[Federal Register Volume 79, Number 8 (Monday, January 13, 2014)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 2088-2093]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 2014-00388]
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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
19 CFR Part 12
[CBP Dec. 14-02]
RIN 1515-AD99
Extension of Import Restrictions Imposed on Certain
Archaeological Material From China
Agency: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland
Security; Department of the Treasury.
ACTION: Final rule.
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SUMMARY: This final rule amends the U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) regulations to reflect the extension of import restrictions on
certain archaeological material from the People's Republic of China
(China) and makes a technical change to the regulations to clarify that
the restriction to monumental sculpture and wall art at least 250 years
old should be calculated as of January 14, 2009, the date the
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) became effective. These restrictions,
which were originally imposed by CBP Dec. 09-03, are due to expire on
January 14, 2014, unless extended.
The Assistant Secretary for Educational and Cultural Affairs,
United States Department of State, has determined that conditions
continue to warrant the imposition of import restrictions on the
archaeological materials from China. Accordingly, the restrictions will
remain in effect for an additional five years, and the CBP regulations
are being amended to indicate this further extension through January
14, 2019. Additionally, the Designated List of cultural property
described in CBP Dec. 09-03 is revised in this document to clarify that
the agreement applies to monumental sculpture and wall art at least 250
years old as of January 14, 2009. These restrictions are being extended
pursuant to determinations of the United States Department of State
made under the terms of the Convention on Cultural Property
Implementation Act in accordance with the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Convention on the Means
of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer
of Ownership of Cultural Property. CBP Dec. 09-03 contains the
Designated List of archaeological materials that describes the articles
to which the restrictions apply.
DATES: Effective Date: January 14, 2014.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For legal aspects, Lisa Burley, Chief,
Cargo Security, Carriers and Restricted Merchandise Branch, Regulations
and Rulings, Office of International Trade, (202) 325-0215. For
operational aspects, William R. Scopa, Chief, Partner Government
Agencies Branch, Trade Policy and Programs, Office of International
Trade, (202) 863-6554.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Background
Pursuant to the provisions of the 1970 United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Convention, codified into
U.S. law as the Convention on Cultural Property
[[Page 2089]]
Implementation Act (Pub. L. 97-446, 19 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.) (hereafter,
the ``Cultural Property Implementation Act'' or the ``Act''), signatory
nations (State Parties) may enter into bilateral or multilateral
agreements to impose import restrictions on eligible archaeological and
ethnological materials under procedures and requirements prescribed by
the Act. Under the Act and applicable CBP regulations (19 CFR 12.104g),
the restrictions are effective for no more than five years beginning on
the date on which the agreement enters into force with respect to the
United States (19 U.S.C. 2602(b)). This period may be extended for
additional periods, each such period not to exceed five years, where it
is determined that the factors justifying the initial agreement still
pertain and no cause for suspension of the agreement exists (19 U.S.C.
2602(e); 19 CFR 12.104g(a)).
On January 14, 2009, the United States entered into a bilateral
agreement with the People's Republic of China (China), concerning the
imposition of import restrictions on certain archaeological materials
representing China's cultural heritage from the Paleolithic Period (c.
75,000 B.C.) through the end of the Tang Period (A.D. 907) and
monumental sculpture and wall art at least 250 years old. On January
16, 2009, CBP published CBP Dec. 09-03 in the Federal Register (74 FR
2838), which amended 19 CFR 12.104g(a) to reflect the imposition of
these restrictions.
Import restrictions listed in 19 CFR 12.104g(a) are effective for
no more than five years beginning on the date on which the agreement
enters into force with respect to the United States. This period can be
extended for additional periods not to exceed five years if it is
determined that the factors which justified the initial agreement still
pertain and no cause for suspension of the agreement exists. (19 CFR
12.104g(a)).
On April 1, 2013, by publication in the Federal Register (78 FR
19565), the United States Department of State proposed to extend the
MOU between the U.S. and China concerning the imposition of import
restrictions on archaeological material from the Paleolithic Period
through the Tang Period and monumental sculpture and wall art at least
250 years old.
On August 1, 2013, after reviewing the findings and recommendations
of the Cultural Property Advisory Committee, the Assistant Secretary
for Educational and Cultural Affairs, United States Department of
State, concluding that the cultural heritage of China continues to be
in jeopardy from pillage of certain archaeological materials, made the
necessary determination to extend the import restrictions for an
additional five years. On January 8, 2014, diplomatic notes were
exchanged reflecting the extension of the restrictions for an
additional five-year period as described in this document.
By request of China, and pursuant to the statutory and decision-
making process, the Designated List of materials covered by the
restrictions is being amended to clarify that the agreement applies to
monumental sculpture and wall art that was at least 250 years old as of
January 14, 2009, the date the MOU first entered into force. Thus, CBP
is amending 19 CFR 12.104g(a) accordingly to reflect the extension of
the import restrictions and the intention of the parties to cover
monumental sculpture and wall art that was at least 250 years old as of
January 14, 2009, through January 14, 2019, in accordance with the
conditions set forth in 19 U.S.C. 2606 and 19 CFR 12.104c.
In this document, the Designated List of articles that was
published in CBP Dec. 09-03 (see 74 FR 2838, dated January 16, 2009) is
amended to clarify that the intentions of both parties is to include
monumental sculpture and wall art that was at least 250 years old as of
January 14, 2009.
Designated List
This Designated List, amended as set forth in this document,
includes archaeological materials representing China's cultural
heritage from the Paleolithic Period (c. 75,000 B.C.) through the end
of the Tang Period (A.D. 907) and monumental sculpture and wall art at
least 250 years old as of January 14, 2009. The Designated List and
additional information about the agreement may also be found at the
following Internet Web site address: http://eca.state.gov/cultural-heritage-center/international-cultural-property-protection/bilateral-agreements/china.
Designated List of Archaeological Material of China
Simplified Chronology
Paleolithic period (c. 75,000-10,000 BC).
Neolithic period (c. 10,000-2000 BC).
Erlitou and other Early Bronze Age cultures (c. 2000-1600 BC).
Shang Dynasty and other Bronze Age Cultures (c. 1600-1100 BC).
Zhou Dynasty (c. 1100-256 BC).
Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC).
Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220).
Three Kingdoms (AD 220-280).
Jin Dynasty (AD 265-420).
Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589).
Sui Dynasty (AD 581-618).
Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907).
I. Ceramic
The ceramic tradition in China extends back to at least the 6th
millennium B.C. and encompasses a tremendous variety of shapes, pastes,
and decorations. Chinese ceramics include earthenwares, stonewares and
porcelains, and these may be unglazed, glazed, underglazed, painted,
carved, impressed with designs, decorated with applied designs or a
combination of all of these. Only the most distinctive are listed here.
Vessels are the most numerous and varied types of ceramics. Ceramic
sculptures include human, animal, mythic subjects, and models of scenes
of daily life. Architectural elements include decorated bricks, baked
clay tiles with different glaze colors, and acroteria (ridge pole
decorations).
A. Vessels
1. Neolithic Period
Archaeological work over the past thirty years has identified
numerous cultures of the Neolithic period from every part of China, all
producing distinctive ceramics. Early Neolithic cultures (c. 7500-5000
BC) include such cultures as Pengtoushan (northern Hunan Province),
Peiligang (Henan Province), Cishan (Hebei Province), Houli (Shandong
Province), Xinglongwa (eastern Inner Mongolia and Liaoning Province),
Dadiwan and Laoguantai (Gansu and Shaanxi Province), Xinle (Liaodong
peninsula, Liaoning Province), among others. Examples of Middle
Neolithic cultures (c. 5000-3000 BC) include Yangshao (Shaanxi, Shanxi,
and Henan Provinces), Daxi (eastern Sichuan and western Hubei
Provinces), Hemudu (lower Yangzi River valley, Zhejiang Province),
Majiabang (Lake Tai/Taihu area to Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang and southern
Jiangsu Provinces), Hongshan (eastern Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, and
northern Hebei Provinces), and Dawenkou (Shandong Province), among
others. Later Neolithic cultures (c. 3500-2000 BC) include Liangzhu
(lower Yangzi River Valley), Longshan (Shandong and Henan Provinces),
Taosi (southern Shanxi Province), Qujialing (middle Yangzi River valley
in Hubei and Hunan Provinces), Baodun (Chengdu Plain, Sichuan
Province), Shijiahe (western Hubei Province), and Shixia (Guangdong
Province), among many others.
[[Page 2090]]
Neolithic vessels are sometimes inscribed with pictographs. When
present, they are often single incised marks on vessels of the
Neolithic period, and multiple incised marks (sometimes around the rim)
on late Neolithic vessels.
a. Yangshao: The ``classic'' form of Neolithic culture, c. 5000-
3000 BC in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, and adjacent areas. Hand-
made, red paste painted with black, sometimes white motifs, that are
abstract and depict plants, animals, and humans. Forms include bulbous
jars with lug handles, usually with a broad shoulder and narrow tapered
base, bowls, open mouth vases, and flasks (usually undecorated) with
two lug handles and a pointed base.
b. Shandong Longshan: Vessels are wheel-made, black, very thin-
walled, and highly polished, sometimes with open cut-out decoration.
Forms include tall stemmed cups (dou), tripods (li and ding),
cauldrons, flasks, and containers for water or other liquids.
2. Erlitou, Shang, and Zhou Vessels
a. Vessels are mostly utilitarian gray paste cooking tripod basins,
cooking and storage jars, wide mouth containers, pan circular dishes
with flat base, and broad three legged version of pan. The latter also
appear in fine gray and black pastes. The forms of these include the
kettle with lid (he), tripod liquid heating vessel with pouring spout
(jue), tripod cooking pot (ding), goblet or beaker (gu), tripod water
heater without pouring spout (jia).
b. Shang and Zhou: Vessels may be wheel-made or coiled. Vessels can
be utilitarian gray paste cooking vessels, often cord-impressed, or
more highly decorated types. Surfaces can be impressed and glazed
yellow to brown to dark green. White porcelain-like vessels also occur.
Forms include those of the Erlitou plus wide-mouth containers and
variously shaped jars and serving vessels.
3. Qin Through Southern and Northern Vessels
Most vessels are wheel-made. The main developments are in glazing.
Earthenwares may have a lead-based shiny green glaze. Grey stonewares
with an olive color are called Yue ware.
4. Sui and Tang Vessels
Note: Most vessels are wheel-made.
a. Sui: Pottery is plain or stamped.
b. Tang: A three-color glazing technique is introduced for
earthenwares (sancai). Green, yellow, brown, and sometimes blue glazes
are used together on the same vessel. For stoneware, the olive glaze
remains typical.
B. Sculpture
1. Neolithic: Occasional small figurines of animals or humans. From
the Hongshan culture come human figures, some of which appear pregnant,
and human faces ranging from small to life size, as well as life-size
and larger fragments of human body parts (ears, belly, hands, and
others).
2. Shang through Eastern Zhou: Ceramic models and molds for use in
the piece-mold bronze casting process. Examples include frontal animal
mask (taotie), birds, dragons, spirals, and other decorative motifs.
3. Eastern Zhou, Qin and Han: Figures are life-size or smaller.
They are hand- and mold-made, and may be unpainted, painted, or glazed.
Figures commonly represent warriors on foot or horseback, servants,
acrobats, and others. Very large numbers date to the Han Dynasty. In
some cases, the ceramic male and female figurines are anatomically
accurate, nude, and lack arms (in these cases, the figures were
originally clad in clothes and had wooden arms that have not been
preserved). Other ceramic objects, originally combined to make scenes,
take many forms including buildings, courtyards, ships, wells, and pig
pens.
4. Tang: Figures depicting Chinese people, foreigners, and animals
may be glazed or unglazed with added paint. Approximately 15 cm to 150
cm high.
C. Architectural Decoration and Molds
1. Han: Bricks having a molded surface with geometric or figural
design. These depict scenes of daily life, mythic and historical
stories, gods, or demons.
2. Three Kingdoms through Tang: Bricks may be stamped or painted
with the same kinds of scenes as in the Han Dynasty.
3. Han through Tang: Roof tiles may have a corded design. Eaves
tiles with antefixes have Chinese characters or geometric designs.
Glazed acroteria (ridge pole decorations) in owl tail shape.
II. Stone
A. Jade
Ancient Chinese jade is, for the most part, the mineral nephrite.
It should be noted, however, that many varieties of hard stone are
sometimes called ``jad'' (yu) in Chinese. True nephrite jade can range
in color from white to black, and from the familiar shades of green to
almost any other color. Jade has been valued in China since the
Neolithic period. Types commonly encountered include ornaments,
amulets, jewelry, weapons, insignia, and vessels.
1. Ornaments and Jewelry
a. Neolithic (Hongshan): Types are mostly hair cylinders or pendant
ornamental animal forms such as turtles, fish-hawks, cicadas, and
dragons. One common variety is the so-called ``pigdragon'' (zhulong), a
circular ring form with a head having wrinkled snout (the ``pig'') and
long dragon-like body.
b. Neolithic (Liangzhu): Types include awl-shaped pendants, three-
prong attachments, openwork crown-shapes, beads, birds, fishes, frogs.
c. Neolithic (Shandong Longshan) and Erlitou: Ornaments for body
and clothing such as stick pins and beads.
d. Shang and Zhou: Earrings, necklaces, pectorals, hair stickpins,
ornaments, sometimes in the shape of small animals, dragons, or other
forms; belt buckles, and garment hooks. During the Zhou Dynasty, there
appear elaborate pectorals made of jade links, and jade inlay on
bronze.
e. Qin, Han and Three Kingdoms: Pectoral ornaments and small-scale
pendants continue to be produced. Types include pectoral slit earrings,
large disks (bi), openwork disks (bi), openwork plaques showing a
mythic bird (feng), and various types of rings. Entire burial suits of
jade occur during the Han Dynasty. More frequently occurring are Han
Dynasty belthooks, decorated with dragons, and garment hooks.
2. Weapons, Tools, and Insignia
a. Neolithic (Liangzhu): Types include weapons such as broad-bladed
axes (yue), long rectangular or trapezoidal blades (zhang), often with
holes along the back (non-sharpened) edge for hafting; tools such as
hoe, adze, knife blades.
b. Neolithic (Shandong Longshan) and Erlitou: Broad axe (yue) and
halberd or ``dagger axe'' (ge).
c. Shang and Zhou: Broad axes (yue) and halberd (ge) may be
attached to turquoise inlaid bronze shafts.
d. Neolithic (Liangzhu) to Zhou: Tool types include hoe, adze,
knife blades.
e. Neolithic (Shandong Longshan) to Zhou: Insignia blades based on
tool shapes such as long hoe, flat adze, and knife.
3. Ceremonial Paraphernalia
Neolithic--Han: Types include flat circular disks (bi) with a cut-
out central hole and prismatic cylindrical tubes (cong), usually square
on the outside with a circular hole through its length,
[[Page 2091]]
often with surface carving that segments the outer surface into three
or more registers. The cong tubes are often decorated with a motif on
each corner of each register showing abstract pairs of eyes, animal
and/or human faces. Cong tubes, while most closely linked with the
Liangzhu culture, were widely distributed among the many late Neolithic
cultures of China.
4. Vessels
a. Shang through Han: Types include eared cups and other tableware.
b. Qin through Tang: Tableware forms such as cups, saucers, bowls,
vases, and inkstones.
5. Other
Chimes from all eras may be rectangular or disk-shaped.
B. Amber
Amber is used for small ornaments from the Neolithic through Tang
dynasties.
C. Other Stone
1. Tools and Weapons
a. Paleolithic and later eras: Chipped lithics from the Paleolithic
and later eras including axes, blades, scrapers, arrowheads, and cores.
b. Neolithic and later eras: Ground stone including hoes, sickles,
spades, axes, adzes, pestles, and grinders.
c. Erlitou through Zhou: As with jade, weapon types include blades,
broad axes (yue), and halberds (ge).
2. Sculpture
Stone becomes a medium for large-scale images in the Qin and Han.
It is put to many uses in tombs. It also plays a major role in
representing personages associated with Buddhism, Daoism, and
Confucianism.
a. Sculpture in the round.
Note: This section includes monumental sculpture at least 250
years old as of January 14, 2009.
i. Shang: Sculpture includes humans, often kneeling with hands on
knees, sometimes with highly decorated incised robes, owls, buffalo,
and other animals. The Jinsha site near Chengdu, Sichuan, dating to the
late Shang Dynasty, has yielded numerous examples of stone figurines in
a kneeling position, with carefully depicted hair parted in the center,
and with hands bound behind their back.
ii. Han to Qing: The sculpture for tombs includes human figures
such as warriors, court attendants, and foreigners. Animals include
horse, tiger, pig, bull, sheep, elephant, and fish, among many others.
iii. The sculpture associated with Buddhism is usually made of
limestone, sandstone, schist and white marble. These be covered with
clay, plaster, and then painted. Figures commonly represented are the
Buddha and disciples in different poses and garments.
iv. The sculpture associated with Daoism is usually sandstone and
limestone which may be covered and painted. Figures commonly
represented are Laozi or a Daoist priest.
v. The sculpture associated with Confucianism represents Confucius
and his disciples.
b. Relief Sculpture.
i. Han: Relief sculpture is used for all elements of tombs
including sarcophagi, tomb walls, and monumental towers. Images include
hunting, banqueting, historical events, processions, scenes of daily
life, fantastic creatures, and animals.
ii. Tang: Tomb imagery now includes landscapes framed by vegetal
motifs.
c. Art of cave or grotto temples.
Han--Qing: Note that this section includes monumental sculpture at
least 250 years old as of January 14, 2009. These temples, mostly
Buddhist, combine relief sculpture, sculpture in the round, and
sometimes mural painting. The sculptures in the round may be stone or
composites of stone, wood, and clay and are painted with bright colors.
d. Stelae.
Han--Qing: Note that this section includes monumental sculpture at
least 250 years old as of January 14, 2009. Tall stone slabs set
vertically, usually on a tortoise-shaped base and with a crown in the
form of intertwining dragons. Stelae range in size from around 0.60m to
3m. Some include relief sculpture consisting of Buddhist imagery and
inscription, and others are secular memorials with long memorial
inscription on front and back faces.
3. Architectural Elements
a. Erlitou through Zhou: Marble or other stone is used as a support
for wooden columns and other architectural or furniture fixtures.
b. Qing: Note that this section includes monumental sculpture at
least 250 years old as of January 14, 2009. Sculpture is an integral
part of Qing Dynasty architecture. Bridges, archways, columns,
staircases and terraces throughout China are decorated with reliefs.
Colored stones may be used, including small bright red, green, yellow
and black ones. Statue bases are draped with imitations of embroidered
cloths. Stone parapets are carved with small, elaborately adorned
fabulous beasts.
4. Musical Instruments
Neolithic through Han, and later: Chimestones, chipped and/or
ground from limestone and other resonant rock. They may be highly
polished, carved with images of animals or other motifs, and bear
inscriptions in Chinese characters. They usually have a chipped or
ground hole to facilitate suspension from a rack.
III. Metal
The most important metal in traditional Chinese culture is bronze
(an alloy of copper, tin and lead), and it is used most frequently to
cast vessels, weapons, and other military hardware. Iron artifacts are
not as common, although iron was used beginning in the middle of the
Zhou Dynasty to cast agricultural tool types, vessels, weapons and
measuring utensils. As with ceramics, only the most distinctive are
listed here.
A. Bronze
1. Vessels
Note: Almost any bronze vessel may have an inscription in
archaic Chinese characters.
a. Erlitou: Types include variations on pots for cooking, serving
and eating food including such vessels as the cooking pot (ding),
liquid heating vessel with open spout (jue), or with tubular spout
(he), and water heater without spout (jia).
b. Shang: Bronze vessels and implements include variations on the
ceramic posts used for cooking, serving, and eating including but not
limited to the tripod or quadripod cooking pot (ding), water container
(hu), and goblet (gu). Animal-shaped vessels include the owl, mythic
bird, tiger, ram, buffalo, deer, and occasionally elephant and
rhinoceros. Most types are decorated with symbolic images of a frontal
animal mask (taotie) flanked by mythical birds and dragons, or with
simpler images of dragons or birds, profile cicadas, and geometric
motifs, including a background ``cloud and thunder'' pattern of fine
squared spirals.
c. Zhou: Types include those of previous eras. Sets begin to be
made with individual vessels having similar designs. Late innovations
are made to surface treatment: Relief decorations of intertwined
dragons and feline appendages; inlay with precious stones and gems;
inlay with other metals such as gold and silver; gilding; pictorial
narratives featuring fighting, feasting and rituals; and various
geometric designs.
[[Page 2092]]
d. Qin and Han: All vessel types and styles popularized of the
immediately preceding era continue.
2. Sculpture
a. Shang and other Bronze Age Cultures through Zhou: Wide variety
of cast human and animal sculptures. Particularly distinctive are the
bronze sculptures from the Sanxingdui Culture in Sichuan which include
life-sized human heads (often with fantastic features and sometimes
overlaid with gold leaf) and standing or kneeling figurines ranging in
size from 5cm to more than 2 meters; tree-shaped assemblages; birds,
dragons, and other real and fantastic animals. Bronze sculpture from
Chu and related cultures include supports for drums and bell sets
(often in the shape of guardian figures, fantastic animals, or
intertwined snakes).
b. Qin and Han: Decorative bronze types include statues of horses,
lamps in the shape of female servants, screen supports in the shape of
winged immortals, incense burners in the shape of mountains, mirrors,
and inlaid cosmetic boxes.
c. Buddhist: In the Han there first appear small portable images of
Sakyamuni Buddha. During the next historical eras, such images
proliferate and become more varied in terms of size and imagery. Most
of these are free-standing, depicting such subjects as the historical
Buddha Sakyamuni, Buddhas associated with paradises, Buddha's
disciples, and scenes from the Lotus Sutra. Gilt bronzes are made from
the Han to Tang.
3. Coins
a. Zhou Media of Exchange and Tool-shaped Coins: Early media of
exchange include bronze spades, bronze knives, and cowrie shells.
During the 6th century BC, flat, simplified, and standardized cast
bronze versions of spades appear and these constitute China's first
coins. Other coin shapes appear in bronze including knives and cowrie
shells. These early coins may bear inscriptions.
b. Later, tool-shaped coins began to be replaced by disc-shaped
ones which are also cast in bronze and marked with inscriptions. These
coins have a central round or square hole.
c. Qin: In the reign of Qin Shi Huangdi (221-210 BC) the square-
holed round coins become the norm. The new Qin coin is inscribed simply
with its weight, expressed in two Chinese characters ban liang. These
are written in small seal script and are placed symmetrically to the
right and left of the central hole.
d. Han through Sui: Inscriptions become longer, and may indicate
that inscribed object is a coin, its value in relation to other coins,
or its size. Later, the period of issue, name of the mint, and numerals
representing dates may also appear on obverse or reverse. A new script,
clerical (lishu), comes into use in the Jin.
e. Tang: The clerical script becomes the norm until 959, when coins
with regular script (kaishu) also begin to be issued.
4. Musical Instruments
a. Shang: Instruments include individual clapper-less bells (nao),
singly and in sets. Barrel drums lay horizontally, have a saddle on
top, and rest on four legs.
b. Zhou through Tang: Bells and bell sets continue to be important.
The bells vary considerably in size in shape. Other instruments include
mouth organs (hulu sheng), gongs, cymbals, and a variety of types of
drums, including drums (chunyu) and large ``kettledrums'' from south
and southwest China.
5. Tools and Weapons
Tools and implements of all eras include needles, spoons, ladles,
lifting poles, axes, and knives. Weapons and military gear include the
broad axe, dagger axe, knives, spear points, arrowheads, helmets,
chariot fittings, combination of spear and dagger (ji), cross-bow, and
horse frontlets.
6. Miscellaneous
Other bronze items include but are not limited to mirrors,
furniture parts, and utensils such belt buckles, garment hooks,
weights, measuring implements, incense burners, lamps, spirit trees,
tallies, seals, rings, bells, and cosmetic containers.
B. Iron
Iron is used for such utilitarian objects as axes, hammers,
chisels, and spades. At the end of the Zhou, steel swords with multi-
faceted metal inlay are produced.
1. Zhou through Han: Bimetallic weapons such as iron-bladed swords
and knives with a bronze hilt.
2. Three Kingdoms through Sui: Small scale Buddhist images are
cast.
3. Tang: Large scale castings include Buddhist statues, bells,
lions, dragons, human figures, and pagodas.
C. Gold and Silver
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, gold is used to produce
jewelry and a limited number of vessel types, and as gilding, gold
leaf, or inlay on bronze. Gold and silver become widely used in the Han
Dynasty and remain so through the Tang Dynasty. Objects include vessels
such as cups, ewers, jars, bowls; utensils such as lamps, containers,
jewelry, liturgical wares, furniture parts; and Buddhist sculpture such
as images of Buddha and reliquaries.
IV. Bone, Ivory, Horn, and Shell
Neolithic through Tang: The most important uses of these materials
is for vessels, seals, small-scale sculptures, and personal ornaments.
In the Neolithic period, Erlitou culture, and Shang Dynasty bone
(bovine scapula and tortoise plastrons, or lower shells) is used for
divination: A carefully prepared bone or shell was thinned by drilling
series of holes almost through the bone, to which heat was applied to
make the bone crack. In some cases from the Late Shang Dynasty, the
bones carry inscriptions revealing the date and nature of the question
asked and, occasionally, the outcome of the event. The cowrie shells
used as money in the Shang Dynasty and later periods show signs of use.
Worked shell imitations of cowries are also known. Ivory and horn are
used to craft tableware utensils such as cups and containers as early
as the Shang Dynasty; these are sometimes inlaid with turquoise or
other stones.
V. Silks and Textiles
Neolithic through Tang: Silk worms are domesticated in China as
early as the Neolithic. Silk cloth is preserved as garments and parts
thereof, as a covering for furniture, and as painted or embroidered
banners. Techniques include flat weave, moir[eacute], damask, gauze,
quilting, and embroidery.
VI. Lacquer and Wood
Neolithic through Tang: Lacquer is a transparent sap collected from
the lac tree. When dissolved, it may be repeatedly applied to a wood or
fabric form. The resulting product is sturdy and light. Lacquer vessels
first appear in the Neolithic period, and become highly sophisticated
and numerous by the middle Zhou through Han Dynasties. In the Sui and
Tang Dynasties the practice is invented of creating a hard, thick
surface of lacquer with the application of many thin layers. The
resulting object may be carved and or inlaid before it hardens
completely. Common colors for lacquer are red and black. Object types
include: Vessels such as bowls, dishes, and goblets; military gear such
shields and armor; musical instruments such as zithers (qin) and drums,
related supports for drums and for bell sets; and
[[Page 2093]]
boxes and baskets with painted or carved lids.
Wooden objects from this era are mainly preserved when painted with
lacquer. These include architectural elements, utensils, coffins,
musical instruments, and wood sculptures.
VII. Bamboo and Paper
Zhou through Tang: Types include texts on bamboo and wooden slips,
and on paper. The slips may be found singly, or in groups numbering
into the thousands. Some Buddhist sutras were printed with movable
wooden type.
VIII. Glass
Zhou through Tang: Glass types include mostly tablewares, such as
cups, plates, saucers.
IX. Painting and Calligraphy
A. Wall Painting
Note that this section includes wall art at least 250 years old as
of January 14, 2009. The painted bricks of the Han through Tang tomb
walls have already been mentioned. That tradition is partially
concurrent with a fresco tradition that runs from the Han through Qing
Dynasties. Temples including those in caves or grottos have wall
paintings with Buddhist, Confucian, and Daoist themes.
B. Other Painting
Han through Tang: Paintings, dating to as early as the Southern and
Northern, are on such media as banners, hand-scrolls, and fans.
Subjects are drawn from Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism. Other
subjects include landscapes and hunting scenes.
Inapplicability of Notice and Delayed Effective Date
This amendment involves a foreign affairs function of the United
States and is, therefore, being made without notice or public procedure
or a delayed effective date (5 U.S.C. 553(a)(1)).
Regulatory Flexibility Act
Because no notice of proposed rulemaking is required, the
provisions of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) do
not apply.
Executive Order 12866
Because this rule involves a foreign affairs function of the United
States, it is not subject to Executive Order 12866.
Signing Authority
This regulation is being issued in accordance with 19 CFR
0.1(a)(1).
List of Subjects in 19 CFR Part 12
Cultural property, Customs duties and inspection, Imports,
Prohibited merchandise.
Amendment to CBP Regulations
For the reasons set forth above, part 12 of Title 19 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (19 CFR part 12), is amended as set forth below:
PART 12--SPECIAL CLASSES OF MERCHANDISE
0
1. The general authority citation for part 12 and the specific
authority citation for Sec. 12.104g continue to read as follows:
Authority: 5 U.S.C. 301; 19 U.S.C. 66, 1202 (General Note 3(i),
Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS)), 1624;
* * * * *
Sections 12.104 through 12.104i also issued under 19 U.S.C.
2612;
* * * * *
0
2. In Sec. 12.104g, the table of the list of agreements imposing
import restrictions on described articles of cultural property of State
parties is amended in the entry for the People's Republic of China in
the column headed ``Cultural Property'' by adding the words ``as of
January 14, 2009'' after the word ``old''; and in the column headed
``Decision No.'' by adding ``extended by CBP Dec. 14-02'' immediately
after ``CBP Dec. 09-03''.
Thomas S. Winkowski,
Acting Commissioner, U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
Approved: January 8, 2014.
Timothy E. Skud,
Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.
[FR Doc. 2014-00388 Filed 1-10-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 9111-14-P