry standards for establishing the response to conflict-related sexual violence in humanitarian emergencies. At this point, we know what it takes to launch an effective response, and we know how to monitor the quality of that response. What is harder is securing the necessary resources and deploying the required technical expertise. In addition, we have made good progress in gaining the commitment and buy-in from key American donors to allocate much needed resources to this crucial issue. We still have a long way to go, but what this means is that we are now able to hit the ground a little faster to set up life-saving services at the onset of an emergency. We are deeply encouraged by the bipartisan legislation recently introduced by Senator Biden and Senator Lugar, the International Violence Against Women Act--(IVAWA, S. 2279)-- which would make violence against women a key priority in U.S. foreign assistance programs. In recognition of how violence against women is exacerbated by conflict and continues long thereafter, the IVAWA bill is designed to address the issues in war-torn, post-conflict, and development settings. Those of us working day in and day out on this issue eagerly wait for this piece of legislation to be passed. Sexual violence and its extreme consequences do not need to be an inevitable component of conflict and displacement. I thank Chairman Durbin, Ranking Member Coburn, and the members of the Subcommittee for your time and interest in this worthwhile cause. Thank you very much. [The prepared statement of Ms. Wachter appears as a submission for the record.] Chairman Durbin. Thank you, Ms. Wachter. Dr. Kelly Dawn Askin is a senior legal officer at the Open Society Justice Initiative, and served as legal advisor to the judges of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda. She also advised or trained prosecutors, judges, and registries at the Serious Crimes Unit in East Timor, the International Criminal Court, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. She has lectured in over 65 countries and published extensively in international criminal law, international humanitarian law, and gender justice, including her book ``War Crimes Against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals,'' and her three-volume treatise ``Women and International Human Rights Law.'' Since 1995, Dr. Askin has taught and served as a Visiting Scholar at Notre Dame University, Washington College of Law, Harvard, and Yale. Thank you for joining us today. Please proceed. STATEMENT OF KELLY DAWN ASKIN, SENIOR LEGAL OFFICER, OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK Ms. Askin. Chairman Durbin, Ranking Member Coburn, and distinguished members of this Subcommittee, I commend you for taking up the issue of wartime sexual violence, a terrible crime that is destroying the lives of millions of individual victims, their families, and communities in dozens of conflicts worldwide. I am so grateful that this ground-breaking Subcommittee--which in less than a year has provided extraordinary leadership on ensuring accountability for genocide, gross human rights abuses, conscripting child soldiers, and trafficking in women--is turning its sights to this horrific scourge. In 2004, I was in Chad in collaboration with the Bush administration's Darfur Atrocities Documentation Project where I traveled to the border of Darfur and spoke with victims and witnesses of rape and other sex crimes committed by the Government of Sudan and their Janjaweed puppets. Over the past few years, I have spent quite a bit of time in places like Rwanda, Uganda, Sierra Leone, and Democratic Republic of Congo where sexual violence has been committed in epidemic proportions. But let me be very clear: Wartime sexual violence is not just an African problem. It is a problem of enormous magnitude worldwide. I have worked with each of the international courts set up in the past 15 years and have traveled to dozens of conflict and post-conflict zones. During the course of my work on international crimes and gender justice, I have had the opportunity to speak with wartime sex crime survivors from Africa, Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Whether survivors from East Timor, Bosnia, Burma, Iraq, Argentina, or Darfur, the stories victims of sex crimes tell are strikingly similar. They were assaulted by men with weapons, often attacking in gangs, and in public. Historically, rape has been a war crime for centuries, although only rarely and selectively enforced. The past decade has witnessed unprecedented advances in prosecuting atrocity crimes. Contemporary international justice initiatives first began after reports of crimes committed during the 1990s conflicts in the former Yugoslavia galvanized the world, evoking reminders after the Holocaust that never again would such acts be allowed to happen, much less go unpunished. Ultimately, and with strong U.S. leadership, the U.N. Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 1993. The statute of this tribunal authorizes prosecution of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. And less than a year after the Security Council established the Yugoslav Tribunal, a genocide raged through Rwanda, with as many as 700,000 people massacred and hundreds of thousands of others maimed, raped, and otherwise brutalized during 100 days. So by the end of 1994, the Security Council also set up the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. The Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals have been unparalleled in their treatment of gender-related crimes, and this has had and will continue to have a major impact on other international or hybrid courts set up to prosecute war crimes in places like Sierra Leone, East Timor, the Balkans, and Cambodia. The United States has been a driving force in establishing and supporting most of these courts, as well as in promoting international justice more generally. In these tribunals, rape has been successfully prosecuted as a war crime, a crime against humanity, and an instrument of genocide. The tribunals have formally recognized not only rape but sexual slavery, forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, and forced nudity. Additionally, various forms of sexual violence committed against both men and women have been prosecuted as torture, persecution, and enslavement. These courts, principally through the use of crimes against humanity charges, have forcefully and unequivocally recognized that sex crimes have been used strategically as instruments of war, terror, and destruction, means of inflicting harm far beyond the individual victim. While the cases in the Yugoslav and Rwanda Tribunals embody tremendous progress in international criminal law, the cases tried represent a minuscule percentage of the sex crimes actually committed and, thus, for tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands of other cases, there will likely be wholesale impunity. Criminal prosecution of sex crimes is absolutely critical in order to punish the crimes, highlight its gravity, and enforce the rule of law. Rape is common in peacetime, and its frequency and savagery multiply during wartime. In virtually all conflicts, there is opportunistic rape, rape committed because the atmosphere of violence, the prevalence of weapons, and the breakdown of law and order present the opportunity. But over the last few decades, the trend is toward calculated and concerted efforts to harm a broader group through the use of sexual violence inflicted on the women and girls, the bearers of future generations. Rarely are these crimes prosecuted, particularly when the judicial system is in shambles, and the government leaders are the architects of the violence. In addition to prosecution, it is critical to address gender stereotypes that serve to perpetuate sexual violence. The shame and stigma wrongfully attached to victims of sex crimes must be shifted to the perpetrators of these crimes. In addition to the physical, psychological, and sexual harm inflicted by rape, sex crime survivors often face severe ostracism, HIV/AIDS or other sexually transmitted disease, and serious reproductive harms. If the shame is placed on the perpetrators for their despicable acts instead of on the victims, I am confident that we would see a reduction in the occurrence of sex crimes. Prosecuting wartime sexual violence and denying impunity to the perpetrators of horrific crimes are bipartisan issues. The United States can close gaps in its criminal codes which might allow perpetrators to escape justice. The United States should be able to prosecute any person found in this country who is responsible as an individual or a superior for war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide, including for sex crimes. Let me just mention two core recommendations to the Subcommittee which can improve U.S. law and practices on redressing wartime rape. First, enact a Sexual Violence in Wartime Accountability Act that criminalizes wartime sexual violence, provides for prosecution of anyone who commits sexual violence with a nexus to an armed conflict, whether in the United States or abroad, and provides for penalties commensurate with the gravity of these offenses. The law should also designate persons who commit wartime sexual violence as inadmissible aliens, allow the deportation of persons who commit wartime sexual violence, and deny impunity and safe haven to such persons. Second, the Subcommittee should consider enacting legislation making crimes against humanity, including various forms of sexual violence, crimes under U.S. law. The bottom line: The U.S. should return to the forefront in promulgating legislation on wartime sexual violence. It is critical to modernize our criminal codes to provide more protections to the victims of sex crimes and ensure that perpetrators neither escape justice nor find safe haven in this country. The United States should have the ability to prosecute a range of sex crimes when committed with a nexus to an armed conflict as a war crime, a crime against humanity, or as genocide. Limiting prosecutions solely to war crimes would fail to recognize the widespread and systematic nature of many sex crimes, as well as their tactical commission as a means of terrorizing, demoralizing, and ultimately destroying the targeted group. I would be pleased to answer any questions the Subcommittee may have. [The prepared statement of Ms. Askin appears as a submission for the record.] Chairman Durbin. Thank you very much, Dr. Askin. Our next witness is Dr. Denis Mukwege, who is the Director of the Panzi Hospital in Bukavu in the Democratic Republic of Congo. He is one of the world's leading experts on treating survivals of sexual violence in conflict. Dr. Mukwege has a remarkable story. He worked in a hospital in Lemera in South Kivu Province where he established an obstetrics and gynecology program, something that he has in common with my colleague, Senator Coburn, who is also a specialist in obstetrics and gynecology. The destruction of this hospital in 1996 during the conflict forced him to move to Bukavu. In Bukavu, the absence of a health facility to assist women during their deliveries prompted Dr. Mukwege to spearhead an effort to build a maternity ward with an operating room at Panzi. The growing number of women seeking assistance for brutal, conflict-related rape led him to create a special program for the treatment of survivors of sexual violence. An average of ten women seek treatment for sexual violence injuries every day at the Panzi Hospital, and an estimated 30 percent of these cases involve injuries so serious that the patient must undergo major surgery. Dr. Mukwege studied medicine in Burundi and specialized in obstetrics and gynecology at Angers University Hospital in France. I want to thank him for being here today, and I will tell you, as I mentioned earlier, having visited one of these hospitals and understanding what you face every single day, you are truly a hero for what you do for some of the poorest people on Earth. And it is an honor to have you before our Committee. Dr. Mukwege will testify in French. His assistant, Jean Moorhead, sitting to his left, will simultaneously translate into English. I will now attempt to say three or four words in French, after 6 years of time in classrooms: ``Bienvenue. Commencer, s'il vous plait.'' [Laughter.] STATEMENT OF DENIS MUKWEGE, M.D., DIRECTOR, PANZI GENERAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL, BUKAVU, SOUTH KIVU, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, ACCOMPANIED BY JEAN MOORHEAD, INTERPRETER Dr. Mukwege. Chairman Durbin, Ranking Member Coburn, and members of the Subcommittee, it is a great honor for me to be invited to testify before this tribune concerning the acts of violence against the civilian population, and especially the women, in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. I thank you for accepting to take your precious time to listen to my testimony about the sexual terrorism that the women in the Eastern Congo have lived with for almost 10 years, and this is known by the national and international community, without anyone making a serious decision to end this shameful crime against humanity in the 21st century. The word ``rape'' or ``sexual violence'' cannot fully translate the horror that hundreds of thousands of women are living in this part of the world. My testimony refers to my daily contacts with these victims in the hospital, and the thousands of women whom we treat. It is important to point out that this sexual terrorism is done in a methodical manner and according to the method of terror each armed group uses against their victims. Generally, the victims are raped by several men at a time, one after another; in public, in front of parents, husbands, children, or neighbors; rape is followed by mutilations or other corporal torture; sexual slavery often goes on for months; and there are all sorts of psychological torture. On arriving at the hospital, women victims complain of physical, psychological, and social problems, and they show sexually transmissible infections, especially chlamydia, which is a source of chronic abdominal pain and results in sterility; HIV infection, accompanied by opportunistic diseases; genital lesions ranging from simple wounds to complicated genital lesions stopping urinary or digestive function such as urogenital and recto-genital fistulas; fibrosis of the vagina, et cetera. It goes without saying that this woman, who has become incapable of fully using her capacities as a woman because all possibility of motherhood is taken away from her, and in addition is weakened by AIDS, hopes in her pain for an easy death. And we are all witnesses that this is voluntary murder. The woman is deeply humiliated, and this brings on behavioral difficulties which can result in suicide, disinterest in living, not caring for anything, and aggressiveness. These women are often rejected by their own family and their husbands. This exclusion and isolation can worsen the behavioral problems which were mentioned before. This results in a breakup of the family, and often the woman or girl victim is excluded and condemned instead of the rapist. The result is the destruction of potential mothers and the spread of HIV on a large scale, which brings about the disappearance of the population without the capacity of the population renewing itself. The analysis of this phenomenon shows that the rapists are not doing this to satisfy some kind of sexual desire, but simply want to destroy the woman. They want to destroy life. This sadistic desire to destroy pertains not only to the woman, but to her whole family and the whole community. This situation is so much more serious because it does not concern 10,000 women but, according to estimates, several hundred thousand women. ``My name is Madame X, and I am 47 years old. On the night of August 24, 2007, while we were sleeping, four intruders speaking another language, and probably coming from Kahuzi Biega Park, broke down the door of the house. They tied up my husband, stole everything in the house, and demanded money. Two of them raped me, and the two others raped my 13-year-old daughter and took her into the forest. Up to now, I do not know if she is still living. When they first raped me, the second took a piece of wood wrapped in a piece of cloth and began to clean my private parts. In putting the piece of wood deeply into me, he wounded my bladder and my private parts. The next morning, the village people who had not run away took me to the dispensary. Two days later, a medical team from Panzi found me at the dispensary and took me to the hospital. I was treated and am now better, but I am afraid to return home because the intruders are still in the forest.'' This is an example of what we are living with every day. Thus, I am asking the national Congolese community to invest thoroughly in putting an end to this crisis, similar to no other, that is going on in eastern Congo by using political, judicial, and whatever other means to isolate the authors of these crimes and stop them from committing any more crimes. I am also asking the international community to make rational use of MONUC, the United Nations forces in the Congo, to protect the civilian population and especially the women, which is part of their mandate, and yet this situation continues to this day. I am also asking the American Government to use its influence on the governments of the countries of the Great Lakes Region to stop this practice of rape being used as a weapon of war and to help stop the leaders of these horrible crimes, who are known to everyone; where they are staying is no secret, and their acts are known to everyone. Members of the Subcommittee, the eyes of these women are now riveted on you. Their eyes will not leave you until you have actively taken steps to alleviate their suffering. Thank you. [The prepared statement of Dr. Mukwege appears as a submission for the record.] Chairman Durbin. Dr. Mukwege, thank you very much for that moving testimony. When I visited DOCS Hospital in Goma, and asked about the doctors who were there, they told me that there was one surgeon for every 1 million people. And I asked them what these doctors were paid, and I was told that they work for the government and that they were paid $600 a month, when they were paid. Can you tell me if the circumstances at your hospital are similar? Dr. Mukwege. The situation of doctors in the Congo today is catastrophical. I have worked for almost 25 years in this area, in this region, as the only gynecologist. It is practically impossible to find a gynecologist who will come and work under these conditions. They prefer to go to South Africa or other countries where they are better paid and treated. And to get around this problem, I have trained some of my colleagues, doctors, in gynecological and obstetrical interventions to be able to help me to work in the hospital. Chairman Durbin. May I ask you this? You have spoken to us graphically about the physical damage being done to the victims. Would you speak for a moment about the psychological element? What I found in many of these women in Goma was rejection by their families, by their tribes, by all of their friends. They were alone after they had been victimized. You have given us examples of women who have been victimized. Are these women welcomed back to some part of their background, their family, their community, their village? What is their future after the surgery? Dr. Mukwege. After surgery, we come up against two types of problems. The first group are women who are cured physically and who do not have AIDS. It is easier to reconciliate this group of women with their families, and, with the help of churches and NGO's, we make many efforts to reconcile these women with their families. There has been a favorable change today in the way that people look at the women, and we have been working with the churches not to condemn these women. And this has led to an acceptance on the part of the community and the families of these women. But even if the woman does not have AIDS or she is not very sick, when the rapist gives a child to the woman he rapes, it is hard for the family to accept the child, and for the community also. And we have been trying to work with the family to accept the child, because when the father of the child has killed the whole family, it is absolutely difficult for the family or the community to accept the child. We have a problem because with very young girls, many of them are incurable, 13, 14 years old. The bladder was destroyed. The rectum was destroyed. The vagina was destroyed. And in that state it is hard to cure them. So they cannot go home because when they go home, they do not smell good because they are incontinent, and they always come back to the hospital. And it is a problem because we keep these young women. They never want to leave the hospital. They always find a reason to stay at the hospital, and it is hard for the hospital because the hospital cannot keep all these women. And that is a big problem for us. They always find a reason to come back and stay there. Chairman Durbin. If I could interrupt you for a moment, I want to give Senator Coburn a chance to ask questions. I misstated earlier. He is a family practice physician with a specialty in obstetrics, so I want to make sure that is clear for the record. Senator Coburn? And then we will continue with questions to the rest of the panel. Senator Coburn. Well, first of all, let me thank each of you for your testimony. I was intrigued by Dr. Askin's recommendations, and I just wondered what Ms. Wachter and Ms. Jackson thought. I do not know if you have read her testimony. She gave us some very specific things that she thought we could do. Do you have any comments about what those are? She listed, I believe, five. Is that not correct, Dr. Askin? Five specific areas that we can do in terms of domestic law that will have an impact on international law. Could either of you comment on that? Are you aware of what her recommendations were? Ms. Jackson? Ms. Jackson. I have not read her recommendations, so I cannot really comment, and not being sort of an expert in these sort of policy type of areas, I will let Karin take this question. Ms. Wachter. Unfortunately, I have just received the testimony myself, so I was not able to read through the recommendations. What I would say is that what Dr. Askin is saying in terms of impunity and having to hold perpetrators accountable is absolutely important. From the standpoint of an organization that gets on the ground and provides services to the survivors of these kinds of crime, we certainly want to promote the idea that while we are looking at issues of impunity, we look at issues of continued support and services on the ground, and also help to change the laws to make it more amenable within the countries themselves to deal with these issues. The International Violence Against Women Act that has been recently introduced is an exciting opportunity to make sure that this can happen. Senator Coburn. OK. Dr. Mukwege, you have described very literally the complications that come from this. Chlamydia is a silent killer in this country as far as reproductive health, but it is not so silent where you are treating. And I would dare say probably your experience on reconstructive vaginal, rectal, and urethral surgery is greater than most in this country. Are there areas where we could as a country be of help in attaining further expertise for those women who have failed repairs? Is there something that we can do to help make them whole through either our research or our training where we could enable you to be more effective? Dr. Mukwege. This is quite an opportunity. We really need someone who can do this kind of surgery or experts who could do this kind of surgery, because it is not the usual kind of surgery that people do. We need assistance in urology and gynecology surgery. There is no urologist in Goma or Bukavu, and if a mission of gynecologists and urologists, American gynecologists and urologists, could come to help the inoperable cases, because there are other techniques of derivation of tubes to be able to help them. That would be very helpful for us. We do have a new group, a new contact with Harvard University where they wanted to send experts, but up to now the experts they have sent, it is more on a research basis, and we have not had anyone who does this kind of surgery to come. Senator Coburn. Just for the audience's sake, my own personal experience is that if we have a recto-vaginal fistula or urethro-vaginal fistula, we attempt to repair it once. But in the central part of the United States, what we always do is refer to one center in St. Louis because there is such a limited exposure. My worry is that we do not have this expert, that Dr. Mukwege actually has more expertise than we have in this country, and I will try the question one more time. Is there a way where we could create a specially trained group of physicians that would help you or at least make physicians available to you that would help you? Dr. Mukwege. At Panzi we have trained eight generalist doctors in these kinds of operations. But we still need help because--and if the American Government could help us create a training center at Panzi for doctors, we could get some experts from the United States, the urologists, that we could also work with, because we have certain knowledge about this, and we could work together and we could train other doctors. Senator Coburn. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Durbin. Thank you, Senator Coburn, and I appreciate your being here at this hearing. I will just add a comment. One of the things I noted was that as soon as these doctors are trained, many of them are subject to being poached by the United States, Germany, France, South Africa, where they can make dramatically more money in dramatically better situations. And that is one of the dilemmas here where we are complicit in the problem. We are attracting these doctors from Africa, and nurses, to come to the United States to serve our needs when they are desperately needed in many parts of the world, like Africa. I am trying to address this. It is a terrible dilemma for an American Congressman, but one that we clearly have to face. Dr. Askin, I want to followup on what Dr. Mukwege has said. Speaking as a lawyer who has not been a prosecutor in criminal cases, it is my understanding that to prove a case of rape, you need the testimony usually of a victim. In this case, we are dealing with children and victims who are clearly not consensual in any way, shape, or form in this. So as you advise these judges and others, prosecutors and others, tell me how they make the case when we are dealing with people who are too ashamed to speak of the atrocities that have been visited on them. And also, just as a footnote to this, after leaving Congo, I went to Kigali in Rwanda and stayed at the Hotel Rwanda and walked around to some of these scenes that I had been told about in that terrible atrocity and genocide in Rwanda. Aside from the museum, which highlights what happened during that genocide, I found Rwandans, by and large, not wanting to talk about it. They wanted to put it behind them. So tell me about that aspect as well, that by the time a tribunal meets, a war many times has passed, and people do not want to reflect and dwell on the pain of the past. Tell me how cases can be made under those circumstances. Ms. Askin. Thank you, Senator Durbin. That is an excellent question. Actually, because so many of these crimes are committed in public, often it is not necessarily just the victim who is testifying. It is witnesses. The tribunals have found it very effective to ask virtually every person that they interview about sexual violence. There is one case, for instance, at the Rwanda Tribunal where rape as a crime against humanity has been charged, and yet they have never called a single victim. They asked everybody else: Peacekeepers, did you know about wartime rape? Did you see any? Did you see the evidence? And many times they will report, because it is so notorious, that everybody can talk about, yes, it was widespread, it was systematic; there were these patterns of conduct in these particular places. And doctors like Dr. Mukwege, I was with him in Bukavu in January, and he has this phenomenal documentation of patterns of conduct of different groups. You know, some of the ones that just jumped out at me, you know, one particular group, when they attack women, they cutoff the husband's head and leave it on the chest of the woman while they are raping her, and she eventually goes mad. Another group has, you know, attacks with foreign objects. I do disagree to some extent with the claim I think that is quite frequent that people do not want to talk about this. Now, I do think that they want to get on with their life, and 10 years later, you know, they may have married, maybe their husband does not know about what happened to them. But I have found in much of my work that people have been extremely willing to talk about the sex crimes committed against them, testifying, doing--you know, when many of them come from justice systems where there are not necessarily fair trials, when everybody in the community will know if they leave for weeks at a time to go away. I think there certainly is the shame and stigma, but I do think that people are willing to talk about it. And I have spoken to several women who have found the experience extremely empowering to be able to go into court and tell their story. But, you know, there is no question that it is a difficult crime, but I think the public nature of so much of it has made the testimony somewhat easier. Chairman Durbin. Ms. Wachter, Dr. Mukwege has said in his testimony--I am paraphrasing here--that mass rape as we are speaking of here is less--and some of these are my words, but paraphrasing his--less an issue of sexual desire and more a crime of violence to destroy the woman, destroy the family, destroy the tribe as part of, you know, this kind of tactic of war. So is this something that in your experience becomes a calculated and announced policy? Or is it something where it drifts to this level of violence and then continues unabated without any attempt at restraint? How calculated, how specific is this as a tactic of war? Ms. Wachter. I think that is an excellent question, and it is one that we oftentimes ask ourselves. I think that there are clear examples, such as in Bosnia, where it was a clearly defined policy. In DRC, my sense of it is that it has been so effective in controlling, in demeaning, in demoralizing the population caught between the different rebel groups and the military that it is more a spreading practice, as they see it as being very effective in carrying out their so-called military aims. And also because the soldiers such as in Congo are underpaid, they are not taken care of, they are actually using this as a tactic to get their food from the population. So it is oftentimes hard for us to say. Chairman Durbin. One of the comments made by Dr. Mukwege was about the role of the United Nations forces in Congo, for example, and I was with those forces, visiting refugee camps, and he called for more vigilance on their part. So speaking of the refugee camps--and I imagine you have seen them or have friends who have visited there--are the United Nations forces in those instances, to your mind, doing the job, making certain that there is safety and security at least within the refugee camps? Ms. Wachter. Also an excellent question. I think that oftentimes the U.N. forces have their hands tied a bit, but that they are not, in fact, able to do the job as it was envisioned, and certainly not up to the expectations of the community itself. Certainly in the Congo example, the Congolese population is looking to MONUC to be providing them that protection, and they are unable to. Chairman Durbin. There have been mentions here several times--it has been mentioned several times--of peacekeepers being involved in this terrible crime. Is there any evidence that they are being prosecuted? Ms. Jackson? Ms. Jackson. Yes, often they are sent back to the host country, so the Uruguayans, the South Africans, the Bangladeshis will be sent back with a cut in pay, but they will face no reprisals at home. I had a good friend who was actually in charge of the MONUC investigation and prosecution, and they could bring no charges against any of the dozens and dozens of peacekeepers who were setting up brothels and exchanging wheat for sexual favors. So, no, the host countries do not--there is no pressure on them to prosecute. Chairman Durbin. Dr. Mukwege also spoke about the women after surgery, and it appears from your documentary that you have interviewed many of these women who have been through this experience--and some, I am sure, have received some medical attention--being lost souls with no place to turn. Tell me what your experience has been, Ms. Jackson, as you traveled around and spoke in some of these different regions, about what happens to these women ultimately. Ms. Jackson. Well, I think it needs to be emphasized that the women who make it to Panzi Hospital are a minority. The ones who get there often walk for months through the forest. This is a country with no infrastructure, with no roads. So the women who get there, because they have, you know, hitched a ride on a truck or family members have helped them limp through the woods, are the minority. And the majority of women never make it to any sort of medical facility. They are forgotten women in a forgotten war, and they are very much--they have become sort of the walking dead. They are ostracized within the community, as he mentions. They are incontinent. They are, you know, constantly soiling themselves. Yet the women will come together, and I met many groups of women, all of whom have been raped, all of whom have been rejected by their families, all of whom had children that they could no longer care for, who often will congregate, for instance, in churches, in parish halls. And that becomes their new community, because they are forced to start over again. They are forced to start over again. They have nothing left. And, of course, their children become picked off by the militias, and they are conscripted as child soldiers. They end up working in the mines for slave wages. So you can see how the family begins to break down as soon as the women is victimized. Chairman Durbin. Have you run into any coordinated efforts to help them, like micro credit programs or anything of that nature? Ms. Jackson. Well, there are many, many NGO's on the ground in Eastern Congo, and the IRC has wonderful programs, Women for Women International. The micro loan thing is--you know, it can work, but this is a country with no banking system. And when you go into a village in, you know, a 4 x 4 with an NGO logo on the side and go into a home, immediately that home is--the presumption is that you are leaving money and goods behind, and often people are robbed after you come into a village. I mean, I learned to go in, you know, very much under the radar. So, you know, the country is in such desperate straits that aid needs to come from so many areas, you know, for women's economic empowerment, for their physical and reproductive health, you know, to address the impunity issue, to deal with their children, a generation that has been raised in this horrible conflict. So micro credit is a definite possibility, but how one enacts that is difficult. Chairman Durbin. We have spoken of many countries where this use of rape as a tactic of war has been prevalent. We focused on the Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, and not to take anything away from the tragedy and genocide of Darfur, I hope that today's hearing will encourage people to look more closely at the sad, tragic situation in Democratic Republic of Congo. I would like to go to really the heart of the hearing and back to Dr. Askin. It is our hope that we can make it clear that the United States under its law is not going to look the other way when someone who is guilty of these crimes comes to our country, even if the victims have not been Americans, even if the crime did not occur on American soil, that we will not give them the comfort of safety and security in our Nation. They would face prosecution. I do not know if this has any great value on the ground in these countries that we are speaking of. It certainly has great value to me from a moral position that we are trying to say to the world this is what everyone should do so that there is no safe haven. And I would ask, Dr. Askin, if you could comment on that aspect of the hearing. Ms. Askin. Absolutely. I mean, I think that we have seen for the last, you know, 20 or 30 years that there have been perpetrators of horrible atrocities who have ended up coming to the United States, and there has not been, until more recently, laws on the book to prosecute them if they committed the crimes in Argentina or Chile or outside the United States. And I think that sends a signal that this is a safe haven, that, you know, perpetrators can come here because we do not have laws that can prosecute them. Often, we do not extradite--or sometimes we do, but because sending them back, the country is unable or unwilling to prosecute them themselves. So there is nothing to do, you know, under the Alien Tort Claims Act or other civil remedies, but there need to be legal remedies, particularly for when crimes are committed outside the United States and the perpetrator comes to the U.S. And I do think it sends a signal not only to the victims but to other countries that you take these crimes seriously. It is frustrating to see over the years how many generals or superiors who have committed crimes in other jurisdictions have come here and been subject to very little criminal penalty. Chairman Durbin. What of the argument some make that we should just deport these people back to the country where this occurred, which is where they should be prosecuted, since it is likely there will be more evidence? What do you make of that argument? Ms. Askin. Most of the time the countries in question are ones that cannot prosecute or will not prosecute, and so they will essentially go back with impunity. Sometimes they may be subjected to torture. Most of the countries do not have the due process standards that this country has. You know, I do think that there is a duty to prosecute or extradite to a country where they will get a fair and effective prosecution. Chairman Durbin. Let me ask you, Dr. Askin, as my last question: Can you point to a country which has handled this well, where you believe that they have recognized the problem and have done the right thing in terms of prosecuting those who have committed these crimes against humanity? Ms. Askin. I think you are starting to see that increasingly in Spain and Belgium where they are increasingly prosecuting crimes committed outside their jurisdiction, for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. They have laws on their books that enable them to do that, and I think there has been even some situations where, you know, somebody has gone to their country for medical reasons, and they have arrested and are prosecuting them. Chairman Durbin. Thank you. Dr. Mukwege, I am going to ask you a question which you may not be prepared to answer. I hope you are. But if those who are following this hearing on C-SPAN want to help you and your hospital in its efforts, is there a charity, an American-based charity, for example, that they could support that might be able to help you with your important work? Dr. Mukwege. Thank you very much for asking me that question. I want to say thank you because we have already benefited from a program. We are benefiting from an outreach program--but it is not on a very large scale--to go to different villages and get women who are not able to come to the clinic. We go to see the women in the villages. We talk about this, too, and the problems of rape, and women come forward and are examined by the doctors. Or we take them to the hospital to get help. We have a limited amount of help with that. The additional aid we are asking today would be the training that we talked about, if we could maybe build a training center for training doctors in gynecology and fistulae, and we could cooperate with the American doctors with what we know and what they know. And we would like those two programs--the outreach program going to the villages and getting the women, plus the training center--those are the two kinds of programs that we would like to continue and develop. Chairman Durbin. Thank you. I will try to work with you to achieve those goals and find the appropriate agency or NGO to help us reach them. I want to place in the record at this point the written statements from the following organizations and individuals: Amnesty International, CARE, Christian Peacemaker Teams, Human Rights Watch, International Center for Transitional Justice, Physicians for Human Rights, Women Thrive Worldwide, Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children, Eve Ensler, Colin Thomas-Jensen of ENOUGH, and Daniel Rothenberg of DePaul Law School's International Human Rights Law Institute. Without objection, these will be included in the record. The record will remain open for a week for additional materials from interested individuals or organizations. Written questions for the witnesses must also be submitted by the close of business one week from today, which we will ask the witnesses to respond to, if they can, in a timely fashion. As we close this hearing, I want to urge everyone listening to contemplate the challenge that Dr. Mukwege posed to all of us today when he said that the eyes of the women and girls who have suffered unimaginable wartime violence in his Democratic Republic of Congo and countries around the globe are fixed on all of us. We have a moral obligation to take action to help these brave survivors and to stop the use of rape as a weapon of war. This hearing will stand adjourned. 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