[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 26 (Wednesday, February 8, 2012)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 6471-6475]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2012-2595]
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 174
[EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0573; FRL-9333-7]
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae Protein in Cotton; Exemption from
the Requirement of a Tolerance
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This regulation establishes an exemption from the requirement
of a tolerance for residues of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in
or on the food and feed commodities of cotton; cotton, undelinted seed;
cotton, gin byproducts; cotton, forage; cotton, hay; cotton, hulls;
cotton, meal; and cotton, refined oil, when used as a plant-
incorporated protectant (PIP) in cotton. Bayer CropScience LP submitted
a petition to EPA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA), requesting an exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.
This regulation eliminates the need to establish a maximum permissible
level for residues of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in cotton
under the FFDCA.
DATES: This regulation is effective February 8, 2012. Objections and
requests for hearings must be received on or before April 9, 2012, and
must be filed in accordance with the instructions provided in 40 CFR
part 178 (see also Unit I.C. of the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION).
ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under docket
identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0573. All documents in the
docket are listed in the docket index available at http://www.regulations.gov. Although listed in the index, some information is
not publicly available, e.g., Confidential Business Information (CBI)
or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain
other material, such as copyrighted material, is not placed on the
Internet and will be publicly available only in hard copy form.
Publicly available docket materials are available in the electronic
docket at http://www.regulations.gov, or, if only available in hard
copy, at the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) Regulatory Public
Docket in Rm. S-4400, One Potomac Yard (South Bldg.), 2777 S. Crystal
Dr., Arlington, VA. The Docket Facility is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4
p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The Docket
Facility telephone number is (703) 305-5805.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Shanaz Bacchus, Biopesticides and
Pollution Prevention Division (7511P), Office of Pesticide Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW.,
Washington, DC 20460-0001; telephone number: (703) 308-8097; email
address: [email protected].
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. General Information
A. Does this action apply to me?
You may be potentially affected by this action if you are an
agricultural producer, food manufacturer, or pesticide manufacturer.
Potentially affected entities may include, but are not limited to:
Crop production (NAICS code 111).
Animal production (NAICS code 112).
Food manufacturing (NAICS code 311).
Pesticide manufacturing (NAICS code 32532).
This listing is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides
a guide for readers regarding entities likely to be affected by this
action. Other types of entities not listed in this unit could also be
affected. The North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS)
codes have been provided to assist you and others in determining
whether this action might apply to certain entities. If you have any
questions regarding the applicability of this action to a particular
entity, consult the person listed under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT.
B. How can I get electronic access to other related information?
You may access a frequently updated electronic version of 40 CFR
part 174 through the Government Printing Office's e-CFR site at http://
[[Page 6472]]
ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?&c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title40/
40tab--02.tpl.
C. How can I file an objection or hearing request?
Under FFDCA section 408(g), 21 U.S.C. 346a(g), any person may file
an objection to any aspect of this regulation and may also request a
hearing on those objections. You must file your objection or request a
hearing on this regulation in accordance with the instructions provided
in 40 CFR part 178. To ensure proper receipt by EPA, you must identify
docket ID number EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0573 in the subject line on the first
page of your submission. All objections and requests for a hearing must
be in writing, and must be received by the Hearing Clerk on or before
April 9, 2012. Addresses for mail and hand delivery of objections and
hearing requests are provided in 40 CFR 178.25(b).
In addition to filing an objection or hearing request with the
Hearing Clerk as described in 40 CFR part 178, please submit a copy of
the filing that does not contain any CBI for inclusion in the public
docket. Information not marked confidential pursuant to 40 CFR part 2
may be disclosed publicly by EPA without prior notice. Submit a copy of
your non-CBI objection or hearing request, identified by docket ID
number EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-0573, by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the online instructions for submitting comments.
Mail: OPP Regulatory Public Docket (7502P), Environmental
Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-
0001.
Delivery: OPP Regulatory Public Docket (7502P),
Environmental Protection Agency, Rm. S-4400, One Potomac Yard (South
Bldg.), 2777 S. Crystal Dr., Arlington, VA. Deliveries are only
accepted during the Docket Facility's normal hours of operation (8:30
a.m. to 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays).
Special arrangements should be made for deliveries of boxed
information. The Docket Facility telephone number is (703) 305-5805.
II. Background and Statutory Findings
In the Federal Register of April 8, 2009 (74 FR 15969) (FRL-8407-
6), EPA issued a notice pursuant to section 408(d)(3) of FFDCA, 21
U.S.C. 346a(d)(3), announcing the filing of a pesticide tolerance
petition (PP 9F7514) by Bayer CropScience LP, P.O. Box 12014, 2 T.W.
Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. The petition requested
that 40 CFR part 174 be amended by establishing an exemption from the
requirement of a tolerance for residues of Bacillus thuringiensis
Cry2Ae insect control protein and the genetic material necessary for
its production in or on all food commodities. This notice referenced a
summary of the petition prepared by the petitioner, Bayer CropScience
LP, which is available in the docket via http://www.regulations.gov.
There were no comments received in response to the notice of filing.
Section 408(c)(2)(A)(i) of FFDCA allows EPA to establish an
exemption from the requirement for a tolerance (the legal limit for a
pesticide chemical residue in or on a food) only if EPA determines that
the exemption is ``safe.'' Section 408(c)(2)(A)(ii) of FFDCA defines
``safe'' to mean that ``there is a reasonable certainty that no harm
will result from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical residue,
including all anticipated dietary exposures and all other exposures for
which there is reliable information.'' This includes exposure through
drinking water and in residential settings but does not include
occupational exposure. Pursuant to section 408(c)(2)(B) of FFDCA, in
establishing or maintaining in effect an exemption from the requirement
of a tolerance, EPA must take into account the factors set forth in
section 408(b)(2)(C) of FFDCA, which require EPA to give special
consideration to exposure of infants and children to the pesticide
chemical residue in establishing a tolerance exemption and to ``ensure
that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to
infants and children from aggregate exposure to the pesticide chemical
residue. * * *'' Additionally, section 408(b)(2)(D) of FFDCA requires
that EPA consider ``available information concerning the cumulative
effects of [a particular pesticide's] * * * residues and other
substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity.''
EPA performs a number of analyses to determine the risks from
aggregate exposure to pesticide residues. First, EPA determines the
toxicity of pesticides. Second, EPA examines exposure to the pesticide
through food, drinking water, and through other exposures that occur as
a result of pesticide use in residential settings.
III. Toxicological Profile
Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D) of FFDCA, EPA has reviewed the
available scientific data and other relevant information in support of
this action and considered its validity, completeness, and reliability
and the relationship of this information to human risk. EPA has also
considered available information concerning the variability of the
sensitivities of major identifiable subgroups of consumers, including
infants and children.
A. Product Characterization Overview
Bayer CropScience LP (Bayer) developed event GHB119 cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum) to express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry2Ae
insecticidal protein (hereinafter referred to as Cry2Ae protein) for
use as a PIP. Event GHB119 cotton was created by Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation using plasmid pTEM12. This PIP provides event GHB119
cotton protection against feeding damage by lepidopteran insect larvae.
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Unique
Identifier for event GHB119 is BCS-GH005-8. The cry2Ae gene was
isolated from Bt subspecies dakota and its sequence modified for
optimal expression in plants. The cry2Ae gene used in plasmid pTEM12
encodes Cry2Ae insecticidal crystal protein containing 631 amino acids
with a molecular weight of 71 kilodaltons.
Bayer's event GHB119 cotton containing the Cry2Ae protein has been
in experimental trials since September 1, 2008. The Cry2Ae protein in
this cotton is intended to specifically control the larvae of cotton
bollworm (CBW, Helicoverpa zea), pink bollworm (PBW, Pectinophora
gossypiella), tobacco budworm (TBW, Heliothis virescens), and fall
armyworm (FAW, Spodoptera frugiperda).
Event GHB119 cotton also expresses the Phosphinothricin
Acetyltransferase (PAT) enzyme, which is exempt from the requirement of
a tolerance when used as a PIP inert ingredient in all food commodities
(40 CFR 174.522; April 25, 2007; 72 FR 20431; FRL-7742-1). This enzyme
confers tolerance of the cotton plants to the herbicide, glufosinate.
B. Toxicological Profile of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae Protein
1. Acute oral toxicity. The toxicological profile of the protein
was previously described in the Federal Register of September 10, 2008
(73 FR 52591; FRL-8380-1) to establish the temporary tolerance
exemption for Cry2Ae protein residues in/on cotton food/feed
commodities when used as a PIP in cotton (40 CFR 174.530). The
petitioner has now requested that EPA establish a permanent exemption
from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of Bacillus
thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in or on all food commodities. However,
because the
[[Page 6473]]
submitted exposure analysis was based upon the expression of Bacillus
thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in cotton only and because no other uses
of this protein as a PIP exist in connection with any other food or
animal feed commodities, the final tolerance exemption for Cry2Ae
protein residues that the Agency is granting varies from what the
petitioner sought in as much as it is limited to residues of Cry2Ae
protein in/on the cotton food/feed commodities specifically listed in
the tolerance exemption regulatory text when Cry2Ae protein is used as
a PIP in cotton. Further explanation is provided in Unit VII.C.
Consistent with section 408(b)(2)(D) of the FFDCA, EPA reviewed the
available scientific data and other relevant information submitted in
support of these actions and considered their validity, completeness
and reliability, and the relationship of this information to human
risk. The health effects data previously reviewed in support of the
temporary tolerance exemption (Ref. 1) and additional data on the PIP
in question that was previously evaluated in 2011 (Ref. 2) support the
establishment of this permanent tolerance exemption for residues of
Cry2Ae protein in/on the specifically noted cotton food/feed
commodities when Cry2Ae protein is used as a PIP in cotton. When
proteins are toxic, they are known to act via acute mechanisms and at
very low dose levels (Ref. 3.) An acute oral toxicity (Tier I) study in
mice indicated that Cry2Ae protein is non-toxic to mammals (Master
Record Identification (MRID) 47076902; Ref. 1). The acute oral toxicity
of Cry2Ae protein was assessed by administering 2000 milligrams/
kilogram (mg/kg) body weight of bacterially produced Cry2Ae protein
test substance to five female mice by oral gavage. All treated animals
gained weight and had no clinical signs or findings at necropsy related
to the test material. The acute oral LD50 of the Cry2Ae
protein is greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight. (Refs. 1 and 2). These
data demonstrate the safety of Cry2Ae protein at a level well above
maximum possible parts per million (ppm) exposure levels that are
reasonably anticipated in the cotton food/feed commodities covered by
this tolerance exemption. Since no acute effects were shown to be
caused by Cry2Ae protein, even at such relatively high dose levels, the
Cry2Ae protein is not considered toxic. Furthermore, amino acid
sequence comparisons showed no similarities between the Cry2Ae protein
and known toxic proteins in protein databases that would raise a safety
concern.
For microbial products, Tier II and III toxicity testing and
residue data are required to verify and clarify any adverse effects
observed during Tier I testing. Based on the lack of acute oral
toxicity and the absence of adverse effects in the Tier I acute oral
toxicity test in mice, EPA did not require Tier II and Tier III testing
or residue data for Cry2Ae protein. This conclusion is similar to the
Agency position regarding toxicity testing and the requirement of
residue data for the microbial Bacillus thuringiensis products from
which this PIP was derived (see 40 CFR 158.2130(d)(1)(i) and
158.2140(d)(7)).
2. Allergenicity assessment. Since Cry2Ae is a protein, allergenic
sensitivities were considered. Currently, no definitive tests exist for
determining the allergenic potential of novel proteins. Therefore, EPA
uses a weight-of-evidence approach where the following factors are
considered: Source of the trait; amino acid sequence similarity with
known allergens; prevalence in food; and biochemical properties of the
protein, including in vitro digestibility in simulated gastric fluid
(SGF), and glycosylation of the protein as recommended by the Codex
Alimentarius Commission, 2003 (Ref. 4).
Summary level findings of note from the allergenicity assessment
for Cry2Ae protein (see Refs. 1, 2, and 5) include:
i. Source of the trait. Bacillus thuringiensis, the microorganism
from which Cry2Ae protein is derived, is not considered to be a source
of allergenic proteins (MRID 47125101 and 47641912, Refs. 6 and 7).
ii. Amino acid sequence. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of
Cry2Ae protein with known allergens showed no overall sequence
similarity meeting the standards for potential allergenicity (i.e., 35%
identity over an 80 amino acid segment, and 100% sequence identity at
the level of 8 amino acids, the smallest number of amino acids needed
to cause an allergic response (MRIDs 47641908 and 47641909)). These
results demonstrated that an individual exposed to the Cry2Ae protein
in the diet would not be expected to experience an allergic reaction.
iii. Prevalence in food. Food allergens may be present at high
concentrations (Ref. 4); however, protein expression level analyses
showed that Cry2Ae protein in cotton is expressed at relatively low
levels, in the ppm range (MRID 47641903). Furthermore, cotton products
comprise only a small part of the human diet. Consequently, dietary
exposure to Cry2Ae protein expressed in cotton would be extremely
limited.
iv. Digestibility. Common food allergens tend to be resistant to
degradation by acid and proteases (Ref. 4). The Cry2Ae protein was
rapidly digested (within 30 seconds) in SGF containing pepsin at a pH
of 1.2 (MRID 47125102). Because it is quickly degraded, dietary
exposure to the whole protein is low. Consequently, the potential for
sensitivity is low.
v. Glycosylation. Current scientific knowledge (Ref. 4) suggests
that common food allergens may be glycosylated. The Cry2Ae protein
expressed in cotton is not glycosylated (MRIDs 48471901 and 48480006),
and so does not share this characteristic of some allergens.
All these preceding characteristics are part of the weight-of-
evidence approach to determine that a protein is not expected to be an
allergen. Considering all of the available information, EPA has
concluded that the potential for Cry2Ae protein to be a food allergen
is minimal.
IV. Aggregate Exposures
In examining aggregate exposure, section 408 of FFDCA directs EPA
to consider available information concerning exposures from the
pesticide residue in food and all other non-occupational exposures,
including drinking water from ground water or surface water and
exposure through pesticide use in gardens, lawns, or buildings
(residential and other indoor uses).
The Agency considered available information on the aggregate
exposure levels of consumers (including major identifiable subgroups of
consumers) to the PIP residue and to other related substances. These
considerations include dietary exposure under the tolerance exemption
and all other tolerances or exemptions in effect for the PIP residue,
and exposure from non-occupational sources.
As previously discussed (Unit III.), the oral toxicity studies
conducted at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg testing showed no adverse effects
for Cry2Ae protein, which was also shown to be rapidly digested in
vitro. As previously stated, when Cry2Ae protein is used as a PIP in
cotton, it is expressed at very low levels in the cotton. Although
cotton is not a directly consumed food commodity, humans may be exposed
to extremely low levels in the diet, potentially from ingestion of
processed cotton products (e.g., cottonseed flour and oil). There is
also a very remote possibility that Cry2Ae protein can get in the water
supply the same way that other proteins in crop debris can
[[Page 6474]]
migrate into the ground, and, possibly, drinking water. Because such
potential dietary exposure from cotton or drinking water is expected to
be several orders of magnitude lower than the amounts of these proteins
shown to have no toxicity in mammalian tests, EPA concludes that even
negligible exposure via food and drinking water would present no harm,
based on the lack of mammalian toxicity and allergenicity potential,
and the rapid digestibility demonstrated in SGF for the PIP.
Non-occupational dermal and inhalation exposure is not expected,
since the PIP is expressed and contained within cotton plant cells. The
uses of this PIP are agricultural, so there would be no exposure to
infants and children from residential, school or lawn use. The amino
acid sequence homology of known aeroallergens was included in the amino
acid comparison of Cry2Ae protein with known food allergens, and the
results indicated that no respiratory allergencity would be expected if
Cry2Ae protein were inhaled. The amino acid sequence results are
discussed in more detail in Unit III.B.2.ii., above. It has been
demonstrated that there is no evidence of occupationally related
respiratory symptoms, based on a health survey on migrant workers,
after exposure to Bt pesticides (Ref. 7). This observation is also
relevant to the low potential for non-occupational inhalation exposure
at levels far below those expected in occupationally exposed
populations.
Taking all these data and information into consideration, EPA
concludes that even if negligible aggregate exposure should occur it
would present no harm to the U.S. human population.
V. Cumulative Effects From Substances With a Common Mechanism of
Toxicity
Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) of FFDCA requires that, when considering
whether to establish, modify, or revoke a tolerance, the Agency
consider ``available information'' concerning the cumulative effects of
a particular pesticide's residues and ``other substances that have a
common mechanism of toxicity.''
EPA has not found Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein to share a
common mechanism of toxicity with any other substances, and Bacillus
thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein does not appear to produce a toxic
metabolite produced by other substances. For the purposes of this
tolerance action, therefore, EPA has assumed that Bacillus
thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein does not have a common mechanism of
toxicity with other substances. For information regarding EPA's efforts
to determine which chemicals have a common mechanism of toxicity and to
evaluate the cumulative effects of such chemicals, see EPA's Web site
at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative.
VI. Determination of Safety for U.S. Population, Infants and Children
To evaluate human risk, EPA considered the validity, completeness,
and reliability of the available data from the studies cited in Unit
III. regarding potential health effects for Cry2Ae protein. This
evaluation included the low levels of expression of Cry2Ae proteins in
cotton, as well as the lack of acute oral toxicity at high dose levels,
heat stability, and in vitro digestibility of this protein. EPA also
considered the minimal potential for allergenicity and the non-toxic
source of the protein. Because of this lack of demonstrated mammalian
toxicity, no protein residue chemistry data for Cry2Ae protein were
required for a human health effects assessment.
Finally, and specifically with regards to infants and children,
FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(C) provides that EPA shall assess the available
information about consumption patterns among infants and children,
special susceptibility of infants and children to pesticide chemical
residues, and the cumulative effects on infants and children of the
residues and other substances with a common mechanism of toxicity. In
addition, FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(C) provides that EPA shall apply an
additional tenfold margin of safety for infants and children in the
case of threshold effects to account for prenatal and postnatal
toxicity and the completeness of the data base, unless EPA determines
that a different margin of safety will be safe for infants and
children.
Based on its review and consideration of all the available
information, as discussed in Units III. and IV. in this document, EPA
concluded that there are no threshold effects of concern and, as a
result, that an additional margin of safety for infants and children is
unnecessary in this instance.
VII. Other Considerations
A. Analytical Enforcement Methodology
EPA has determined that an analytical method is not required for
enforcement purposes since the Agency is establishing an exemption from
the requirement of a tolerance without any numerical limitation.
Nonetheless, Bayer has submitted an analytical method using enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses for the qualitative
detection of Cry2Ae proteins in cotton seed and cotton leaf. Although
validation studies showed the test kit can detect Cry2Ae protein in
cotton with sufficient accuracy, precision, and sensitivity, a method
validation study conducted by an independent third party laboratory to
evaluate the ELISA test kit's performance as the designated analytical
method for the detection of Cry2Ae protein residues expressed in event
GHB119 cotton is still required.
B. International Residue Limits
In making its tolerance decisions, EPA seeks to harmonize U.S.
tolerances with international standards whenever possible, consistent
with U.S. food safety standards and agricultural practices. In this
context, EPA considers the international maximum residue limits (MRLs)
established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), as required
by FFDCA section 408(b)(4). The Codex Alimentarius is a joint U.N. Food
and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization food standards
program, and it is recognized as an international food safety
standards-setting organization in trade agreements to which the United
States is a party. EPA may establish a tolerance that is different from
a Codex MRL; however, FFDCA section 408(b)(4) requires that EPA explain
the reasons for departing from the Codex level.
The Codex has not established a MRL for Bacillus thuringiensis
Cry2Ae protein in cotton.
C. Revisions to Petitioned-for Tolerance Exemption
The petitioner requested that EPA establish a permanent exemption
from the requirement of a tolerance for residues of Bacillus
thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in or on all food commodities. A temporary
tolerance exemption was previously granted to Bayer for cotton food/
feed commodities in association with an Experimental Use Permit, EPA
Reg. No. 264-EUP-143 published on September 10, 2008 (73 FR 52591; FRL-
8380-1). That exposure analysis and evaluation of additional data to
establish this permanent exemption from tolerance are based upon the
expression of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in cotton. No other
uses of this protein as a PIP in other food or animal feed commodities
exist. As a result, there has been no effort to date to ensure that
transformation events in plants other than cotton that express Cry2Ae
protein have the same safety characteristics as those described in this
evaluation.
[[Page 6475]]
Consequently, the final tolerance exemption for Cry2Ae protein residues
that the Agency is granting varies from what the petitioner sought in
as much as it is limited to residues of Cry2Ae protein in/on certain
cotton food/feed commodities when Cry2Ae protein is used as a PIP in
cotton.
VIII. Conclusions
EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm
will result to the U.S. population, including infants and children,
from aggregate exposure to residues of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae
protein in cotton food/feed commodities. An exemption from the
requirement of a tolerance is therefore established for residues of
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in or on the food or feed
commodities of cotton; cotton, undelinted seed; cotton, gin byproducts;
cotton, forage; cotton, hay; cotton, hulls; cotton, meal; and cotton,
refined oil, when used as a PIP in these food and feed commodities.
IX. References
1. U.S. EPA BPPD memorandum (R. Edelstein to S. Bacchus), February
12, 2008.
2. U.S. EPA BPPD memorandum (A. Waggoner to S. Bacchus), November
30, 2011. Review of Product Characterization and Human Health Data
in support for Sec. 3 Registration of Plant-Incorporated Protectant
(PIP) event GHB119 cotton [EPA File Symbol No. 264-RNOL] expressing
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae insecticidal protein and Combination
PIP TwinLink[supreg] cotton [EPA File Symbol No. 264-RNOA],
developed by conventional breeding of its constituent parental
events GHB119 x T304-40, expressing Bt Cry2Ae and Cry1Ab proteins,
respectively.
3. Sjoblad, Roy D. et al. (1992) Toxicological Considerations for
Protein Components of Biological Pesticide Products Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology 15: pp. 3-9.
4. CAC. 2003. Alinorm 03/34: Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme.
Codex Alimentarius Commission, Twenty-Fifth Session, July 30, 2003.
Rome, Italy. Appendix III: Guideline for Conduct of Food Safety
Assessments of Foods Derived from Recombinant-DNA Plants; Appendix
IV: Annex on Assessment of Possible Allergenicity. CAC, pp. 47-60.
5. Federal Register. September 10, 2008. (73 FR 52591) (FRL-8380-1).
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae in Cotton: Temporary Exemption from
the Requirement of a Tolerance.
6. Mendelsohn, M., et al. 2003. Are Bt Crops Safe? Nat Biotechnol
21(9): pp. 1003-1009.
7. Bernstein, I.L., et al. 1999. Immune responses in farm workers
after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis pesticides. Environ Health
Perspect. 107(7): pp. 575-82.
X. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
This final rule establishes a tolerance exemption under section
408(d) of FFDCA in response to a petition submitted to the Agency. The
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has exempted these types of
actions from review under Executive Order 12866, entitled Regulatory
Planning and Review (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993). Because this final
rule has been exempted from review under Executive Order 12866, this
final rule is not subject to Executive Order 13211, entitled Actions
Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001), or Executive Order
13045, entitled Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks
and Safety Risks (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997). This final rule does
not contain any information collections subject to OMB approval under
the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA), 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq., nor does it
require any special considerations under Executive Order 12898,
entitled Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority
Populations and Low-Income Populations (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).
Since tolerances and exemptions that are established on the basis
of a petition under section 408(d) of FFDCA, such as the tolerance
exemption in this final rule, do not require the issuance of a proposed
rule, the requirements of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) (5
U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do not apply.
This final rule directly regulates growers, food processors, food
handlers, and food retailers, not States or tribes. As a result, this
action does not alter the relationships or distribution of power and
responsibilities established by Congress in the preemption provisions
of section 408(n)(4) of FFDCA. As such, the Agency has determined that
this action will not have a substantial direct effect on States or
tribal governments, on the relationship between the national government
and the States or tribal governments, or on the distribution of power
and responsibilities among the various levels of government or between
the Federal Government and Indian tribes. Thus, the Agency has
determined that Executive Order 13132, entitled Federalism (64 FR
43255, August 10, 1999), and Executive Order 13175, entitled
Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments (65 FR
67249, November 9, 2000), do not apply to this final rule. In addition,
this final rule does not impose any enforceable duty or contain any
unfunded mandate as described under Title II of the Unfunded Mandates
Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA) (Pub. L. 104-4).
This action does not involve any technical standards that would
require Agency consideration of voluntary consensus standards pursuant
to section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act of 1995 (NTTAA), Public Law 104-113, section 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272
note).
XI. Congressional Review Act
The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., generally
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating
the rule must submit a rule report to each House of the Congress and to
the Comptroller General of the United States. EPA will submit a report
containing this rule and other required information to the U.S. Senate,
the U.S. House of Representatives, and the Comptroller General of the
United States prior to publication of this final rule in the Federal
Register. This final rule is not a ``major rule'' as defined by 5
U.S.C. 804(2).
List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 174
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Agricultural commodities, Pesticides and pests, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Dated: January 26, 2012.
Steven Bradbury,
Director, Office of Pesticide Programs.
Therefore, 40 CFR chapter I is amended as follows:
PART 174--[AMENDED]
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1. The authority citation for part 174 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 136-136y; 21 U.S.C. 346a and 371.
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2. Section 174.530 is revised to read as follows:
Sec. 174.530 Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in cotton;
exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.
Residues of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein in or on the food
and feed commodities of cotton; cotton, undelinted seed; cotton, gin
byproducts; cotton, forage; cotton, hay; cotton, hulls; cotton, meal;
and cotton, refined oil, are exempt from the requirement of a tolerance
when Bacillus thuringiensis Cry2Ae protein is used as a plant-
incorporated protectant in cotton.
[FR Doc. 2012-2595 Filed 2-7-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P