[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 113 (Monday, June 13, 2011)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 34192-34196]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2011-14553]
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
10 CFR Part 431
[Docket No. EERE-2011-BT-STD-0031]
RIN 1904-AC54
Commercial and Industrial Pumps
AGENCY: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Department of
Energy.
ACTION: Request for Information (RFI).
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SUMMARY: The Energy Policy and Conservation Act as amended (42 U.S.C.
6291 et seq.) prescribes energy conservation standards for certain
commercial and industrial equipment, and requires the Department of
Energy (DOE) to administer an energy conservation program for the
equipment. In this notice, DOE requests information from interested
parties regarding product markets, energy use, test procedures, and
energy efficient product designs for commercial and industrial pumps.
Additional input and suggestions relevant to this equipment are also
welcome.
DATES: Written comments and information are requested by July 13, 2011.
ADDRESSES: Interested persons may submit comments in writing,
identified by docket number EERE-2011-BT-STD-0031, by any of the
following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
E-mail: [email protected]. Include EERE-
2011-BT-STD-0031 and/or RIN 1904-AC54 in the subject line of the
message.
Mail: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department of Energy,
Building Technologies Program, Mailstop EE-2J, Request for Information
for Commercial and Industrial Pumps, EERE-2011-BT-STD-0031 and/or RIN
1904-AC54, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW.,
[[Page 34193]]
Washington, DC 20585-0121. Phone: (202) 586-2945. Please submit one
signed paper original.
Hand Delivery/Courier: Ms. Brenda Edwards, U.S. Department
of Energy, Building Technologies Program, 6th Floor, 950 L'Enfant
Plaza, SW., Washington, DC 20024. Phone: (202) 586-2945. Please submit
one signed paper original.
Instructions: All submissions received must include the
agency name and docket number.
Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or
comments received, visit the U.S. Department of Energy, Resource Room
of the Building Technologies Program, 950 L'Enfant Plaza, SW., Suite
600, Washington, DC 20024, (202) 586-2945, between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.,
Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. Please call Ms. Brenda
Edwards at the above telephone number for additional information
regarding visiting the Resource Room.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Charles Llenza, U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building
Technologies Program, EE-2J, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington,
DC 20585-0121. Telephone: (202) 586-2192. E-mail:
[email protected].
In the Office of General Counsel, Ms. Elizabeth Kohl, U.S.
Department of Energy, Office of the General Counsel, GC-71, 1000
Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585-0121. Telephone: (202)
586-7796. E-mail: [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
1. Statutory Authority
Title III of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) of 1975,
as amended (42 U.S.C. 6291 et seq.), sets forth various provisions
designed to improve energy efficiency. Part C of EPCA includes measures
to improve the energy efficiency of commercial and industrial
equipment.\1\ See 42 U.S.C. 6311-6316.
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\1\ Part C was re-designated Part A-1 on codification of the
U.S. Code for editorial reasons.
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Section 6311(A) includes electric motors and pumps as ``covered
equipment.'' Section 6316(a) describes how provisions in Part A (which
concerns ``Consumer Products Other Than Automobiles'') apply to
industrial equipment, which includes pumps.\2\
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\2\ It states that the provisions of section 6296(a), (b), and
(d), the provisions of subsections (l) through (s) of section 6295,
and section 6297 through 6306 shall apply with respect to electric
motors and pumps to the same extent and in the same manner as they
apply in part A. In applying the provisions in the sections cited
above, section 6316(a)(1) states that references to sections 6293,
6294, and 6295 of this title shall be considered as references to
sections 6314, 6315, and 6313 of this title, respectively; and
section 6316(a)(3) states that the term ``equipment'' shall be
substituted for the term ``product.''
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Sections 6314 and 6315 concern test procedures and labeling,
respectively, for covered equipment. The provisions in these sections,
in combination with section 6316(a), give DOE authority to establish
test procedures and to prescribe a labeling rule for pumps.
Based on the information DOE receives in response to this Request
for Information, DOE will determine whether to initiate a rulemaking to
establish a test procedure, energy conservation standard, or labeling
requirement for commercial and industrial pumps.
2. Evaluation of Pumps as Covered Equipment
EPCA lists several specific types of ``industrial equipment'' as
``covered equipment,'' including electric motors and pumps. (42 U.S.C.
6311(1))
DOE estimates that commercial, industrial, and agricultural pumps
consume approximately 0.63 quads per year of electricity and that
technologies exist that can reduce this consumption by approximately
0.190 quads annually.
DOE used industry and census data to calculate the average
establishment energy use for pumps.
Industrial Pumps
Several estimates have been made of industrial pump electricity
use. Four are discussed here. The most recent, made for the DOE Office
of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Industrial Technologies
program by Energetics Incorporated, states that the total industrial
energy use of industrial pumps is estimated to be 185,000 million kWh
or 0.63 quads site energy use. The machine drive energy data used in
this estimate (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/rd/footprints.html)
were primarily provided by the DOE Energy Information Administration's
(EIA's) Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS). The machine
drive energy includes pump energy and reflects consumption in the year
2006, when the survey was last completed.
Another recent report for the United Nations (``Motor System
Efficiency Supply Curves UNIDO,'' Dec. 2010),\3\ also used the 2006
MECS data. The total industrial energy use was estimated to be 126,180
million kWh or 0.43 quads site energy use. Part of the reason for the
lower estimate in this study is that the authors listed a lower value
for the petroleum refining industry than any of the other three
studies.
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\3\ McKane, A. and A. Hasanbeigi, ``Motor Systems Efficiency
Supply Curves,'' United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
(2010) (Available at: http://industrial-energy.lbl.gov/files/industrial-energy/active/0/UNIDO%20Motor%20Systems%20Efficiency%20Supply%20Curves.pdf)
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An earlier study conducted for DOE, ``United States Industrial
Electric Motor Systems Opportunities Assessment, December, 2002,'' \4\
estimated energy used by pumps in the manufacturing sector. This energy
use estimate did not include agriculture, oil and gas extraction, water
and wastewater, or mineral mining. Standard Industrial Codes (SICs)
from 20-39 (except for 21 and 39) were included in the analysis. The
site energy use estimated for the year 1994 was 142,690 million kWh or
0.49 quads site energy use. Table 2.1 lists the energy use for each
industry analyzed.
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\4\ U.S Department of Energy, ``United States Industrial
Electric Motor Systems Market Opportunities Assessment.'' Office of
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, United States Department of
Energy. (2002) Available at: http://www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices/
Table 2.1--Industrial Sector Electricity Use by Pumps
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Pump
electricity
Industry use (millions
of kWh)
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Food.................................................... 6,218
Textile Mill products................................... 2,949
Lumber and Wood......................................... 1,209
Furniture and Fixtures.................................. 27
Paper and Allied products............................... 31,309
Printing and Publishing................................. 84
Chemical and Allied Products............................ 37,591
Petroleum and Coal Products............................. 30,643
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics....................... 9,211
Stone, Clay and Glass Products.......................... 90
Primary Metal Industries................................ 7,646
Fabricated Metal Industries............................. 903
Industrial Machinery and Equipment...................... 968
Electronics and Other Electric Equipment................ 7,732
Transportation Equipment................................ 5,517
Instruments and Related Products........................ 594
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The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) 2003
report ``Realizing Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Industrial Fan
and Pump Systems'' summarizes the energy use of pumps in a variety of
industrial settings (including manufacturing,
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mining, and agriculture).\5\ The report provides total electricity
consumption and an estimate of the energy savings possible if available
technologies were utilized. The report estimates the total annual
agricultural and industrial electricity demand for pumps to be 140.6
billion kWh or 0.480 quads of site energy use.
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\5\ Nadel, S. and N. Elliot. ``Realizing Energy Efficiency
Opportunities in Industrial Fan and Pump Systems,'' Washington, DC.:
American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. (2003) Available
at: http://www.nwcouncil.org/dropbox/6th%20Plan%20Industrial/Industrial%20Conservation%20Data%20Catalogue/ISC%20Document%20Catalogue_Public%20Version-5%20June%202009/Documents/Tier%202/ACEEE_fans%20and%20pumps_Apr%202003.pdf
Table 2.2--Industrial Sector Electricity Demand and Pump Electricity Use
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Pump
Electricity Pumps' share electricity
Industry demand in 2006 of electricity use in 2006
billion kWh use % billion kWh
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Agriculture..................................................... 16.3 25 4.1
Mining.......................................................... 85.4 7 6.0
Food Mfg........................................................ 78.0 11 8.6
Textile Product Mills........................................... 6.0 14 0.8
Wood Product Mfg................................................ 28.9 4 1.2
Paper Mfg....................................................... 122.2 28 34.2
Petroleum and Coal Products Mfg................................. 60.1 51 30.7
Chemical Mfg.................................................... 207.1 18 37.3
Plastics & Rubber Mfg........................................... 53.4 9 4.8
Nonmetallic Minerals Product Mfg................................ 44.8 4 1.8
Primary Metal Mfg............................................... 140.0 2 2.8
Fabricated Metal Product Mfg.................................... 42.2 7 3.0
Machinery Mfg................................................... 32.7 8 2.6
Computer & Electronic Product Mfg............................... 27.5 2 0.6
Transportation Equipment Mfg.................................... 57.7 4 2.3
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Total....................................................... 1,002.4 140.6
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The studies cited above (see Table 2.3) provide estimates of total
annual pump energy use ranging from about 126,000 million kWh to
185,000 million kWh (about 0.43 to 0.63 quads) of site energy use. All
the studies excluded oil and gas extraction, and water and wastewater
pumping. All the studies found that the paper, chemical, and petroleum
and coal products manufacturing industries are the three leading users
of pump energy. If the total industrial energy use is estimated using
the most recent MECS and including all of the petroleum refining
industry pump energy use, an estimate of 0.63 quads of site electricity
use is derived. The primary energy use is about three times the site
energy use, or 1.9 quads.
Table 2.3--Summary of Industrial Energy Use for Pumps
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Annual site
Study electricity use
(billion kWh)
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DOE Energetics, 2006, ``Manufacturing Energy and 185.0
Carbon Footprints''.................................
United Nations Industrial Development Organization 126.0
(UNIDO), 2010, ``Motor Systems Efficiency Supply
Curves''............................................
DOE Opportunity Assessment, 2002, ``United States 142.7
Industrial Electric Motor Systems Market
Opportunities Assessment''..........................
ACEEE, 2003, ``Realizing Energy Efficiency 140.6
Opportunities in Industrial Fan and Pump Systems''..
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Based on U.S. Census data,\6\ the number of establishments involved
in mining, manufacturing, and agriculture is estimated as follows.
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\6\ http://www.ces.census.gov/index.php/bds/bds_database_list
Table 2.4--Numbers of Establishments by Sector
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Sector Establishments
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Agriculture, 1997.................................... 91,000
Manufacturing, 2005.................................. 323,476
Mining, 1997......................................... 21,839
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Total............................................ 436,315
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Using the highest estimate, the average per-establishment energy
use for pumps for agricultural, manufacturing, and mining
establishments in 2006 was 1.27 million kWh.
Commercial Building Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Pumps
Based on a 1999 analysis by Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL), the
average per-establishment energy use for pumps in commercial heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) applications for 1999 was
about 8.5 MWh, which exceeds 150 kWh for the 12-month period of 1999.
The ADL analysis, ``Energy Consumption Characteristics of Commercial
Building HVAC Systems,'' Volume 2, used EIA's 1999 Commercial Buildings
Energy Consumption Survey data to develop its estimate.
a. Savings Estimate
Reports cited in this RFI estimate potential energy savings from
pumps of 10 percent to 50 percent.\7\ Because these estimates include a
variety of system and pump efficiency measures including proper sizing
of equipment,
[[Page 34195]]
the lowest energy savings estimate of 10 percent, based on an European
Union (EU) study of pump efficiencies (cited in (c) below), is assumed
for the pump efficiency alone. If that estimate is converted to primary
energy, the savings are estimated to be 0.19 quads. The potential for
energy savings is concentrated in paper manufacturing, mining, chemical
manufacturing, petroleum and coal products manufacturing, and primary
metal manufacturing, which account for 75 percent of the potential
total energy savings from industrial pumps.
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\7\ UNIDO estimates cost-effective potential at 29 percent and
technical potential at 43 percent for US industrial pumping system.
Opportunities Assessment reports a midrange savings of 9.6 percent
of pump energy use through system efficiency improvements for a
total of 20 percent. ACEEE estimates that ``the typical energy
savings from fan, pump, or blower-system upgrades vary from 20
percent to 50 percent.''
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b. Efficiency Considerations
Pump system efficiencies depend on design factors such as surface
roughness, internal clearances, solids handling capability, curve
shape, mechanical shaft seal losses, and other factors.
c. Summary of Data and Calculations
Analyses based on data from the 2003 EU ``European Guide to Pump
Efficiency for Single Stage Centrifugal Pumps'' \8\ show that for
typical flow rates it is reasonable to expect an efficiency improvement
of 10 percent from the mean pump efficiency to the maximum practically
attainable level.
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\8\ European Commission. ``European Guide to Pump Efficiency for
Single Stage Centrifugal Pumps,'' Varese, Italy: European
Commission. (2003) Available at: http://work.sitedirect.se/sites/europump/europump/index.php?show=226_SWE&&page_anchor=http://work.sitedirect.se/sites/europump/europump/p226/p226_swe.php
Table 2.5--Summary Table of Primary Energy Consumption and Estimated Savings
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Energy per Energy consumption Estimated savings (@
Sector Establishments establishment kWh million kWh 10%) million kWh
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Industrial.......................................... 436,315 1,272,000 555,000 55,000
Commercial Building HVAC............................ 4,657,000 8,496 39,565 7,913
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3. Other Regulatory Programs
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and DOE jointly administer
the voluntary ENERGY STAR labeling program (http://www.energystar.gov)
for various products and equipment. ENERGY STAR currently has no
labeling program for energy-efficient pumps. Some states, including
California, have prescribed standards and other regulations regarding
pumps, in particular for hydronic systems, including a requirement for
variable speed drives on pumps larger than 5 horsepower (California
Energy Commission, ``2008 Building Energy Efficiency Standards for
Residential and Nonresidential Buildings,'' effective January 1, 2010,
Section 144(j)).
4. Regulatory Scope
DOE has not previously conducted an energy conservation standard
rulemaking for pumps. With this notice, DOE states its intention to
evaluate the energy savings potential of energy conservation standards,
labels, or both for commercial and industrial pumps. DOE requests
information from interested parties regarding product markets, energy
use, test procedures, and energy efficient product design. After public
comment on this RFI, DOE will consider developing test procedures and
energy conservation standards or labels for this equipment.
Test procedures prescribed in accordance with EPACT 2005 ``shall be
reasonably designed to produce test results which reflect energy
efficiency, energy use, and estimated operating costs of a type of
industrial equipment (or class thereof) during a representative average
use cycle (as determined by the Secretary), and shall not be unduly
burdensome to conduct.'' (42 U.S.C. 6314) In a test procedure
rulemaking, DOE prepares a notice of proposed rulemaking (NOPR) and
allows interested parties to present oral and written data, views, and
arguments with respect to such procedures. In prescribing new test
procedures, DOE takes into account relevant information including
technological developments relating to energy use or energy efficiency
of pumps.
With respect to rulemakings for energy conservation standards, DOE
typically prepares a framework document, which describes the issues,
analyses, and process that it is considering for the development of
energy conservation standards. After receiving comments on the
framework document, DOE typically prepares a preliminary analysis and
technical support document (TSD). The preliminary analysis typically
provides initial draft analyses of potential energy conservation
standards on consumers, manufacturers, and the nation. None of these
steps is required by statute.
DOE is required to publish a NOPR for new or amended conservation
standards. The NOPR presents DOE's proposal for potential energy
conservations standards and a summary of the results of DOE's
supporting technical analysis. The details of DOE's standards analysis
are provided in a TSD that describes both the burdens and benefits of
potential standards, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 6295(o)(B)(i). After the
publication of the NOPR, DOE affords interested persons an opportunity
during a period of not less than 60 days to provide oral and written
comment. After receiving and considering the comments on the NOPR and
not less than 90 days after the publication of the NOPR, DOE issues any
final rule prescribing new or amended energy conservation standards.
5. Potential Definition(s)
DOE will consider adding a definition for ``Commercial, Industrial,
and Agricultural Pumps (Pumps)'' in the Code of Federal Regulations to
clarify coverage of any potential test procedure or energy conservation
standard. There currently is no statutory definition of pumps. DOE is
considering the following definitions of pumps for potential test
procedures and energy conservation standards and to provide clarity for
interested parties as it continues its analyses. DOE seeks feedback
from interested parties on the following potential definition(s) of
pumps.
a. Definition of Rotodynamic Pumps
Rotodynamic pumps are kinetic machines that impart energy
continuously to the pumped fluid by means of a rotating impeller,
propeller, or rotor. The most common types of rotodynamic pumps are
centrifugal (radial), mixed flow, and axial flow pumps.
i. Centrifugal (Radial) Flow
Centrifugal pumps use bladed impellers with essentially radial
outlets to transfer rotational mechanical energy to the fluid,
primarily by increasing the fluid kinetic energy (angular
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momentum) and also increasing potential energy (static pressure).
Kinetic energy is then converted into usable pressure energy in the
discharge collector.
Centrifugal pumps that have single inlet impellers usually have a
specific speed below approximately 90 (4,500). Those having double-
suction impellers usually have a specific speed below approximately 135
(7,000). In pumps of this type, the liquid enters the impeller at the
hub and flows radially to the periphery, exiting perpendicular to the
rotating shaft.
ii. Mixed Flow
This type of pump has a single inlet impeller whereby the flow
enters axially and discharges in a mixed axial and radial direction.
Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed that ranges from
approximately 90 (4,500) to 200 (10,000).
iii. Axial Flow
A pump of this type, sometimes called a propeller pump, has a
single inlet impeller. The flow enters axially and discharges nearly
axially. Pumps of this type usually have a specific speed above
approximately 200 (10,000).
b. Definition of Positive Displacement Pumps
Positive displacement pumps add energy by trapping liquid in a
confined space and forcibly moving it out of the pump and into the
discharge pipe. This pumping action is accomplished by one of three
methods:
(1) Reciprocating action of plungers, pistons, bellows or
diaphragms;
(2) Rotary action of mechanical devices such as gears, screws,
vanes, etc.; or
(3) Blow case arrangements using pressurized air to displace
liquid.
Public Participation
A. Submission of Information
DOE will accept information and data in response to this Request
for Information as provided in the DATES section above. Information
submitted to the Department by e-mail should be provided in
WordPerfect, Microsoft Word, PDF, or text file format. Those responding
should avoid the use of special characters or any form of encryption,
and wherever possible, comments should include the electronic signature
of the author. Comments submitted to the Department by mail or hand
delivery/courier should include one signed original paper copy. No
telefacsimiles will be accepted. Comments submitted in response to this
notice will become a matter of public record and will be made publicly
available.
B. Issues on Which DOE Seeks Information
DOE welcomes comments on the energy use and energy efficiency of
commercial and industrial pumps and related issues. DOE is particularly
interested in receiving comments from interested parties on the
following issues:
(1) Definition(s) of pumps, pump product classes, and diversity of
pump types within pump product classes;
(2) Energy use by pumps as summarized in Table 3.1;
(3) Overview of the industrial and commercial pump market,
including shipments and efficiencies ranges;
(4) Availability and applicability of U.S. and international test
procedures for pumps;
(5) Assistance and resources available from stakeholders, states,
local jurisdictions, and others.
Issued in Washington, DC on June 7, 2011.
Kathleen B. Hogan,
Deputy Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
[FR Doc. 2011-14553 Filed 6-10-11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6450-01-P