[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 232 (Monday, December 5, 1994)]
[Unknown Section]
[Page 0]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Printing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 94-29692]
[[Page Unknown]]
[Federal Register: December 5, 1994]
_______________________________________________________________________
Part II
Environmental Protection Agency
_______________________________________________________________________
40 CFR Parts 141 and 143
Analytical Methods for Regulated Drinking Water Contaminants; Final
Rule
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Parts 141 and 143
[WH-FRL-5116-4]
RIN 2040-AC12
National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations:
Analytical Methods for Regulated Drinking Water Contaminants.
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: EPA is promulgating the use of several new analytical methods
and updated versions of previously approved methods for a number of
regulated contaminants in drinking water. At the same time, the Agency
is withdrawing approval of outdated methods or outdated versions of the
same methods. The purpose of the rule is to approve new methods,
withdraw outdated methods, and update older methods for analysis of
regulated contaminants in drinking water. The rule is expected to
eliminate unnecessary duplication by withdrawing older versions of the
same method, and satisfy public requests for approval of new
technologies in drinking water analyses.
DATES: This final rule is effective on January 4, 1995. The
incorporation of the publications listed in this document are approved
by the Director of the Federal Register as of January 4, 1995.
ADDRESSES: Copies of the public comments received on the proposal,
EPA's responses, and all other supporting documents are available for
review at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Drinking
Water Docket, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460. For access to
the docket material, call (202) 260-3027 on Monday through Friday,
excluding Federal holidays, between 9:00 am and 3:30 pm Eastern Time
for an appointment.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. Jitendra Saxena, Drinking Water
Standards Division, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (4603),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington,
D.C. 20460, (202) 260-9579. General information may also be obtained
from the EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline. Callers within the United
States may reach the Hotline at (800) 426-4791. The Hotline is open
Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays, from 9:00 am to 5:30
pm Eastern Time.
For technical information regarding chemistry methods, contact
Richard Reding, Ph.D., Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (TSD),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, telephone
(513) 569-7946, or Baldev Bathija, Ph.D., Office of Ground Water and
Drinking Water (MC-4603), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C. 20460, telephone (202) 260-3040. For technical
questions regarding microbiology methods, contact Paul S. Berger,
Ph.D., Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water (MC-4603), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, telephone,
(202) 260-3039.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
EPA Regional Offices:
I JFK Federal Bldg., One Congress Street, 11th floor, Boston, MA
02203, Phone: (617)565-3610, Jerry Healey
II 26 Federal Plaza, Room 824, New York, NY 10278, Phone: (212) 264-
1800, Walter Andrews
III 841 Chestnut Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, Phone: (215) 597-
9873, Stuart Kerzner
IV 345 Courtland Street, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30365, Phone: (404) 347-
3633, Wayne Aronson
V 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604, Phone: (312) 353-
2151, Ed Watters
VI 1445 Ross Avenue, Dallas, TX 75202, Phone: (214) 655-7150, Thomas
Love
VII 726 Minnesota Avenue,Kansas City, KS 66101,Phone: (913) 276-
7032, Ralph Langemeir
VIII One Denver Place, 999 18th Street, Suite 500, Denver, CO 80202-
2466, Phone: (303) 293-1652, Patrick Crotty
IX 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, Phone: (415) 744-
1817, William Thurston
X 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, Phone: (206) 553-4092,
Kenneth Feigner
Table of Contents
I. Statutory Authority
II. Regulatory Background
III. Explanation of Today's Action
IV. Response to Comments Received on the Proposed Rule and Notice of
Availability
V. Availability and Sources for Methods Information
VI. Regulation Assessment Requirements
VII. References
I. Statutory Authority
The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), as amended in 1986, requires
EPA to promulgate national primary drinking water regulations (NPDWRs)
which specify maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) or treatment techniques
for drinking water contaminants (42 U.S.C. 300g-1). NPDWRs apply to
public water systems (42 U.S.C. 300f(1)(A)). According to section
1401(1)(D) of the Act, NPDWRs include ``criteria and procedures to
assure a supply of drinking water which dependably complies with such
maximum contaminant levels; including quality control and testing
procedures. * * *'' In addition, Section 1445(a) of the Act authorizes
the Administrator to establish regulations for monitoring to assist in
determining whether persons are acting in compliance with the
requirements of the SDWA. EPA's promulgation of analytical methods is
authorized under these sections of the SDWA as well as the general
rulemaking authority in SDWA Section 1450(a) (42 U.S.C. 300j-9(a)).
II. Regulatory Background
EPA has promulgated analytical methods for all currently regulated
drinking water contaminants for which MCLs or monitoring requirements
have been promulgated. In most cases, the Agency has promulgated
regulations specifying (i.e., approving) use of more than one
analytical method for a contaminant, and laboratories may use any one
of them for determining compliance with an MCL or monitoring
requirement. After any regulation is published, EPA may amend the
regulations to approve additional methods, or modifications to approved
methods, or withdraw methods that become obsolete.
On December 15, 1993, EPA proposed to approve the use of several
new methods and modifications of existing methods that EPA believed
were as good as, or better than, current methods and procedures (58 FR
65622). The Agency also proposed to withdraw approval for outdated
methods or outdated versions of the same methods. In addition, EPA
published a Notice of Availability (NOA) (59 FR 35891) on July 14,
1994, to make available data from EPA's evaluation of several new
analytical methods, and to propose withdrawal of approval for several
outdated EPA methods. EPA requested public comments on the proposal and
on the NOA. Today's notice takes final action on the methods covered by
the proposal and the NOA.
III. Explanation of Today's Action
With a few minor exceptions, which are described below, the actions
described in the 1993 proposed rule and the 1994 NOA are approved in
today's rule. The coliform transit time will remain at 30 hours, and
the Agency will not require systems to hold samples at 10 deg.C during
transit. EPA will approve the Colisure test for simultaneously
determining the presence of total coliforms and E. coli.
In the July 1994 NOA, EPA described the new versions of EPA Methods
200.7, 200.8, 200.9, 245.1 (EPA, 1994a) and 504.1 (EPA, 1993d) that are
approved in today's rule. Mercury and sodium have been added to the
analytical scope of Methods 200.8 and 200.7, respectively. EPA is
approving EPA Method 508.1 (EPA, 1994c), which allows liquid-solid
extraction (LSE) procedures to be used under Method 508 conditions for
analysis of many analytes contained in EPA Methods 507 and 508. A minor
revision to dioxin method 1613 that allows use of LSE is approved.
Hexachlorocyclo-pentadiene has been added to the analytical scope of
EPA Method 508.
Trimethylsilyldiazomethane may be used as an alternative
derivatizing reagent in Methods 515.1 and 515.2. EPA Methods 150.1,
150.2 and 515.1 are not withdrawn. Turbidity measurements of samples
need not be made immediately before beginning an analysis for metals;
it is only necessary that the sample be acidified and held for sixteen
hours. For EPA Method 531.1 (carbamates), samples no longer need to be
frozen, thereby eliminating the possibility of frozen samples breaking
the sample vial. Standard Method 6610 is approved as an alternative to
Method 531.1. Analysis for 2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin) with Method 1613, or
for asbestos with Method 100.1 or 100.2 can be simplified by using the
guidance contained in the EPA document, Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods (EPA, 1994d).
Technical Notes contains mandatory and optional procedures that
will be cited in the drinking water regulations.
EPA is also correcting minor errors in the 1993 proposal. An
erroneous listing of USGS methods I-2822-85 and I-2823-85 for sulfate,
and ASTM D2036-91A for cyanide are removed in today's rule. The ASTM
method had been listed twice in the table of approved methods. A
typographical error occurred in listing the USGS method for silver and
the ASTM method for chloride. The correct listings are USGS I-3720-85
(silver) and ASTM D4327-91 (chloride).
The effective date for all actions in this rule, except withdrawal
of obsolete methods, is January 4, 1995. The withdrawal date for
obsolete methods is July 1, 1996 (or 18 months from publication,
whichever is later), which is a year later than proposed. After this
date, EPA's manual ``Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastes'' (EPA, 1983a) will contain only three approved drinking water
methods--Methods 150.1, 150.2, and 245.2. To spare new laboratories the
expense of purchasing this manual, EPA will provide single copies of
these methods to users who do not have a copy of the 1983 manual. For
the convenience of readers and for clarity of the rules, methods that
are withdrawn will be specified only by tabulating them in the
document, Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA, 1994d), and
in the next revision of the Manual for the Certification of
Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water (EPA, 1990b).
IV. Response to Comments Received on the Proposed Rule and Notice
of Availability
EPA received 136 comments on the December 15, 1993, proposal; 92
comments were related to chemical-analytical methods and 79 comments
were related to the methods associated with the coliform and surface
water treatment rules. The Agency received twenty comments on the July
14, 1994, Notice of Availability. The commenters included analytical
laboratories, water utilities, analytical instrument manufacturers,
State and local regulators, and trade associations.
A summary of major comments and the Agency's response to the issues
raised are presented in this section. The Agency's detailed response to
the comments received on the 1993 proposed rule and the 1994 NOA is
available in the public docket for this rule (EPA, 1994e).
A. New Methods
Comment on the ten new methods was favorable. These methods, EPA
methods 100.2, 551, 552.1, 555, Standard Methods 4500-Cl-E, 4500-Cl-H,
4500-Cl-I, 4500-O3-B, 4500-ClO2-E and Great Lakes Instruments
Method 2 were described in the 1993 proposal. Specific public comments
on some of the methods are answered below.
EPA Method 100.2 (asbestos) Four comments contained several
suggestions and criticisms. Method 100.2 has been editorially revised
to reflect the comments. These changes, however, do not affect the
performance, cost or applicability of the method. One commenter asked
EPA to approve SM 2570 for asbestos, which was published in a 1994
supplement to the eighteenth edition of Standard Methods (APHA, 1994).
EPA does not approve SM 2570 for asbestos in today's rule, because this
method differs in significant ways from Method 100.2. For example, SM
2570 uses a larger pore filter (0.45 micron) to trap asbestos fibers,
while EPA method 100.2 uses a 0.22 micron filter. The commenter did not
provide any data comparing asbestos trapping efficiency of these two
filters, whereas EPA has data (EPA, 1994e) to show that larger pore-
size filters trap fewer asbestos fibers in drinking water samples.
Method 552.1 A commenter asked that the sodium hydroxide rinse in
Method 552.1 be optional, because the rinse is not compatible with
their LSE product. Method 552.1 was developed and validated with ion
exchange cartridges to take advantage of the special chemical
properties of dalapon and the other acids covered by the method. To
efficiently extract the acids the ion exchange resin must be activated
with a sodium hydroxide rinse. Sorbent conditioning and elution steps,
which are specified in Method 552.1 or any LSE method, cannot be
modified or eliminated to accommodate the support material. Thus, EPA
will not allow the sodium hydroxide rinse in Method 552.1 to be
optional, because EPA has received no data to support the commenter's
request to make the rinse optional.
The same commenter asked for a more generic definition of LSE media
in Method 552.1 and in other LSE methods. The commenter believes EPA is
unnecessarily narrowing the choice of LSE disks and cartridges. EPA
does not believe LSE methods are overly restrictive in allowing use of
alternative LSE disks or cartridges. However, EPA believes that
additional guidance to help users correctly choose alternative LSE
media without compromising the reliability of the analysis would be
useful. The guidance is summarized below and will be published in
Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA, 1994d). The guidance is
applicable to all LSE methods and supersedes the phrase ``or
equivalent'' that is used in some methods to describe selection of
alternative LSE cartridges or disks.
Liquid-solid extraction is performed using various sorbents that
are either packed into a cartridge or enmeshed in a disk of inert
support material. EPA methods describe the cartridge or disk that was
used to develop the LSE procedure, and to produce the data which is
published in the method. If a product is mentioned in the methods, it
is for information purposes only. EPA believes various LSE cartridges
and disks may be used, provided they meet all quality control
requirements of the method, and provided they contain a sorbent that
uses the same physicochemical principles as the cartridge or disk that
is described in the approved LSE method. To demonstrate that
alternative LSE cartridges and disks meet all quality control criteria,
the analyst must be aware of the chemistry of the method. For example,
in evaluating Method 552.1 the recovery of the free acid (not a
chemical derivative) from the water sample must be tested with the
alternative LSE cartridge or disk.
In judging LSE disk media, both the sorbent and the support must be
evaluated. In the case of sorbents, similarities in polarity are not
sufficient. For example, a C18-Silica sorbent may not perform the
same as a styrene divinylbenzene copolymer sorbent. Thus, these
sorbents would not be considered to be equivalent. In judging supports,
any physical support used to hold the sorbent is acceptable provided
the support is inert and compatible with the solutions or solvents
required in the conditioning and elution steps of the method. However,
any sorbent conditioning or elution steps, which are specified in the
method must not be modified or eliminated to accommodate the support
material.
EPA Method 555 Several commenters noted that the method detection
limits (MDLs) for some analytes were greater than MDLs in the
alternative method (EPA Method 515.1), or were too high to meet
monitoring triggers, which are specified at 40 CFR 141.24(h)(18). Thus,
they questioned whether Method 555 was a suitable alternative to Method
515.2. EPA believes commenters mistakenly looked at MDLs in Table 2 of
Method 555, which shows the results of spikes at 10 ppb. However,
spikes at 0.5 ppb (Table 5 in the method) resulted in MDLs that are
equivalent to Method 515.1 MDLs, and these MDLs have been validated in
a second laboratory (EPA, 1992a). EPA also notes that monitoring
triggers for several organic contaminants, including Method 555
analytes, may be amended in a future rulemaking (EPA, 1993b, 1994f).
Great Lakes Instruments (GLI) Method 2 (turbidity) Some commenters
objected to the method because it is vendor and instrument-specific.
EPA generally develops and approves methods that are not vendor-
specific. Users are not limited to the GLI method; generic methods SM
2130B and EPA 180.1 are approved for turbidity. However, under the
Alternative Test Procedures (ATP) program EPA has approved vendor-
specific methods or products as alternatives to approved methods (53 FR
5142, February 19, 1988). GLI Method 2 was evaluated under EPA's ATP
program and recommended for approval as an alternative method. EPA
realizes GLI is the source of copies of GLI Method 2, which is a factor
a laboratory choosing to adopt this method must consider.
Some commenters believed the GLI method should be approved as a
version of an international procedure, ISO 7027. The ISO procedure
measures turbidity via either 90 deg. scattered or transmitted light
depending on concentration. Although instruments conforming to ISO 7027
specifications are similar to the GLI instrument, only the GLI
instrument uses pulsed, multiple detectors to simultaneously read both
90 deg. scattered and transmitted light. EPA has received no data on
the ISO 7027 use of separate 90 deg. scattered or transmitted light
measurements to judge equivalency to other approved turbidity methods.
SM 4500-Cl-E, Low Level Amperometric Titration A commenter noted a
typographical error in a calculation in SM 4500-Cl-E, which the
Standard Methods Committee has agreed to correct. In approving SM 4500-
Cl-E, EPA will print the correct formula for SM 4500-Cl-E in Technical
Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA, 1994d). The Standard Methods
Committee will publish a correction to this method in the next (19th)
edition of Standard Methods (Eaton, 1993a).
SM 6610 (APHA, 1994) A commenter asked to approve this method as
an alternative to EPA Method 531.1. EPA aided the development of this
method, which was published in 1994 in a supplement to the eighteenth
edition of Standard Methods. EPA agrees with the commenter, and will
approve SM6610 for analysis of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb
sulfoxide, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, methomyl, and
oxamyl.
EPA Method 1613, Revision B, dioxin (EPA, 1994i) EPA was asked to
replace the approved Revision A of Method 1613 with Revision B. EPA
agrees with the suggestion. As with Revision A, users can greatly
simplify use of Revision B of Method 1613 when only 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) is to be determined in
drinking water samples by using procedures described in Technical Notes
on Drinking Water Methods (EPA, 1994d).
EPA proposed Revision A of Method 1613 for the monitoring of
several chlorinated dioxins and furans under the Clean Water Act on
February 7, 1991 (56 FR 5090), and approved it only for measurement of
2,3,7,8-TCDD under the Safe Drinking Water Act on July 17, 1992 (57 FR
31803). In response to comments on the 1991 proposal, EPA developed
Revision B. The only technical changes made in Revision B that affect
determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in drinking water matrices are (1) slight
changes in performance specifications based on the compilation of data
from interlaboratory and other studies, (2) additional language
intended to provide analysts with increased flexibility to use liquid
solid extraction procedures, and (3) further clarification of the
documentation required when analysts employ the flexibility provided in
the method to use alternate techniques not explicitly described in the
method.
B. Expanded Scope for Already Approved Methods
Comments on expanding the analytical scope of these five methods
were favorable. These methods, EPA Methods 200.8, 200.9, 300.0, SM
4110B, and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method
D4327-91, were discussed in the 1993 proposal or the 1994 NOA. Specific
comments requesting that approved methods cover additional analytes are
described and answered below.
A commenter asked EPA to expand the scope of Method 200.8 to
include additional metals that are not currently regulated by EPA.
While EPA encourages laboratories to use any approved method for all
contaminants that are within the analytical scope of the method, EPA
can only approve a method for contaminants that are regulated. One
commenter asked why Method 200.9 did not include the secondary drinking
water contaminant, zinc. EPA believes analysis of zinc with Method
200.9 is impractical, because the instrument and procedure used are
very sensitive to small amounts of lead. The analysis is subject to
random contamination, and the concentration range of zinc that can be
reliably measured is too narrow to be of use with typical drinking
water samples. EPA recommends more suitable methods (EPA 200.7, 200.9,
SM 3120B and SM 3111B) for measurement of zinc in drinking water
samples.
Commenters were concerned about expanding the scope of the ion
chromatography methods to include fluoride. They believed that EPA did
not have data to show that interference problems would not preclude use
of ion chromatography for the analysis of fluoride in drinking water
samples. EPA's 1990 study (Bionetics) which involved participation of
seventeen laboratories demonstrated that fluoride can be reliably
measured in drinking water samples with ion chromatography. Thus, EPA
has no hesitation in approving the three proposed ion chromatography
methods for the analysis of fluoride in drinking water.
C. Updated Methods
Comment on updating earlier versions of six methods to the current
versions was favorable. These methods, EPA Methods 504.1, 515.2, 524.2,
525.2, 548.1 and 549.1, were discussed in the 1993 proposal or the 1994
NOA. Problems were reported by a commenter with the use of
trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSD) for derivatization of the analytes in
Methods 515.1 and 515.2. The commenter suggested that EPA also allow
the use of diazomethane for this purpose. EPA agrees with the commenter
and, as discussed in the 1993 proposal, EPA allows use of either
derivatizing reagent. However, because dalapon is not adequately
derivatized by TMSD, the use of TMSD in Method 515.1 is not approved
for analysis of dalapon. Procedures for using TMSD with Methods 515.1
and 515.2 are described in the document Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods (EPA, 1994d).
D. Updates to Methods by Reference to Most Recent Manual
Comments were favorable on approving versions of previously
approved methods that are now contained in the eighteenth edition of
Standard Methods (APHA, 1992) and in five new EPA manuals (EPA, 1994a,
1991, 1990a, 1992b and 1993a). These publications were described and
discussed in the 1993 proposal or the 1994 NOA. Questions or requests
from commenters about some of the methods contained in these
publications are described and answered below.
1994 EPA Metals Manual (EPA, 1994a) Three commenters asked to add
other regulated metals to the scope of Method 200.7, because use of a
new axial configured inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission
spectroscopy (AES) instrument improves the sensitivity of the method to
the required regulatory limits. EPA will not approve this request in
today's rule, because Method 200.7 as written allows use of other types
of ICP/AES instruments that cannot meet the regulatory limits for the
additional metals. To extend the scope of Method 200.7 as suggested by
the commenters would require either a formal ATP approval (EPA, 1993c),
or publication of a new AES method that allowed only instruments with
an axial configuration.
1991 Organic Methods Manual (EPA, 1991) One commenter requested a
change in the scope of EPA Method 505 because of the detection limits
for some method analytes. These changes included withdrawal of
alachlor, atrazine and simazine, and addition of toxaphene. EPA is
evaluating the detection limits in several methods. When this
evaluation is complete, EPA may propose to withdraw approval of methods
or modify the scope of methods, such as Method 505. In the interim, EPA
does not agree that the scope of Method 505 should be changed to
withdraw alachlor, atrazine and simazine. However, EPA agrees that
analysis for these nitrogen-containing compounds may require use of a
nitrogen-phosphorous detector (NPD) rather than the electron capture
detector (ECD). Today's rule specifies that an NPD should be
substituted for the ECD in Method 505 (or another approved method
should be used) to determine alachlor, atrazine and simazine, if lower
detection limits are required.
EPA agrees with the comment about toxaphene. In today's rule EPA is
correcting an omission in the 1993 proposal by continuing to approve
Method 505 for toxaphene. However, EPA notes that the Method 505 MDL
for toxaphene is very close to the MCL. To improve the sensitivity of
the analysis analysts may wish to use Method 508 for toxaphene and
other Method 505 analytes for which use of an NPD will not improve the
sensitivity. Method 508 is very similar to Method 505 except that the
MDLs are lower, because a larger sample volume is extracted.
MCL compliance determination for PCBs requires that EPA method 505
or 508 be used as a screen for PCBs as Aroclors prior to quantitation
as decachlorobiphenyl by EPA Method 508A. Three commenters requested
that EPA switch the sequence of compliance methods for PCBs, i.e., use
Method 508A to screen and Method 505 or 508 to quantify PCBs. The
suggested change in the sequence of compliance methods is beyond the
scope of this rule since it would require amending the MCL compliance
determination sequence in 40 CFR 141.24(h)(13)(i)-(iii). Only Method
508A can measure decachlorobiphenyl, and Sec. 141.24(h)(13)(ii)
specifically requires ``using Method 508A to quantify PCBs as
decachlorobiphenyl''.
It was suggested by a commenter that EPA include hexachloro-
cyclopentadiene (HCP) in the scope of EPA Method 508. EPA agrees with
the commenter, and will allow measurement of HCP with EPA Method 508.
However, the analyst must show that the analyte recoveries and other
criteria, which are specified for HCP in Section 9 of Method 508.1 are
achieved using Method 508 procedures. This option will be described in
the document, Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA, 1994d).
1993 EPA Inorganic Methods Manual (EPA, 1993a) A commenter asked
what the differences were between Method 335.3 and the updated version,
Method 335.4, since both versions require manual distillation of the
sample to prepare it for measurement of cyanide. The technical
differences between these methods are minor. EPA improved the
automation of procedures in Method 335.4, and added the option to use a
labor-saving distillation procedure. The distillation option is
described in Method 335.4, and it is approved and described for other
spectrophotometric methods in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods
(EPA, 1994d).
Two commenters objected to replacement of Method 335.3 with 335.4.
The objection appeared to be based on the mistaken belief that Method
335.4 requires a manual distillation of the sample to prepare it for
measurement of cyanide and that the earlier version, Method 335.3, did
not. EPA has never allowed spectrophotometric measurements of cyanide
in water samples without manual distillation of the sample using SM
4500-CN-C (cf. 40 CFR 136.3, Table 1B; 59 FR 4507, January 31, 1994;
and 57 FR 31839, July 17, 1992). Commenters may have been misled by a
discussion in Method 335.3 of an alternate ultraviolet (UV) digestion
procedure that does not require manual distillation. EPA has never
approved this optional UV procedure for compliance measurements of
cyanide, because EPA has no data to show that UV digestion would not
provide inaccurate results that underestimate the level of
contamination. To avoid manual distillation of the sample, laboratories
may use a selective electrode method for cyanide.
EPA notes that the ``amenable'' spectrophotometric methods, ASTM
D2036-91B and SM 4500-CN-G, also require distillation prior to either
free or total cyanide measurements. To further clarify EPA's intent to
require manual distillation for all spectrophotometric determinations
of cyanide, these methods will be listed at 40 CFR 141.23(k) in today's
rule under the phrase ``Manual distillation followed by''. Immediately
following this phrase, the rules specify use of SM 4500-CN-C to conduct
this distillation.
Microbiological Methods
The vast majority of comments on the eighteenth edition version of
microbiology methods concerned the maximum time between sample
collection and analysis (transit time) of drinking water samples.
Commenters opposed reducing this time from 30 hours (16th edition of
Standard Methods) to 24 hours (18th edition of Standard Methods). The
Standard Methods committee reduced the transit time because of its
concern about coliform die-off in the sample over time. Commenters
opposed reducing the time because it would (1) be logistically
impractical if not impossible to do, (2) increase costs for sample
transport and resampling, (3) cause hardships in sample collection, and
(4) complicate and decrease laboratory flexibility. A few commenters
claimed that the reduced transit time is not supported by data.
Coliforms usually die off over time, especially when water
temperatures are warm, but EPA recognizes that there is debate among
investigators over the rate of that decline. EPA is currently
conducting additional studies on this question, using fecal coliforms
and E. coli, and results are anticipated by the end of 1994. Given the
logistical and other problems that might result by decreasing the
transit time to 24 hours, EPA is deferring a decision on whether to
reduce the transit time until more data become available. For the time
being, the Agency has added a footnote to the Table in
Sec. 141.21(f)(3), allowing a maximum transit time of 30 hours. If EPA
decides that a reduction from 30 hours is warranted, the Agency will
work with the States to minimize the hardships identified in the public
comments. Meanwhile, EPA strongly encourages States and systems to
review their procedures and identify practical alternatives for
providing samples to laboratories more quickly.
Other commenters objected to the requirement in the 18th edition of
Standard Methods to hold samples at less than 10 deg.C during transit.
The Standard Methods committee specified this value because of its
concern about coliform die-off in the sample at higher temperatures,
where the bacterial metabolism of coliforms and non-coliforms alike is
normally greater.
Commenters objected to any EPA requirement that would require them
to keep samples cool during sample transit. They asserted that this
requirement would (1) be unnecessary and would complicate sample
transport logistics, (2) increase sampling costs and shipping costs for
both systems and laboratories, because coolers and ice packs cost money
and samples are heavier and thus more expensive to ship, and (3) lead
to problems with frozen samples or a significantly increased number of
invalid samples. Commenters also stated that under the presence-absence
concept, sample cooling was less important than under the earlier rule
based on coliform density.
EPA is deferring a decision on sample transit temperature until the
Agency initiates a review, and possible revision, of the Total Coliform
Rule. For the time being, the Agency has added a footnote to the Table
in Sec. 141.21(f)(3) encouraging, but not requiring, systems to hold
samples at less than 10 deg.C during transit. Nevertheless, the Agency
strongly encourages systems to cool their samples during transit,
especially during warm summer months, to minimize coliform die-off. The
Agency is currently conducting additional studies on this question,
using fecal coliforms and E. coli, and results are anticipated by the
end of 1994. If EPA decides that a reduction is warranted, the Agency
will work with the States to minimize the hardships identified in the
public comments.
EPA is also approving a new method, the Colisure test, for
simultaneously determining the presence of total coliforms and E. coli,
both of which must be monitored under the Total Coliform Rule (40 CFR
141.21). Data supporting the use of this method was presented in the
notice of July 14, 1994 (NOA).
Most commenters supported approval of the Colisure test, but
several raised questions about the test, primarily concerning the
incubation time. They cited the Broadway et al. (1992) data that
indicated that only 64% and 69% of the bottles were total coliform-
positive and E. coli-positive, respectively, after 24 hours compared to
the 48-hour results. According to the Broadway et al. data, 85% and 88%
of the bottles were total coliform-positive and E. coli-positive,
respectively, after 28 hours compared to the 48-hour results.
EPA agrees with the commenters who contended that 24 hours of
incubation was insufficient for the Colisure test. The Agency, however,
believes that the recovery rate after 28 hours is reasonable, and will
approve the Colisure test as a 28-hour test. Moreover, based on
additional data from the product manufacturer showing that the false-
positive rate after 48 hours is small, EPA will allow laboratories to
hold the test up to 48 hours before observing results.
Chemical Methods
There were only minor comments on the proposal to update chemistry
methods to the versions contained in the 18th edition of Standard
Methods. The 18th edition versions contain no or minor changes to
earlier versions, and EPA received no comments to document specific
hardships in converting to 18th edition chemical methods. Several
commenters noted that, although thallium is not in the scope of SM
3113B, EPA erroneously approved SM 3113B for thallium (57 FR 31840,
July 17, 1992). EPA agrees and will delete this approval in today's
rule.
A commenter noted that the 18th edition version of SM 4500-Cl-G
omits instructions that would allow measurement of total residual
chlorine in drinking water samples using a colorimetric method. The
Standard Methods Committee has written (Eaton, 1993b) that an editorial
omission, not a technical change, occurred in recent versions of SM
4500-Cl-G. The error will be corrected in the next (19th) edition of
Standard Methods. EPA corrects the error today by describing the
omitted instructions in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods (EPA,
1994d).
E. Methods To Be Withdrawn and Replaced
General Comments Received on Withdrawal of Methods
One commenter suggested that all methods carry a ``draft'' status
for three years after publication; other commenters asked EPA to
approve new methods more quickly. It would defeat EPA's intent to
provide modern technology quickly, if a method had to be published,
proposed, and then kept in draft status for three years. EPA balances
this problem by allowing optional use of old or new methods during a
transitional period, which in the case of this rule extends to July 1,
1996 (or 18 months after publication, whichever is later).
Several commenters believed EPA was eliminating, or intended to
eliminate, all autoanalyzer or colorimetric methods. This is incorrect;
EPA is replacing only obsolete methods with equivalent ASTM, EPA and
Standard Methods. EPA is not eliminating colorimetric or autoanalyzer
technology for any regulated contaminant, except arsenic. Evidence of
EPA's intent is in the 1993 methods manual (EPA, 1993a), which updated
colorimetric methods for cyanide (335.4), nitrite and nitrate (353.2),
and sulfate (375.2). EPA has and continues to approve autoanalyzer and
colorimetric ASTM and Standard Methods for cyanide, fluoride, nitrite,
nitrate and sulfate.
Some commenters stated that changing from EPA methods to equivalent
Standard Methods and ASTM methods would be very time-consuming and
expensive, but provided no specific information to support this
statement. EPA is withdrawing methods that are incomplete and often
require users to rely on the equivalent ASTM or Standard Methods. Thus
the change, in many cases, has already taken place. In other cases,
there are very minor differences between the withdrawn and the
replacement methods. EPA notes that laboratories may continue to use a
withdrawn method for other than compliance monitoring samples. EPA's
actions in today's rule save laboratories money, because they need only
support one version of an ASTM, EPA, or Standard Method. Prior to this
rule, laboratories were required to use methods in the 14th, 16th,
17th, and 18th editions of Standard Methods, and at least two different
versions of EPA Methods 200.7 and 524.2.
EPA received numerous comments requesting an extension of the
withdrawal date for analytical methods. The suggested dates ranged from
July 1, 1995, to July 1, 2000. Based on these comments, EPA will extend
the methods withdrawal date from July 1, 1995, to July 1, 1996 (or 18
months from publication, whichever is later), which is beyond the
withdrawal date suggested by most commenters. New methods or new
versions of current methods will be approved within 30 days of
publication of the rule. This overlap in approval dates for new methods
and withdrawal of obsolete methods will give laboratories sufficient
time to become certified with the new methods.
Comments on Withdrawal of Specific Methods
Packed-Column EPA Methods Commenters generally favored withdrawal
of packed column methods for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and
trihalomethanes (THMs), and replacing them with technologically
advanced capillary column methods. Additional costs incurred in
supporting older, obsolete methods until EPA withdraws these methods,
and the suitability of capillary columns to handle the increasing
number of regulated contaminants were cited as reasons for supporting
withdrawal. The July 1, 1995, withdrawal date may be too early, as
pointed out by some commenters. EPA will extend the date to July 1,
1996 (or 18 months from publication, whichever is later), to give
laboratories more time to plan an orderly transition to capillary
column methods.
Some commenters asked EPA for continuation of the use of packed-
column methods, if they meet current regulatory requirements. EPA feels
that packed-column methods have many drawbacks. For example, the cis
and trans dichloroethene isomers cannot be separated with the packed-
columns specified for VOC analysis (Lyter, 1994). Such separation
problems with packed-column methods have limited EPA's ability to
prepare samples for EPA's laboratory performance evaluation (PE)
program. To accommodate packed-column methods, separate PE samples are
prepared for THMs and VOCs to minimize THM and VOC interferences that
users of packed column EPA methods will experience. If only capillary
columns are approved, EPA will have more latitude to mix VOCs and THMs
in PE samples to better test laboratories with concentrations and
mixtures of THMs and VOCs, as might realistically occur in drinking
waters. EPA notes that laboratories may continue to use packed column
methods for other than compliance monitoring analyses, such as routine
plant operation or source evaluation samples.
A commenter asked why EPA proposed to withdraw THM Methods 501.1
and 501.2 in the 1993 proposal, but subsequently proposed to continue
approval of these packed column methods in the Information Collection
Rule (ICR) (59 FR 6354 and 6413-6414, February 10, 1994). In today's
rule, EPA is clarifying why and how Methods 501.1 and 501.2 can and
should be withdrawn without affecting analytical needs that were
described in the ICR proposal. In the ICR, EPA proposed Methods 501.1
and 501.2 only because ICR data must be gathered quickly to support
pending disinfectant byproduct control regulations. To support these
regulations, EPA proposed to conduct THM monitoring at a limited number
of PWS for eighteen months beginning in 1995. Since this data must be
collected by laboratories certified to conduct THM analyses, it could
be a hardship to revoke the certification of laboratories now using
Methods 501.1 and 501.2. EPA notes that EPA also proposed and
encouraged laboratories to use one of the capillary column methods (EPA
Methods 502.2, 524.2 and 551) to conduct THM monitoring for the ICR.
And in a subsequent disinfection byproduct rule (59 FR 38668, July 29,
1994) EPA proposed only capillary methods for THM compliance monitoring
(59 FR 38821).
As explained in the 1993 proposal and in the 1992 THM methods rule
(58 FR 41344, August 3, 1993), EPA intends to and will withdraw packed
column methods for THM and VOC compliance analysis. To accommodate the
special and immediate information collection needs of the ICR, EPA is
deferring withdrawal of packed column Methods 501.1 and 501.2 until
July 1, 1996 (or 18 months after publication, whichever is later). This
date is expected to be after the beginning of the proposed ICR
monitoring period. When the ICR rule is promulgated, certification
under Methods 501.1 and 501.2 will be granted such that the withdrawal
date will not impede collection of THM data for the ICR.
Colorimetric Methods for Arsenic--A commenter requested that EPA
not withdraw colorimetric methods for arsenic. Because the detection
limits of these methods are very near the MCL for arsenic, colorimetric
measurements do not provide a reliable indication of variability of, or
trends in, ambient concentrations of arsenic in the water supply when
these concentrations are less than the MCL. EPA believes the detection
limit deficiency warrants withdrawal of colorimetric methods for
arsenic.
In addition, since EPA approves other methods that measure all
twelve regulated metals, including arsenic, it is not cost-effective to
measure arsenic separately with a colorimetric method. The cost of a
complete, broad-spectrum metals analysis by atomic absorption or ICP is
not reduced if arsenic is not included. And EPA knows of no situation
where arsenic is the only metal to be determined in a compliance
sample. EPA believes that there is no scientific reason or economic
need for a colorimetric method that only measures arsenic. However, EPA
notes that withdrawal of these methods does not preclude their use for
other than compliance monitoring samples.
EPA Methods 208.2 and 354.1--A commenter asked EPA to replace EPA
Methods 208.2 (barium) and 354.1 (nitrite) with the equivalent methods
SM 3113B and SM 4500-NO2-B, which are published in the 18th
edition of Standard Methods (APHA, 1992). EPA agrees and will withdraw
Methods 208.2 and 354.1, since equivalent methods using the same
equipment and procedures are approved.
EPA Method 340.2 (fluoride)--Commenters expressed concern that
withdrawal of this ion-selective electrode method will require use of
EPA Method 300.0, which requires purchase of an ion chromatograph. This
is incorrect; only the EPA ion-selective electrode method will be
withdrawn. The ASTM and SM methods, which use the same equipment as the
EPA method, are approved for fluoride compliance determinations.
Hydrazine Methods for Nitrate and Nitrite--A commenter agreed with
EPA's withdrawal of hydrazine method 353.1, stating that the method is
obsolete. The commenter, however, wanted EPA to make available at least
one hydrazine method for nitrite and nitrate by approving SM 4500-
NO3-H. EPA is withdrawing Method 353.1 because hydrazine is
carcinogenic and toxic, and creates a significant hazardous waste
disposal problem. SM 4500-NO3-H has the same problems and,
therefore, cannot be approved. EPA believes users of hydrazine methods
will be able to convert easily to the approved cadmium reduction
methods for nitrate and nitrite by changing their reagent from
hydrazine to cadmium when their supply of hydrazine is depleted. The
cadmium methods, which have been approved for nitrate and nitrite since
1991, use the same equipment as the hydrazine methods.
Flame AA for metals--Three commenters requested that flame atomic
absorption (AA) and graphite furnace methods not be withdrawn. EPA has
not withdrawn flame AA and graphite furnace methods published by ASTM
or Standard Methods; only the obsolete EPA versions of these methods
are withdrawn.
Direct Aspiration Flame AA Methods--Some commenters wanted EPA to
expand the scope of these methods to include metals other than barium
and nickel. EPA cannot expand the scope, because the methods are not
sensitive enough to measure metals other than barium and nickel.
Method 515.1--EPA received many comments requesting that this
method not be withdrawn, primarily for two reasons. First, neither
proposed replacement method, 552.1 or 515.2, covers all of the
regulated chemicals that are in Method 515.1. Secondly, the new dalapon
method (552.1) requires significantly different equipment, procedures
and skills than Method 515.1. Four commenters agreed with EPA's
proposal to withdraw Method 515.1, because a combination of Methods
515.2 and 552.1 meets their regulatory needs. EPA agrees with the
majority of commenters and will not withdraw Method 515.1.
Methods for Secondary Contaminants--Some commenters believed that
delisting a secondary contaminant method precludes its use for other
than compliance monitoring samples. This is not correct; EPA does not
certify laboratories for secondary monitoring, and EPA only recommends
methods for secondary contaminants. Unless State requirements provide
otherwise, laboratories may use methods other than those cited at 40
CFR 143.4(b) for measurement of secondary contaminants.
EPA Method 245.2 (mercury)--EPA was asked to withdraw this method,
which is an automated, cold vapor method for mercury. EPA cannot
withdraw this method because there is no other equivalent version of
the method. Because EPA does not have enough information to assess the
effect that withdrawal of Method 245.2 would have, it is deferring a
decision on withdrawal.
EPA Methods 150.1, 150.2 (pH)--In the 1994 NOA, EPA proposed to
replace these methods with equivalent ASTM and Standard Methods for pH.
A commenter noted that the EPA methods are easier to use under field
conditions. The commenter indicated that since many pH measurements are
made in the field at the point of sample collection, withdrawal of the
EPA methods would pose a significant hardship. EPA agrees with the
commenter, and will not withdraw these methods until ASTM or Standard
Methods pH methods are simplified for field use.
F. Miscellaneous
Reformat Listing of Methods in 40 CFR Parts 141 and 143--Commenters
have asked EPA to improve the organization and clarity of the drinking
water regulations. Commenters have criticized the organization of the
rules, and noted difficulty in obtaining copies of drinking water
regulations. They need the regulations, because they contain tables and
lists of approved methods, and because mandatory method instructions
are included in the text of the rules and in footnotes to the tables of
methods. These instructions are not contained in the approved methods,
because they were developed after the method was published. In today's
rule, EPA is minimizing the use of footnotes and lengthy technical
instructions in drinking water rules. EPA is accomplishing this by
including these instructions in the document Technical Notes on
Drinking Water Methods (EPA, 1994d). This EPA publication contains
mandatory procedures, clarifications and helpful options, such as
guidance on more efficient ways to conduct asbestos and dioxin
compliance measurements. EPA will place these instructions in the
affected method when the method is revised and published. EPA intends
to use this document to publish future method corrections or
modifications (after notice and comment in the Federal Register as
necessary). EPA believes Technical Notes will be easier for users to
obtain, read and photocopy than the tables of approved methods in the
drinking water rules. Incorporating Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods by reference in the rule has the effect of making its
provisions as mandatory as those in the approved drinking water
methods.
EPA is improving the clarity of the rules by consolidating listings
of analytical methods. Analytical methods for THMs have been moved from
Sec. 141.30 to Sec. 141.24(e). Appendix C of Sec. 141.30, which
contained THM Methods 501.1 and 501.2, is withdrawn immediately, but
the methods may be used for compliance monitoring under Sec. 141.30
until July 1, 1996 (or 18 months from publication, whichever is later).
And analytical methods formerly specified for lead, copper, and
corrosivity at 40 CFR 141.89(a) and sodium at Sec. 141.41(d) are now
listed with other inorganic methods at Sec. 141.23(k)(1). EPA notes
that although sodium was removed from the list of 83 contaminants
included in the 1986 amendments to the SDWA (53 FR 26487), the
provisions at Sec. 141.41 still obtain.
Specifications for Continuous Chlorine Monitoring Methods--
Commenters favored the proposed specification for continuous chlorine
monitoring measurements to be based on calibration with an approved
grab sample method. Two commenters asked EPA to extend the calibration
period to seven days. EPA has no data to support such an extension.
However, the EPA protocol for continuous chlorine monitoring allows a
laboratory to use an alternative protocol, if it is approved by the
State. EPA believes it is prudent for States to monitor and approve
changes to the EPA protocol, such as those suggested by commenters. The
protocol approved in today's rule is specified at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2),
and allows States to grant variations, including certain changes in the
chemistry of the method.
Allow Interchange of Detectors in EPA Methods 505, 507, 508--
Commenters favored this proposal. Two commenters noted that data with
alternative detectors must be verified, and were concerned about poor
ECD response of some nitrogen-containing compounds. EPA agrees that
data must be verified when changing detectors, and that the results for
all chemicals in Methods 505, 507 or 508 may not meet quality control
requirements when an alternative detector is used. This is why Section
6.8.3 of Methods 507 and 508, and Section 10.4 of Methods 505, 507 and
508 allow alternative detectors only if the initial demonstration of
capability criteria in Section 10 of each method is met by the
alternative detector.
One commenter wanted to allow use of other detectors with EPA
Method 504. EPA cannot approve this request, because EPA has no data to
justify use of alternative detectors in Methods 504 or 504.1, which use
an electron capture detector (ECD). The ECD has been the only detector
capable of routinely measuring EDB and DBCP at the required parts-per-
trillion concentrations (56 FR 3550, January 30, 1991).
Guidance on Preserving Samples--A commenter asked that biocide
procedures be dropped from the VOC methods, because EPA has dropped
mercuric chloride as a biocide in synthetic organic chemical (SOC)
methods. EPA dropped mercuric chloride from SOC methods, because EPA
has no data to show that biodegradation of a regulated SOC occurs in a
typical drinking water sample, and because mercuric chloride is toxic
and a hazardous waste. However, EPA has data to show degradation (EPA,
1994e) in samples collected for measurement of VOCs. The biocide
procedures required in the VOC methods require some combination of
chilling, rapid transit and analysis, or acidification. None of these
procedures pose health or waste disposal problems that compare with the
problems associated with preservation using mercuric chloride.
Therefore, EPA continues to require use of a biocide in VOC methods.
Liquid-Solid Extraction (LSE) in EPA Methods 507 and 508--Some
commenters believed more data were needed before EPA allowed use of LSE
in Methods 507 and 508; EPA agrees. EPA stated in the December proposal
that ``the Agency regards this proposed modification as tentative and
will base a final decision on whether to approve on public comment and
additional EPA performance data.'' After studying this option and
developing additional data (EPA, 1994e), EPA has decided not to add LSE
as an option in Methods 507 and 508, because EPA does not have data to
support use of this technique for all of the chemicals in the methods.
As an alternative, EPA has developed and is approving Method 508.1
(EPA, 1994c). Method 508.1 uses the procedures and the electron capture
detector that are used in Method 508, and it allows use of LSE. The
scope of Method 508.1 covers many of the Method 507 and 508 analytes
that are subject to regulated or unregulated contaminant monitoring
requirements, but it does not include butachlor, PCBs or toxaphene. In
today's rule EPA will approve Method 508.1 for measurement of alachlor,
atrazine, chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide,
hexachloro-benzene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, lindane, methoxychlor,
and simazine, which are regulated SOCs. It is also approved for aldrin,
dieldrin, metolachlor, metribuzin, and propachlor, which are
unregulated SOCs.
Methods for Other Contaminants--In the 1993 proposal EPA provided
guidance to systems that wish to measure chemicals that are not
regulated, and need advice on what method to use. The guidance stated
that ``although EPA approves methods only for contaminants regulated
under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Agency encourages laboratories
to use these methods for other contaminants if the method description
specifically includes these contaminants.'' One commenter mistakenly
believed that this eliminates the use of other methods or techniques,
such as test kits. Although EPA encourages laboratories to save money
by using a compliance method to measure all chemicals of interest that
are in the analytical scope of the method, this does not preclude
systems from using other methods, including test kits, for samples
other than compliance monitoring samples.
EPA cautions users to carefully evaluate the performance of a
method when using it for samples other than compliance monitoring
samples or for contaminants not regulated under the SDWA. For example,
EDB and DBCP appear in the scope of EPA Methods 504.1, 502.2, 524.2 and
551. However, Methods 502.2 and 524.2 are not approved for compliance
analyses, because they do not have the sensitivity to measure
compliance with the EDB and DBCP MCLs.
Methods Approval Process--Several commenters believe that the
process of proposing and approving methods or method modifications will
always be too slow to accommodate the technical and certification needs
of the laboratory community. To solve this problem, commenters asked
EPA to specify performance criteria in drinking water rules, or in the
approved methods. The purpose of this would be to allow laboratories to
use any analytical method, provided it met the mandatory criteria. EPA
agrees that the present methods approval system is slow. To solve this
problem, EPA and other organizations are seeking to consolidate methods
across regulatory programs and media, and to write generic method
performance criteria (EPA, 1994g). A performance-based method system,
as suggested by commenters, might be part of the final solution. There
are two groups working on this problem. The groups are the
Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring, and EPA's Environmental
Monitoring Management Council. A recommendation of these groups may be
for EPA to propose a new method approval and method-writing protocol.
The protocol would be designed to expedite approval of drinking water
method modifications while maintaining the degree of control needed to
ensure effective enforcement of drinking water regulations.
Field and Test Kits--Two commenters noted an omission in the rule
text in the 1993 proposal that appears to eliminate an important
option. This option allows States to approve use of DPD colorimetric
test kits for measurement of chlorine residuals. EPA did not intend to
eliminate this option, and agrees the wording in the 1993 proposal (58
FR 65631) may be misleading. Today's rule clearly allows use of the DPD
kits, provided the State also approves use of the kits. This option is
specified at 40 CFR 141.74(a)(2).
A commenter asked EPA to approve field kits for pH, and methods for
continuous monitoring of pH and residual chlorine. EPA does not need to
approve field methods for pH because currently, analysis with an
approved pH method may be conducted in the field or in the laboratory.
Regarding continuous monitoring methods, in today's rule, EPA provides
criteria for continuous monitoring of chlorine residuals (40 CFR
141.74(a)(2)). Since EPA does not require continuous pH monitoring, EPA
does not approve or disapprove methods for continuous measurement of
pH.
Turbidity--A commenter asked that turbidity measurements, which are
specified in the drinking water regulations, be waived if no
particulate or cloudiness is visible to the analyst. The present
requirement is that turbidity be measured in all samples, and that
digestion be performed if the turbidity is one NTU or greater. EPA
cannot waive turbidity measurements on samples that appear to be clear,
because samples with turbidity of up to three NTU can appear clear to
the unaided eye.
Corrosivity--One commenter noted the proposed rule made no
reference to updating the methods for corrosivity in 40 CFR 141.42(c).
These methods were published in 1980 and 1982 (45 FR 57346, August 27,
1980 and 47 FR 10999, March 12, 1982). In the Lead and Copper Rule (56
FR 26460, June 7, 1991), EPA agreed that corrosion control strategies
could be developed or evaluated by measuring alkalinity and other
parameters (56 FR 26489 and 26496). However, the Lead and Copper Rule
did not update or specify use of the methods in 40 CFR 141.42(c).
Instead, more current methods were specified in 40 CFR 141.89(a) (56 FR
26509-26510). In today's rule, EPA eliminates possible confusion
between the requirements in 40 CFR 141.89 and 141.42 by removing
subparagraphs 40 CFR 141.42(a)-(c).
New Technologies--Comments were received asking the Agency to
evaluate and develop methods based on new technologies, such as
bioassay, ELISA, and capillary electrophoresis. The Agency continues to
incorporate new technologies in methods, and appreciates the many
articles that were sent to draw attention to new technologies. In the
last twenty years, the Agency has aided the development of the mass
spectrometer into a powerful and routine analytical instrument. With
suggestions from the laboratory community (56 FR 3550, January 30,
1991), the Agency moved from packed to capillary column gas
chromatographic technology, and expects to adopt innovative procedures
and instruments in future methods.
In the 1993 proposal, EPA invited public suggestions that EPA might
consider approving in this rule or in a later rulemaking. This
invitation was not meant to imply that new methods or method
modifications submitted as suggestions would or could bypass
requirements that are specified at 40 CFR 141.27. Some commenters
expressed interest in having their method or instrumentation included
in EPA-approved methods. EPA suggests that these commenters submit
their data to EPA's Alternative Test Procedures (ATP) program for
evaluation. A method or instrument can be considered for approval by
EPA after it has received a favorable evaluation under the ATP program.
A protocol for submitting ATP data is available from EPA (EPA, 1993c).
V. Availability and Sources for Methods Information
Commenters requested help in obtaining copies of analytical methods
cited in drinking water rules. Sources of all approved methods are
contained in the References section of this rule. These methods are
available for review but not distribution at the EPA Drinking Water
Docket (MC 4101), 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460. For access to
the docket material, please call (202) 260-3027 between 9 am and 3:30
pm, EST, Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. EPA only
stocks or distributes copies of methods published by EPA. All other
methods must be obtained from the publisher. Sources (with addresses)
for all approved methods are cited at 40 CFR Parts 141 and 143, and in
the References section of today's rule. Most EPA methods and the
document, Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, may be purchased
from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), U.S. Department
of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. The toll-free
number is: (800) 553-6847, local: (703) 487-4650. Refer to the drinking
water rules or the References section of this rule to obtain the NTIS
order number and purchase information, or contact the Safe Drinking
Water hotline. The hotline operates from 9 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. EST,
Monday through Friday, excluding federal holidays. The toll-free number
is (800) 426-4791. EPA Methods 504.1, 508.1 and 525.2 are not published
in an NTIS manual. These methods may be obtained directly from EPA,
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268; the
phone number is (513) 569-7586. Since Methods 150.1 (pH), 150.2 (pH)
and 245.2 (mercury) are published in ``Methods for Chemical Analysis of
Water and Wastes'' (EPA, 1983a), owners of this EPA manual do not need
to reorder these methods.
EPA believes most laboratories will need only the more recently
published or approved methods that are listed in today's rule. These
methods (or manuals) are as follows. Technical Notes on Drinking Water
Methods, October 1994, NTIS PB95-104766; EPA Method 508.1,
``Determination of Chlorinated Pesticides, Herbicides, and
Organohalides in Water Using Liquid-Solid Extraction and Electron
Capture Gas Chromatography'', October 1994; EPA Method 100.2,
``Determination of Asbestos Structures over 10m in Length in
Drinking Water'', June 1994, NTIS PB94- 201902; ``Methods for the
Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples--Supplement I'', May
1994, NTIS PB94-184942; EPA Method 525.2, ``Determination of Organic
Compounds in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid Extraction in Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry'', March 1994; EPA Method
504.1, ``1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB), 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP),
and 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (123TCP) in Water by Microextraction and Gas
Chromatography'', 1993; ``Methods for the Determination of Inorganic
Substances in Environmental Samples'', August 1993, NTIS PB91-231498;
``Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water--Supplement II,'' August 1992, NTIS PB92- 207703; Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 18th Edition
Supplement, 1994; Colisure, Millipore Corp., 1994; and GLI Method 2,
``Turbidity'', Great Lakes Instruments, Inc., November 2, 1992.
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) annually
reprints all of the methods contained in the Annual Book of ASTM
Methods, even methods that have not been editorially or technically
revised. Thus, it is permissible to use any edition that contains the
EPA-approved version of the compliance method. EPA notes that Orion
Method 601 ``Standard Method of Test for Nitrate in Drinking Water'',
which is equivalent to SM 4500-NO3-D (APHA, 1992), is
identical to Orion Method WeWWG/5880. Method WeWWG/5880 is approved for
nitrate analysis. ATI Orion republished the method in 1994 and
renumbered it as 601, because the 1985 manual ``Orion Guide to Water
and Wastewater Analysis'', which contained WeWWG/5880, is no longer
available. In today's rule EPA cites WeWWG/5880 as 601 at 40 CFR
141.23(k)(1).
VI. Regulation Assessment Requirements
A. Executive Order 12866
Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993), the
Agency must determine whether the regulatory action is ``significant''
and therefore subject to OMB review and the requirements of the
Executive Order. The Order defines ``significant regulatory action'' as
one that is likely to result in a rule that may:
(1) Have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more,
or adversely affect in a material way the economy, a sector of the
economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the environment, public
health or safety, or State, local, or tribal governments or
communities;
(2) Create a serious inconsistency or otherwise interfere with an
action taken or planned by another agency;
(3) Materially alter the budgetary impact of entitlements, grants,
user fees, or loan programs or the rights and obligations of recipients
thereof; or
(4) Raise novel legal or policy issues arising out of legal
mandates, the President's priorities, or the principles set forth in
the Executive Order.
It has been determined that this rule is not a ``significant
regulatory action'' under the terms of Executive Order 12866 and is
therefore not subject to OMB review.
B. Regulatory Flexibility Act
The Regulatory Flexibility Act requires EPA to explicitly consider
the effect of these regulations on small entities. By policy, EPA has
decided to consider regulatory alternatives if there is any economic
impact on any number of small entities.
This rule is consistent with the objectives of the Regulatory
Flexibility Act because it will not have any economic impact on any
small entities. This rule specifies analytical methods that
laboratories must use for testing regulated drinking water
contaminants. Monitoring requirements were promulgated in earlier
notices. The rule would require laboratories to use the most recent
version of a method and imposes no additional requirements. It is
actually expected to reduce cost of analysis by eliminating current
requirements to use different versions of the same method, and by
allowing more contaminants to be analyzed simultaneously by using a
single method. Therefore, the Agency believes that this notice would
have no adverse effect on any number of small entities.
C. Paperwork Reduction Act
The rule contains no requests for information and consequently is
not subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
D. Science Advisory Board, National Drinking Water Advisory Council,
and Secretary of Health and Human Services
In accordance with section 1412(d) and (e) of the SDWA, the Agency
consulted with the Science Advisory Board, the National Drinking Water
Advisory Council, and the Secretary of Health and Human Services on
this action and took their comments into account.
VII. References
APHA. 1992. Eighteenth edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.
APHA. 1994. Method 6610 ``Carbamate Pesticides'' in Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition
Supplement, 1994, American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth
Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. APHA.
ASTM. 1994. Annual Book of ASTM Methods, 1994, Vol. 11.01 and 11.02,
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103.
Bionetics. Report from Kenneth W. Edgell, et al., ``Determination of
Inorganic Anions in Water by Ion Chromatography: Collaborative
Study'', Bionetics Corp., 16 Triangle Park Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio
45246, 1991.
Broadway, S., B. Pyle, G. McFeters. 1992. Final report of
equivalency testing for Colisure. Montana State University, Bozeman,
MT.
Eaton. 1993a. Letter from Andrew D. Eaton, Standard Methods
Committee, ``Error in 4500-Cl E'', American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, June
4, 1993.
Eaton. 1993b. Letter from Andrew D. Eaton, Standard Methods
Committee, ``Inquiry on Chlorine Residual 4500-Cl (18th Edition)'',
American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW,
Washington, D.C. 20005, October 26, 1993.
EPA. 1974. Method 245.2, ``Mercury, Automated Cold Vapor
Technique'', EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH 45268, 1974. Also contained in reference EPA, 1983a.
EPA. 1978. Method 150.1, ``pH, Electrometric'', EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, 1978. Also
contained in reference EPA, 1983a.
EPA. 1982. Method 150.2, ``pH Continuous Monitoring, Electro-
metric'', EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH 45268, December 1982. Also contained in reference
EPA, 1983a.
EPA. 1983a. ``Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes'',
EPA, March 1983, NTIS PB84-128677.
EPA. 1983b. Method 100.1, ``Analytical Method for the Determination
of Asbestos Fibers in Water'', September 1983, NTIS PB83-260471.
EPA. 1990a. ``Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water--Supplement I'', July 1990, NTIS PB91-146027.
EPA. 1990b. Manual for the Certification of Laboratories Analyzing
Drinking Water, Third Edition, Office of Water Resource Center (RC-
4100), 401 M. Street S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, EPA 570-9-90-008,
April 1990.
EPA. 1991. ``Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water'', December 1988, revised July 1991, NTIS PB91-
231480.
EPA. 1992a. Memorandum from Richard L. Carr, ``Second Laboratory
Validation of Method 555'', December 10, 1992, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
EPA. 1992b. ``Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in
Drinking Water--Supplement II,'' August 1992, NTIS PB92-207703.
EPA. 1993a. ``Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances
in Environmental Samples'', August 1993, NTIS PB94-121811.
EPA. 1993b. Memorandum from James R. Elder, ``Detection Limits in
Compliance Monitoring'', December 16, 1993, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
EPA. 1993c. ``Protocol for Nationwide Approval of New or Revised
Methods'', Rev. 1.4, EPA, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, July 14, 1993.
EPA. 1993d. Method 504.1, ``1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB), 1,2-Dibromo-3-
chloropropane (DBCP), and 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (123TCP) in Water
by Microextraction and Gas Chromatography'', EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, 1993.
EPA. 1994a. ``Methods for the Determination of Metals in
Environmental Samples--Supplement I'', May 1994, NTIS PB94-184942.
EPA. 1994b. Method 525.2, Rev. 1.0, ``Determination of Organic
Compounds in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid Extraction in Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry'', EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, March 1994.
EPA. 1994c. Method 508.1, Rev. 1.0, ``Determination of Chlorinated
Pesticides, Herbicides, and Organohalides by Liquid-Solid Extraction
and Electron Capture Gas Chromatography'', EPA, Environmental
Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, 1994.
EPA. 1994d. Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-
173, October 1994, NTIS PB95-104766.
EPA. 1994e. ``Response to Comments on December 15, 1993, Analytical
Methods Proposal, 58 FR 65622'', Office of Water Docket (MC 4601),
401 M. St. S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, October 1994.
EPA. 1994f. Memorandum from Mary Ann Feige, et al., ``Detection
Limits in the Regulations'', March 11, 1994, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
EPA. 1994g. Memorandum from Robert M. Sussman, ``EMMC Activities'',
May 13, 1994, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA. 1994h. Method 100.2, ``Determination of Asbestos Structures
over 10m in Length in Drinking Water'', June 1994, NTIS
PB94-201902.
EPA. 1994i. Method 1613: ``Tetra-through Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins
and Furans by Isotope-Dilution HRGC/HRMS'', October 1994, NTIS PB95-
104774.
Great Lakes. GLI Method 2, ``Turbidity'', Great Lakes Instruments,
Inc., 8855 North 55th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53223, November 2, 1992.
Lyter. Letter from P. Ted Lyter, Dept. of Environmental Resources,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, P.O. Box 1467, Harrisburg, PA 17105-
1467, January 12, 1994.
Millipore. ``Waters Test Method for Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate
in Water Using Single Column Ion Chromatography'', Method B-1011,
Millipore Corporation, Waters Chromatography Division, 34 Maple
Street, Milford, MA 01757.
Millipore. 1994. Colisure Presence/Absence Test for Detection and
Identification of Coliform Bacteria and Escherichia coli in Drinking
Water. February 28, 1994. Millipore Corp., Technical Services
Department, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730.
Orion. Technical Bulletin 601, ``Standard Method of Test for Nitrate
in Drinking Water'', PN 221890-001, ATI Orion, 529 Main Street,
Boston, MA 02129, July 1994.
Technicon. 1972. Industrial Method No. 129-71W, ``Fluoride in Water
and Wastewater'', Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, NY 10591,
December 1972.
Technicon. 1989. Method No. 380-75WE, ``Fluoride in Water and
Wastewater'', Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, NY 10591,
February 1976.
USGS. 1989. Methods I-3720-85, I-3300-85, I-1030-85, I-1601-85, I-
2598-85, I-1700-85 and I-2700-85 in Techniques of Water Resources
Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, Chapter A-1,
3rd ed., U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open File Reports
Section, Box 25425, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225-0425, 1989.
USGS. 1993. Method I-2601-90 in Methods of Analysis by the U.S.
Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory--Determination
of Inorganic and Organic Constituents in Water and Fluvial
Sediments, Open File Report 93-125, U.S. Geological Survey, Books
and Open File Reports Section, Box 25425, Federal Center, Denver, CO
80225-0425, 1993.
List of Subjects
40 CFR Part 141
Environmental Protection, Chemicals, Incorporation by reference,
Intergovernmental relations, Water supply.
40 CFR Part 143
Chemicals, Incorporation by reference, Intergovernmental relations,
Water supply.
Dated: November 25, 1994.
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator.
For the reasons set out in the preamble, parts 141 and 143 of title
40, Code of Federal Regulations, are amended as follows:
PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
1. The authority citation for part 141 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-1, 300g-2 300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-
5, 300g-6, 300j-4, 300j-9.
2. Section 141.21 is amended by revising paragraph (f)(3), removing
and reserving (f)(4), revising the next to last sentence of (f)(5),
revising the second sentence of (f)(6)(i), revising the second sentence
of (f)(6)(ii), Adding (F)(6)(iv), and adding a new sentence as the next
to last sentence in (f)(8) to read as follows:
Sec. 141.21 Coliform sampling.
* * * * *
(f) * * *
(3) Public water systems must conduct total coliform analyses in
accordance with one of the analytical methods in the following table.
These methods are contained in the 18th edition of Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, DC 20005. A
description of the Colisure Test may be obtained from the Millipore
Corporation, Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA
01730. The toll-free phone number is (800) 645-5476.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology Citation
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coliforms1.......... Total Coliform 9221A, B.
Fermentation
Technique2,3,4.
Total Coliform Membrane 9222A, B, C.
Filter Technique.
Presence-Absence (P-A) 9221D.
Coliform Test4,5.
ONPG-MUG Test6............ 9223.
Colisure Test7............
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not
exceed 30 hours.
\2\Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of
lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel
tests between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water
normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false-
positive rate for total coliforms, using lactose broth, is less than
10 percent.
\3\If inverted tubes are used to detect gas production, the media should
cover these tubes at least one-half to two-thirds after the sample is
added.
\4\No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of all
total coliform-positive confirmed tubes.
\5\Six-times formulation strength may be used if the medium is filter-
sterilized rather than autoclaved.
\6\The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System.
\7\The Colisure Test must be incubated for 28 hours before examining the
results. If an examination of the results at 28 hours is not
convenient, then results may be examined at any time between 28 hours
and 48 hours.
(4) [Reserved]
(5) * * * The preparation of EC medium is described in the 18th
edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater, 1992, Method 9221E--p. 9-52, paragraph 1a. * * *
(6) * * *
(i) * * * EC medium is described in the 18th edition of Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, Method
9221E--p. 9-52, paragraph 1a. * * *
(ii) * * * Nutrient Agar is described in the 18th edition of
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, p.
9-47 to 9-48.
(iii) * * *
(iv) The Colisure Test. A description of the Colisure Test may be
obtained from the Millipore Corporation, Technical Services Department,
80 Ashby Road, Bedford, MA 01730.
* * * * *
(8) * * * A description of the Colisure Test may be obtained from
the Millipore Corp., Technical Services Department, 80 Ashby Road,
Bedford, MA 01730. * * *
* * * * *
3. Section 141.22(a) is amended by removing the next to last
sentence and revising the last sentence to read as follows:
Sec. 141.22 Turbidity sampling and analytical requirements.
* * * * *
(a) * * * Turbidity measurements shall be made as directed in
Sec. 141.74(a)(1).
* * * * *
4. Section 141.23 is amended by removing paragraph (k)(2) and
redesignating paragraph (k)(4) as (k)(2), by removing paragraph (k)(3)
and redesignating paragraph (k)(5) as (k)(3), by removing and reserving
paragraph (q), and revising paragraph (k)(1) to read as follows:
Sec. 141.23 Inorganic chemical sampling and analytical requirements.
* * * * *
(k) * * *
(1) Analysis for the following contaminants shall be conducted in
accordance with the methods in the following Table, or their equivalent
as determined by EPA. Criteria for analyzing arsenic, barium,
beryllium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium,
sodium, and thallium with digestion or directly without digestion, and
other analytical test procedures are contained in Technical Notes on
Drinking Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994. This document
also contains approved analytical test methods which remain available
for compliance monitoring until July 1, 1996. These methods will not be
available for use after July 1, 1996. This document is available from
the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB95-104766, U.S.
Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia
22161. The toll-free number is 800-553-6847.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Methodology EPA ASTM\3\ SM\4\ Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Antimony............ ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Hydride-Atomic ........... D-3697-92
Absorption.
Atomic \2\200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Arsenic............. Inductively \2\200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... D-2972-93C 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Hydride Atomic ........... D-2972-93B 3114B...............
Absorption.
Asbestos............ Transmission \9\100.1
Electron
Microscopy.
Transmission \10\100.2
Electron
Microscopy.
Barium.............. Inductively \2\200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic ........... .................... 3111D...............
Absorption;
Direct.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Beryllium........... Inductively \2\200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... D-3645-93B 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Cadmium............. Inductively \2\200.7
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Chromium............ Inductively \2\200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Cyanide............. Manual ........... .................... 4500-CN-C...........
Distillation
followed by.
Spectrophotomet ........... D2036-91B 4500CN-G............
ric, Amenable.
Spectrophotomet ........... D2036-91A 4500-CN-E........... \5\I-3300-85
ric Manual.
Semi-automated. \6\335.4
Selective ........... .................... 4500CN-F............
Electrode.
Fluoride............ Ion \6\300.0 D4327-91 4110B...............
Chromatography.
Manual ........... .................... 4500F-B,D...........
Distill.;
Color. SPADNS.
Manual ........... D1179-93B 4500F-C.............
Electrode.
Automated ........... .................... .................... \11\380-75WE
Electrode.
Automated ........... .................... 4500F-E............. \11\129-71W
Alizarin.
Mercury............. Manual, Cold \2\245.1 D3223-91 3112B...............
Vapor.
Automated, Cold \1\245.2
Vapor.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Nickel.............. Inductively \2\200.7 .................... 3120B...............
Coupled Plasma.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... .................... 3111B...............
Absorption;
Direct.
Atomic ........... .................... 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Nitrate............. Ion \6\300.0 D4327-91 4110B............... \8\B-1011
Chromatography.
Automated \6\353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO3-F..........
Cadmium
Reduction.
Ion Selective ........... .................... 4500-NO3-D.......... \7\601
Electrode.
Manual Cadmium ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO3-E..........
Reduction.
Nitrite............. Ion \6\300.0 D4327-91 4110B............... \8\B-1011
Chromatography.
Automated \6\353.2 D3867-90A 4500-NO3-F..........
Cadmium
Reduction.
Manual Cadmium ........... D3867-90B 4500-NO3-E..........
Reduction.
Spectrophotomet ........... .................... 4500-NO2-B..........
ric.
Selenium............ Hydride-Atomic ........... D3859-93A 3114B...............
Absorption.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Atomic ........... D3859-93B 3113B...............
Absorption;
Furnace.
Thallium............ ICP-Mass \2\200.8
Spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
Absorption;
Platform.
Lead................ Atomic ........... D3559-90D 3113B...............
absorption;
furnace.
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
absorption;
platform.
Copper.............. Atomic ........... D1688-90C 3113B...............
absorption;
furnace.
Atomic ........... D1688-90A 3111B...............
absorption;
direct
aspiration.
ICP............ \2\200.7 .................... 3120B...............
ICP-Mass \2\200.8
spectrometry.
Atomic \2\200.9
absorption;
platform.
pH.................. Electrometric.. \1\150.1 D1293-84 4500-H+-B...........
............... \1\150.2
Conductivity........ Conductance.... ........... D1125-91A 2510B...............
Calcium............. EDTA ........... D511-93A 3500-Ca-D...........
titrimetric.
Atomic ........... D511-93B 3111B...............
absorption;
direct
aspiration.
Inductively- \2\200.7 .................... 3120B...............
coupled plasma.
Alkalinity.......... Titrimetric.... ........... D1067-92B 2320B...............
Electrometric ........... .................... .................... \5\I-1030-85
titration.
Orthophosphate\12\.. Colorimetric, \6\365.1 .................... 4500-P-F............
automated,
ascorbic acid.
Colorimetric, ........... D515-88A 4500-P-E............
ascorbic acid,
single reagent.
Colorimetric, ........... .................... .................... \5\I-1601-85
phosphomolybda
te;.
automated- ........... .................... .................... \5\I-2601-90
segmented
flow;.
automated ........... .................... .................... \5\I-2598-85
discrete.
Ion \6\300.0 D4327-91 4110................
Chromatography.
Silica.............. Colorimetric, ........... .................... .................... \5\I-1700-85
molybdate
blue;.
automated- ........... .................... .................... \5\I-2700-85
segmented flow.
Colorimetric... ........... D859-88
Molybdosilicate ........... .................... 4500-Si-D...........
Heteropoly blue ........... .................... 4500-Si-E...........
Automated ........... .................... 4500-Si-F...........
method for
molybdate-
reactive
silica.
Inductively- \2\200.7 .................... 3120B...............
coupled plasma.
Temperature......... Thermometric... ........... .................... 2550B...............
Sodium.............. Inductively- \2\200.7
coupled plasma.
Atomic ........... .................... 3111B...............
Absorption;
direct
aspiration.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Footnotes:
\1\Methods 150.1, 150.2 and 245.2 are available from US EPA, EMSL, Cincinnati, OH 45268. The identical methods
were formerly in ``Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes'', EPA-600/4-79-020, March 1983, which is
available at NTIS, PB84-128677.
\2\``Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples--Supplement I'', EPA-600/R-94-111, May
1994. Available at NTIS, PB 94-184942.
\3\The procedures shall be done in accordance with the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01 and
11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials. This incorporation by reference was approved by the
Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained
from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Copies may be
inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the
Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\4\The procedures shall be done in accordance with the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 1992, American Public Health Association. This incorporation by reference was approved
by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be
obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copies
may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of
the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\5\Available from Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425,
Denver, CO 80225-0425.
\6\``Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples'', EPA-600/R-93-100, August
1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-121811.
\7\The procedure shall be done in accordance with the Technical Bulletin 601 ``Standard Method of Test for
Nitrate in Drinking Water'', July 1994, PN 221890-001, Analytical Technology, Inc. This incorporation by
reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR
Part 51. Copies may be obtained from ATI Orion, 529 Main Street, Boston, MA 02129. Copies may be inspected at
EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal
Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\8\Method B-1011, ``Waters Test Method for Determination of Nitrite/Nitrate in Water Using Single Column Ion
Chromatography'', Millipore Corporation, Waters Chromatography Division, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757.
\9\Method 100.1, ``Analytical Method For Determination of Asbestos Fibers in Water'', EPA-600/4-83-043, EPA,
September 1983. Available at NTIS, PB83-260471.
\10\Method 100.2, ``Determination Of Asbestos Structure Over 10-m In Length In Drinking Water'', EPA-
600/R-94-134, June 1994. Available at NTIS, PB94-201902.
\11\The procedures shall be done in accordance with the Industrial Method No. 129-71W, ``Fluoride in Water and
Wastewater'', December 1972, and Method No. 380-75WE, ``Fluoride in Water and Wastewater'', February 1976,
Technicon Industrial Systems. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal
Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from the Technicon
Industrial Systems, Tarrytown, NY 10591. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street,
SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of Federal Register, 800 Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700,
Washington, DC.
\12\Unfiltered, no digestion or hydrolysis.
* * * * *
(q) [Reserved]
5. Section 141.24 is amended by removing and reserving paragraphs
(f)(16), and (h)(12), adding paragraphs (e), reviewing paragraph
(h)(13), introductory text, and paragraph (h)(13)(i) to read as
follows:
Sec. 141.24 Organic chemicals other than total trihalomethanes,
sampling and analytical requirements.
* * * * *
(e) Analyses for the contaminants in this section shall be
conducted using the following EPA methods or their equivalent as
approved by EPA. Methods 502.2, 505, 507, 508, 508A, 515.1 and 531.1
are in Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking
Water, EPA-600/4-88-039, December 1988, Revised, July 1991. Methods
506, 547, 550, 550.1 and 551 are in Methods for the Determination of
Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--Supplement I, EPA-600-4-90-020,
July 1990. Methods 515.2, 524.2, 548.1, 549.1, 552.1 and 555 are in
Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water--
Supplement II, EPA-600/R-92-129, August 1992. Method 1613 is titled
``Tetra-through Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope-Dilution
HRGC/HRMS'', EPA-821-B-94-005, October 1994. These documents are
available from the National Technical Information Service, NTIS PB91-
231480, PB91-146027, PB92-207703 and PB95-104774, U.S. Department of
Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The toll-
free number is 800-553-6847. Method 6651 shall be followed in
accordance with the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, American Public Health
Association. This incorporation by reference was approved by the
Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and
1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Public Health
Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, DC 20005. Copies
may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW.,
Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800
North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. Method 6610 shall
be followed in accordance with the Supplement to the 18th edition of
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1994,
American Public Health Association. This incorporation by reference was
approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained from the
American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW.,
Washington, DC 20005. Copies may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water
Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of
the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700,
Washington, DC. Other analytical test procedures are contained in
Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October
1994, NTIS PB95-104766. This document also contains approved analytical
methods which remain available for compliance monitoring until July 1,
1996. These methods will not be available for use after July 1, 1996.
EPA Methods 504.1, 508.1 and 525.2 are available from US EPA EMSL,
Cincinnati, OH 45268. The phone number is 513-569-7586.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant Method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Benzene............................ 502.2, 524.2.
Carbon tetrachloride............... 502.2, 524.2, 551.
Chlorobenzene...................... 502.2, 524.2.
1,2-Dichlorobenzene................ 502.2, 524.2.
1,4-Dichlorobenzene................ 502.2, 524.2.
1,2-Dichloroethane................. 502.2, 524.2.
cis-Dichloroethylene............... 502.2, 524.2.
trans-Dichloroethylene............. 502.2, 524.2.
Dichloromethane.................... 502.2, 524.2.
1,2-Dichloropropane................ 502.2, 524.2.
Ethylbenzene....................... 502.2, 524.2.
Styrene............................ 502.2, 524.2.
Tetrachloroethylene................ 502.2, 524.2, 551.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane.............. 502.2, 524.2, 551.
Trichloroethylene.................. 502.2, 524.2, 551.
Toluene............................ 502.2, 524.2.
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene............. 502.2, 524.2.
1,1-Dichloroethylene............... 502.2, 524.2.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane.............. 502.2, 524.2.
Vinyl chloride..................... 502.2, 524.2.
Xylenes (total).................... 502.2, 524.2.
2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin).............. 1613.
2,4-D.............................. 515.2, 555, 515.1.
2,4,5-TP (Silvex).................. 515.2, 555, 515.1.
Alachlor........................... 505\1\, 507, 525.2, 508.1.
Atrazine........................... 505\1\, 507, 525.2, 508.1.
Benzo(a)pyrene..................... 525.2, 550, 550.1.
Carbofuran......................... 531.1, 6610.
Chlordane.......................... 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Dalapon............................ 552.1, 515.1.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate........... 506, 525.2.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate......... 506, 525.2.
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP)........ 504.1, 551.
Dinoseb............................ 515.2, 555, 515.1.
Diquat............................. 549.1.
Endothall.......................... 548.1.
Endrin............................. 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)........... 504.1, 551.
Glyphosate......................... 547, 6651.
Heptachlor......................... 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Heptachlor Epoxide................. 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Hexachlorobenzene.................. 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene.......... 505, 525.2, 508, 508.1.
Lindane............................ 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Methoxychlor....................... 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
Oxamyl............................. 531.1, 6610.
PCBs\2\ (as decachlorobiphenyl).... 508A.
(as Aroclors).................... 505, 508.
Pentachlorophenol.................. 515.2, 525.2, 555, 515.1.
Picloram........................... 515.2, 555, 515.1.
Simazine........................... 505\1\, 507, 525.2, 508.1.
Toxaphene.......................... 505, 508, 525.2.
Total Trihalomethanes.............. 502.2, 524.2, 551.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\A nitrogen-phosphorous detector should be substituted for the
electron capture detector in Method 505 (or another approved method
should be used) to determine alachlor, atrazine and simazine, if lower
detection limits are required.
\2\PCBs are qualitatively identified as Aroclors and measured for
compliance purposes as decachlorobiphenyl.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
(12) (Reserved)
(13) Analysis for PCBs shall be conducted as follows using the
methods in paragraph (e) of this section:
(i) Each system which monitors for PCBs shall analyze each sample
using either Method 505 or Method 508.
* * * * *
6. Section 141.30 is amended by revising paragraph (e) and by
removing removing Appendix A, Appendix B, and Appendix C to read as
follows:
Sec. 141.30 Total trihalomethane sampling, analytical and other
requirements.
* * * * *
(e) Sampling and analyses made pursuant to this section shall be
conducted by the total trihalomethane methods as directed in
Sec. 141.24(e), and in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS, PB95-104766.
* * * * *
7. Section 141.40 is amended by revising paragraphs (g), (n)(11),
and (n)(12) to read as follows:
Sec. 141.40 Special monitoring for inorganic and organic chemicals.
* * * * *
(g) Analysis for the unregulated contaminants listed under
paragraphs (e) and (j) of this section shall be conducted using EPA
Methods 502.2 or 524.2, or their equivalent as determined by EPA,
except analysis for bromodichloromethane, bromoform,
chlorodibromomethane and chloroform under paragraph (e) of this section
also may be conducted by EPA Method 551, and analysis for 1,2,3-
trichloropropane also may be conducted by EPA Method 504.1. A source
for the EPA methods is referenced at Sec. 141.24(e).
* * * * *
(n) * * *
(11) Systems shall monitor for the unregulated organic contaminants
listed below, using the method(s) identified below and using the
analytical test procedures contained in Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at
NTIS, PB95-104766. Method 6610 shall be followed in accordance with the
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 18th
Edition Supplement, 1994, American Public Health Association. This
incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal
Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies
may be obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015
Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copies may be inspected at
EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460;
or at the Office of the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street,
NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC. A source for EPA methods 505, 507, 508,
508.1, 515.2, 525.2 and 531.1 is referenced at Sec. 141.24(e).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminants Method
------------------------------------------------------------------------
aldicarb........................... 531.1, 6610.
aldicarb sulfone................... 531.1, 6610.
aldicarb sulfoxide................. 531.1, 6610.
aldrin............................. 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
butachlor.......................... 507, 525.2.
carbaryl........................... 531.1, 6610.
dicamba............................ 515.2, 555, 515.1.
dieldrin........................... 505, 508, 525.2, 508.1.
3-hydroxycarbofuran................ 531.1, 6610.
methomyl........................... 531.1, 6610.
metolachlor........................ 507, 525.2, 508.1.
metribuzin......................... 507, 525.2, 508.1.
propachlor......................... 508, 525.2, 508.1.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(12) Systems shall monitor for sulfate, an unregulated inorganic
contaminant, by using the methods listed at Sec. 143.4(b).
* * * * *
8. Section 141.41 is amended by revising paragraph (d) to read as
follows:
Sec. 141.41 Special monitoring for sodium.
* * * * *
(d) Analyses for sodium shall be conducted as directed in
Sec. 141.23(k)(1).
9. Section 141.42 is amended by removing and reserving paragraphs
(a) through (c).
10. Section 141.74 is amended by revising paragraphs (a)(1) and
(a)(2), and removing paragraphs (a)(3) through (a)(7) to read as
follows:
Sec. 141.74 Analytical and monitoring requirements.
(a) * * *
(1) Public water systems must conduct analysis of pH in accordance
with one of the methods listed at Sec. 141.23(k)(1). Public water
systems must conduct analyses of total coliforms, fecal coliforms,
heterotrophic bacteria, turbidity, and temperature in accordance with
one of the following analytical methods and by using analytical test
procedures contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-
600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-104766.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Organism Methodology Citation\1\
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Coliforms......... Total Coliform 9221A, B, C
Fermentation Technique/
3,4,5/.
Total Coliform Membrane 9222A, B, C
Filter Technique.
ONPG-MUG Test\6\........ 9223
Fecal Coliforms......... Fecal Coliform MPN 9221E
Procedure\7\.
Fecal Coliforms Membrane 9222D
Filter Procedure.
Heterotrophic Pour Plate Method....... 9215B
bacteria\2\.
Turbidity............... Nephelometric Method.... 2130B
Nephelometric Method.... 180.1\8\
Great Lakes Instruments. Method 2\9\
Temperature............. ........................ 2550
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Footnotes:
\1\Except where noted, all methods refer to the 18th edition of Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992, American
Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW, Washington, D.C.
20005.
\2\The time from sample collection to initiation of analysis may not
exceed 8 hours.
\3\Lactose broth, as commercially available, may be used in lieu of
lauryl tryptose broth, if the system conducts at least 25 parallel
tests between this medium and lauryl tryptose broth using the water
normally tested, and this comparison demonstrates that the false-
positive rate for total coliforms, using lactose broth, is less than
10 percent.
\4\Media should cover inverted tubes at least one-half to two-thirds
after the sample is added.
\5\No requirement exists to run the completed phase on 10 percent of all
total coliform-positive confirmed tubes.
\6\The ONPG-MUG Test is also known as the Autoanalysis Colilert System.
\7\A-1 Broth may be held up to three months in a tightly closed screwcap
tube at 4 deg.C.
\8\``Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in
Environmental Samples'', EPA-600/R-93-100, August 1993. Available at
NTIS, PB94-121811.
\9\GLI Method 2, ``Turbidity'', November 2, 1992, Great Lakes
Instruments, Inc., 8855 North 55th Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53223.
(2) Public water systems must measure residual disinfectant
concentrations with one of the analytical methods in the following
table. The methods are contained in the 18th edition of Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1992. Other
analytical test procedures are contained in Technical Notes on Drinking
Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-173, October 1994, which is available at
NTIS PB95-104766. If approved by the State, residual disinfectant
concentrations for free chlorine and combined chlorine also may be
measured by using DPD colorimetric test kits. Free and total chlorine
residuals may be measured continuously by adapting a specified chlorine
residual method for use with a continuous monitoring instrument
provided the chemistry, accuracy, and precision remain same.
Instruments used for continuous monitoring must be calibrated with a
grab sample measurement at least every five days, or with a protocol
approved by the State.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Residual Methodology Methods
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Free Chlorine........... Amperometric Titration.. 4500-Cl D
DPD Ferrous Titrimetric. 4500-Cl F
DPD Colorimetric........ 4500-Cl G
Syringaldazine (FACTS).. 4500-Cl H
Total Chlorine.......... Amperometric Titration.. 4500-Cl D
Amperometric Titration 4500-Cl E
(low level measurement).
DPD Ferrous Titrimetric. 4500-Cl F
DPD Colorimetric........ 4500-Cl G
Iodometric Electrode.... 4500-Cl I
Chlorine Dioxide........ Amperometric Titration.. 4500-ClO2 C
DPD Method.............. 4500-ClO2 D
Amperometric Titration.. 4500-ClO2 E
Ozone................... Indigo Method........... 4500-O3 B
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
11. Section 141.89 is amended by revising paragraph (a)
introductory text; removing the table in paragraph (a); and by removing
and reserving paragraph (b) to read as follows:
Sec. 141.89 Analytical methods.
(a) Analyses for lead, copper, pH, conductivity, calcium,
alkalinity, orthophosphate, silica, and temperature shall be conducted
with the methods in Sec. 141.23(k)(1).
* * * * *
PART 143--NATIONAL SECONDARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS
1. The authority citation for part 143 continues to read as
follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-1, 300g-2 300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-
5, 300g-6, 300j-4, 300j-9.
2. Section 143.4 is amended by revising paragraph (b) to read as
follows:
Sec. 143.4 Monitoring.
* * * * *
(b) Measurement of pH, copper and fluoride to determine compliance
under Sec. 143.3 may be conducted with one of the methods in
Sec. 141.23(k)(1). Analyses of aluminum, chloride, foaming agents,
iron, manganese, odor, silver, sulfate, total dissolved solids (TDS)
and zinc to determine compliance under Sec. 143.3 may be conducted with
the methods in the following Table. Criteria for analyzing aluminum,
copper, iron, manganese, silver and zinc samples with digestion or
directly without digestion, and other analytical test procedures are
contained in Technical Notes on Drinking Water Methods, EPA-600/R-94-
173, October 1994, which is available at NTIS PB95-104766.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contaminant EPA ASTM\3\ SM4 Other
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aluminum........................... \2\200.7 .................... 3120B.................
\2\200.8 .................... 3113B.................
\2\200.9 .................... 3111D.................
Chloride........................... \1\300.0 D4327-91............ 4110..................
4500-Cl--D............
Color.............................. ........... .................... 2120B.................
Foaming Agents..................... ........... .................... 5540C.................
Iron............................... \2\200.7 .................... 3120B.................
\2\200.9 .................... 3111B.................
3113B.................
Manganese.......................... \2\200.7 .................... 3120B.................
\2\200.8 .................... 3111B.................
\2\200.9 .................... 3113B.................
Odor............................... ........... .................... 2150B.................
Silver............................. \2\200.7 .................... 3120B................. I-3720-85\5\
\2\200.8 .................... 3111B.................
\2\200.9 .................... 3113B.................
Sulfate............................ \1\300.0 D4327-91............ 4110..................
\1\375.2 .................... 4500-SO4-F............
4500-SO4-C,D..........
TDS................................ ........... .................... 2540C.................
Zinc............................... \2\200.7 .................... 3120B.................
\2\200.8 .................... 3111B ................
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Footnotes:
\1\``Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Substances in Environmental Samples'', EPA-600/R-93-100, August
1993. Available at NTIS, PB94-121811.
\2\``Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples--Supplement I'', EPA-600/R-94-111, May
1994. Available at NTIS, PB94-184942.
\3\The procedures shall be done in accordance with the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1994, Vols. 11.01 and
11.02, American Society for Testing and Materials. This incorporation by reference was approved by the
Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be obtained
from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Copies may be
inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of the
Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\4\The procedures shall be done in accordance with the 18th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 1992, American Public Health Association. This incorporation by reference was approved
by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR Part 51. Copies may be
obtained from the American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, DC 20005. Copies
may be inspected at EPA's Drinking Water Docket, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460; or at the Office of
the Federal Register, 800 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite 700, Washington, DC.
\5\Available from Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425,
Denver, CO 80225-0425.
[FR Doc. 94-29692 Filed 12-2-94; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P