[Title 26 CFR ]
[Code of Federal Regulations (annual edition) - April 1, 2010 Edition]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office]
[[Page i]]
26
Part 1 (Sec. Sec. 1.1401 to 1.1550)
Revised as of April 1, 2010
Internal Revenue
________________________
Containing a codification of documents of general
applicability and future effect
As of April 1, 2010
With Ancillaries
Published by
Office of the Federal Register
National Archives and Records
Administration
A Special Edition of the Federal Register
[[Page ii]]
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[[Page iii]]
Table of Contents
Page
Explanation................................................. v
Title 26:
Chapter I--Internal Revenue Service, Department of
the Treasury (Continued) 3
Finding Aids:
Table of CFR Titles and Chapters........................ 791
Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR...... 811
Table of OMB Control Numbers............................ 821
List of CFR Sections Affected........................... 839
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Cite this Code: CFR
To cite the regulations in
this volume use title,
part and section number.
Thus, 26 CFR 1.1401-1
refers to title 26, part
1, section 1401-1.
----------------------------
[[Page v]]
EXPLANATION
The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and
permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive
departments and agencies of the Federal Government. The Code is divided
into 50 titles which represent broad areas subject to Federal
regulation. Each title is divided into chapters which usually bear the
name of the issuing agency. Each chapter is further subdivided into
parts covering specific regulatory areas.
Each volume of the Code is revised at least once each calendar year
and issued on a quarterly basis approximately as follows:
Title 1 through Title 16.................................as of January 1
Title 17 through Title 27..................................as of April 1
Title 28 through Title 41...................................as of July 1
Title 42 through Title 50................................as of October 1
The appropriate revision date is printed on the cover of each
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LEGAL STATUS
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HOW TO USE THE CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
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To determine whether a Code volume has been amended since its
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EFFECTIVE AND EXPIRATION DATES
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OMB CONTROL NUMBERS
The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-511) requires
Federal agencies to display an OMB control number with their information
collection request.
[[Page vi]]
Many agencies have begun publishing numerous OMB control numbers as
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OBSOLETE PROVISIONS
Provisions that become obsolete before the revision date stated on
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(b) The matter incorporated is in fact available to the extent
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(c) The incorporating document is drafted and submitted for
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CFR INDEXES AND TABULAR GUIDES
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the revision dates of the 50 CFR titles.
[[Page vii]]
REPUBLICATION OF MATERIAL
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Raymond A. Mosley,
Director,
Office of the Federal Register.
April 1, 2010.
[[Page ix]]
THIS TITLE
Title 26--Internal Revenue is composed of twenty volumes. The
contents of these volumes represent all current regulations issued by
the Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury, as of April 1,
2010. The first thirteen volumes comprise part 1 (Subchapter A--Income
Tax) and are arranged by sections as follows: Sec. Sec. 1.0-1.60;
Sec. Sec. 1.61-1.169; Sec. Sec. 1.170-1.300; Sec. Sec. 1.301-1.400;
Sec. Sec. 1.401-1.440; Sec. Sec. 1.441-1.500; Sec. Sec. 1.501-1.640;
Sec. Sec. 1.641-1.850; Sec. Sec. 1.851-1.907; Sec. Sec. 1.908-1.1000;
Sec. Sec. 1.1001-1.1400; Sec. Sec. 1.1401-1.1550; and Sec. 1.1551 to
end of part 1. The fourteenth volume containing parts 2-29, includes the
remainder of subchapter A and all of Subchapter B--Estate and Gift
Taxes. The last six volumes contain parts 30-39 (Subchapter C--
Employment Taxes and Collection of Income Tax at Source); parts 40-49;
parts 50-299 (Subchapter D--Miscellaneous Excise Taxes); parts 300-499
(Subchapter F--Procedure and Administration); parts 500-599 (Subchapter
G--Regulations under Tax Conventions); and part 600 to end (Subchapter
H--Internal Revenue Practice).
The OMB control numbers for Title 26 appear in Sec. 602.101 of this
chapter. For the convenience of the user, Sec. 602.101 appears in the
Finding Aids section of the volumes containing parts 1 to 599.
For this volume, Bonnie Fritts was Chief Editor. The Code of Federal
Regulations publication program is under the direction of Michael L.
White, assisted by Ann Worley.
[[Page 1]]
TITLE 26--INTERNAL REVENUE
(This book contains part 1, Sec. Sec. 1.1401 to 1.1550)
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Part
chapter i--Internal Revenue Service, Department of the
Treasury (Continued)...................................... 1
[[Page 3]]
CHAPTER I--INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY
(CONTINUED)
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Editorial Note: IRS published a document at 45 FR 6088, January 25,
1980, deleting statutory sections from their regulations. In Chapter I
cross references to the deleted material have been changed to the
corresponding sections of the IRS Code of 1954 or to the appropriate
regulations sections. When either such change produced a redundancy, the
cross reference has been deleted. For further explanation, see 45 FR
20795, March 31, 1980.
SUBCHAPTER A--INCOME TAX (CONTINUED)
Part Page
1 Income taxes (continued).................... 5
Supplementary Publications: Internal Revenue Service Looseleaf
Regulations System.
Additional supplementary publications are issued covering Alcohol and
Tobacco Tax Regulations, and Regulations Under Tax Conventions.
[[Page 5]]
SUBCHAPTER A_INCOME TAX (CONTINUED)
PART 1_INCOME TAXES--Table of Contents
TAX ON SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME
Sec.
1.1401-1 Tax on self-employment income.
1.1402(a)-1 Definition of net earnings from self-employment.
1.1402(a)-2 Computation of net earnings from self-employment.
1.1402(a)-3 Special rules for computing net earnings from self-
employment.
1.1402(a)-4 Rentals from real estate.
1.1402(a)-5 Dividends and interest.
1.1402(a)-6 Gain or loss from disposition of property.
1.1402(a)-7 Net operating loss deduction.
1.1402(a)-8 Community income.
1.1402(a)-9 Puerto Rico.
1.1402(a)-10 Personal exemption deduction.
1.1402(a)-11 Ministers and members of religious orders.
1.1402(a)-12 Continental shelf and certain possessions of the United
States.
1.1402(a)-13 Income from agricultural activity.
1.1402(a)-14 Options available to farmers in computing net earnings from
self-employment for taxable years ending after 1954 and before
December 31, 1956.
1.1402(a)-15 Options available to farmers in computing net earnings from
self-employment for taxable years ending on or after December
31, 1956.
1.1402(a)-16 Exercise of option.
1.1402(a)-17 Retirement payments to retired partners.
1.1402(a)-18 Split-dollar life insurance arrangements.
1.1402(b)-1 Self-employment income.
1.1402(c)-1 Trade or business.
1.1402(c)-2 Public office.
1.1402(c)-3 Employees.
1.1402(c)-4 Individuals under Railroad Retirement System.
1.1402(c)-5 Ministers and members of religious orders.
1.1402(c)-6 Members of certain professions.
1.1402(c)-7 Members of religious groups opposed to insurance.
1.1402(d)-1 Employee and wages.
1.1402(e)-1A Application of regulations under section 1402(e).
1.1402(e)-2A Ministers, members of religious orders and Christian
Science practitioners; application for exemption from self-
employment tax.
1.1402(e)-3A Time limitation for filing application for exemption.
1.1402(e)-4A Period for which exemption is effective.
1.1402(e)-5A Applications for exemption from self-employment taxes filed
after December 31, 1986, by ministers, certain members of
religious orders, and Christian Science practitioners.
1.1402(e)(1)-1 Election by ministers, members of religious orders, and
Christian Science practitioners for self-employment coverage.
1.1402(e)(2)-1 Time limitation for filing waiver certificate.
1.1402(e)(3)-1 Effective date of waiver certificate.
1.1402(e)(4)-1 Treatment of certain remuneration paid in 1955 and 1956
as wages.
1.1402(e)(5)-1 Optional provision for certain certificates filed before
April 15, 1962.
1.1402(e)(5)-2 Optional provisions for certain certificates filed on or
before April 17, 1967.
1.1402(e)(6)-1 Certificates filed by fiduciaries or survivors on or
before April 15, 1962.
1.1402(f)-1 Computation of partner's net earnings from self-employment
for taxable year which ends as result of his death.
1.1402(g)-1 Treatment of certain remuneration erroneously reported as
net earnings from self-employment.
1.1402(h)-1 Members of certain religious groups opposed to insurance.
1.1403-1 Cross references.
Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Corporations and
Tax-Free Covenant Bonds
NONRESIDENT ALIENS AND FOREIGN CORPORATIONS
1.1441-0 Outline of regulation provisions for section 1441.
1.1441-1 Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax on
payments to foreign persons.
1.1441-2 Amounts subject to withholding.
1.1441-3 Determination of amounts to be withheld.
1.1441-4 Exemptions from withholding for certain effectively connected
income and other amounts.
1.1441-5 Withholding on payments to partnerships, trusts, and estates.
1.1441-6 Claim of reduced withholding under an income tax treaty.
1.1441-7 General provisions relating to withholding agents.
1.1441-8 Exemption from withholding for payments to foreign governments,
international organizations, foreign central banks of issue,
and the Bank for International Settlements.
1.1441-9 Exemption from withholding on exempt income of a foreign tax-
exempt organization, including foreign private foundations.
[[Page 6]]
1.1441-10 Withholding agents with respect to fact-pay arrangements.
1.1442-1 Withholding of tax on foreign corporations.
1.1442-2 Exemption under a tax treaty.
1.1442-3 Tax exempt income of a foreign tax-exempt corporation.
1.1443-1 Foreign tax-exempt organizations.
1.1445-1 Withholding on dispositions of U.S. real property interests by
foreign persons: In general.
1.1445-2 Situations in which withholding is not required under section
1445(a).
1.1445-3 Adjustments to amount required to be withheld pursuant to
withholding certificate.
1.1445-4 Liability of agents.
1.1445-5 Special rules concerning distributions and other transactions
by corporations, partnerships, trusts, and estates.
1.1445-6 Adjustments pursuant to withholding certificate of amount
required to be withheld under section 1445(e).
1.1445-7 Treatment of foreign corporation that has made an election
under section 897(i) to be treated as a domestic corporation.
1.1445-8 Special rules regarding publicly traded partnerships, publicly
traded trusts and real estate investment trusts (REITs).
1.1445-10T Special rule for Foreign governments (temporary).
1.1445-11T Special rules requiring withholding under Sec. 1.1445-5
(temporary).
1.1446-0 Table of contents.
1.1446-1 Withholding tax on foreign partners' share of effectively
connected taxable income.
1.1446-2 Determining a partnership's effectively connected taxable
income allocable to foreign partners under section 704.
1.1446-3 Time and manner of calculating and paying over the 1446 tax.
1.1446-4 Publicly traded partnerships.
1.1446-5 Tiered partnership structures.
1.1446-6 Special rules to reduce a partnership's 1446 tax with respect
to a foreign partner's allocable share of effectively
connected taxable income.
1.1446-7 Effective/Applicability date.
TAX-FREE COVENANT BONDS
1.1451-1 Tax-free covenant bonds issued before January 1, 1934.
1.1451-2 Exemptions from withholding under section 1451.
APPLICATION OF WITHHOLDING PROVISIONS
1.1461-1 Payment and returns of tax withheld.
1.1461-2 Adjustments for overwithholding or underwithholding of tax.
1.1461-3 Withholding under section 1446.
1.1462-1 Withheld tax as credit to recipient of income.
1.1463-1 Tax paid by recipient of income.
1.1464-1 Refunds or credits.
Rules Applicable to Recovery of Excessive Profits on Government
Contracts
RECOVERY OF EXCESSIVE PROFITS ON GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS
1.1471-1 Recovery of excessive profits on government contracts.
MITIGATION OF EFFECT OF RENEGOTIATION OF GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS
1.1481-1 [Reserved]
Tax on Transfers To Avoid Income Tax
1.1491-1 Imposition of tax.
1.1492-1 Nontaxable transfers.
1.1493-1 Definition of foreign trust.
1.1494-1 Returns; payment and collection of tax.
1.1494-2 Effective date.
Consolidated Returns
RETURNS AND PAYMENT OF TAX
Consolidated Return Regulations
1.1502-0 Effective dates.
1.1502-1 Definitions.
Consolidated Tax Liability
1.1502-2 Computation of tax liability.
1.1502-3 Consolidated tax credits.
1.1502-4 Consolidated foreign tax credit.
1.1502-5 Estimated tax.
1.1502-6 Liability for tax.
1.1502-9 Consolidated overall foreign losses, separate limitation
losses, and overall domestic losses.
1.1502-9T Consolidated overall foreign losses, separate limitation
losses, and overall domestic losses (temporary).
Computation of Consolidated Taxable Income
1.1502-11 Consolidated taxable income.
Computation of Separate Taxable Income
1.1502-12 Separate taxable income.
1.1502-13 Intercompany transactions.
1.1502-13T Intercompany transactions (temporary).
1.1502-15 SRLY limitation on built-in losses.
1.1502-16 Mine exploration expenditures.
1.1502-17 Methods of accounting.
1.1502-18 Inventory adjustment.
1.1502-19 Excess loss accounts.
Computation of Consolidated Items
1.1502-21 Net operating losses.
1.1502-21T Net operating losses (temporary).
1.1502-22 Consolidated capital gain and loss.
[[Page 7]]
1.1502-23 Consolidated net section 1231 gain or loss.
1.1502-24 Consolidated charitable contributions deduction.
1.1502-26 Consolidated dividends received deduction.
1.1502-27 Consolidated section 247 deduction.
1.1502-28 Consolidated section 108.
Basis, Stock Ownership, and Earnings and Profits Rules
1.1502-30 Stock basis after certain triangular reorganizations.
1.1502-31 Stock basis after a group structure change.
1.1502-32 Investment adjustments.
1.1502-33 Earnings and profits.
1.1502-34 Special aggregate stock ownership rules.
1.1502-35 Transfers of subsidiary stock and deconsolidations of
subsidiaries.
1.1502-36 Unified loss rule.
Special Taxes and Taxpayers
1.1502-42 Mutual savings banks, etc.
1.1502-43 Consolidated accumulated earnings tax.
1.1502-44 Percentage depletion for independent producers and royalty
owners.
1.1502-47 Consolidated returns by life-nonlife groups.
1.1502-55 Computation of alternative minimum tax of consolidated groups.
Administrative Provisions and Other Rules
1.1502-75 Filing of consolidated returns.
1.1502-76 Taxable year of members of group.
1.1502-77 Agent for the group.
1.1502-78 Tentative carryback adjustments.
1.1502-79 Separate return years.
1.1502-80 Applicability of other provisions of law.
1.1502-81T Alaska Native Corporations.
1.1502-90 Table of contents.
1.1502-91 Application of section 382 with respect to a consolidated
group.
1.1502-92 Ownership change of a loss group or a loss subgroup.
1.1502-93 Consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382
limitation).
1.1502-94 Coordination with section 382 and the regulations thereunder
when a corporation becomes a member of a consolidated group.
1.1502-95 Rules on ceasing to be a member of a consolidated group (or
loss subgroup).
1.1502-96 Miscellaneous rules.
1.1502-97 Special rules under section 382 for members under the
jurisdiction of a court in a title 11 similar case. [Reserved]
1.1502-98 Coordination with section 383.
1.1502-99 Effective/applicability dates.
1.1502-100 Corporations exempt from tax.
1.1503-1 Computation and payment of tax.
1.1503-2 Dual consolidated loss.
1.1503(d)-0 Table of contents.
1.1503(d)-1 Definitions and special rules for filings under section
1503(d).
1.1503(d)-2 Domestic use.
1.1503(d)-3 Foreign use.
1.1503(d)-4 Domestic use limitation and related operating rules.
1.1503(d)-5 Attribution of items and basis adjustments.
1.1503(d)-6 Exceptions to the domestic use limitation rule.
1.1503(d)-7 Examples.
1.1503(d)-8 Effective dates.
1.1504-0 Outline of provisions.
1.1504-1 Definitions.
1.1504-2--1.1504-3 [Reserved]
1.1504-4 Treatment of warrants, options, convertible obligations, and
other similar interests.
Regulations Applicable for Tax Years for Which a Return Is Due on or
Before August 11, 1999
1.1502-9A Applications of overall foreign loss recapture rules to
corporations filing consolidated returns due on or before
August 11, 1999.
Regulations Applicable to Taxable Years Before January 1, 1997
1.1502-15A Limitations on the allowance of built-in deductions for
consolidated return years beginning before January 1, 1997.
1.1502-21A Consolidated net operating loss deduction generally
applicable for consolidated return years beginning before
January 1, 1997.
1.1502-22A Consolidated net capital gain or loss generally applicable
for consolidated return years beginning before January 1,
1997.
1.1502-23A Consolidated net section 1231 gain or loss generally
applicable for consolidated return years beginning before
January 1, 1997.
1.1502-41A Determination of consolidated net long-term capital gain and
consolidated net short-term capital loss generally applicable
for consolidated return years beginning before January 1,
1997.
REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO TAXABLE YEARS BEGINNING BEFORE JUNE 28, 2002
1.1502-77A Common parent agent for subsidiaries applicable for
consolidated return years beginning before June 28, 2002.
REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO TAXABLE YEARS BEFORE JANUARY 1, 1997
1.1502-79A Separate return years generally applicable for consolidated
return years beginning before January 1, 1997.
[[Page 8]]
REGULATIONS APPLYING SECTION 382 WITH RESPECT TO TESTING DATES (AND
CORPORATIONS JOINING OR LEAVING CONSOLIDATED GROUPS) BEFORE JUNE 25,
1999
1.1502-90A Table of contents.
1.1502-91A Application of section 382 with respect to a consolidated
group generally applicable for testing dates before June 25,
1999.
1.1502-92A Ownership change of a loss group or a loss subgroup generally
applicable for testing dates before June 25, 1999.
1.1502-93A Consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382
limitation) generally applicable for testing dates before June
25, 1999.
1.1502-94A Coordination with section 382 and the regulations thereunder
when a corporation becomes a member of a consolidated group
generally applicable for corporations becoming members of a
group before June 25, 1999.
1.1502-95A Rules on ceasing to be a member of a consolidated group
generally applicable for corporations ceasing to be members
before June 25, 1999.
1.1502-96A Miscellaneous rules generally applicable for testing dates
before June 25, 1999.
1.1502-97A Special rules under section 382 for members under the
jurisdiction of a court in a title 11 similar case. [Reserved]
1.1502-98A Coordination with section 383 generally applicable for
testing dates (or members joining or leaving a group) before
June 25, 1999.
1.1502-99A Effective dates.
DUAL CONSOLIDATED LOSSES INCURRED IN TAXABLE YEARS BEGINNING BEFORE
OCTOBER 1, 1992
Authority: 26 U.S.C. 7805, unless otherwise noted.
Section 1.1402 (e)-5T also is issued under 26 U.S.C. 1402(e)(1) and
(2).
Section 1.1441-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4) and 26
U.S.C. 3401(a)(6).
Section 1.1441-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4), 26 U.S.C.
3401(a)(6) and 26 U.S.C. 7701(l).
Section 1.1441-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4) and 26
U.S.C. 3401(a)(6).
Section 1.1441-5 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4), 26 U.S.C.
3401(a)(6) and 26 U.S.C. 7701(b)(11).
Section 1.1441-6 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4) and 26
U.S.C. 3401(a)(6).
Section 1.1441-7 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4), 26 U.S.C.
3401(a)(6) and 26 U.S.C. 7701(l).
Section 1.1443-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1443(a).
Section 1.1445-5 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1445(e)(6).
Section 1.1445-8 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1445(e)(6).
Section 1.1461-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4) and 26
U.S.C. 3401(a)(6).
Section 1.1461-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4) and 26
U.S.C. 3401(a)(6).
Section 1.1462-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1441(c)(4) and 26
U.S.C. 3401(a)(6).
Section 1.1502-0 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-1 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-3 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-9 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-11 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-12 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-13 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-13T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-15 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-17 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 446 and 1502.
Section 1.1502-18 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-19 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 301, 1502, and 1503.
Section 1.1502-20 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 337(d) and 1502.
Section 1.1502-20T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 337(d) and 1502.
Section 1.1502-21 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502 and 6402(i).
Section 1.1502-21(b)(1) and (b)(3)(v) also issued under 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-21T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-21T(b)(1) and (b)(3)(v) also issued under 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-22 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-23 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-26 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-28 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-30 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-31 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-32 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 301, 1502, and 1503.
Section 1.1502-32 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-32(a)(2), (b)(3)(iii)(C), (b)(3)(iii)(D), and
(b)(4)(vi) also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
[[Page 9]]
Section 1.1502-32T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-33 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-34 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-35 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-35T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-36 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-36 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 337(d).
Section 1.1502-43 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-47 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502, 1503(c) and
1504(c).
Section 1.1502-55 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-75 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-76 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-77 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502 and 6402(j).
Section 1.1502-78 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502, 6402(j), and
6411(c).
Section 1.1502-79 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-80 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-81T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-91 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-92 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-93 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-94 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-95 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-96 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-98 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-99 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1503-2 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1503(d) also issued under 26 U.S.C. 953(d) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1503-2T also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1503(d).
Section 1.1504-4 also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1504(a)(5).
Section 1.1502-9A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-15A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-21A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-22A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-23A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-41A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-77A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502 and 6402(j).
Section 1.1502-79A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 1502.
Section 1.1502-91A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-92A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-93A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-94A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-95A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-96A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-98A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Section 1.1502-99A also issued under 26 U.S.C. 382(m) and 26 U.S.C.
1502.
Source: Sections 1.1401-1 through 1.1403-1 contained in T.D. 6691,
28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, unless otherwise noted.
TAX ON SELF-EMPLOYMENT INCOME
Sec. 1.1401-1 Tax on self-employment income.
(a) There is imposed, in addition to other taxes, a tax upon the
self-employment income of every individual at the rates prescribed in
section 1401(a) (old-age, survivors, and disability insurance) and (b)
(hospital insurance). (See subparagraphs (1) and (2) of paragraph (b) of
this section.) This tax shall be levied, assessed, and collected as part
of the income tax imposed by subtitle A of the Code and, except as
otherwise expressly provided, will be included with the tax imposed by
section 1 or 3 in computing any deficiency or overpayment and in
computing the interest and additions to any deficiency, overpayment, or
tax. Since the tax on self-employment income is part of the income tax,
it is subject to the jurisdiction of the Tax Court of the United States
to the same extent and in the same manner as the other taxes under
subtitle A of the Code. Furthermore, with respect to taxable years
beginning after December 31, 1966, this tax must be taken into account
in computing any estimate of the taxes required to be declared under
section 6015.
[[Page 10]]
(b) The rates of tax on self-employment income are as follows:
(1) For old-age, survivors, and disability insurance:
Taxable year Percent
Beginning before January 1, 1957............................. 3
Beginning after December 31, 1956 and before January 1, 1959. 3.375
Beginning after December 31, 1958 and before January 1, 1960. 3.75
Beginning after December 31, 1959 and before January 1, 1962. 4.5
Beginning after December 31, 1961 and before January 1, 1963. 4.7
Beginning after December 31, 1962 and before January 1, 1966. 5.4
Beginning after December 31, 1965 and before January 1, 1967. 5.8
Beginning after December 31, 1966 and before January 1, 1968. 5.9
Beginning after December 31, 1967 and before January 1, 1969. 5.8
Beginning after December 31, 1968 and before January 1, 1971. 6.3
Beginning after December 31, 1970 and before January 1, 1973. 6.9
Beginning after December 31, 1972............................ 7.0
(2) For hospital insurance:
Taxable year Percent
Beginning after December 31, 1965 and before January 1, 1967. 0.35
Beginning after December 31, 1966 and before January 1, 1968. .50
Beginning after December 31, 1967 and before January 1, 1973. .60
Beginning after December 31, 1972 and before January 1, 1974. 1.0
Beginning after December 31, 1973 and before January 1, 1978. .90
Beginning after December 31, 1977 and before January 1, 1981. 1.10
Beginning after December 31, 1980 and before January 1, 1986. 1.35
Beginning after December 31, 1985............................ 1.50
(c) In general, self-employment income consists of the net earnings
derived by an individual (other than a nonresident alien) from a trade
or business carried on by him as sole proprietor or by a partnership of
which he is a member, including the net earnings of certain employees as
set forth in Sec. 1.1402(c)-3, and of crew leaders, as defined in
section 3121(o) (see such section and the regulations thereunder in part
31 of this chapter (Employment Tax Regulations)). See, however, the
exclusions, exceptions, and limitations set forth in Sec. Sec.
1.1402(a)-1 through 1.1402(h)-1.
[T.D. 6993, 34 FR 828, Jan. 18, 1969, as amended by T.D. 7333, 39 FR
44445, Dec. 24, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-1 Definition of net earnings from self-employment.
(a) Subject to the special rules set forth in Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-3
to 1.1402(a)-17, inclusive, and to the exclusions set forth in
Sec. Sec. 1.1402(c)-2 to 1.1402(c)-7, inclusive, the term ``net
earnings from self-employment'' means:
(1) The gross income derived by an individual from any trade or
business carried on by such individual, less the deductions allowed by
chapter 1 of the Code which are attributable to such trade or business,
plus
(2) His distributive share (whether or not distributed), as
determined under section 704, of the income (or minus the loss),
described in section 702(a)(9) and as computed under section 703, from
any trade or business carried on by any partnership of which he is a
member.
(b) Gross income derived by an individual from a trade or business
includes payments received by him from a partnership of which he is a
member for services rendered to the partnership or for the use of
capital by the partnership, to the extent the payments are determined
without regard to the income of the partnership. However, such payments
received from a partnership not engaged in a trade or business within
the meaning of section 1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-1 do not constitute
gross income derived by an individual from a trade or business. See
section 707(c) and the regulations thereunder, relating to guaranteed
payments to a member of a partnership for services or the use of
capital. See also section 706(a) and the regulations thereunder,
relating to the taxable year of the partner in which such guaranteed
payments are to be included in computing taxable income.
(c) Gross income derived by an individual from a trade or business
includes gross income received (in the case of an individual reporting
income on the cash receipts and disbursements method) or accrued (in the
case of an individual reporting income on the accrual method) in the
taxable year from a trade or business even though such income may be
attributable in whole or in part to services rendered or other acts
performed in a prior taxable year
[[Page 11]]
as to which the individual was not subject to the tax on self-employment
income.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 7333, 39 FR
44445, Dec. 24, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-2 Computation of net earnings from self-employment.
(a) General rule. In general, the gross income and deductions of an
individual attributable to a trade or business (including a trade or
business conducted by an employee referred to in paragraphs (b), (c),
(d), or (e) of Sec. 1.1402(c)-3), for the purpose of ascertaining his
net earnings from self-employment, are to be determined by reference to
the provisions of law and regulations applicable with respect to the
taxes imposed by sections 1 and 3. Thus, if an individual uses the
accrual method of accounting in computing taxable income from a trade or
business for the purpose of the tax imposed by section 1 or 3, he must
use the same method in determining net earnings from self-employment.
Likewise, if a taxpayer engaged in a trade or business of selling
property on the installment plan elects, under the provisions of section
453, to use the installment method in computing income for purposes of
the tax under section 1 or 3, he must use the same method in determining
net earnings from self-employment. Income which is excludable from gross
income under any provision of subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code is
not taken into account in determining net earnings from self-employment
except as otherwise provided in Sec. 1.1402(a)-9, relating to certain
residents of Puerto Rico, in Sec. 1.1402(a)-11, relating to ministers
or members of religious orders, and in Sec. 1.1402(a)-12, relating to
the term ``possession of the United States'' as used for purposes of the
tax on self-employment income. Thus, in the case of a citizen of the
United States conducting, in a foreign country, a trade or business in
which both personal services and capital are material income-producing
factors, any part of the income therefrom which is excluded from gross
income as earned income under the provisions of section 911 and the
regulations thereunder is not taken into account in determining net
earnings from self-employment.
(b) Trade or business carried on. The trade or business must be
carried on by the individual, either personally or through agents or
employees. Accordingly, income derived from a trade or business carried
on by an estate or trust is not included in determining the net earnings
from self-employment of the individual beneficiaries of such estate or
trust.
(c) Aggregate net earnings. Where an individual is engaged in more
than one trade or business within the meaning of section 1402(c) and
Sec. 1.1402(c)-1, his net earnings from self-employment consist of the
aggregate of the net income and losses (computed subject to the special
rules provided in Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-1 to 1.1402(a)-17 inclusive) of
all such trades or businesses carried on by him. Thus, a loss sustained
in one trade or business carried on by an individual will operate to
offset the income derived by him from another trade or business.
(d) Partnerships. The net earnings from self-employment of an
individual include, in addition to the earnings from a trade or business
carried on by him, his distributive share of the income or loss,
described in section 702(a)(9), from any trade or business carried on by
each partnership of which he is a member. An individual's distributive
share of such income or loss of a partnership shall be determined as
provided in section 704, subject to the special rules set forth in
section 1402(a) and in Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-1 to 1.1402(a)-17,
inclusive, and to the exclusions provided in section 1402(c) and
Sec. Sec. 1.1402(c)-2 to 1.1402(c)-7, inclusive. For provisions
relating to the computation of the taxable income of a partnership, see
section 703.
(e) Different taxable years. If the taxable year of a partner
differs from that of the partnership, the partner shall include, in
computing net earnings from self-employment, his distributive share of
the income or loss, described in section 702(a)(9), of the partnership
for its taxable year ending with or within the taxable year of the
partner. For the special rule in case of the termination of a partner's
taxable year as result of death, see Sec. Sec. 1.1402(f) and 1.1402(f)-
1.
(f) Meaning of partnerships. For the purpose of determining net
earnings
[[Page 12]]
from self-employment, a partnership is one which is recognized as such
for income tax purposes. For income tax purposes, the term
``partnership'' includes not only a partnership as known at common law,
but, also a syndicate, group, pool, joint venture, or other
unincorporated organization which carries on any trade or business,
financial operation, or venture, and which is not, within the meaning of
the Code, a trust, estate, or a corporation. An organization described
in the preceding sentence shall be treated as a partnership for purposes
of the tax on self-employment income even though such organization has
elected, pursuant to section 1361 and the regulations thereunder, to be
taxed as a domestic corporation.
(g) Nature of partnership interest. The net earnings from self-
employment of a partner include his distributive share of the income or
loss, described in section 702(a)(9), of the partnership of which he is
a member, irrespective of the nature of his membership. Thus, in
determining his net earnings from self-employment, a limited or inactive
partner includes his distributive share of such partnership income or
loss. In the case of a partner who is a member of a partnership with
respect to which an election has been made pursuant to section 1361 and
the regulations thereunder to be taxed as a domestic corporation, net
earnings from self-employment include his distributive share of the
income or loss, described in section 702(a)(9), from the trade or
business carried on by the partnership computed without regard to the
fact that the partnership has elected to be taxed as a domestic
corporation.
(h) Proprietorship taxed as domestic corporation. A proprietor of an
unincorporated business enterprise with respect to which an election has
been made pursuant to section 1361 and the regulations thereunder to be
taxed as a domestic corporation shall compute his net earnings from
self-employment without regard to the fact that such election has been
made.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 7333, 39 FR
44445, Dec. 24, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-3 Special rules for computing net earnings from
self-employment.
For the purpose of computing net earnings from self-employment, the
gross income derived by an individual from a trade or business carried
on by him, the allowable deductions attributable to such trade or
business, and the individual's distributive share of the income or loss,
described in section 702(a)(9), from any trade or business carrier on by
a partnership of which he is a member shall be computed in accordance
with the special rules set forth in Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-4 to 1.1402(a)-
17, inclusive.
[T.D. 7333, 39 FR 44445, Dec. 24, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-4 Rentals from real estate.
(a) In general. Rentals from real estate and from personal property
leased with the real estate (including such rentals paid in crop shares)
and the deductions attributable thereto, unless such rentals are
received by an individual in the course of a trade or business as a
real-estate dealer, are excluded. Whether or not an individual is
engaged in the trade or business of a real-estate dealer is determined
by the application of the principles followed in respect of the taxes
imposed by sections 1 and 3. In general, an individual who is engaged in
the business of selling real estate to customers with a view to the
gains and profits that may be derived from such sales is a real-estate
dealer. On the other hand, an individual who merely holds real estate
for investment or speculation and receives rentals therefrom is not
considered a real-estate dealer. Where a real-estate dealer holds real
estate for investment or speculation in addition to real estate held for
sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business as a
real-estate dealer, only the rentals from the real estate held for sale
to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business as a real-
estate dealer, and the deductions attributable thereto, are included in
determining net earnings from self-employment; the rentals from the real
estate held for investment or speculation, and the
[[Page 13]]
deductions attributable thereto, are excluded. Rentals paid in crop
shares include income derived by an owner or lessee of land under an
agreement entered into with another person pursuant to which such other
person undertakes to produce a crop or livestock on such land and
pursuant to which (1) the crop or livestock, or the proceeds thereof,
are to be divided between such owner or lessee and such other person,
and (2) the share of the owner or lessee depends on the amount of the
crop or livestock produced. See, however, paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) Special rule for ``includible farm rental income''--(1) In
general. Notwithstanding the rules set forth in paragraph (a) of this
section, there shall be included in determining net earnings from self-
employment for taxable years ending after 1955 any income derived by an
owner or tenant of land, if the following requirements are met with
respect to such income:
(i) The income is derived under an arrangement between the owner or
tenant of land and another person which provides that such other person
shall produce agricultural or horticultural commodities on such land,
and that there shall be material participation by the owner or tenant in
the production or the management of the production of such agricultural
or horticultural commodities; and
(ii) There is material participation by the owner or tenant with
respect to any such agricultural or horticultural commodity.
Income so derived shall be referred to in this section as ``includible
farm rental income''.
(2) Requirement that income be derived under an arrangement. In
order for rental income received by an owner or tenant of land to be
treated as includible farm rental income, such income must be derived
pursuant to a share-farming or other rental arrangement which
contemplates material participation by the owner or tenant in the
production or management of production of agricultural or horticultural
commodities.
(3) Nature of arrangement. (i) The arrangement between the owner or
tenant and the person referred to in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph
may be either oral or written. The arrangement must impose upon such
other person the obligation to produce one or more agricultural or
horticultural commodities (including livestock, bees, poultry, and fur-
bearing animals and wildlife) on the land of the owner or tenant. In
addition, it must be within the contemplation of the parties that the
owner or tenant will participate in the production or the management of
the production of the agricultural or horticultural commodities required
to be produced by the other person under such arrangement to an extent
which is material with respect either to the production or to the
management of production of such commodities or is material with respect
to the production and management of production when the total required
participation in connection with both is considered.
(ii) The term ``production'', wherever used in this paragraph,
refers to the physical work performed and the expenses incurred in
producing a commodity. It includes such activities as the actual work of
planting, cultivating, and harvesting crops, and the furnishing of
machinery, implements, seed, and livestock. An arrangement will be
treated as contemplating that the owner or tenant will materially
participate in the ``production'' of the commodities required to be
produced by the other person under the arrangement if under the
arrangement it is understood that the owner or tenant is to engage to a
material degree in the physical work related to the production of such
commodities. The mere undertaking to furnish machinery, implements, and
livestock and to incur expenses is not, in and of itself, sufficient.
Such factors may be significant, however, in cases where the degree of
physical work intended of the owner or tenant is not material. For
example, if under the arrangement it is understood that the owner or
tenant is to engage periodically in physical work to a degree which is
not material in and of itself and, in addition, to furnish a substantial
portion of the machinery, implements, and livestock to be used in the
production of the commodities or to furnish or advance funds or assume
financial responsibility for a substantial part of the expense involved
in the
[[Page 14]]
production of the commodities, the arrangement will be treated as
contemplating material participation of the owner or tenant in the
production of such commodities.
(iii) The term ``management of the production'', wherever used in
this paragraph, refers to services performed in making managerial
decisions relating to the production, such as when to plant, cultivate,
dust, spray, or harvest the crop, and includes advising and consulting,
making inspections, and making decisions as to matters such as rotation
of crops, the type of crops to be grown, the type of livestock to be
raised, and the type of machinery and implements to be furnished. An
arrangement will be treated as contemplating that the owner or tenant is
to participate materially in the ``management of the production'' of the
commodities required to be produced by the other person under the
arrangement if the owner or tenant is to engage to a material degree in
the management decisions related to the production of such commodities.
The services which are considered of particular importance in making
such management decisions are those services performed in making
inspections of the production activities and in advising and consulting
with such person as to the production of the commodities. Thus, if under
the arrangement it is understood that the owner or tenant is to advise
or consult periodically with the other person as to the production of
the commodities required to be produced by such person under the
arrangement and to inspect periodically the production activities on the
land, a strong inference will be drawn that the arrangement contemplates
participation by the owner or tenant in the management of the production
of such commodities. The mere undertaking to select the crops or
livestock to be produced or the type of machinery and implements to be
furnished or to make decisions as to the rotation of crops generally is
not, in and of itself, sufficient. Such factors may be significant,
however, in making the overall determination of whether the arrangement
contemplates that the owner or tenant is to participate materially in
the management of the production of the commodities. Thus, if in
addition to the understanding that the owner or tenant is to advise or
consult periodically with the other person as to the production of the
commodities and to inspect periodically the production activities on the
land, it is also understood that the owner is to select the type of
crops and livestock to be produced and the type of machinery and
implements to be furnished and to make decisions as to the rotation of
crops, the arrangement will be treated as contemplating material
participation of the owner or tenant in the management of production of
such commodities.
(4) Actual participation. In order for the rental income received by
the owner or tenant of land to be treated as includible farm rental
income, not only must it be derived pursuant to the arrangement
described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, but also the owner or
tenant must actually participate to a material degree in the production
or in the management of the production of any of the commodities
required to be produced under the arrangement, or he must actually
participate in both the production and the management of the production
to an extent that his participation in the one when combined with his
participation in the other will be considered participation to a
material degree. If the owner or tenant shows that he periodically
advises or consults with the other person, who under the arrangement
produces the agricultural or horticultural commodities, as to the
production of any of these commodities and also shows that he
periodically inspects the production activities on the land, he will
have presented strong evidence of the existence of the degree of
participation contemplated by section 1402(a)(1). If, in addition to the
foregoing, the owner or tenant shows that he furnishes a substantial
portion of the machinery, implements, and livestock used in the
production of the commodities or that he furnishes or advances funds, or
assumes financial responsibility, for a substantial part of the expense
involved in the production of the commodities, he will have established
the existence of the degree of
[[Page 15]]
participation contemplated by section 1402(a)(1) and this paragraph.
(5) Employees or agents. An agreement entered into by an employee or
agent of an owner or tenant and another person is considered to be an
arrangement entered into by the owner or tenant for purposes of
satisfying the requirement set forth in paragraph (b)(2) that the income
must be derived under an arrangement between the owner or tenant and
another person. For purposes of determining whether the arrangement
satisfies the requirement set forth in paragraph (b)(3) that the parties
contemplate that the owner or tenant will materially participate in the
production or management of production of a commodity, services which
will be performed by an employee or agent of the owner or tenant are not
considered to be services which the arrangement contemplates will be
performed by the owner or tenant. Services actually performed by such
employee or agent are not considered services performed by the owner or
tenant in determining the extent to which the owner or tenant has
participated in the production or management of production of a
commodity. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 1974,
contemplated or actual services of an agent or an employee of the owner
or tenant are deemed to be contemplated or actual services of the owner
or tenant under paragraphs (b)(3) and (b)(4) of this section.
(6) Examples. Application of the rules prescribed in this paragraph
may be illustrated by the following examples:
Example (1). After the death of her husband, Mrs. A rents her farm,
together with its machinery and equipment, to B for one-half of the
proceeds from the commodities produced on such farm by B. It is agreed
that B will live in the tenant house on the farm and be responsible for
the over-all operation of the farm, such as planting, cultivating, and
harvesting the field crops, caring for the orchard and harvesting the
fruit and caring for the livestock and poultry. It also is agreed that
Mrs. A will continue to live in the farm residence and help B operate
the farm. Under the agreement it is contemplated that Mrs. A will
regularly operate and clean the cream separator and feed the poultry
flock and collect the eggs. When possible she will assist B in such work
as spraying the fruit trees, penning livestock, culling the poultry, and
controlling weeds. She will also assist in preparing the meals when B
engages seasonal workers. The agreement between Mrs. A and B clearly
provides that she will materially participate in the over-all production
operations to be conducted on her farm by B. In actual practice, Mrs. A
performs such regular and intermittent services. The regularly performed
services are material to the production of an agricultural commodity,
and the intermittent services performed are material to the production
operations to which they relate. The furnishing of a substantial portion
of the farm machinery and equipment also adds support to a conclusion
that Mrs. A has materially participated. Accordingly, the rental income
Mrs. A receives from her farm should be included in net earnings from
self-employment.
Example (2). D agrees to produce a crop on C's cotton farm under an
arrangement providing that C and D will each receive one-half of the
proceeds from such production. C agrees to furnish all the necessary
equipment, and it is understood that he is to advise D when to plant the
cotton and when it needs to be chopped, plowed, sprayed, and picked. It
is also understood that during the growing season C is to inspect the
crop every few days to determine whether D is properly taking care of
the crop. Under the arrangement, D is required to furnish all labor
needed to grow and harvest the crop. C, in fact, renders such advice,
makes such inspections, and furnishes such equipment. C's contemplated
participation in management decisions is considered material with
respect to the management of the cotton production operation. C's actual
participation pursuant to the arrangement is also considered to be
material with respect to the management of the production of cotton.
Accordingly, the income C receives from his cotton farm is to be
included in computing his net earnings from self-employment.
Example (3). E owns a grain farm and turns its operation over to his
son, F. By the oral rental arrangement between E and F, the latter
agrees to produce crops of grain on the farm, and E agrees that he will
be available for consultation and advice and will inspect and help to
harvest the crops. E furnishes most of the equipment, including a
tractor, a combine, plows, wagons, drills, and harrows; he continues to
live on the farm and does some of the work such as repairing barns and
farm machinery, going to town for supplies, cutting weeds, etc.; he
regularly inspects the crops during the growing season; and he helps F
to harvest the crops. Although the final decisions are made by F, he
frequently consults with his father regarding the production of the
crops. An evaluation of all of E's actual activities indicates that they
are sufficiently substantial and regular to support a conclusion that he
is materially participating in the crop production operations
[[Page 16]]
and the management thereof. If it can be shown that the degree of E's
actual participation was contemplated by the arrangement, E's income
from the grain farm will be included in computing net earnings from
self-employment.
Example (4). G owns a fully-equipped farm which he rents to H under
an arrangement which contemplates that G shall materially participate in
the management of the production of crops raised on the farm pursuant to
the arrangement. G lives in town about 5 miles from the farm. About
twice a month he visits the farm and looks over the buildings and
equipment. G may occasionally, in an emergency, discuss with H some
phase of a crop production activity. In effect, H has complete charge of
the management of farming operations regardless of the understanding
between him and G. Although G pays one-half of the cost of the seed and
fertilizer and is charged for the cost of materials purchased by H to
make all necessary repairs, G's activities do not constitute material
participation in the crop production activities. Accordingly, G's income
from the crops is not included in computing net earnings from self-
employment.
Example (5). I owned a farm several miles from the town in which he
lived. He rented the farm to J under an arrangement which contemplated
I's material participation in the management of production of wheat. I
furnished one-half of the seed and fertilizer and all the farm equipment
and livestock. He employed K to perform all the services in advising,
consulting, and inspecting contemplated by the arrangement. I is not
materially participating in the management of production of wheat by J.
The work done by I's employee, K, is not attributable to I in
determining the extent of I's participation. I's rental income from the
arrangement is, therefore, not to be included in computing his net
earnings from self-employment. For taxable years beginning before
January 1, 1974, however, I's rental income would be includible in those
earnings.
Example (6). L, a calendar-year taxpayer, appointed M as his agent
to rent his fully equipped farm for 1974. M entered into a rental
arrangement with N under which M was to direct the planting of crops,
inspect them weekly during the growing season, and consult with N on any
problems that might arise in connection with irrigation, etc., while N
furnished all the labor needed to grow and harvest the crops. M did in
fact fulfill its responsibilities under the arrangement. Although the
arrangement entered into by M and N is considered to have been made by
L, M's services are not attributable to L, and L's furnishing of a fully
equipped farm is insufficient by itself to constitute material
participation in the production of the crops. Accordingly, L's rental
income from the arrangement is not included in his net earnings from
self-employment for that year. For taxable years beginning before
January 1, 1974, however, L's rental income would be includible in those
earnings.
(c) Rentals from living quarters--(1) No services rendered for
occupants. Payments for the use or occupancy of entire private
residences or living quarters in duplex or multiple-housing units are
generally rentals from real estate. Except in the case of real-estate
dealers, such payments are excluded in determining net earnings from
self-employment even though such payments are in part attributable to
personal property furnished under the lease.
(2) Services rendered for occupants. Payments for the use or
occupancy of rooms or other space where services are also rendered to
the occupant, such as for the use or occupancy of rooms or other
quarters in hotels, boarding houses, or apartment houses furnishing
hotel services, or in tourist camps or tourist homes, or payments for
the use or occupancy of space in parking lots, warehouses, or storage
garages, do not constitute rentals from real estate; consequently, such
payments are included in determining net earnings from self-employment.
Generally, services are considered rendered to the occupant if they are
primarily for his convenience and are other than those usually or
customarily rendered in connection with the rental of rooms or other
space for occupancy only. The supplying of maid service, for example,
constitutes such service; whereas the furnishing of heat and light, the
cleaning of public entrances, exits, stairways and lobbies, the
collection of trash, and so forth, are not considered as services
rendered to the occupant.
(3) Example. The application of this paragraph may be illustrated by
the following example:
Example. A, an individual, owns a building containing four
apartments. During the taxable year, he receives $1,400 from apartments
numbered 1 and 2, which are rented without services rendered to the
occupants, and $3,600 from apartments numbered 3 and 4, which are rented
with services rendered to the occupants. His fixed expenses for the four
apartments aggregate $1,200 during the taxable year. In addition, he has
$500 of expenses attributable to the services rendered to the
[[Page 17]]
occupants of apartments 3 and 4. In determining his net earnings from
self-employment, A includes the $3,600 received from apartments 3 and 4,
and the expenses of $1,100 ($500 plus one-half of $1,200) attributable
thereto. The rentals and expenses attributable to apartments 1 and 2 are
excluded. Therefore, A has $2,500 of net earnings from self-employment
for the taxable year from the building.
(d) Treatment of business income which includes rentals from real
estate. Except in the case of a real-estate dealer, where an individual
or a partnership is engaged in a trade or business the income of which
is classifiable in part as rentals from real estate, only that portion
of such income which is not classifiable as rentals from real estate,
and the expenses attributable to such portion, are included in
determining net earnings from self-employment.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 7710, 45 FR
50739, July 31, 1980]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-5 Dividends and interest.
(a) All dividends on shares of stock are excluded unless they are
received by an individual in the course of his trade or business as a
dealer in stocks or securities.
(b) Interest on any bond, debenture, note, or certificate, or other
evidence of indebtedness, issued with interest coupons or in registered
form by any corporation (including one issued by a government or
political subdivision thereof) is excluded unless such interest is
received in the course of a trade or business as a dealer in stocks or
securities. However, interest with respect to which a credit against tax
is allowable as provided in section 35, that is, interest on certain
obligations of the United States and its instrumentalities, is not
included in net earnings from self-employment even though received in
the course of a trade or business as a dealer in stocks or securities.
Only interest on bonds, debentures, notes, or certificates, or other
evidence of indebtedness, issued with interest coupons or in registered
form by a corporation, is excluded in the case of all persons other than
dealers in stocks or securities; other interest received in the course
of any trade or business (such as interest received by a pawnbroker on
his loans or interest received by a merchant on his accounts or notes
receivable) is not excluded.
(c) Dividends and interest of the character excludable under
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section received by an individual on
stocks or securities held for speculation or investment are excluded
whether or not the individual is a dealer in stocks or securities.
(d) A dealer in stocks or securities is a merchant of stocks or
securities with an established place of business, regularly engaged in
the business of purchasing stocks or securities and reselling them to
customers; that is, he is one who as a merchant buys stocks or
securities and sells them to customers with a view to the gains and
profits that may be derived therefrom. Persons who buy and sell or hold
stocks or securities for investment or speculation, irrespective of
whether such buying or selling constitutes the carrying on of a trade or
business, are not dealers in stocks or securities.
Sec. 1.1402(a)-6 Gain or loss from disposition of property.
(a) There is excluded any gain or loss: (1) Which is considered as
gain or loss from the sale or exchange of a capital asset; (2) from the
cutting of timber or the disposal of timber, coal, or iron ore, even
though held primarily for sale to customers, if section 631 is
applicable to such gain or loss; and (3) from the sale, exchange,
involuntary conversion, or other disposition of property if such
property is neither (i) stock in trade or other property of a kind which
would properly be includible in inventory if on hand at the close of the
taxable year, nor (ii) property held primarily for sale to customers in
the ordinary course of a trade or business. For the purpose of the
special rule in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph, it is immaterial
whether a gain or loss is treated as a capital gain or loss or as an
ordinary gain or loss for purposes other than determining net earnings
from self-employment. For instance, where the character of a loss is
governed by the provisions of section 1231, such loss is excluded in
determining net earnings from self-employment even though such loss is
treated under section 1231 as an ordinary loss. For the purposes of this
special rule,
[[Page 18]]
the term ``involuntary conversion'' means a compulsory or involuntary
conversion of property into other property or money as a result of its
destruction in whole or in part, theft or seizure, or an exercise of the
power of requisition or condemnation or the threat or imminence thereof;
and the term ``other dispostion'' includes the destruction or loss, in
whole or in part, of property by fire, storm, shipwreck, or other
casualty, or by theft, even though there is no conversion of such
property into other property or money.
(b) The application of this section may be illustrated by the
following example:
Example. During the taxable year 1954, A, who owns a grocery store,
realized a net profit of $1,500 from the sale of groceries and a gain of
$350 from the sale of a refrigerator case. During the same year, he
sustained a loss of $2,000 as a result of damage by fire to the store
building. In computing taxable income, all of these items are taken into
account. In determining net earnings from self-employment, however, only
the $1,500 of profit derived from the sale of groceries is included. The
$350 gain and the $2,000 loss are excluded.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 6841, 30 FR
9309, July 27, 1965]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-7 Net operating loss deduction.
The deduction provided by section 172, relating to net operating
losses sustained in years other than the taxable year, is excluded.
Sec. 1.1402(a)-8 Community income.
(a) In case of an individual. If any of the income derived by an
individual from a trade or business (other than a trade or business
carried on by a partnership) is community income under community
property laws applicable to such income, all of the gross income, and
the deductions attributable to such income, shall be treated as the
gross income and deductions of the husband unless the wife exercises
substantially all of the management and control of such trade or
business, in which case all of such gross income and deductions shall be
treated as the gross income and deductions of the wife. For the purpose
of this special rule, the term ``management and control'' means
management and control in fact, not the management and control imputed
to the husband under the community property laws. For example, a wife
who operates a beauty parlor without any appreciable collaboration on
the part of her husband will be considered as having substantially all
of the management and control of such business despite the provision of
any community property law vesting in the husband the right of
management and control of community property; and the income and
deductions attributable to the operation of such beauty parlor will be
considered the income and deductions of the wife.
(b) In case of a partnership. Even though a portion of a partner's
distributive share of the income or loss, described in section
702(a)(9), from a trade or business carried on by a partnership is
community income or loss under the community property laws applicable to
such share, all of such distributive share shall be included in
computing the net earnings from self-employment of such partner; no part
of such share shall be taken into account in computing the net earnings
from self-employment of the spouse of such partner. In any case in which
both spouses are members of the same partnership, the distributive share
of the income or loss of each spouse is included in computing the net
earnings from self-employment of that spouse.
Sec. 1.1402(a)-9 Puerto Rico.
(a) Residents. A resident of Puerto Rico, whether or not a bona fide
resident thereof during the entire taxable year, and whether or not an
alien, a citizen of the United States, or a citizen of Puerto Rico,
shall compute his net earnings from self-employment in the same manner
as would a citizen of the United States residing in the United States.
See paragraph (d) of Sec. 1.1402(b)-1 for regulations relating to
nonresident aliens. For the purpose of the tax on self-employment
income, the gross income of such a resident of Puerto Rico also includes
income from Puerto Rican sources. Thus, under this special rule, income
from Puerto Rican sources will be included in determining net earnings
from self-employment of a resident of Puerto Rico engaged in the active
conduct of a trade or business in
[[Page 19]]
Puerto Rico despite the fact that, under section 933, such income may
not be taken into account for purposes of the tax under section 1 or 3.
(b) Nonresidents. A citizen of Puerto Rico who is also a citizen of
the United States and who is not a resident of Puerto Rico will compute
his net earnings from self-employment in the same manner and subject to
the same provisions of law and regulations as other citizens of the
United States.
Sec. 1.1402(a)-10 Personal exemption deduction.
The deduction provided by section 151, relating to personal
exemptions, is excluded.
Sec. 1.1402(a)-11 Ministers and members of religious orders.
(a) In general. For each taxable year ending after 1954 in which a
minister or member of a religious order is engaged in a trade or
business, within the meaning of section 1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-5,
with respect to service performed in the exercise of his ministry or in
the exercise of duties required by such order, net earnings from self-
employment from such trade or business include the gross income derived
during the taxable year from any such service, less the deductions
attributable to such gross income. For each taxable year ending on or
after December 31, 1957, such minister or member of a religious order
shall compute his net earnings from self-employment derived from the
performance of such service without regard to the exclusions from gross
income provided by section 107 (relating to rental value of parsonages)
and section 119 (relating to meals and lodging furnished for the
convenience of the employer). Thus, a minister who is subject to self-
employment tax with respect to his services as a minister will include
in the computation of his net earnings from self-employment for a
taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1957, the rental value of a
home furnished to him as remuneration for services performed in the
exercise of his ministry or the rental allowance paid to him as
remuneration for such services irrespective of whether such rental value
or rental allowance is excluded from gross income by section 107.
Similarly, the value of any meals or lodging furnished to a minister or
to a member of a religious order in connection with service performed in
the exercise of his ministry or as a member of such order will be
included in the computation of his net earnings from self-employment for
a taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1957, notwithstanding the
exclusion of such value from gross income by section 119.
(b) In employ of American employer. If a minister or member of a
religious order engaged in a trade or business described in section
1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-5 is a citizen of the United States and
performs service, in his capacity as a minister or member of a religious
order, as an employee of an American employer, as defined in section
3121(h) and the regulations thereunder in part 31 of this chapter
(Employment Tax Regulations), his net earnings from self-employment
derived from such service shall be computed as provided in paragraph (a)
of this section but without regard to the exclusions from gross income
provided in section 911, relating to earned income from sources without
the United States, and section 931, relating to income from sources
within certain possessions of the United States. Thus, even though all
the income of the minister or member for service of the character to
which this paragraph is applicable was derived from sources without the
United States, or from sources within certain possessions of the United
States, and therefore may be excluded from gross income, such income is
included in computing net earnings from self-employment.
(c) Minister in a foreign country whose congregation is composed
predominantly of citizens of the United States--(1) Taxable years ending
after 1956. For any taxable year ending after 1956, a minister of a
church, who is engaged in a trade or business within the meaning of
section 1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-5, is a citizen of the United
States, is performing service in the exercise of his ministry in a
foreign country, and has a congregation composed predominantly of United
States citizens, shall compute his net earnings from self-employment
derived from his services as a minister for such taxable year without
regard to
[[Page 20]]
the exclusion from gross income provided in section 911, relating to
earned income from sources without the United States. For taxable years
ending on or after December 31, 1957, such minister shall also disregard
sections 107 and 119 in the computation of his net earnings from self-
employment. (See paragraph (a) of this section.) For purposes of section
1402(a)(8) and this paragraph a ``congregation composed predominantly of
citizens of the United States'' means a congregation the majority of
which throughout the greater portion of its minister's taxable year were
United States citizens.
(2) Election for taxable years ending after 1954 and before 1957.
(i) A minister described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph who, for
a taxable year ending after 1954 and before 1957, had income from
service described in such subparagraph which would have been included in
computing net earnings from self-employment if such income had been
derived in a taxable year ending after 1956 by an individual who had
filed a waiver certificate under section 1402(e), may elect to have
section 1402(a)(8) and subparagraph (1) of this paragraph apply to his
income from such service for his taxable years ending after 1954 and
before 1957. If such minister filed a waiver certificate prior to August
1, 1956, in accordance with Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1, or he files such a
waiver certificate on or before the due date of his return (including
any extensions thereof) for his last taxable year ending before 1957, he
must make such election on or before the due date of his return
(including any extensions thereof) for such taxable year or before April
16, 1957, whichever is the later. If the waiver certificate is not so
filed, the minister must make his election on or before the due date of
the return (including any extensions thereof) for his first taxable year
ending after 1956. Notwithstanding the expiration of the period
prescribed by section 1402(e)(2) for filing such waiver, the minister
may file a waiver certificate at the time he makes the election. In no
event shall an election be valid unless the minister files prior to or
at the time of the election a waiver certificate in accordance with
Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1.
(ii) The election shall be made by filing with the district director
of internal revenue with whom the waiver certificate, Form 2031, is
filed a written statement indicating that, by reason of the Social
Security Amendments of 1956, the minister desires to have the Federal
old-age, survivors, and disability insurance system established by title
II of the Social Security Act extended to his services performed in a
foreign country as a minister of a congregation composed predominantly
of United States citizens beginning with the first taxable year ending
after 1954 and prior to 1957 for which he had income from such services.
The statement shall be dated and signed by the minister and shall
clearly state that it is an election for retroactive self-employment tax
coverage under the Self-Employment Contributions Act of 1954. In
addition, the statement shall include the following information:
(a) The name and address of the minister.
(b) His social security account number, if he has one.
(c) That he is a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister
of a church.
(d) That he is a citizen of the United States.
(e) That he is performing services in the exercise of his ministry
in a foreign country.
(f) That his congregation is composed predominantly of citizens of
the United States.
(g)(1) That he has filed a waiver certificate and, if so, where and
under what circumstances the certificate was filed and the taxable year
for which it is effective; or (2) that he is filing a waiver certificate
with his election for retroactive coverage and, if so, the taxable year
for which it is effective.
(h) That he has or has not filed income tax returns for his taxable
years ending after 1954 and before 1957. If he has filed such returns,
he shall state the years for which they were filed and indicate the
district director of internal revenue with whom they were filed.
(iii) Notwithstanding section 1402(e)(3), a waiver certificate filed
pursuant to Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 by a minister making an election under
this paragraph shall be effective (regardless of
[[Page 21]]
when such certificate is filed) for such minister's first taxable year
ending after 1954 in which he had income from service described in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph or for the taxable year of the
minister prescribed by section 1402(e)(3), if such taxable year is
earlier, and for all succeeding taxable years.
(iv) No interest or penalty shall be assessed or collected for
failure to file a return within the time prescribed by law if such
failure arises solely by reason of an election made by a minister
pursuant to this paragraph or for any underpayment of self-employment
income tax arising solely by reason of such election, for the period
ending with the date such minister makes an election pursuant to this
paragraph.
(d) Treatment of certain remuneration paid in 1955 and 1956 as
wages. For treatment of remuneration paid to an individual for service
described in section 3121(b)(8)(A) which was erroneously treated by the
organization employing him as employment with-in the meaning of chapter
21 of the Internal Revenue Code, see Sec. 1.1402(e)(4)-1.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 9194, 70 FR
18946, Apr. 11, 2005]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-12 Continental shelf and certain possessions of the
United States.
(a) Certain possessions. For purposes of the tax on self-employment
income, the exclusion from gross income provided by section 931
(relating to bona fide residents of certain possessions of the United
States) will not apply. Net earnings from self-employment are subject to
the tax on self-employment income even if such amounts are excluded from
gross income under section 931.
(b) Continental shelf. For the definition of the term ``United
States'' and for other geographical definitions relating to the
continental shelf, see section 638 and Sec. 1.638-1.
(c) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to taxable
years ending after April 9, 2008.
[T.D. 9391, 73 FR 19376, Apr. 9, 2008]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-13 Income from agricultural activity.
(a) Agricultural trade or business. (1) An agricultural trade or
business is one in which, if the trade or business were carried on
exclusively by employees, the major portion of the services would
constitute agricultural labor as defined in section 3121(g) and the
regulations thereunder in part 31 of this chapter (Employment Tax
Regulations). In case the services are in part agricultural and in part
nonagricultural, the time devoted to the performance of each type of
service is the test to be used to determine whether the major portion of
the services would constitute agricultural labor. If more than half of
the time spent in performing all the services is spent in performing
services which would constitute agricultural labor under section
3121(g), the trade or business is agricultural. If only half, or less,
of the time spent in performing all the services is spent in performing
services which would constitute agricultural labor under section
3121(g), the trade or business is not agricultural. In every case the
time spent in performing the services will be computed by adding the
time spent in the trade or business during the taxable year by every
individual (including the individual carrying on such trade or business
and the members of his family) in performing such services. The
operation of this special rule is not affected by section 3121(c),
relating to the included-excluded rule for determining employment.
(2) The rules prescribed in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph have
no application where the nonagricultural services are performed in
connection with an enterprise which constitutes a trade or business
separate and distinct from the trade or business conducted as an
agricultural enterprise. Thus, the operation of a roadside automobile
service station on farm premises constitutes a trade or business
separate and distinct from the agricultural enterprise, and the gross
income derived from such service station, less the deductions
attributable thereto, is to be taken into account in determining net
earnings from self-employment.
(b) Farm operator's income for taxable years ending before 1955.
Income derived
[[Page 22]]
in a taxable year ending before 1955 from any agricultural trade or
business (see paragraph (a) of this section), and all deductions
attributable to such income, are excluded in computing net earnings from
self-employment.
(c) Farm operator's income for taxable years ending after 1954.
Income derived in a taxable year ending after 1954 from an agricultural
trade or business (see paragraph (a) of this section) is includible in
computing net earnings from self-employment. Income derived from an
agricultural trade or business includes income derived by an individual
under an agreement entered into by such individual with another person
pursuant to which such individual undertakes to produce agricultural or
horticultural commodities (including livestock, bees, poultry, and fur-
bearing animals and wildlife) on land owned or leased by such other
person and pursuant to which the agricultural or horticultural
commodities produced by such individual, or the proceeds therefrom, are
to be divided between such individual and such other person, and the
amount of such individual's share depends on the amount of the
agricultural or horticultural commodities produced. However, except as
provided in paragraph (d) of this section, relating to arrangements
involving material participation, the income derived under such an
agreement by the owner or lessee of the land is not includible in
computing net earnings from self-employment. See Sec. 1.1402(a)-4. For
options relating to the computation of net earnings from self-
employment, see Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-14 and 1.1402(a)-15.
(d) Includible farm rental income for taxable years ending after
1955. For taxable years ending after 1955, income derived from an
agricultural trade or business (see paragraph (a) of this section)
includes also income derived by the owner or tenant of land under an
arrangement between such owner or tenant and another person, if such
arrangement provides that such other person shall produce agricultural
or horticultural commodities (including livestock, bees, poultry, and
fur-bearing animals and wildlife) on such land, and that there shall be
material participation by the owner or tenant in the production or the
management of the production of such agricultural or horticultural
commodities, and if there is material participation by the owner or
tenant with respect to any such agricultural or horticultural commodity.
See paragraph (b) of Sec. 1.1402(a)-4. For options relating to the
computation of net earnings from self-employment, see Sec. Sec.
1.1402(a)-14 and 1.1402(a)-15.
(e) Income from service performed after 1956 as a crew leader.
Income derived by a crew leader (see section 3121(o) and the regulations
thereunder in Part 31 of this chapter (Employment Tax Regulations)) from
service performed after 1956 in furnishing individuals to perform
agricultural labor for another person and from service performed after
1956 in agricultural labor as a member of the crew is considered to be
income derived from a trade or business for purposes of Sec. 1.1402(c)-
1. Whether such trade or business is an agricultural trade or business
shall be determined by applying the rules set forth in this section.
Sec. 1.1402(a)-14 Options available to farmers in computing net
earnings from self-employment for taxable years ending after 1954
and before December 31, 1956.
(a) Computation of net earnings. In the case of any trade or
business which is carried on by an individual who reports his income on
the cash receipts and disbursements method, and in which, if it were
carried on exclusively by employees, the major portion of the services
would constitute agricultural labor as defined in section 3121(g) (see
paragraph (a) of Sec. 1.1402(a)-13), net earnings from self-employment
may, for a taxable year ending after 1954, at the option of the
taxpayer, be computed as follows:
(1) Gross income $1,800 or less. If the gross income, computed as
provided in paragraph (b) of this section, from such trade or business
is $1,800 or less, the taxpayer may, at his option, treat as net
earnings from self-employment from such trade or business an amount
equal to 50 percent of such gross income. If the taxpayer so elects, the
amount equal to 50 percent of such gross income shall be used in
computing his self-employment income in lieu of his actual net earnings
from such trade or business, if any.
[[Page 23]]
(2) Gross income in excess of $1,800. If the gross income, computed
as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, from such trade or
business is more than $1,800, and the actual net earnings from self-
employment from such trade or business are less than $900, the taxpayer
may, at his option, treat $900 as net earnings from self-employment. If
the taxpayer so elects, $900 shall be used in computing his self-
employment income in lieu of his actual net earnings from such trade or
business, if any. However, if the taxpayer's actual net earnings from
such trade or business, as computed in accordance with Sec. Sec.
1.1402(a)-1 through 1.1402(a)-3 are $900 or more, such actual net
earnings shall be used in computing his self-employment income.
(b) Computation of gross income. For purposes of paragraph (a) of
this section, gross income shall consist of the gross receipts from such
trade or business reduced by the cost or other basis of property which
was purchased and sold in carrying on such trade or business, adjusted
(after such reduction) in accordance with the provisions of Sec.
1.1402(a)-3, relating to income and deductions not included in computing
net earnings from self-employment.
(c) Two or more agricultural activities. If an individual is engaged
in more than one agricultural trade or business within the meaning of
paragraph (a) of Sec. 1.1402(a)-13 (for example, the business of
ordinary farming and the business of cotton ginning), the gross income
derived from each agricultural trade or business shall be aggregated for
purposes of the optional method provided in paragraph (a) of this
section for computing net earnings from self-employment.
(d) Examples. Application of the regulations prescribed in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section may be illustrated by the
following examples:
Example (1). F, a farmer, uses the cash receipts and disbursements
method of accounting in making his income tax returns. F's books and
records show that during the calendar year 1955 he received $1,200 from
the sale of produce raised on the farm, $200 from the sale of livestock
raised on the farm and not held for breeding or dairy purposes, and $600
from the sale of a tractor. The income from the sale of the tractor is
of a type which is excluded from net earnings from self-employment by
section 1402(a). F's actual net earnings from self-employment, computed
in accordance with the provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-1 through
1.1402(a)-3, are $450. F may report $450 as his net earnings from self-
employment or he may elect to report $700 (one-half of $1,400).
Example (2). C, a cattleman, uses the cash receipts and
disbursements method of accounting in making his income tax returns. C
had actual net earnings from self-employment, computed in accordance
with the provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-1 through 1.1402(a)-3, of
$725. His gross receipts were $1,000 from the sale of produce raised on
the farm and $1,200 from the sale of feeder cattle, which C bought for
$500. The income from the sale of the feeder cattle is of a type which
is included in computing net earnings from self-employment. Therefore, C
may report $725 as his net earnings from self-employment or he may elect
to report $850, one-half of $1,700 ($2,200 minus $500).
Example (3). R, a rancher, has gross income of $3,000 from the
operation of his ranch, computed as provided in paragraph (b) of this
section. His actual net earnings from self-employment from farming
activities are less than $900. R, nevertheless, may elect to report $900
as net earnings from self-employment from such trade or business. If R
had actual net earnings from self-employment from his farming activities
in the amount of $900 or more, he would be required to report such
amount in computing his self-employment income.
(e) Members of farm partnerships. The optional method provided by
paragraph (a) of this section for computing net earnings from self-
employment is not available to a member of a partnership with respect to
his distributive share of the income or loss from any trade or business
carried on by any partnership of which he is a member.
Sec. 1.1402(a)-15 Options available to farmers in computing net earnings
from self-employment for taxable years ending on or after December 31, 1956.
(a) Computation of net earnings. In the case of any trade or
business which is carried on by an individual or by a partnership and in
which, if such trade or business were carried on exclusively by
employees, the major portion of the services would constitute
agricultural labor as defined in section 3121(g) (see paragraph (a) of
Sec. 1.1402(a)-13), net earnings from self-employment may, for a
[[Page 24]]
taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1956, at the option of the
taxpayer, be computed as follows:
(1) In case of an individual--(i) Gross income of less than
specified amount. If the gross income, computed as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section, from such trade or business is $2,400 or less
($1,800 or less for a taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1956,
and beginning before January 1, 1966), the taxpayer may, at his option,
treat as net earnings from self-employment from such trade or business
an amount equal to 66\2/3\ percent of such gross income. If the taxpayer
so elects, the amount equal to 66\2/3\ percent of such gross income
shall be used in computing his self-employment income in lieu of his
actual net earnings from such trade or business, if any.
(ii) Gross income in excess of specified amount. If the gross
income, computed as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, from such
trade or business is more than $2,400 ($1,800 for a taxable year ending
on or after December 31, 1956, and beginning before January 1, 1966),
and the net earnings from self-employment from such trade or business
(computed without regard to this section) are less than $1,600 ($1,200
for a taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1956, and beginning
before January 1, 1966), the taxpayer may, at his option, treat $1,600
($1,200 for a taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1956, and
beginning before January 1, 1966) as net earnings from self-employment.
If the taxpayer so elects, $1,600 ($1,200 for a taxable year ending on
or after December 31, 1956, and beginning before January 1, 1966) shall
be used in computing his self-employment income in lieu of his actual
net earnings from such trade or business, if any. However, if the
taxpayer's actual net earnings from such trade or business, as computed
in accordance with the applicable provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-1
to 1.1402(a)-13, inclusive, are $1,600 or more ($1,200 or more for a
taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1956, and beginning before
January 1, 1966) such actual net earnings shall be used in computing his
self-employment income.
(2) In case of a member of a partnership--(i) Distributive share of
gross income of less than specified amount. If a taxpayer's distributive
share of the gross income of a partnership (as such gross income is
computed under the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section) derived
from such trade or business (after such gross income has been reduced by
the sum of all payments to which section 707(c) applies) is $2,400 or
less ($1,800 or less for a taxable year ending on or after December 31,
1956, and beginning before January 1, 1966), the taxpayer may, at his
option, treat as his distributive share of income described in section
702(a)(9) derived from such trade or business an amount equal to 66\2/3\
percent of his distributive share of such gross income (after such gross
income has been reduced by the sum of all payments to which section
707(c) applies). If the taxpayer so elects, the amount equal to 66\2/3\
percent of his distributive share of such gross income shall be used by
him in the computation of his net earnings from self-employment in lieu
of the actual amount of his distributive share of income described in
section 702(a)(9) from such trade or business, if any.
(ii) Distributive share of gross income in excess of specified
amount. If a taxpayer's distributive share of the gross income of the
partnership (as such gross income is computed under the provisions of
paragraph (b) of this section) derived from such trade or business
(after such gross income has been reduced by the sum of all payments to
which section 707(c) applies) is more than $2,400 ($1,800 for a taxable
year ending on or after December 31, 1956, and beginning before January
1, 1966) and the actual amount of his distributive share (whether or not
distributed) of income described in section 702(a)(9) derived from such
trade or business (computed without regard to this section) is less than
$1,600 ($1,200 for a taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1956,
and beginning before January 1, 1966), the taxpayer may, at his option,
treat $1,600 ($1,200 for a taxable year ending on or after December 31,
1956, and beginning before January 1, 1966) as his distributive share of
income described in section 702(a)(9) derived from such trade or
business. If the taxpayer so elects, $1,600 ($1,200 for a taxable year
ending on or after December
[[Page 25]]
31, 1956, and beginning before January 1, 1966) shall be used by him in
the computation of his net earnings from self-employment in lieu of the
actual amount of his distributive share of income described in section
702(a)(9) from such trade or business, if any. However, if the actual
amount of the taxpayer's distributive share of income described in
section 702(a)(9) from such trade or business, as computed in accordance
with the applicable provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-1 to 1.1402(a)-
13, inclusive, is $1,600 or more ($1,200 or more for a taxable year
ending on or after December 31, 1956, and beginning before January 1,
1966), such actual amount of the taxpayer's distributive share shall be
used in computing his net earnings from self-employment.
(iii) Cross reference. For a special rule in the case of certain
deceased partners, see paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1402(f)-1.
(b) Computation of gross income. For purposes of this section gross
income has the following meanings:
(1) In the case of any such trade or business in which the income is
computed under a cash receipts and disbursements method, the gross
receipts from such trade or business reduced by the cost or other basis
of property which was purchased and sold in carrying on such trade or
business (see paragraphs (a) and (c), other than paragraph (a)(5), of
Sec. 1.61-4), adjusted (after such reduction) in accordance with the
applicable provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-3 to 1.1402(a)-13,
inclusive.
(2) In the case of any such trade or business in which the income is
computed under an accrual method (see paragraphs (b) and (c), other than
paragraph (b)(5), of Sec. 1.61-4), the gross income from such trade or
business, adjusted in accordance with the applicable provisions of
Sec. Sec. 1.1402(a)-3 to 1.1402(a)-13, inclusive.
(c) Two or more agricultural activities. If an individual (including
a member of a partnership) derives gross income (as defined in paragraph
(b) of this section) from more than one agricultural trade or business,
such gross income (including his distributive share of the gross income
of any partnership derived from any such trade or business) shall be
deemed to have been derived from one trade or business. Thus, such an
individual shall aggregate his gross income derived from each
agricultural trade or business carried on by him (which includes, under
paragraph (b) of Sec. 1.1402(a)-1, any guaranteed payment, within the
meaning of section 707(c), received by him from a farm partnership of
which he is a member) and his distributive share of partnership gross
income (after such gross income has been reduced by any guaranteed
payment within the meaning of section 707(c)) derived from each farm
partnership of which he is a member. Such gross income is the amount to
be considered for purposes of the optional method provided in this
section for computing net earnings from self-employment. If the
aggregate gross income of an individual includes income derived from an
agricultural trade or business carried on by him and a distributive
share of partnership income derived from an agricultural trade or
business carried on by a partnership of which he is a member, such
aggregate gross income shall be treated as income derived from a single
trade or business carried on by him, and such individual shall apply the
optional method applicable to individuals set forth in paragraph (a)(1)
of this section for purposes of computing his net earnings from self-
employment.
(d) Examples. The application of this section may be illustrated by
the following examples:
Example (1). F is engaged in the business of farming and computes
his income under the cash receipts and disbursements method. He files
his income tax returns on the basis of the calendar year. During the
year 1966, F's gross income from the business of farming (computed in
accordance with paragraph (b) (1) of this section) is $2,325. His actual
net earnings from self-employment derived from such business are $1,250.
As his net earnings from self-employment, F may report $1,250 or, by the
optional computation method, he may report $1,550 (66\2/3\ percent of
$2,325).
Example (2). G is engaged in the business of farming and computes
his income under the accrual method. His income tax returns are filed on
the calendar year basis. For the year 1966, G's gross income from the
operation of his farm (computed in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of
this section) is $2,800. He has actual net earnings from self-employment
derived from such farm in the amount of $1,250. As his net earnings from
self-employment derived from his farm, G may report
[[Page 26]]
his actual net earnings of $1,250, or by the optional method he may
report $1,600. If G's actual net earnings from self-employment from his
farming activities for 1966 were in an amount of $1,600 or more, he
would be required to report such amount in computing his self-employment
income.
Example (3). M, who files his income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, is one of the three partners of the XYZ Company, a partnership,
engaged in the business of farming. The taxable year of the partnership
is the calendar year, and its income is computed under the cash receipts
and disbursements method. For M's services in connection with the
planting, cultivating, and harvesting of the crops during the year 1966
the partnership agrees to pay him $500, the full amount of which is
determined without regard to the income of the partnership and
constitutes a guaranteed payment within the meaning of section 707(c).
This guaranteed payment to M is the only such payment made during such
year. The gross income derived from the business for the year 1966
computed in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this section and after
being reduced by the guaranteed payment of $500 made to M, is $3,000.
One-third of the $3,000 ($1,000), is M's distributive share of such
gross income. Under paragraph (c) of this section, the guaranteed
payment ($500) received by M and his distributive share of the
partnership gross income ($1,000) are deemed to have been derived from
one trade or business, and such amounts must be aggregated for purposes
of the optional method of computing net earnings from self-employment.
Since M's combined gross income from his two agricultural businesses
($1,000 and $500) is not more than $2,400 and since such income is
deemed to be derived from one trade or business, M's net earnings from
self-employment derived from such farming business may, at his option,
be deemed to be $1,000 (66\2/3\ percent of $1,500).
Example (4). A is one of the two partners of the AB partnership
which is engaged in the business of farming. The taxable year of the
partnership is the calendar year and its income is computed under the
accrual method. A files his income tax returns on the calendar year
basis. The partnership agreement provides for an equal sharing in the
profits and losses of the partnership by the two partners. A is an
experienced farmer and for his services as manager of the partnership's
farm activities during the year 1966 he receives $6,000 which amount
constitutes a guaranteed payment within the meaning of section 707(c).
The gross income of the partnership derived from such business for the
year 1966, computed in accordance with paragraph (b)(2) of this section
and after being reduced by the guaranteed payment made to A, is $9,600.
A's distributive share of such gross income is $4,800 and his
distributive share of income described in section 702(a)(9) derived from
the partnership's business is $1,900. Under paragraph (c) of this
section, the guaranteed payment received by A and his distributive share
of the partnership gross income are deemed to have been derived from one
trade or business, and such amounts must be aggregated for purposes of
the optional method of computing his net earnings from self-employment.
Since the aggregate of A's guaranteed payment ($6,000) and his
distributive share of partnership gross income ($4,800) is more than
$2,400 and since the aggregate of A's guaranteed payment ($6,000) and
his distributive share ($1,900) of partnership income described in
section 702(a)(9) is not less than $1,600, the optional method of
computing net earnings from self-employment is not available to A.
Example (5). F is a member of the EFG partnership which is engaged
in the business of farming. F files his income tax returns on the
calendar year basis. The taxable year of the partnership is the calendar
year, and its income is computed under a cash receipts and disbursements
method. Under the partnership agreement the partners are to share
equally the profits or losses of the business. The gross income derived
from the partnership business for the year 1966, computed in accordance
with paragraph (b)(1) of this section is $7,500. F's share of such gross
income is $2,500. Due to drought and an epidemic among the livestock,
the partnership sustains a net loss of $7,800 for the year 1966 of which
loss F's share is $2,600. Since F's distributive share of gross income
derived from such business is in excess of $2,400 and since F does not
receive income described in section 702(a)(9) of $1,600 or more from
such business, he may, at his option, be deemed to have received $1,600
as his distributive share of income described in section 702(a)(9) from
such business.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 6993, 34 FR
828, Jan. 18, 1969]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-16 Exercise of option.
A taxpayer shall, for each taxable year with respect to which he is
eligible to use the optional method described in Sec. 1.1402(a)-14 or
Sec. 1.1402(a)-15, make a determination as to whether his net earnings
from self-employment are to be computed in accordance with such method.
If the taxpayer elects the optional method for a taxable year, he shall
signify such election by computing net earnings from self-employment
under the optional method as set forth in Schedule F (Form 1040) of the
income tax return filed by the taxpayer for such taxable year. If the
optional method is not elected at the time of the filing of the return
for a taxable
[[Page 27]]
year with respect to which the taxpayer is eligible to elect such
optional method, such method may be elected on an amended return (or on
such other form as may be prescribed for such use) filed within the
period prescribed by section 6501 and the regulations thereunder for the
assessment of the tax for such taxable year. If the optional method is
elected on a return for a taxable year, the taxpayer may revoke such
election by filing an amended return (or such other form as may be
prescribed for such use) for the taxable year within the period
prescribed by section 6501 and the regulations thereunder for the
assessment of the tax for such taxable year. If the taxpayer is deceased
or unable to make an election, the person designated in section 6012(b)
and the regulations thereunder may, within the period prescribed in this
section elect the optional method for any taxable year with respect to
which the taxpayer is eligible to use the optional method and revoke an
election previously made by or for the taxpayer.
Sec. 1.1402(a)-17 Retirement payments to retired partners.
(a) In general. There shall be excluded, in computing net earnings
from self-employment for taxable years ending on or after December 31,
1967, certain payments made on a periodic basis by a partnership,
pursuant to a written plan of the partnership, to a retired partner on
account of his retirement. The exclusion applies only if the payments
are made pursuant to a plan which meets the requirements prescribed in
paragraph (b) of this section, and, in addition, the conditions set
forth in paragraph (c) of this section are met.
(b) Retirement plan of partnership. (1) To meet the requirements of
section 1402(a)(10), the written plan of the partnership must set forth
the terms and conditions of the program or system established by the
partnership for the purpose of making payments to retired partners on
account of their retirement. To qualify as payments on account of
retirement, the payments must constitute bona fide retirement income.
Thus, payments of benefits not customarily included in a pension or
retirement plan such as layoff benefits are not payments on account of
retirement. Eligibility for retirement generally is established on the
basis of age, physical condition, or a combination of age or physical
condition and years of service. Generally, retirement benefits are
measured by, and based on, such factors as years of service and
compensation received. In determining whether the plan of the
partnership provides for payments on account of retirement, factors,
formulas, etc., reflected in public, and in broad based private, pension
or retirement plans in prescribing eligibility requirements and in
computing benefits may be taken into account.
(2) The plan of the partnership must provide for payments on account
of retirement:
(i) To partners generally or to a class or classes of partners,
(ii) On a periodic basis, and
(iii) Which continue at least until the partner's death.
For purposes of subdivision (i) of this subparagraph, a class of
partners may, in an appropriate case, contain only one member. Payments
are made on a periodic basis if made at regularly recurring intervals
(usually monthly) not exceeding one year.
(c) Conditions relating to exclusion--(1) In general. A payment made
pursuant to a written plan of a partnership which meets the requirements
of paragraph (b) of this section shall be excluded, in computing net
earnings from self-employment, only if:
(i) The retired partner to whom the payment is made rendered no
service with respect to any trade or business carried on by the
partnership (or its successors) during the taxable year of the
partnership (or its successors), which ends within or with the taxable
year of the retired partner and in which the payment was received by
him;
(ii) No obligation (whether certain in amount or contingent on a
subsequent event) exists (as of the close of the partnership's taxable
year referred to in subdivision (i) of this subparagraph) from the other
partners to the retired partner except with respect to retirement
payments under the plan or
[[Page 28]]
rights such as benefits payable on account of sickness, accident,
hospitalization, medical expenses, or death; and
(iii) The retired partner's share (if any) of the capital of the
partnership has been paid to him in full before the close of the
partnership's taxable year referred to in subdivision (i) of this
subparagraph.
By application of the conditions set forth in this subparagraph, either
all payments on account of retirement received by a retired partner
during the taxable year of the partnership ending within or with his
taxable year are excluded or none of the payments are excluded.
Subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph has application only to
obligations from other partners in their capacity as partners as
distinguished from an obligation which arose and exists from a
transaction unrelated to the partnership or to a trade or business
carried on by the partnership. The effect of the conditions set forth in
subdivisions (ii) and (iii) of this subparagraph is that the exclusion
may apply with respect to payments received by a retired partner during
the taxable year of the partnership ending within or with his taxable
year only if at the close of the partnership's taxable year the retired
partner had no financial interest in the partnership except for the
right to retirement payments.
(2) Examples. The application of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph
may be illustrated by the following examples. Each example assumes that
the partnership plan pursuant to which the payments are made meets the
requirements of paragraph (b) of this section.
Example (1). A, who files his income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, is a partner in the ABC partnership. The taxable year of the
partnership is the period July 1 to June 30, inclusive. A retired from
the partnership on January 1, 1973, and receives monthly payments on
account of his retirement. As of June 30, 1973, no obligation existed
from the other partners to A (except with respect to retirement payments
under the plan) and A's share of the capital of the partnership had been
paid to him in full. The monthly retirement payments received by A from
the partnership in his taxable year ending on December 31, 1973, are not
excluded from net earnings from self-employment since A rendered service
to the partnership during a portion of the partnership's taxable year
(July 1, 1972, through June 30, 1973) which ends within A's taxable year
ending on December 31, 1973.
Example (2). D, a partner in the DEF partnership, retired from the
partnership as of the close of December 31, 1972. The taxable year of
both D and the partnership is the calendar year. During the
partnership's taxable year ending December 31, 1973, D rendered no
service with respect to any trade or business carried on by the
partnership. On or before December 31, 1973, all obligations (other than
with respect to retirement payments under the plan) from the other
partners to D have been liquidated, and D's share of the capital of the
partnership has been paid to him. Retirement payments received by D
pursuant to the partnership's plan in his taxable year ending December
31, 1973, are excluded in determining his net earnings from self-
employment (if any) for that taxable year.
Example (3). Assume the same facts as in example (2) except that as
of the close of December 31, 1973, D has a right to a fixed percentage
of any amounts collected by the partnership after that date which are
attributable to services rendered by him prior to his retirement for
clients of the partnership. The monthly payments received by D in his
taxable year ending December 31, 1973, are not excluded from net
earnings from self-employment since as of the close of the partnership's
taxable year which ends with D's taxable year, an obligation (other than
an obligation with respect to retirement payments) exists from the other
partners to D.
[T.D. 7333, 39 FR 44446, Dec. 24, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(a)-18 Split-dollar life insurance arrangements.
See Sec. Sec. 1.61-22 and 1.7872-15 for rules relating to the
treatment of split-dollar life insurance arrangements.
[T.D. 9092, 68 FR 54352, Sept. 17, 2003]
Sec. 1.1402(b)-1 Self-employment income.
(a) In general. Except for the exclusions in paragraphs (b) and (c)
of this section and the exception in paragraph (d) of this section, the
term ``self-employment income'' means the net earnings from self-
employment derived by an individual during a taxable year.
(b) Maximum self-employment income--(1) General rule. Subject to the
special rules described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, the
maximum self-employment income of an individual for a taxable year
(whether a period of 12 months or less) is:
(i) For any taxable year beginning in a calendar year after 1974, an
amount
[[Page 29]]
equal to the contribution and benefit base (as determined under section
230 of the Social Security Act) which is effective for such calendar
year; and
(ii) For any taxable year:
Ending before 1955................................................$3,600
Ending after 1954 and before 1959..................................4,200
Ending after 1958 and before 1966..................................4,800
Ending after 1965 and before 1968..................................6,600
Ending after 1967 and beginning before 1972........................7,800
Beginning after 1971 and before 1973...............................9,000
Beginning after 1972 and before 1974..............................10,800
Beginning after 1973 and before 1975..............................13,200
(2) Special rules. (i) If an individual is paid wages as defined in
subparagraph (3) of this paragraph in a taxable year, the maximum self-
employment income for such taxable year is computed as provided in
subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph.
(ii) If an individual is paid wages as defined in subparagraph (3)
(i) or (ii) of this paragraph in a taxable year, the maximum self-
employment income of such individual for such taxable year is the excess
of the amounts indicated in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph over the
amount of the wages, as defined in subparagraph (3) (i) and (ii) of this
paragraph, paid to him during the taxable year. For example, if for his
taxable year beginning in 1974, an individual has $15,000 of net
earnings from self-employment and during such taxable year is paid
$1,000 of wages as defined in section 3121(a) (see subparagraph (3)(i)
of this paragraph), he has $12,200 ($13,200 -$1,000) of self-employment
income for the taxable year.
(iii) For taxable years ending on or after December 31, 1968, wages,
as defined in subparagraph (3)(iii) of this paragraph, are taken into
account in determining the maximum self-employment income of an
individual for purposes of the tax imposed under section 1401(b)
(hospital insurance), but not for purposes of the tax imposed under
section 1401(a) (old-age survivors, and disability insurance). If an
individual is paid wages as defined in subparagraph (3)(iii) of this
paragraph in a taxable year, his maximum self-employment income for such
taxable year for purposes of the tax imposed under section 1401(a) is
computed under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph or subdivision (ii) of
this subparagraph (whichever is applicable), and his maximum self-
employment income for such taxable year for purposes of the tax imposed
under section 1401(b) is the excess of his section 1401(a) maximum self-
employment income over the amount of wages, as defined in subparagraph
(3)(iii) of this paragraph, paid to him during the taxable year. For
purposes of this subdivision, wages as defined in subparagraph (3)(iii)
of this paragraph are deemed paid to an individual in the period with
respect to which the payment is made, that is, the period in which the
compensation was earned or deemed earned within the meaning of section
3231(e). For an explanation of the term ``compensation'' and for
provisions relating to when compensation is earned, see the regulations
under section 3231(e) in part 31 of this chapter (Employment Tax
Regulations). The application of the rules set forth in this subdivision
may be illustrated by the following example:
Example. M, a calendar-year taxpayer, has $15,000 of net earnings
from self-employment for 1974 and during the taxable year is paid $1,000
of wages as defined in section 3121(a) (see subparagraph (3)(i) of this
paragraph) and $1,600 of compensation subject to tax under section 3201
(see subparagraph (3)(iii) of this paragraph). Of the $1,600 of taxable
compensation, $1,200 represents compensation for services rendered in
1974 and the balance ($400) represents compensation which pursuant to
the provisions of section 3231(e) is earned or deemed earned in 1973.
M's maximum self-employment income for 1974 for purposes of the tax
imposed under section 1401(a), computed as provided in subdivision (ii)
of this subparagraph, is $12,200 ($13,200-$1,000), and for purposes of
the tax imposed under section 1401(b) is $11,000 ($12,200-$1,200).
However, M may recompute his maximum self-employment income for 1973 for
purposes of the tax imposed under section 1401(b) by taking into account
the $400 of compensation which is deemed paid in 1973.
(3) Meaning of term ``wages''. For the purpose of the computation
described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, the term ``wages''
includes:
(i) Wages as defined in section 3121(a);
(ii) Such remuneration paid to an employee for services covered by:
[[Page 30]]
(a) An agreement entered into pursuant to section 218 of the Social
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 418), which section provides for extension of
the Federal old-age, survivors and disability insurance system to State
and local government employees under voluntary agreements between the
States and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (Federal
Security Administrator before April 11, 1953), or
(b) An agreement entered into pursuant to the provisions of section
3121(1), relating to coverage of citizens of the United States who are
employees of foreign subsidiaries of domestic corporations,
as would be wages under section 3121(a) if such services constituted
employment under section 3121(b). For an explanation of the term
``wages'', see the regulations under section 3121(a) in part 31 of this
chapter (Employment Tax Regulations); and
(iii) Compensation, as defined in section 3231(e), which is subject
to the employee tax imposed by section 3201 or the employee
representative tax imposed by section 3211.
(c) Minimum net earnings from self-employment. Self-employment
income does not include the net earnings from self-employment of an
individual when the amount of such earnings for the taxable year is less
than $400. Thus, an individual having only $300 of net earnings from
self-employment for the taxable year would not have any self-employment
income. However, an individual having net earnings from self-employment
of $400 or more for the taxable year may, by application of paragraph
(b)(2) of this section, have less than $400 of self-employment income
for purposes of the tax imposed under section 1401(a) and the tax
imposed under section 1401(b) or may have self-employment income of $400
or more for purposes of the tax imposed under section 1401(a) and of
less than $400 for purposes of the tax imposed under section 1401(b).
This could occur in a case in which the amount of the individual's net
earnings from self-employment is $400 or more for a taxable year and the
amount of such net earnings from self-employment plus the amount of
wages, as defined in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, paid to him
during the taxable year exceed the maximum self-employment income, as
set forth in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, for the taxable year.
However, the result occurs only if such maximum self-employment income
exceeds the amount of such wages. The application of this paragraph may
be illustrated by the following example:
Example. For 1974 M, a calendar-year taxpayer, has net earnings from
self-employment of $2,000 and wages (as defined in paragraph (b)(3) (i)
and (ii) of this section) of $12,500. Since M's net earnings from self-
employment plus his wages exceed the maximum self-employment income for
1974 ($13,200), his self-employment income for 1974 is $700 ($13,200-
$12,500). If M also had wages, as defined in paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of
this section, of $200, his self-employment income would be $700 for
purposes of the tax imposed under section 1401(a) and $500 ($13,200-
$12,700 ($12,500+$200)) for purposes of the tax imposed under section
1401(b).
For provisions relating to when wages as defined in paragraph
(b)(3)(iii) of this section are treated as paid, see paragraph
(b)(2)(iii) of this section.
(d) Nonresident aliens. A nonresident alien individual never has
self-employment income. While a nonresident alien individual who derives
income from a trade or business carried on within the United States,
Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, or American Samoa (whether by
agents or employees, or by a partnership of which he is a member) may be
subject to the applicable income tax provisions on such income, such
nonresident alien individual will not be subject to the tax on self-
employment income, since any net earnings which he may have from self-
employment do not constitute self-employment income. For the purpose of
the tax on self-employment income, an individual who is not a citizen of
the United States but who is a resident of the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, the Virgin Islands, or, for taxable years beginning after 1960, of
Guam or American Samoa is not considered to be a nonresident alien
individual.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 7333, 39 FR
44447, Dec. 24, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(c)-1 Trade or business.
In order for an individual to have net earnings from self-
employment, he
[[Page 31]]
must carry on a trade or business, either as an individual or as a
member of a partnership. Except for the exclusions discussed in
Sec. Sec. 1.1402(c)-2 to 1.1402(c)-7, inclusive, the term ``trade or
business'', for the purpose of the tax on self-employment income, shall
have the same meaning as when used in section 162. An individual engaged
in one of the excluded activities specified in such sections of the
regulations may also be engaged in carrying on activities which
constitute a trade or business for purposes of the tax on self-
employment income. Whether or not he is also engaged in carrying on a
trade or business will be dependent upon all of the facts and
circumstances in the particular case. An individual who is a crew
leader, as defined in section 3121(o) (see such section and the
regulations thereunder in part 31 of this chapter (Employment Tax
Regulations)), is considered to be engaged in carrying on a trade or
business with respect to services performed by him after 1956 in
furnishing individuals to perform agricultural labor for another person
or services performed by him after 1956 as a member of the crew.
[T.D. 6978, 33 FR 15937, Oct. 30, 1968]
Sec. 1.1402(c)-2 Public office.
(a) In general--(1) General rule. Except as otherwise provided in
subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, the performance of the functions of
a public office does not constitute a trade or business.
(2) Fee basis public officials--(i) In general. If an individual
receives fees after 1967 for the performance of the functions of a
public office of a State or a political subdivision thereof for which he
is compensated solely on a fee basis, and if the service performed in
such office is eligible for (but is not made the subject of) an
agreement between the State and the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare pursuant to section 218 of the Social Security Act to extend
social security coverage thereto, the service for which such fees are
received constitutes a trade or business within the meaning of section
1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-1. If an individual performs service for a
State or a political subdivision thereof in any period in more than one
position, each position is treated separately for purposes of the
preceding sentence. See also paragraph (f) of Sec. 1.1402(c)-3 relating
to the performance of service by an individual as an employee of a State
or a political subdivision thereof in a position compensated solely on a
fee basis.
(ii) Election with respect to fees received in 1968. (A) Any
individual who in 1968 receives fees for service performed by him with
respect to the functions of a public office of a State or a political
subdivision thereof in any period in which the functions are performed
in a position compensated solely on a fee basis may elect, if the
performance of the service for which such fees are received constitutes
a trade or business pursuant to the provisions of subdivision (i) of
this subparagraph, to have such performance of service treated as
excluded from the term ``trade or business'' for the purpose of the tax
on self-employment income, pursuant to the provisions of section
122(c)(2) of the Social Security Amendments of 1967 (as quoted in Sec.
1.1402(c)). Such election shall not be limited to service to which the
fees received in 1968 are attributable but must also be applicable to
service (if any) in subsequent years which, except for the election,
would constitute a trade or business pursuant to the provisions of
subdivision (i) of this subparagraph. An election made pursuant to the
provisions of this subparagraph is irrevocable.
(B) The election referred to in subdivision (ii)(A) of this
subparagraph shall be made by filing a certificate of election of
exemption (Form 4415) on or before the due date of the income tax return
(see section 6072), including any extension thereof (see section 6081),
for the taxable year of the individual making the election which begins
in 1968. The certificate of election of exemption shall be filed with an
internal revenue office in accordance with the instructions on the
certificate.
(b) Meaning of public office. The term ``public office'' includes
any elective or appointive office of the United States or any possession
thereof, of the District of Columbia, of a State or its political
subdivisions, or a wholly-owned instrumentality of any one or more of
the foregoing. For example, the President, the Vice President, a
governor, a
[[Page 32]]
mayor, the Secretary of State, a member of Congress, a State
representative, a county commissioner, a judge, a justice of the peace,
a county or city attorney, a marshal, a sheriff, a constable, a
registrar of deeds, or a notary public performs the functions of a
public office. (However, the service of a notary public could not be
made the subject of a section 218 agreement under the Social Security
Act because notaries are not ``employees'' within the meaning of that
section. Accordingly, such service does not constitute a trade or
business.)
[T.D. 7333, 39 FR 44448, Dec. 24, 1974, as amended by T.D. 7372, 40 FR
30945, July 24, 1975]
Sec. 1.1402(c)-3 Employees.
(a) General rule. Generally, the performance of service by an
individual as an employee, as defined in the Federal Insurance
Contributions Act (Chapter 21 of the Internal Revenue Code) does not
constitute a trade or business within the meaning of section 1402(c) and
Sec. 1.1402(c)-1. However, in six cases set forth in paragraphs (b) to
(g), inclusive, of this section, the performance of service by an
individual is considered to constitute a trade or business within the
meaning of section 1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-1. (As to when an
individual is an employee, see section 3121 (d) and (o) and section 3506
and the regulations under those sections in part 31 of this chapter
(Employment Tax Regulations).)
(b) Newspaper vendors. Service performed by an individual who has
attained the age of 18 constitutes a trade or business for purposes of
the tax on self-employment income within the meaning of section 1402(c)
and Sec. 1.1402(c)-1 if performed in, and at the time of, the sale of
newspapers or magazines to ultimate consumers, under an arrangement
under which the newspapers or magazines are to be sold by him at a fixed
price, his compensation being based on the retention of the excess of
such price over the amount at which the newspapers or magazines are
charged to him, whether or not he is guaranteed a minimum amount of
compensation for such service, or is entitled to be credited with the
unsold newspapers or magazines turned back.
(c) Sharecroppers. Service performed by an individual under an
arrangement with the owner or tenant of land pursuant to which:
(1) Such individual undertakes to produce agricultural or
horticultural commodities (including livestock, bees, poultry, and fur-
bearing animals and wildlife) on such land,
(2) The agricultural or horticultural commodities produced by such
individual, or the proceeds therefrom, are to be divided between such
individual and such owner or tenant, and
(3) The amount of such individual's share depends on the amount of
the agricultural or horticultural commodities produced, constitutes a
trade or business within the meaning of section 1402(c) and Sec.
1.1402(c)-1.
(d) Employees of foreign government, instrumentality wholly owned by
foreign government, or international organization. Service performed in
the United States, as defined in section 3121(e)(2) (see such section
and the regulations thereunder in part 31 of this chapter (Employment
Tax Regulations)), by an individual who is a citizen of the United
States constitutes a trade or business within the meaning of section
1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-1 if such service is excepted from
employment, for purposes of the Federal Insurance Contributions Act
(chapter 21 of the Code), by:
(1) Section 3121(b)(11), relating to service in the employ of a
foreign government (for regulations under section 3121(b)(11), see Sec.
31.3121(b)(11)-1 of this chapter);
(2) Section 3121(b)(12), relating to service in the employ of an
instrumentality wholly owned by a foreign government (for regulations
under section 3121(b)(12), see Sec. 31.3121(b)(12)-1 of this chapter);
or
(3) Section 3121(b)(15), relating to service in the employ of an
international organization (for regulations under section 3121(b)(15),
see Sec. 31.3121(b)(15)-1 of this chapter).
This paragraph is applicable to service performed in any taxable year
ending on or after December 31, 1960, except that it does not apply to
service performed before 1961 in Guam or American Samoa.
[[Page 33]]
(e) Ministers and members of religious orders--(1) Taxable years
ending before 1968. Service described in section 1402(c)(4) performed by
an individual during taxable years ending before 1968 for which a
certificate filed pursuant to section 1402(e) is in effect constitutes a
trade or business within the meaning of section 1402(c) and Sec.
1.1402(c)-1. See also Sec. 1.1402(c)-5.
(2) Taxable years ending after 1967. Service described in section
1402(c)(4) performed by an individual during taxable years ending after
1967 constitutes a trade or business within the meaning of section
1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-1 unless an exemption under section 1402(e)
(see Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-1A through 1.1402(e)-4A) is effective with
respect to such individual for the taxable year during which the service
is performed. See also Sec. 1.1402(c)-5.
(f) State and local government employees compensated on fee basis--
(1) In general. (i) Section 1402(c)(2)(E) and this paragraph are
applicable only with respect to fees received by an individual after
1967 for service performed by him as an employee of a State or a
political subdivision thereof in a position compensated solely on a fee
basis. If an individual performs service for a State or a political
subdivision thereof in more than one position, each position is treated
separately for purposes of determining whether the service performed in
such position is performed by an employee and whether compensation for
service performed in the position is solely on a fee basis.
(ii) If an individual receives fees after 1967 for service performed
by him as an employee of a State or a political subdivision thereof in a
position compensated solely on a fee basis, the service for which such
fees are received constitutes a trade or business within the meaning of
section 1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-1 except that if service performed
in such position is covered under an agreement entered into by the State
and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare pursuant to section
218 of the Social Security Act at the time a fee is received, the
service to which such fee relates does not constitute a trade or
business. See also paragraph (a) of Sec. 1.1402(c)-2, relating, in
part, to the performance of the functions of a public office of a State
or a political subdivision thereof by an individual.
(2) Election with respect to fees received in 1968. (i) Any
individual who in 1968 receives fees for service as an employee of a
State or a political subdivision thereof in a position compensated
solely on a fee basis may elect, if the performance of the service for
which such fees are received constitutes a trade or business pursuant to
the provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, to have such
performance of service treated as excluded from the term ``trade or
business'' for the purpose of the tax on self-employment income,
pursuant to the provisions of section 122(c)(2) of the Social Security
Amendments of 1967 (as quoted in Sec. 1.1402(c)). Such election shall
not be limited to service to which the fees received in 1968 are
attributable but must also be applicable to service (if any) in
subsequent years which, except for the election, would constitute a
trade or business pursuant to the provisions of subparagraph (1) of this
paragraph. An election made pursuant to the provisions of this
subparagraph is irrevocable.
(ii) The election referred to in subdivision (i) of this
subparagraph shall be made by filing a certificate of election of
exemption (Form 4415) on or before the due date of the income tax return
(see section 6072), including any extension thereof (see section 6081),
for the taxable year of the individual making the election which begins
in 1968. The certificate of election of exemption shall be filed with an
internal revenue office in accordance with the instructions on the
certificate.
(g) Individuals engaged in fishing. For taxable years ending after
December 31, 1954, service performed by an individual on a boat engaged
in catching fish or other forms of aquatic animal life (hereinafter
``fish'') constitutes a trade or business within the meaning of section
1402(c) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-1 if the service is excepted from the
definition of employment by section 3121(b)(20) and Sec.
31.3121(b)(20)-1(a). However, the preceding sentence does not apply to
services performed after December 31, 1954, and before October 4, 1976,
on a boat engaged in catching fish if the owner or operator of the boat
treated
[[Page 34]]
the individual as an employee in the manner described in Sec.
31.3121(b)(20)-1(b).
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 6978, 33 FR
15937, Oct. 30, 1968; T.D. 7333, 39 FR 44448, Dec. 24, 1974; T.D. 7691,
45 FR 24129, Apr. 9, 1980; T.D. 7716, 45 FR 57123, Aug. 27, 1980]
Sec. 1.1402(c)-4 Individuals under Railroad Retirement System.
The performance of service by an individual as an employee or
employee representative as defined in section 3231(b) and (c),
respectively (see Sec. Sec. 31.3231(b)-1 and 31.3231(c)-1 of Part 31 of
this chapter (Employment Tax Regulations)), that is, an individual
covered under the railroad retirement system, does not constitute a
trade or business.
Sec. 1.1402(c)-5 Ministers and members of religious orders.
(a) In general--(1) Taxable years ending before 1968. For taxable
years ending before 1955, a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed
minister of a church or a member of a religious order is not engaged in
carrying on a trade or business with respect to service performed by him
in the exercise of his ministry or in the exercise of duties required by
such order. However, for taxable years ending after 1954 and before
1968, any individual who is a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed
minister of a church or a member of a religious order (other than a
member of a religious order who has taken a vow of poverty as a member
of such order) may elect, as provided in Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1, to have
the Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance system
established by title II of the Social Security Act extended to service
performed by him in his capacity as such a minister or member. If such a
minister or a member of a religious order makes an election pursuant to
Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 he is, with respect to service performed by him in
such capacity, engaged in carrying on a trade or business for each
taxable year to which the election is effective. An election by a
minister or member of a religious order has no application to service
performed by such minister or member which is not in the exercise of his
ministry or in the exercise of duties required by such order.
(2) Taxable years ending after 1967. For any taxable year ending
after 1967, a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister of a
church or a member of a religious order (other than a member of a
religious order who has taken a vow of poverty as a member of such
order) is engaged in carrying on a trade or business with respect to
service performed by him in the exercise of his ministry or in the
exercise of duties required by such order unless an exemption under
section 1402(e) (see Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-1A through 1.1402(e)-4A) is
effective with respect to such individual for the taxable year during
which the service is performed. An exemption which is effective with
respect to a minister or a member of a religious order has no
application to service performed by such minister or member which is not
in the exercise of his ministry or in the exercise of duties required by
such order.
(b) Service by a minister in the exercise of his ministry. (1)(i) A
certificate of election filed by a duly ordained, commissioned, or
licensed minister of a church under the provisions of Sec.
1.1402(e)(1)-1 has application only to service performed by him in the
exercise of his ministry.
(ii) An exemption under section 1402(e) (see Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-1A
through 1.1402(e)-4A) which is effective with respect to a duly
ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister of a church has application
only to service performed by him in the exercise of his ministry.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, service
performed by a minister in the exercise of his ministry includes the
ministration of sacerdotal functions and the conduct of religious
worship, and the control, conduct, and maintenance of religious
organizations (including the religious boards, societies, and other
integral agencies of such organizations), under the authority of a
religious body constituting a church or church denomination. The
following rules are applicable in determining whether services performed
by a minister are performed in the exercise of his ministry:
(i) Whether service performed by a minister constitutes the conduct
of religious worship or the ministration of
[[Page 35]]
sacerdotal functions depends on the tenets and practices of the
particular religious body constituting his church or church
denomination.
(ii) Service performed by a minister in the control, conduct, and
maintenance of a religious organization relates to directing, managing,
or promoting the activities of such organization. Any religious
organization is deemed to be under the authority of a religious body
constituting a church or church denomination if it is organized and
dedicated to carrying out the tenets and principles of a faith in
accordance with either the requirements or sanctions governing the
creation of institutions of the faith. The term ``religious
organization'' has the same meaning and application as is given to the
term for income tax purposes.
(iii) If a minister is performing service in the conduct of
religious worship or the ministration of sacerdotal functions, such
service is in the exercise of his ministry whether or not it is
performed for a religious organization. The application of this rule may
be illustrated by the following example:
Example. M, a duly ordained minister, is engaged to perform service
as chaplain at N University. M devotes his entire time to performing his
duties as chaplain which include the conduct of religious worship,
offering spiritual counsel to the university students, and teaching a
class in religion. M is performing service in the exercise of his
ministry.
(iv) If a minister is performing service for an organization which
is operated as an integral agency of a religious organization under the
authority of a religious body constituting a church or church
denomination, all service performed by the minister in the conduct of
religious worship, in the ministration of sacerdotal functions, or in
the control, conduct, and maintenance of such organization (see
subparagraph (2)(ii) of this paragraph) is in the exercise of his
ministry. The application of this rule may be illustrated by the
following example:
Example. M, a duly ordained minister, is engaged by the N Religious
Board to serve as director of one of its departments. He performs no
other service. The N Religious Board is an integral agency of O, a
religious organization operating under the authority of a religious body
constituting a church denomination. M is performing service in the
exercise of his ministry.
(v) If a minister, pursuant to an assignment or designation by a
religious body constituting his church, performs service for an
organization which is neither a religious organization nor operated as
an integral agency of a religious organization, all service performed by
him, even though such service may not involve the conduct of religious
worship or the ministration of sacerdotal functions, is in the exercise
of his ministry. The application of this rule may be illustrated by the
following example:
Example. M, a duly ordained minister, is assigned by X, the
religious body constituting his church, to perform advisory service to Y
Company in connection with the publication of a book dealing with the
history of M's church denomination. Y is neither a religious
organization nor operated as an integral agency of a religious
organization. M performs no other service for X or Y. M is performing
service in the exercise of his ministry.
(c) Service by a minister not in the exercise of his ministry.
(1)(i) A certificate filed by a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed
minister of a church under the provisions of Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 has no
application to service performed by him which is not in the exercise of
his ministry.
(ii) An exemption under section 1402(e) (see Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-1A
through 1.1402(e)-4A) which is effective with respect to a duly
ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister of a church has no
application to service performed by him which is not in the exercise of
his ministry.
(2) If a minister is performing service for an organization which is
neither a religious organization nor operated as an integral agency of a
religious organization and the service is not performed pursuant to an
assignment or designation by his ecclesiastical superiors, then only the
service performed by him in the conduct of religious worship or the
ministration of sacerdotal functions is in the exercise of his ministry.
See, however, subparagraph (3) of this paragraph. The application of the
rule in this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following example:
[[Page 36]]
Example. M, a duly ordained minister, is engaged by N University to
teach history and mathematics. He performs no other service for N
although from time to time he performs marriages and conducts funerals
for relatives and friends. N University is neither a religious
organization nor operated as an integral agency of a religious
organization. M is not performing the service for N pursuant to an
assignment or designation by his ecclesiastical superiors. The service
performed by M for N University is not in the exercise of his ministry.
However, service performed by M in performing marriages and conducting
funerals is in the exercise of his ministry.
(3) Service performed by a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed
minister of a church as an employee of the United States, or a State,
Territory, or possession of the United States, or the District of
Columbia, or a foreign government, or a political subdivision of any of
the foregoing, is not considered to be in the exercise of his ministry
for purposes of the tax on self-employment income, even though such
service may involve the ministration of sacerdotal functions or the
conduct of religious worship. Thus, for example, service performed by an
individual as a chaplain in the Armed Forces of the United States is
considered to be performed by a commissioned officer in his capacity as
such, and not by a minister in the exercise of his ministry. Similarly,
service performed by an employee of a State as a chaplain in a State
prison is considered to be performed by a civil servant of the State and
not by a minister in the exercise of his ministry.
(d) Service in the exercise of duties required by a religious
order--(1) Certificate of election. A certificate of election filed by a
member of a religious order (other than a member of a religious order
who has taken a vow of poverty as a member of such order) under the
provisions of Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 has application to all duties
required of him by such order.
(2) Exemption. An exemption under section 1402(e) (see Sec. Sec.
1.1402(e)-1A through 1.1402(e)-4A) which is effective with respect to a
member of a religious order (other than a member of a religious order
who has taken a vow of poverty as a member of such order) has
application only to the duties required of him by such order.
(3) Service. For purposes of subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this
paragraph, the nature or extent of the duties required of the member by
the order is immaterial so long as it is a service which he is directed
or required to perform by his ecclesiastical superiors.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 6978, 33 FR
15937, Oct. 30, 1968]
Sec. 1.1402(c)-6 Members of certain professions.
(a) Periods of exclusion--(1) Taxable years ending before 1955. For
taxable years ending before 1955, an individual is not engaged in
carrying on a trade or business with respect to the performance of
service in the exercise of his profession as a physician, lawyer,
dentist, osteopath, veterinarian, chiropractor, naturopath, optometrist,
Christian Science practitioner, architect, certified public accountant,
accountant registered or licensed as an accountant under State or
municipal law, full-time practicing public accountant, funeral director,
or professional engineer.
(2) Taxable years ending in 1955. Except as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section, for a taxable year ending in 1955 an individual is
not engaged in carrying on a trade or business with respect to the
performance of service in the exercise of his profession as a physician,
lawyer, dentist, osteopath, veterinarian, chiropractor, naturopath,
optometrist, or Christian Science practitioner.
(3) Taxable years ending after 1955--(i) Doctors of medicine. For
taxable years ending after 1955 and before December 31, 1965, and
individual is not engaged in carrying on a trade or business with
respect to the performance of service in the exercise of his profession
as a doctor of medicine. For taxable years ending after December 30,
1965, an individual is engaged in carrying on a trade or business with
respect to the performance of service in the exercise of his profession
as a doctor of medicine.
(ii) Christian Science practitioners. Except as provided in
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, for taxable years ending after 1955
and before 1968, an individual is not engaged in carrying on a trade or
[[Page 37]]
business with respect to the performance of service in the exercise of
his profession as a Christian Science practitioner. For provisions
relating to the performance of service in taxable years ending after
1967 by an individual in the exercise of his profession as a Christian
Science practitioner, see paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(b) Christian Science practitioner--(1) Certain taxable years ending
before 1968; election. For taxable years ending after 1954 and before
1968, a Christian Science practitioner may elect, as provided in Sec.
1.1402(e)(1)-1, to have the Federal old-age, survivors, and disability
insurance system established by title II of the Social Security Act
extended to service performed by him in the exercise of his profession
as a Christian Science practitioner. If an election is made pursuant to
Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1, the Christian Science practitioner is, with
respect to the performance of service in the exercise of such
profession, engaged in carrying on a trade or business for each taxable
year for which the election is effective. An election by a Christian
Science practitioner has no application to service performed by him
which is not in the exercise of his profession as a Christian Science
practitioner.
(2) Taxable years ending after 1967; exemption. For a taxable year
ending after 1967, a Christian Science practitioner is, with respect to
the performance of service in the exercise of his profession as a
Christian Science practitioner, engaged in carrying on a trade or
business unless an exemption under section 1402(e) (see Sec. Sec.
1.1402(e)-1A through 1.1402(e)-4A) is effective with respect to him for
the taxable year during which the service is performed. An exemption
which is effective with respect to a Christian Science practitioner has
no application to service performed by him which is not in the exercise
of his profession as a Christian Science practitioner.
(c) Meaning of terms. The designations in this section are to be
given their commonly accepted meanings. For taxable years ending after
1955, an individual who is a doctor of osteopathy, and who is not a
doctor of medicine within the commonly accepted meaning of that term, is
deemed, for purposes of this section, not to be engaged in carrying on a
trade or business in the exercise of the profession of doctor of
medicine.
(d) Legal requirements. The exclusions specified in paragraph (a) of
this section apply only if the individuals meet the legal requirements,
if any, for practicing their professions in the place where they perform
the service.
(e) Partnerships. In the case of a partnership engaged in the
practice of any of the designated excluded professions, the partnership
shall not be considered as carrying on a trade or business for the
purpose of the tax on self-employment income, and none of the
distributive shares of the income or loss, described in section
702(a)(9), of such partnership shall be included in computing net
earnings from self-employment of any member of the partnership. On the
other hand, where a partnership is engaged in a trade or business not
within any of the designated excluded professions, each partner must
include his distributive share of the income or loss, described in
section 702(a)(9), of such partnership in computing his net earnings
from self-employment, irrespective of whether such partner is engaged in
the practice of one or more of such professions and contributes his
professional services to the partnership.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 6978, 33 FR
15938, Oct. 30, 1968]
Sec. 1.1402(c)-7 Members of religious groups opposed to insurance.
The performance of service by an individual:
(a) Who is a member of a recognized religious sect or division
thereof, and
(b) Who is an adherent of established tenets or teachings of such
sect or division by reason of which he is conscientiously opposed to
acceptance of the benefits of any private or public insurance which
makes payments in the event of death, disability, old age, or retirement
or makes payments toward the cost of, or provides services for, medical
care (including the benefits of any insurance system established by the
Social Security Act),
during any taxable year for which he is granted a tax exemption,
pursuant to section 1402(h), does not constitute a
[[Page 38]]
trade or business within the meaning of section 1402(c) and Sec.
1.1402(c)-1. See also Sec. Sec. 1.1402(h) and 1.1402(h)-1.
[T.D. 6993, 34 FR 830, Jan. 18, 1969]
Sec. 1.1402(d)-1 Employee and wages.
For the purpose of the tax on self-employment income, the term
``employee'' and the term ``wages'' shall have the same meaning as when
used in the Federal Insurance Contributions Act. For an explanation of
these terms, see Subpart B of Part 31 of this chapter (Employment Tax
Regulations).
Sec. 1.1402(e)-1A Application of regulations under section 1402(e).
The regulations in Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A through 1.1402(e)-4A
relate to section 1402(e) as amended by section 115(b)(2) of the Social
Security Amendments of 1967 (81 Stat. 839) and apply to taxable years
ending after 1967. Section 1.1402(e)-5A reflects changes made by section
1704(a) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (100 Stat. 2085, 2779) and applies
to applications for exemption under section 1402(e) filed after December
31, 1986. For regulations under section 1402(e) (as in effect prior to
amendment by the Social Security Amendments of 1967) applicable to
taxable years ending before 1968, see Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 through
1.1402(e)(6)-1.
[T.D. 8221, 53 FR 33461, Aug. 31, 1988]
Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A Ministers, members of religious orders and Christian
Science practitioners; application for exemption from self-employment tax.
(a) In general. (1) Subject to the limitations set forth in
subparagraphs (2) and (3) of this paragraph, any individual who is (i) a
duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister of a church or a
member of a religious order (other than a member of a religious order
who has taken a vow of poverty as a member of such order) or (ii) a
Christian Science practitioner may request an exemption from the tax on
self-employment income (see section 1401 and Sec. 1.1401-1) with
respect to services performed by him in his capacity as a minister or
member, or as a Christian Science practitioner, as the case may be. Such
a request shall be made by filing an application for exemption on Form
4361 in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this section and within
the time specified in Sec. 1.1402(e)-3A. For provisions relating to the
taxable year or years for which an exemption from the tax on self-
employment income with respect to service performed by a minister or
member or a Christian Science practitioner in his capacity as such is
effective, see Sec. 1.1402(e)-4A. For additional provisions applicable
to services performed by individuals referred to in this subparagraph,
see paragraph (e) of Sec. 1.1402(c)-3 and Sec. 1.1402(c)-5 relating to
ministers and members of religious orders, and paragraphs (a)(3)(ii) and
(b) of Sec. 1.1402(c)-6 relating to Christian Science practitioners.
(2) The application for exemption shall contain, or there shall be
filed with such application, a statement to the effect that the
individual making application for exemption is conscientiously opposed
to, or because of religious principles is opposed to, the acceptance
(with respect to services performed by him in his capacity as a
minister, member, or Christian Science practitioner) of any public
insurance which makes payments in the event of death, disability, old
age, or retirement or makes payments toward the cost of, or provides
services for, medical care (including the benefits of any insurance
system established by the Social Security Act). Thus, ministers, members
of religious orders, and Christian Science practitioners requesting
exemption from social security coverage must meet either of two
alternative tests: (1) A religious principles test which refers to the
institutional principles and discipline of the particular religious
denomination to which he belongs, or (2) a conscientious opposition test
which refers to the opposition because of religious considerations of
individual ministers, members of religious orders, and Christian Science
practitioners (rather than opposition based upon the general conscience
of any such individual or individuals). The term ``public insurance'',
as used in section 1402(e) and this paragraph, refers to governmental,
as distinguished from private, insurance and does not include insurance
carried with a commercial insurance carrier. To be
[[Page 39]]
eligible to file an application for exemption on Form 4361, a minister,
member, or Christian Science practitioners need not be opposed to the
acceptance of all public insurance making payments of this specified
type; he must, however, be opposed on religious grounds to the
acceptance of any such payment which, in whole or in part, is based on,
or measured by earnings from, services performed by in his capacity as a
minister or member (see Sec. 1.1402(c)-5) or in his capacity as a
Christian Science practitioner (see paragraph (b)(2) of Sec. 1.1402(c)-
6). For example, a minister performing service in the exercise of his
ministry may be eligible to file an application for exemption on Form
4361 even though he is not opposed to the acceptance of benefits under
the Social Security Act with respect to service performed by him which
is not in the exercise of his ministry.
(3) An exemption from the tax imposed on self-employment income with
respect to service performed by a minister, member, or Christian Science
practitioner in his capacity as such may not be granted to a minister,
member, or practitioner who (in accordance with the provisions of
section 1402(e) as in effect prior to amendment by section 115(b)(2) of
the Social Security Amendments of 1967 (81 Stat. 839)) filed a valid
waiver certificate on Form 2031 electing to have the Federal old-age,
survivors, and disability insurance system establish by title II of the
Social Security Act extended to service performed by him in the exercise
of his ministry or in the exercise of duties required by the order of
which he is a member, or in the exercise of his profession as a
Christian Science practitioner. For provisions relating to waiver
certificates on Form 2031, see Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 through
1.1402(e)(6)-1.
(b) Application for exemption. An application for exemption on Form
4361 shall be filed in triplicate with the internal revenue officer or
the internal revenue office, as the case may be, designated in the
instructions relating to the application for exemption. The application
for exemption must be filed within the time prescribed in Sec.
1.1402(e)-3A. If the last original Federal income tax return of an
individual to whom paragraph (a) of this section applies which was filed
before the expiration of such time limitation for filing an application
for exemption shows no liability for tax on self-employment income, such
return will be treated as an application for exemption, provided that
before February 28, 1975 such individual also files a properly executed
Form 4361.
(c) Approval of application for exemption. The filing of an
application for exemption on Form 4361 by a minister, a member of a
religious order, or a Christian Science practitioner does not constitute
an exemption from the tax on self-employment income with respect to
services performed by him in his capacity as a minister, member, or
practitioner. The exemption is granted only if the application is
approved by an appropriate internal revenue officer. See Sec.
1.1402(e)-4A relating to the period for which an exemption is effective.
[T.D. 7333, 39 FR 44448, Dec. 24, 1974; 39 FR 45216, Dec. 31, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(e)-3A Time limitation for filing application for exemption.
(a) General rule. (1) Any individual referred to in paragraph (a) of
Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A who desires an exemption from the tax on self-
employment income with respect to service performed by him in his
capacity as a minister or member of a religious order or as a Christian
Science practitioner must file the application for exemption (Form 4361)
prescribed by Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A on or before whichever of the following
dates is later:
(i) The due date of the income tax return (see section 6072),
including any extension thereof (see section 6081), for his second
taxable year ending after 1967, or
(ii) The due date of the income tax return, including any extension
thereof, for his second taxable year beginning after 1953 for which he
has net earnings from self-employment of $400 or more, any part of
which:
(a) In the case of a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed
minister of a church, consists of remuneration for service performed in
the exercise of his ministry,
(b) In the case of a member of a religious order who has not taken a
vow of
[[Page 40]]
poverty as a member of such order, consists of remuneration for service
performed in the exercise of duties required by such order, or
(c) In the case of a Christian Science practitioner, consists of
remuneration for service performed in the exercise of his profession as
a Christian Science practitioner.
See paragraph (c) of this section for provisions relating to the
computation of net earnings from self-employment.
(2) If a minister, a member of a religious order, or a Christian
Science practitioner derives gross income in a taxable year both from
service performed in such capacity and from the conduct of another trade
or business, and the deductions allowed by Chapter 1 of the Internal
Revenue Code which are attributable to the gross income derived from
service performed in such capacity equal or exceed the gross income
derived from service performed in such capacity, no part of the net
earnings from self-employment (computed as prescribed in paragraph (c)
of this section) for the taxable year shall be considered as derived
from service performed in such capacity.
(3) The application of the rules set forth in subparagraphs (1) and
(2) of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples:
Example (1). M, who makes his income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, was ordained as a minister in January 1960. During each of two or
more taxable years ending before 1968 M has net earnings from self-
employment in excess of $400 some part of which is from service
performed in the exercise of his ministry. M has not filed an effective
waiver certificate on Form 2031 (see paragraph (a)(3) of Sec.
1.1402(e)-2A). If M desires an exemption from the tax on self-employment
income with respect to service performed in the exercise of his
ministry, he must file an application for exemption on or before the due
date of his income tax return for 1969 (his second taxable year ending
after 1967), or any extension thereof.
Example (2). M, who makes his income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, was ordained as a minister in January 1966. M has net earnings of
$350 for the taxable year 1966 and has net earnings in excess of $400
for each of his taxable years 1967 and 1968 (some part or all of which
is derived from service performed in the exercise of his ministry). M
has not filed an effective waiver certificate on Form 2031 (see
paragraph (a)(3) of Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A). If M desires an exemption from
the tax on self-employment income with respect to service performed in
the exercise of his ministry, he must file an application for exemption
on or before the due date of his income tax return for 1969 (his second
taxable year ending after 1967), or any extension thereof.
Example (3). Assume the same facts as in example (2) except that M
has net earnings in excess of $400 for each of his taxable years 1967
and 1969 (but less than $400 in 1968). The application for exemption
must be filed on or before the due date of his income tax return for
1969, or any extension thereof.
Example (4). M was ordained as a minister in May 1973. During each
of the taxable years 1973 and 1975, M, who makes his income tax returns
on a calendar year basis, derives net earnings in excess of $400 from
his activities as a minister. M has net earnings of $350 for the taxable
year 1974, $200 of which is derived from service performed by him in the
exercise of his ministry. If M desires an exemption from the tax on
self-employment income with respect to service performed in the exercise
of his ministry, he must file an application for exemption on or before
the due date of his income tax return for 1975, or any extension
thereof.
Example (5). M, who was ordained a minister in January 1973, is
employed as a toolmaker by the XYZ Corporation for the taxable years
1973 and 1974 and also engages in activities as a minister on weekends.
M makes his income tax returns on the basis of a calendar year. During
each of the taxable years 1973 and 1974 M receives wages of $14,000 from
the XYZ Corporation and derives net earnings of $400 from his activities
as a minister. If M desires an exemption from the tax on self-employment
income with respect to service performed in the exercise of his
ministry, he must file an application for exemption on or before the due
date of his income tax return for 1974, or any extension thereof. It
should be noted that although by reason of section 1402(b)(1) (G) and
(H) no part of the $400 represents ``self-employment income'',
nevertheless the entire $400 constitutes ``net earnings from self-
employment'' for purposes of fulfilling the requirements of section
1402(e)(2).
Example (6). M, who files his income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, was ordained as a minister in March 1973. During 1973 he receives
$410 for service performed in the exercise of his ministry. In addition
to his ministerial services, M is engaged during the year 1973 in a
mercantile venture from which he derives net earnings from self-
employment in the amount of $4,000. The expenses incurred by him in
connection with his ministerial services during 1973 and which are
allowable deductions under Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code amount
to $410. During 1974 and 1975, M has net earnings from self-
[[Page 41]]
employment in amounts of $4,600 and $4,800, respectively, and some part
of each of these amounts is from the exercise of his ministry. The
deductions allowed in each of the years 1974 and 1975 by Chapter 1 which
are attributable to the gross income derived by M from the exercise of
his ministry in each of such years, respectively, do not equal or exceed
such gross income in such year. If M desires an exemption from the tax
on self-employment income with respect to service performed in the
exercise of his ministry, he must file an application for exemption on
or before the due date of his income tax return for 1975, or an
extension thereof.
(b) Effect of death. The right of an individual to file an
application for exemption shall cease upon his death. Thus, the
surviving spouse, administrator, or executor of a decedent shall not be
permitted to file an application for exemption for such decedent.
(c) Computation of net earnings--(1) Taxable years ending before
1968. For purposes of this section net earnings from self-employment for
taxable years ending before 1968 shall be determined without regard to
the fact that, without an election under section 1402(e) (as in effect
prior to amendment by section 115(b)(2) of the Social Security
Amendments of 1967, see Sec. 1.1402(e)-1A), the performance of services
by a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister of a church in
the exercise of his ministry, or by a member of a religious order in the
exercise of duties required by such order, or the performance of service
by an individual in the exercise of his profession as a Christian
Science practitioner, does not constitute a trade or business for
purposes of the tax on self-employment income.
(2) Taxable years ending after 1967. For purposes of this section
and Sec. 1.1402(e)-4A net earnings from self-employment for taxable
years ending after 1967 shall be determined without regard to section
1402(c) (4) and (5). See Sec. 1.1402(c)-3(e)(2) and Sec. 1.1402(c)-5
relating to ministers and members of religious orders, and paragraphs
(a)(3)(ii) and (b) of Sec. 1.1402(c)-6 relating to Christian Science
practitioners.
[T.D. 7333, 39 FR 44449, Dec. 24, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(e)-4A Period for which exemption is effective.
(a) In general. If an application for exemption on Form 4361:
(1) Is filed by a minister, a member of a religious order, or a
Christian Science practitioner eligible to file such an application (see
particularly paragraph (a) (2) and (3) of Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A), and
(2) Is approved (see paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A),
the exemption from the tax on self-employment income shall be effective
for the first taxable year ending after 1967 for which such minister,
member, or practitioner has net earnings from self-employment of $400 or
more any part of which was derived from the performance of service in
his capacity as a minister, member, or practitioner, and for all
succeeding taxable years. See, however, paragraphs (b)(1)(ii) and (d)(2)
of Sec. 1.1402(c)-5 relating to ministers and members of religious
orders and paragraph (b)(2) of Sec. 1.1402(c)-6 relating to Christian
Science practitioners.
(b) Exemption irrevocable. An exemption granted to a minister, a
member of a religious order, or a Christian Science practitioner
pursuant to the provisions of section 1402(e) is irrevocable.
[T.D. 7333, 39 FR 44450, Dec. 24, 1974]
Sec. 1.1402(e)-5A Applications for exemption from self-employment taxes
filed after December 31, 1986, by ministers, certain members of religious
orders, and Christian Science practitioners.
(a) In general. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of this
section, this section applies to any individual who is a duly ordained,
commissioned, or licensed minister of a church, member of a religious
order (other than a member of a religious order who has taken a vow of
poverty as a member of such order), or a Christian Science practitioner
who files an application after December 31, 1986, for exemption from the
tax on self-employment income (see section 1401 and 1.1401-1) with
respect to services performed by him or her in his or her capacity as a
minister, member, or practitioner pursuant to Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A
through 1.1402(e)-4A. This section does not apply to applications for
exemption under section 1402(e) that are filed before January 1, 1987.
(2) Application of this section to Christian Science practitioners.
Paragraph (b)
[[Page 42]]
of this section does not apply to Christian Science practitioners. Thus,
Christian Science practitioners filing applications for exemption from
self-employment taxes under section 1402(e) should follow the procedures
set forth in Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A through 1.1402(e)-4A, and are not
required to include the statement described in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of
this section. However, see paragraph (c) of this section for
verification procedures with respect to applications for exemption from
self-employment taxes filed after December 31, 1986, by Christian
Science practitioners.
(b) Church or order must be informed--(1) In general. Any
individual, other than a Christian Science practitioner, who files an
application for exemption from the tax on self-employment income under
section 1402(e) after December 31, 1986:
(i) Shall file such application in accordance with the procedures
set forth in Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A through 1.1402(e)-4A, and
(ii) Shall include with such application a statement to the effect
that the individual making application for exemption has informed the
ordaining, commissioning, or licensing body of the church or order that
he or she is opposed to the acceptance (for services performed as a
minister or member of a religious order not under a vow of poverty) of
any public insurance that makes payments in the event of death,
disability, old age, or retirement, or that makes payments toward the
cost of, or provides services for, medical care (including the benefits
of any insurance system established by the Social Security Act).
(2) Statement to be filed with form. If the form provided by the
Service for applying for exemption under 1402(e) does not contain the
statement set forth in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, any
individual required to include this statement with his or her
application under this paragraph (b) shall file such statement with the
individual's application at the time and place prescribed for filing
such application under Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A and 1.1402(e)-3A. The
statement shall contain the information set forth in paragraph
(b)(1)(ii) of this section and shall be signed by such individual under
penalties of perjury.
(c) Verification of application--(1) In general. The Service will
approve an application for an exemption filed by an individual to whom
this section applies only after verifying that the individual applying
for the exemption is aware of the grounds on which the individual may
receive an exemption under section 1402(e) (See Sec. 1.1402(e)-2A) and
that the individual seeks exemption on such grounds in accordance with
the procedures set forth in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(2) Verification procedure. Upon receipt of an application for
exemption from self-employment taxes under section 1402(e) and this
section, the Service will mail to the applicant a statement that
describes the grounds on which an individual may receive an exemption
under section 1402(e). The individual filing the application shall
certify that he or she has read the statement and that he or she seeks
exemption from self-employment taxes on the grounds listed in the
statement. The certification shall be made by signing a copy of the
statement under penalties of perjury and mailing the signed copy to the
Service Center from which the statement was issued not later than 90
days after the date on which the statement was mailed to the individual.
If the signed copy of the statement is not mailed to the Service Center
within 90 days of the date on which the statement was mailed to the
individual, that individual's exemption will not be effective until the
date that the signed copy of the statement is received at the Service
Center.
[T.D. 8136, 52 FR 12162, Apr. 15, 1987, redesignated and amended at T.D.
8221, 53 FR 33461, Aug. 31, 1988]
Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 Election by ministers, members of religious orders,
and Christian Science practitioners for self-employment coverage.
(a) In general. Any individual who is (1) a duly ordained,
commissioned, or licensed minister of a church or a member of a
religious order (other than a member of a religious order who has taken
a vow of poverty as a member of such order) or (2) a Christian Science
[[Page 43]]
practitioner may elect to have the Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance system established by title II of the Social
Security Act extended to service performed by him in the exercise of his
ministry or in the exercise of duties required by such order, or in the
exercise of his profession as a Christian Science practitioner, as the
case may be. Such an election shall be made by filing a certificate on
Form 2031 in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this section and
within the time specified in Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1. If a minister or
member to whom this section has application, or a Christian Science
practitioner, makes an election by filing Form 2031 such individual
shall, for each taxable year for which the election is effective (see
Sec. 1.1402(e)(3)-1), be considered as carrying on a trade or business
with respect to the performance of service in his capacity as a minister
or member, or as a Christian Science practitioner, as the case may be.
(b) Waiver certificate. The certificate on Form 2031 shall be filed
in triplicate with the district director of internal revenue for the
internal revenue district in which is located the legal residence or
principal place of business of the individual who executes the
certificate. If such individual has no legal residence or principal
place of business in any internal revenue district, the certificate
shall be filed with the Director of International Operations, Internal
Revenue Service, Washington, DC 20225, or at such other address as is
designated in the instructions relating to the certificate. The
certificate must be filed within the time prescribed in Sec.
1.1402(e)(2)-1. If an individual to whom paragraph (a) of this section
has application submits to a district director of internal revenue a
dated and signed statement indicating that he desires to have the
Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance system established
by title II of the Social Security Act extended to his services, such
statement will be treated as a waiver certificate, if filed within the
time specified in Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1, provided that without
unnecessary delay such statement is supplemented by a properly executed
Form 2031. An application for a social security account number filed on
Form SS-5 or the filing of an income tax return showing an amount
representing self-employment income or self-employment tax shall not be
construed to constitute an election referred to in Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1.
Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1 Time limitation for filing waiver certificate.
(a) General rule. (1) Any individual referred to in Sec.
1.1402(e)(1)-1 who desires to have the Federal old-age, survivors, and
disability insurance system established by title II of the Social
Security Act extended to his services must file the waiver certificate
(Form 2031) prescribed by Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 on or before whichever of
the following dates is later:
(i) The due date of the income tax return (see section 6072),
including any extension thereof (see section 6081), for his second
taxable year ending after 1963; or
(ii) The due date of the income tax return, including any extension
thereof, for his second taxable year ending after 1954 for which he has
net earnings from self-employment (computed as prescribed in paragraph
(c) of this section) of $400 or more, any part of which:
(a) In the case of a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed
minister of a church, consists of remuneration for service performed in
the exercise of his ministry,
(b) In the case of a member of a religious order who has not taken a
vow of poverty as a member of such order, consists of remuneration for
service performed in the exercise of duties required by such order, or
(c) In the case of a Christian Science practitioner, consists of
remuneration for service performed in the exercise of his profession as
a Christian Science practitioner.
(2) If a minister, a member of a religious order, or a Christian
Science practitioner derives gross income in a taxable year both from
service performed in such capacity and from the conduct of another trade
or business, and the deductions allowed by chapter 1 of the Internal
Revenue Code which are attributable to the gross income derived from
service performed in such
[[Page 44]]
capacity equal or exceed the gross income derived from service performed
in such capacity, no part of the net earnings from self-employment
(computed as prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section) for the
taxable year shall be considered as derived from service performed in
such capacity.
(3) The application of the rules set forth in subparagraphs (1) and
(2) of this paragraph may be illustrated by the following examples:
Example (1). M was ordained as a minister in May 1963. During each
of the taxable years 1963 and 1966, M, who makes his income tax returns
on a calendar year basis, derives net earnings in excess of $400 from
his activities as a minister. M has net earnings of $350 for each of the
taxable years 1964 and 1965, $200 of which is derived from service
performed by him as a minister. If M wishes to have the Federal old-age,
survivors, and disability insurance system established by title II of
the Social Security Act extended to his service as a minister, he must
file the waiver certificate on or before the due date of his income tax
return for 1966, or any extension thereof.
Example (2). M, who was ordained a minister in January 1965, is
employed as a toolmaker by the XYZ Corporation for the taxable years
1965 and 1966 and also engages in activities as a minister on weekends.
M makes his income tax return on the basis of a calendar year. During
each of the taxable years 1965 and 1966, M receives wages of $4,800 from
the XYZ Corporation and derives $400 (all of which constitutes net
earnings from self-employment computed as prescribed in paragraph (c) of
this section) from his activities as a minister. In such case if M
wishes to have the Federal old-age, survivors, and disability insurance
system established by title II of the Social Security Act extended to
his services as a minister, he must file the waiver certificate on or
before the due date of his income tax return for 1966, or any extension
thereof. A waiver certificate filed after such date will be invalid. It
should be noted that although by reason of section 1402(b)(1)(C) no part
of the $400 for the taxable year 1965 represents ``self-employment
income'', nevertheless the entire $400 constitutes ``net earnings from
self-employment'' for purposes of fulfilling the requirements of section
1402(e)(2).
Example (3). M, who files his income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, was ordained as a minister in June 1964. During 1964 he receives
$410 for services performed in the exercise of his ministry. In addition
to his ministerial services, M is engaged during the year 1964 in a
mercantile venture from which he derives net earnings from self-
employment in the amount of $1,000. The expenses incurred by him in
connection with his ministerial services during 1964 and which are
allowable deductions under Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code amount
to $410. During 1965 and 1966, M has net earnings from self-employment
in amounts of $1,200 and $1,500, respectively, and some part of each of
these amounts is from the exercise of his ministry. The deductions
allowed in each of the years 1965 and 1966 by Chapter 1 which are
attributable to the gross income derived by M from the exercise of his
ministry in each of such years, respectively, do not equal or exceed
such gross income in such year. If M wishes to have the Federal old-age,
survivors, and disability insurance system established by Title II of
the Social Security Act extended to his service as a minister, he must
file a waiver certificate on or before the due date of his income tax
return (including any extension thereof) for 1966.
Example (4). M, a licensed minister who makes his income tax returns
on the basis of a calendar year, derived net earnings of $400 or more
from the exercise of his ministry for two or more of the taxable years
1955 to 1965, inclusive. In such case, if M wishes to have the Federal
old-age, survivors, and disability insurance system established by Title
II of the Social Security Act extended to his services as a minister, he
must file the waiver certificate on or before the due date (April 15,
1966) prescribed for filing his income tax return for 1965, or any
extension thereof. A waiver certificate filed after such date will be
invalid.
(b) Effect of death. Except as provided in Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)(5)-
1, 1.1402(e) (5)-2, and 1.1402(e)(6)-1, the right of an individual to
file a waiver certificate shall cease from his death. Thus, except as
provided in such sections, the surviving spouse, administrator, or
executor of a decedent shall not be permitted to file a waiver
certificate for such decedent.
(c) Computation of net earnings without regard to election. For the
purpose of this section net earnings from self-employment shall be
determined without regard to the fact that, without an election under
section 1402(e), the performance of services by a duly ordained,
commissioned, or licensed minister of a church in the exercise of his
ministry, or by a member of a religious order in the exercise of duties
required by such order, or the performance of service by an individual
in the exercise of his profession as a Christian Science practitioner,
does not constitute a
[[Page 45]]
trade or business for purposes of the tax on self-employment income.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 6978, 33 FR
15938, Oct. 30, 1968]
Sec. 1.1402(e)(3)-1 Effective date of waiver certificate.
(a) Filed before August 31, 1957--(1) In general. A certificate on
Form 2031 filed by an individual before August 31, 1957, in accordance
with the provisions of section 1402(e) in effect at the time the
certificate is filed, shall be effective for the first taxable year with
respect to which it is filed, and all subsequent taxable years. In order
for a certificate filed by an individual before August 31, 1957, to be
effective under section 1402(e), the certificate must be made effective
for either the first or second taxable year ending after 1954 in which
the individual has net earnings from self-employment of $400 or more
(determined as provided in paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1) some
part of which is derived from service of the character with respect to
which an election may be made. However, a certificate on Form 2031,
filed before August 31, 1957, even though filed within the time
specified in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1, may not be
effective, except as provided in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, for
any taxable year with respect to which the due date for filing the
individual's income tax return (including any extension thereof) has
expired at the time such certificate is filed. Further, a certificate on
Form 2031 may not be effective for any taxable year ending before 1955.
In order for a certificate filed before August 31, 1957, except for the
filing of a supplemental certificate, to be effective for the first or
second taxable year ending after 1954 in which the individual has net
earnings from self-employment (determined as provided in paragraph (c)
of Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1) some part of which is derived from service of
the character with respect to which an election may be made, the
certificate on Form 2031 must be filed on or before the due date for
filing the income tax return of the individual for such first or second
taxable year, respectively, or any extension thereof.
(2) Supplemental certificates--(i) Filed before due date of 1958
return. If under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph the certificate is
effective only for the individual's third or fourth taxable year ending
after 1954 and all succeeding taxable years, the individual may make
such a certificate effective for his first taxable year ending after
1955 and all succeeding taxable years by filing a supplemental
certificate on Form 2031. To be valid the supplemental certificate must
be filed after August 30, 1957, and on or before the due date of the
return (including any extension thereof) for his second taxable year
ending after 1956 and must be otherwise in accordance with Sec.
1.1402(e)(1)-1.
Example. M, who files his income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, was ordained as a minister in 1956, and his net earnings from
service performed in the exercise of his ministry during such year were
$400 or more. M had no net earnings from the exercise of his ministry
during 1957. On July 15, 1957, M filed a waiver certificate and
indicated thereon that it was to become effective for the taxable year
1958. At the time of filing, the certificate was effective for 1958 and
all succeeding taxable years. Since the certificate was not filed on or
before April 15, 1957 (the due date of M's income tax return for the
taxable year 1956), and since there was no extension of time for filing
his 1956 income tax return, the certificate was not, at the time of
filing, effective for the taxable year 1956. M files a supplemental
certificate on April 15, 1958. By the filing of the supplemental
certificate, the certificate filed by M on July 15, 1957, was made
effective for the year 1956 and all succeeding taxable years.
(ii) Filed after September 13, 1960, and on or before April 16,
1962. If under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph the certificate is
effective only for the individual's first taxable year ending after 1956
and all succeeding taxable years, the individual may make such
certificate effective for his first taxable year ending after 1955 and
all succeeding taxable years by:
(a) Filing a supplemental certificate on Form 2031 after September
13, 1960, and before April 17, 1962;
(b) Paying on or before April 16, 1962, the tax under section 1401
in respect of all the individual's self-employment income (except for
underpayments of tax attributable to errors made in good faith) for his
first taxable year ending after 1955; and
[[Page 46]]
(c) By repaying on or before April 16, 1962, the amount of any
refund (including any interest paid under section 6611) that has been
made of any such tax which (but for section 1402(e)(3)(B)) is an
overpayment.
Any payment or repayment described in section 1402(e)(3)(B) and in this
subparagraph shall not constitute an overpayment within the meaning of
section 6401 which relates to amounts treated as overpayments. See
section 6401 and the regulations thereunder in part 301 of this chapter
(Regulations on Procedure and Administration).
Example. M, who files his income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, was ordained as a minister in 1956, and his net earnings from
service performed in the exercise of his ministry during each of the
years 1956 and 1957 were $400 or more. On July 15, 1957, M filed a
waiver certificate which became effective, at the time of filing, for
1957 and all succeeding taxable years. Since the certificate was not
filed on or before April 15, 1957 (the due date of M's income tax return
for the taxable year 1956), and since there was no extension of time for
filing his 1956 income tax return, the certificate was not, at the time
of filing, effective for the taxable year 1956. M files a supplemental
certificate on April 17, 1961. If, in addition to the filing of the
supplemental certificate, M pays on or before April 16, 1962, the self-
employment tax in respect of all his self-employment income (except for
underpayments of tax attributable to errors made in good faith) for his
taxable year 1956, and repays, on or before April 16, 1962, the amount
of any refund (including any interest paid under section 6611) that has
been made of any such tax which (but for section 1402(e)(3)(B)) is an
overpayment, the certificate filed by M on July 15, 1957, becomes
effective for the year 1956 and all succeeding taxable years.
(b) Filed after August 30, 1957, and before the due date of the 1958
return. A certificate on Form 2031 filed by an individual after August
30, 1957, but on or before the due date of the return (including any
extension thereof) for his second taxable year ending after 1956, in
accordance with the provisions of section 1402(e) in effect at the time
the certificate is filed, shall be effective for his first taxable year
ending after 1955, and all subsequent taxable years.
(c) Filed after due date of 1958 return--(1) In general. Except as
otherwise provided in Sec. 1.1402(e)(5)-1 (applicable to certificates
filed within the period September 14, 1960, to April 16, 1962,
inclusive) and in subparagraphs (2) and (3) of this paragraph, a
certificate on Form 2031 filed by an individual in accordance with the
provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 and 1.1402(e)(2)-1, inclusive,
after the due date of the return (including any extension thereof) for
his second taxable year ending after 1956 shall be effective for the
taxable year immediately preceding the earliest taxable year for which,
at the time the certificate is filed, the period for filing a return
(including any extension thereof) has not expired, and for all
succeeding taxable years.
Example. M, a duly ordained minister of a church, makes his income
tax returns on the basis of a calendar year. M has not been granted an
extension of time for filing any return. On April 15, 1963, the due date
of his income tax return for 1962, M files a waiver certificate pursuant
to Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 and within the time limitation set forth in
Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1. On April 15, 1963, the year 1962 is the earliest
taxable year for which the period for filing a return has not expired.
Consequently, M's certificate is effective for 1961 and all succeeding
taxable years. M must report and pay any self-employment tax due for
1961 and 1962. (The tax, if any, for 1962 is due on April 15, 1963.)
Inasmuch as the due date of the tax for 1961 is April 16, 1962, M must
pay interest on any tax due for 1961. For provisions relating to such
interest, see Sec. 301.6601-1 of Part 301 of this chapter (Regulations
on Procedure and Administration).
(2) Filed after October 13, 1964, and on or before the due date of
return for second taxable year ending after 1962. A certificate on Form
2031 filed by an individual in accordance with the provisions of
Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 and 1.1402(e)(2)-1, inclusive, after October
13, 1964, and on or before the due date of the return (including any
extension thereof) for his second taxable year ending after 1962 (April
15, 1965, in the case of a calendar year taxpayer who has not been
granted an extension of time for filing his income tax return for 1964)
shall be effective for his first taxable year ending after 1961 and all
succeeding taxable years.
Example. M, a duly ordained minister of a church, makes his income
tax returns on the basis of a calendar year. M has not been granted an
extension of time for filing any return. On April 15, 1965, the due date
of his income tax return for 1964, M files a waiver certificate pursuant
to Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 and
[[Page 47]]
within the time limitation set forth in Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1. M's
certificate is effective for 1962 and all succeeding taxable years, and
he must report and pay any self-employment tax due for 1962, 1963, and
1964. (The tax, if any, for 1964 is due on April 15, 1965.) Inasmuch as
the due dates of the tax for 1962 and 1963 are April 15, 1963, and April
15, 1964, respectively, M must pay interest on any tax due for 1962 or
1963. For provisions relating to such interest, see Sec. 301.6601-1 of
Part 301 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration).
(3) Filed after July 30, 1965, and on or before the due date of
return for second taxable year ending after 1963. A certificate on Form
2031 filed by an individual in accordance with the provisions of
Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 and 1.1402(e)(2)-1, inclusive, after July 30,
1965, and on or before the due date of the return (including any
extension thereof) for his second taxable year ending after 1963 (Apr.
15, 1966, in the case of a calendar year taxpayer who has not been
granted an extension of time for filing his income tax return for 1965)
shall be effective for his first taxable year ending after 1962 and all
succeeding taxable years.
Example. M, a duly ordained minister of a church, makes his income
tax returns on the basis of a calendar year. M has not been granted an
extension of time for filing any return. On April 15, 1966, the due date
of his income tax return for 1965, M files a waiver certificate pursuant
to Sec. 1.1402(e)(1)-1 and within the time limitation set forth in
Sec. 1.1402(e)(2)-1. M's certificate is effective for 1963 and all
succeeding taxable years, and he must report and pay any self-employment
tax due for 1963, 1964, and 1965. (The tax, if any, for 1965 is due on
April 15, 1966.) Inasmuch as the due dates of the tax for 1963 and 1964
are April 15, 1964, and April 15, 1965, respectively, M must pay
interest on any tax due for 1963 or 1964. For provisions relating to
such interest, see Sec. 301.6601-1 of Part 301 of this chapter
(Regulations on Procedure and Administration).
(d) Election irrevocable. An election which has become effective
pursuant to this section is irrevocable. A certificate may not be
withdrawn after June 30, 1961.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 6978, 33 FR
15939, Oct. 30, 1968]
Sec. 1.1402(e)(4)-1 Treatment of certain remuneration paid in 1955
and 1956 as wages.
If in 1955 or 1956 an individual was paid remuneration for service
described in section 3121(b)(8)(A) which was erroneously treated by the
organization employing him (under a certificate filed by such
organization pursuant to section 3121(k) or the corresponding section of
prior law) as employment, within the meaning of the Federal Insurance
Contributions Act (Chapter 21 of the Internal Revenue Code), and if on
or before August 30, 1957, the taxes imposed by sections 3101 and 3111
were paid (in good faith and upon the assumption that the insurance
system established by title II of the Social Security Act had been
extended to such service) with respect to any part of the remuneration
paid to such individual for such service, then the remuneration with
respect to which such taxes were paid, and with respect to which no
credit or refund of such taxes (other than a credit or refund which
would be allowable if such service had constituted employment) has been
obtained either by the employer or the employee on or before August 30,
1957, shall be deemed, for purposes of the Self-Employment Contributions
Act of 1954 and the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, to constitute
remuneration paid for employment and not net earnings from self-
employment. For regulations relating to section 3121(b)(8)(A) and (k),
see Sec. Sec. 31.3121(b)(8)-1 and 31.3121(k)-1 of subpart B of part 31
of this chapter (Employment Tax Regulations).
Sec. 1.1402(e)(5)-1 Optional provision for certain certificates filed
before April 15, 1962.
(a) Certificates. (1) The optional provision contained in section
1402(e)(5)(A) may be applied to a certificate on Form 2031 filed within
the period September 14, 1960, to April 16, 1962, inclusive, in the case
of a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister of a church, a
member of a religious order (other than a member of a religious order
who has taken a vow of poverty as a member of such order), or a
Christian Science practitioner, who has derived net earnings, in any
taxable year
[[Page 48]]
ending after 1954 and before 1960, from the performance of service in
the exercise of his ministry, in the exercise of duties required by his
religious order, or in the exercise of his profession as a Christian
Science practitioner, respectively, and who has reported such earnings
as self-employment income on a return filed before September 14, 1960,
and on or before the date prescribed for filing such return (including
any extension thereof). The certificate may be filed by such minister,
member of a religious order, or Christian Science practitioner or by a
fiduciary acting for such individual or his estate, or by his survivor
within the meaning of section 205(c)(1)(C) of the Social Security Act,
and it must be filed after September 13, 1960, and on or before April
16, 1962. Subject to the conditions stated in subparagraph (2) of this
paragraph, such certificate may be effective at the election of the
person filing it, for the first taxable year ending after 1954 and
before 1960 for which a return, as described in the first sentence of
this subparagraph, was filed, and for all succeeding taxable years,
rather than for the period prescribed in Sec. 1.1402(e)(3)-1. The
election for retroactive application of the certificate may be made by
indicating on the certificate the first taxable year for which it is to
be effective and that such year is the first taxable year ending after
1954 and before 1960 for which the minister, member of a religious
order, or Christian Science practitioner filed an income tax return on
which he reported net earnings for such year from the exercise of his
ministry, the exercise of duties required by his religious order, or the
exercise of his profession as a Christian Science practitioner, as the
case may be, and by fulfilling the conditions prescribed in subparagraph
(2) of this paragraph.
(2) A certificate to which subparagraph (1) of this paragraph
relates may be effective for a taxable year prior to the taxable year
immediately preceding the earliest taxable year for which, at the time
the certificate is filed, the period for filing a return (including any
extension thereof) has not expired, only if the following conditions are
met:
(i) The tax under section 1401 is paid on or before April 16, 1962,
in respect of all self-employment income (whether or not derived from
the performance of service by the individual in the exercise of his
ministry, in the exercise of duties required by his religious order, or
in the exercise of his profession as a Christian Science practitioner,
as the case may be) for the first taxable year ending after 1954 and
before 1960 for which such individual has filed a return, as described
in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, and for each succeeding taxable
year ending before 1960; and
(ii) In any case where refund has been made of any such tax which
(but for section 1402(e)(5)) is an overpayment, the amount refunded
(including any interest paid under section 6611) is repaid on or before
April 16, 1962. For regulations under section 6611 (relating to interest
on overpayments), see Sec. 301.6611-1 of part 301 of this chapter
(Regulations on Procedure and Administration).
(b) Supplemental certificates. (1) Subject to the conditions stated
in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph, a certificate on Form 2031 filed
on or before September 13, 1960, by a minister, member of a religious
order, or a Christian Science practitioner described in paragraph (a)(1)
of this section and which (but for section 1402(e)(5)(B)) is ineffective
for the first taxable year ending after 1954 and before 1959 for which
such a return as described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section was filed
by such individual, shall be effective for such first taxable year and
for all succeeding taxable years, provided a supplemental certificate is
filed by such individual or by a fiduciary acting for him or his estate,
or by his survivor (within the meaning of section 205(c)(1)(C) of the
Social Security Act), after September 13, 1960 and on or before April
16, 1962.
(2) The filing of a supplemental certificate pursuant to
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph will give retroactive effect to a
certificate to which such subparagraph applies only if the following
conditions are met:
(i) The tax under section 1401 is paid on or before April 16, 1962,
in respect of all self-employment income (whether
[[Page 49]]
or not attributable to earnings as a minister, member of a religious
order, or Christian Science practitioner) for the first taxable year for
which the certificate is retroactively effective and for each subsequent
year ending before 1959; and
(ii) In any case where refund has been made of any such tax which
(but for section 1402(d)(5)) is an overpayment, the amount refunded
(including any interest paid under section 6611) is repaid on or before
April 16, 1962.
(c) Underpayment of tax. For purposes of this section, any
underpayment of the tax which is attributable to an error made in good
faith will not invalidate an election which is otherwise valid.
(d) Nonapplicability of section 6401. Any payment or repayment
described in paragraph (a)(2) or paragraph (b)(2) of this section shall
not constitute an overpayment within the meaning of section 6401 which
relates to amounts treated as overpayments. For the provisions of
section 6401 and the regulations thereunder, see section 6401 and Sec.
301.6401-1 of part 301 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and
Administration).
Sec. 1.1402(e)(5)-2 Optional provisions for certain certificates filed
on or before April 17, 1967.
(a) In general--(1) General rule. Section 1402(e)(5), as amended by
the Social Security Amendments of 1965, applies only in the case of a
duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed minister of a church, a member
of a religious order (other than a member of a religious order who has
taken a vow of poverty as a member of such order), or a Christian
Science practitioner, who has derived net earnings in any taxable year
ending after 1954 from the performance of service in the exercise of his
ministry, in the exercise of duties required by his religious order, or
in the exercise of his profession as a Christian Science practitioner,
respectively, and who has reported such earnings as self-employment
income on a return filed on or before the date prescribed for filing
such return (including any extension thereof).
(2) Supplemental certificate. Subject to the conditions stated in
subparagraph (4) of this paragraph, a certificate on Form 2031 filed on
or before April 15, 1966, by a minister, member of a religious order, or
a Christian Science practitioner described in subparagraph (1) of this
paragraph and which (but for section 1402(e)(5)(A)) is ineffective for
the first taxable year ending after 1954 for which a return described in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph was filed by such individual, shall
be effective for such first taxable year and for all succeeding taxable
years, provided a supplemental certificate is filed by such individual
or by a fiduciary acting for him or his estate, or by his survivor
(within the meaning of section 205(c)(1)(C) of the Social Security Act),
after July 30, 1965 (the date of enactment of the Social Security
Amendments of 1965), and on or before April 17, 1967.
(3) Certificate filed by survivor. A survivor (within the meaning of
section 205(c)(1)(C) of the Social Security Act) of an individual who:
(i) Died on or before April 15, 1966,
(ii) Was a minister, member of a religious order, or a Christian
Science practitioner described in subparagraph (1) of this paragraph,
(iii) Has filed a return as described in subparagraph (1) of this
paragraph for a taxable year ending after 1954, and
(iv) Had not filed a valid waiver certificate on Form 2031,
may file a certificate on Form 2031 on behalf of such individual. The
certificate must be filed after July 30, 1965 (the date of enactment of
the Social Security Amendments of 1965), and on or before April 17,
1967. Subject to the conditions stated in subparagraph (4) of this
paragraph, such certificate shall be effective for the first taxable
year ending after 1954 for which a return, as described in subparagraph
(1) of this paragraph, was filed by such individual and for all
succeeding taxable years.
(4) Applicable conditions. A supplemental certificate referred to in
subparagraph (2) of this paragraph and a certificate referred to in
subparagraph (3) of this paragraph shall be effective only if the
following conditions are met:
(i) The tax under section 1401 is paid on or before April 17, 1967,
in respect of all self-employment income (whether
[[Page 50]]
or not attributable to earnings as a minister, member of a religious
order, or Christian Science practitioner) for the first taxable year
ending after 1954 for which the individual (by or in respect of whom the
supplemental certificate or certificate is filed) has filed a return, as
described in paragraph (1) of this paragraph, and for each succeeding
taxable year ending before January 1, 1966; and
(ii) In any case where refund has been made of any such tax which
(but for section 1402(e)(5)) is an overpayment, the amount refunded
(including any interest paid under section 6611) is repaid on or before
April 17, 1967. For regulations under section 6611 (relating to interest
on overpayments), see Sec. 301.6611-1 of part 301 of this chapter
(Regulations on Procedure and Administration).
(b) Underpayment of tax. For purposes of this section, any
underpayment of the tax which is attributable to an error made in good
faith will not invalidate an election which is otherwise valid.
(c) Nonapplicability of section 6401. Any payment or repayment
described in paragraph (a)(4) of this section shall not constitute an
overpayment within the meaning of section 6401 which relates to amounts
treated as overpayments. For the provisions of section 6401 and the
regulations thereunder, see section 6401 and Sec. 301.6401-1 of part
301 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration).
(d) Applicability of Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e) (5)-1 and 1.1402(e)(6)-1.
The provisions of section 1402(e) (5) and (6) (in effect prior to July
30, 1965, the date of enactment of the Social Security Amendments of
1965) and Sec. Sec. 1.1402(e) (5)-1 and 1.1402(e)(6)-1 shall apply with
respect to any certificate filed pursuant to such sections if a
supplemental certificate is not filed with respect to such certificate
as provided in this section.
[T.D. 6978, 33 FR 15939, Oct. 30, 1968]
Sec. 1.1402(e)(6)-1 Certificates filed by fiduciaries or survivors on
or before April 15, 1962.
In any case in which an individual whose death has occurred after
September 12, 1960, and before April 16, 1962, derived earnings from the
performance of services as a duly ordained, commissioned, or licensed
minister of a church in the exercise of his ministry, as a member of a
religious order (other than a member of a religious order who has taken
a vow of poverty as a member of such order) in the exercise of duties
required by such order, or in the exercise of his profession as a
Christian Science practitioner, a waiver certificate on Form 2031 may be
filed after June 30, 1961 (the date of enactment of the Social Security
Amendments of 1961), and on or before April 16, 1962, by a fiduciary
acting for such individual's estate or by such individual's survivor
within the meaning of section 205(c)(1)(C) of the Social Security Act.
Such certificates shall be effective for the period prescribed in
section 1402(e)(3)(A) (see Sec. 1.1402(e)(3)-1(c)) as if filed by the
individual on the date of his death.
Sec. 1.1402(f)-1 Computation of partner's net earnings from self-employment
for taxable year which ends as result of his death.
(a) Taxable years ending after August 28, 1958--(1) In general. The
rules for the computation of a partner's net earnings from self-
employment are set forth in paragraphs (d) to (g), inclusive, of Sec.
1.1402(a)-2. In addition to the net earnings from self-employment
computed under such rules for the last taxable year of a deceased
partner, if a partner's taxable year ends after August 28, 1958, solely
because of death, and on a day other than the last day of the
partnership's taxable year, the deceased partner's net earnings from
self-employment for such year shall also include so much of the deceased
partner's distributive share of partnership ordinary income or loss (see
subparagraph (3) of this paragraph) for the taxable year of the
partnership in which his death occurs as is attributable to an interest
in the partnership prior to the month following the month of his death.
(2) Computation. (i) The deceased partner's distributive share of
partnership ordinary income or loss for the partnership taxable year in
which he died shall be determined by applying the rules contained in
paragraphs (d) to
[[Page 51]]
(g), inclusive, of Sec. 1.1402(a)-2, except that paragraph (e) shall
not apply.
(ii) The portion of such distributive share to be included under
this section in the deceased partner's net earnings from self-employment
for his last taxable year shall be determined by treating the ordinary
income or loss constituting such distributive share as having been
realized or sustained ratably over the period of the partnership taxable
year during which the deceased partner had an interest in the
partnership and during which his estate, or any other person succeeding
by reason of his death to rights with respect to his partnership
interest, held such interest in the partnership or held a right with
respect to such interest. The amount to be included under this section
in the deceased partner's net earnings from self-employment for his last
taxable year will, therefore, be determined by multiplying the deceased
partner's distributive share of partnership ordinary income or loss for
the partnership taxable year in which he died, as determined under
subdivision (i) of this subparagraph, by a fraction, the denominator of
which is the number of calendar months in the partnership taxable year
over which the ordinary income or loss constituting the deceased
partner's distributive share of partnership income or loss for such year
is treated as having been realized or sustained under the preceding
sentence and the numerator of which is the number of calendar months in
such partnership taxable year that precede the month following the month
of his death.
(3) Definition of ``deceased partner's distributive share''. For the
purpose of this section, the term ``deceased partner's distributive
share'' includes the distributive share of his estate or of any other
person succeeding, by reason of his death, to rights with respect to his
partnership interest. It does not include any share attributable to a
partnership interest which was not held by the deceased partner at the
time of his death. Thus, if a deceased partner's estate should acquire
an interest in a partnership additional to the interest to which it
succeeded upon the death of the deceased partner, the amount of the
distributive share attributable to such additional interest acquired by
the estate would not be included in computing the ``deceased partner's
distributive share'' of the partnership's ordinary income or loss for
the partnership taxable year.
(4) Examples. The application of this paragraph may be illustrated
by the following examples:
Example (1). B, an individual who files his income tax returns on
the calendar year basis, is a member of the ABC partnership, the taxable
year of which ends on June 30. B dies on October 17, 1958, and his
estate succeeds to his partnership interest and continues as a partner
in its own right under local law until June 30, 1959. B's distributive
share of the partnership's ordinary income, as determined under
paragraphs (d) to (g), inclusive, of Sec. 1.1402(a)-2, for the taxable
year of the partnership ended June 30, 1958 is $2,400. His distributive
share, including the share of his estate, of such partnership's ordinary
income, as determined under paragraphs (d) to (g), inclusive, of Sec.
1.1402(a)-2 (with the exception of paragraph (e)), for the taxable year
of the partnership ended June 30, 1959 is $4,500. The portion of such
$4,500 attributable to an interest in the partnership prior to the month
following the month in which he died is $4,500x4/12 (4 being the number
of months in the partnership taxable year in which B died which precede
the month following the month of his death and 12 being the number of
months in such partnership taxable year in which B and his estate had an
interest in the partnership) or $1,500. The amount to be included in the
deceased partner's net earnings from self-employment for his last
taxable year is $3,900 ($2,400 plus $1,500).
Example (2). If in the preceding example B's estate is entitled to
only $1,000, the amount of B's distributive share of partnership
ordinary income for the period July 1, 1958 through October 17, 1958,
such $1,000 is considered to have been realized ratably over the period
preceding B's death and will be included in B's net earnings from self-
employment for his last taxable year.
Example (3). X, who reports his income on a calendar year basis, is
a member of a partnership which also reports its income on a calendar
year basis. X dies on June 30, 1959, and his estate succeeds to his
partnership interest and continues as a partner in its own right under
local law. On September 15, 1959, X's estate sells the partnership
interest to which it succeeded on the death of X. X's distributive share
of partnership income for 1959 is $5,500. $600 of such amount is X's
share of the gain from the sale of a capital asset which occurs on May
1, 1959, and $400 of such amount is the estate's share of the gain from
the sale of a capital asset which occurs on
[[Page 52]]
July 15, 1959. The remainder of such amount is income from services
rendered. X's distributive share of partnership ordinary income for
1959, as determined under paragraphs (d) to (g), inclusive, of Sec.
1.1402(a)-2 (with the exception of paragraph (e)), is $4,500 ($5,500
minus $1,000). The portion of such share attributable to an interest in
the partnership prior to the month following the month of his death is
$4,500x6/8.5 (6 being the number of months in the partnership taxable
year in which X died as precede the month following the month of his
death and 8.5 being the number of months in such partnership taxable
year in which X and his estate had an interest in the partnership) or
$3,176.47.
(b) Options available to farmers--(1) Special rule. In determining
whether the optional method available to a member of a farm partnership
in computing his net earnings from self-employment may be applied, and
in applying such method, it is necessary to determine the partner's
distributive share of partnership gross income and the partner's
distributive share of income described in section 702(a)(9). See section
1402(a) and Sec. 1.1402(a)-15. If section 1402(f) and this section
apply, or may be made applicable under section 403(b)(2) of the Social
Security Amendments of 1958 and paragraph (c) of this section, for the
last taxable year of a deceased partner, such partner's distributive
share of income described in section 702(a)(9) for his last taxable year
shall be determined by including therein any amount which is included
under section 1402(f) and this section in his net earnings from self-
employment for such taxable year. Such a partner's distributive share of
partnership gross income for his last taxable year shall be determined
by including therein so much of the deceased partner's distributive
share (see paragraph (a)(3) of this section) of partnership gross
income, as defined in section 1402(a) and paragraph (b) of Sec.
1.1402(a)-15, for the partnership taxable year in which he died as is
attributable to an interest in the partnership prior to the month
following the month of his death. Such allocation shall be made in the
same manner as is prescribed in paragraph (a)(2) of this section for
determining the portion of a deceased partner's distributive share of
partnership ordinary income or loss to be included under section 1402(f)
and this section in his net earnings from self-employment for his last
taxable year.
(2) Examples. The principles set forth in this paragraph may be
illustrated by the following examples:
Example (1). X, an individual who files his income tax returns on a
calendar year basis, is a member of the XYZ farm partnership, the
taxable year of which ends on March 31. X dies on May 31, 1967, and his
estate succeeds to his partnership interest and continues as a partner
in its own right under local law until March 31, 1968. X's distributive
share of the partnership's ordinary income, determined under paragraphs
(d) to (g), inclusive, of Sec. 1.1402(a)-2, for the taxable year of the
partnership ended March 31, 1967, is $1,600. His distributive share,
including the share of his estate, of such partnership's ordinary loss
as determined under paragraphs (d) to (g), inclusive, of Sec.
1.1402(a)-2 (with the exception of paragraph (e)), for the taxable year
of the partnership ended March 31, 1968, is $1,200. The portion of such
$1,200 attributable to an interest in the partnership prior to the month
following the month in which he died is $1,200x2/12 (2 being the number
of months in the partnership taxable year in which X died which precede
the month following the month of his death and 12 being the number of
months in such partnership taxable year in which X and his estate had an
interest in the partnership) or $200. X is also a member of the ABX farm
partnership, the taxable year of which ends on May 31. His distributive
share of the partnership loss described in section 702(a)(9) for the
partnership taxable year ending May 31, 1967, is $300. Section 1402(f)
and this section do not apply with respect to such $300 since X's last
taxable year ends, as a result of his death, with the taxable year of
the ABX partnership. Under this paragraph the $200 loss must be included
in determining X's distributive share of XYZ partnership income
described in section 702(a)(9) for the purpose of applying the optional
method available to farmers for computing net earnings from self-
employment. Further, the resulting $1,400 of income must be aggregated,
pursuant to paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1402(a)-15, with the $300 loss, X's
distributive share of ABX partnership loss described in section
702(a)(9), for purposes of applying such option. The representative of
X's estate may exercise the option described in paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of
Sec. 1.1402(a)-15, provided the portion of X's distributive share of
XYZ partnership gross income for the taxable year ended March 31, 1968,
attributable to an interest in the partnership prior to the month
following the month in which he died (the allocation being made in the
manner prescribed for allocating his $1,200 distributive share of XYZ
partnership loss
[[Page 53]]
for such year), when aggregated with his distributive share of XYZ
partnership gross income for the partnership taxable year ended March
31, 1967, and with his distributive share of ABX partnership gross
income for the partnership taxable year ended May 31, 1967, results in X
having more than $2,400 of gross income from the trade or business of
farming. If such aggregate amount of gross income is not more than
$2,400, the option described in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of Sec. 1.1402(a)-
15, is available.
Example (2). A, a sole proprietor engaged in the business of
farming, files his income tax returns on a calendar year basis. A is
also a member of a partnership engaged in an agricultural activity. The
partnership files its returns on the basis of a fiscal year ending March
31. A dies June 29, 1967. A's gross income from farming as a sole
proprietor for the 6-month period comprising his taxable year which ends
because of death is $1,600 and his actual net earnings from self-
employment based thereon are $400. As of March 31, 1967, A's
distributive share of the gross income of the farm partnership is $2,200
and his distributive share of income described in section 702(a)(9)
based thereon is $1,000. The amount of A's distributive share of the
partnership's ordinary income for its taxable year ended March 31, 1968,
which may be included in his net earnings from self-employment under
section 1402(f) and paragraph (a) of this section is $300. The amount of
the deceased partner's distributive share of partnership gross income
attributable to an interest in the partnership prior to the month
following the month of his death as is determined, pursuant to
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, under paragraph (a) of this section
is $2,000. An aggregation of the above figures produces a gross income
from farming of $5,800 and actual net earnings from self-employment of
$1,700. Under these circumstances none of the options provided by
section 1402(a) may be used. If the actual net earnings from self-
employment had been less than $1,600, the option described in paragraph
(a)(2)(ii) of Sec. 1.1402(a)-15 would have been available.
(c) Taxable years ending after 1955 and on or before August 28,
1958--(1) Requirement of election. If a partner's taxable year ended, as
a result of his death, after 1955 and on or before August 28, 1958, the
rules set forth in paragraph (a) of this section may be made applicable
in computing the deceased partner's net earnings from self-employment
for his last taxable year provided that:
(i) Before January 1, 1960, there is filed, by the person designated
in section 6012(b)(1) and paragraph (b)(1) of Sec. 1.6012-3, a return
(or amended return) of the tax imposed by chapter 2 for the taxable year
ending as a result of death, and
(ii) Such return, if filed solely for the purpose of reporting net
earnings from self-employment resulting from the enactment of section
1402(f), is accompanied by the amount of tax attributable to such net
earnings.
(2) Administrative rule of special application. Notwithstanding the
provisions of sections 6601, 6651, and 6653 (see such sections and the
regulations thereunder) no interest or penalty shall be assessed or
collected on the amount of any self-employment tax due solely by reason
of the operation of section 1402(f) in the case of an individual who
died after 1955 and before August 29, 1958.
[T.D. 6691, 28 FR 12796, Dec. 3, 1963, as amended by T.D. 6993, 34 FR
830, Jan. 18, 1969]
Sec. 1.1402(g)-1 Treatment of certain remuneration erroneously reported
as net earnings from self-employment.
(a) General rule. If an amount is erroneously paid as self-
employment tax, for any taxable year ending after 1954 and before 1962,
with respect to remuneration for service (other than service described
in section 3121(b)(8)(A)) performed in the employ of an organization
described in section 501(c)(3) and exempt from income tax under section
501(a), and if such remuneration is reported as self-employment income
on a return filed on or before the due date prescribed for filing such
return (including any extension thereof), the individual who paid such
amount (or a fiduciary acting for such individual or his estate, or his
survivor (within the meaning of section 205(c)(1)(C) of the Social
Security Act)), may request that such remuneration be deemed to
constitute net earnings from self-employment. If such request is filed
during the period September 14, 1960, to April 16, 1962, inclusive, and
on or after the date on which the organization which paid such
remuneration to such individual for services performed in its employ has
filed, pursuant to section 3121(k), a certificate waiving exemption from
taxes under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, and if no
[[Page 54]]
credit or refund of any portion of the amount erroneously paid for such
taxable year as self-employment tax (other than a credit or refund which
would be allowable if such tax were applicable with respect to such
remuneration) has been obtained before the date on which such request is
filed or, if obtained, the amount credited or refunded (including any
interest under section 6611) is repaid on or before such date, then, for
purposes of the Self-Employment Contributions Act of 1954 and the
Federal Insurance Contributions Act, any amount of such remuneration
which is paid to such individual before the calendar quarter in which
such request is filed (or before the succeeding quarter if such
certificate first becomes effective with respect to services performed
by such individual in such succeeding quarter) and with respect to which
no tax (other than an amount erroneously paid as tax) has been paid
under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, shall be deemed to
constitute net earnings from self-employment and not remuneration for
employment. If the certificate filed by such organization pursuant to
section 3121(k) is not effective with respect to services performed by
such individual on or before the first day of the calendar quarter in
which the request is filed, then, for purposes of section 3121(b)(8)(B)
(ii) and (iii), such individual shall be deemed to have become an
employee of such organization (or to have become a member of a group,
described in section 3121(k)(1)(E), of employees of such organization)
on the first day of the succeeding quarter.
(b) Request for validation. (1) No particular form is prescribed for
making a request under paragraph (a) of this section. The request should
be in writing, should be signed and dated by the person making the
request, and should indicate clearly that it is a request that, pursuant
to section 1402(g) of the Code, remuneration for service described in
section 3121(b)(8) (other than service described in section
3121(b)(8)(A)) erroneously reported as self-employment income for one or
more specified years be deemed to constitute net earnings from self-
employment and not remuneration for employment. In addition, the
following information shall be shown in connection with the request:
(i) The name, address, and social security account number of the
individual with respect to whose remuneration the request is made.
(ii) The taxable year or years (ending after 1954 and before 1962)
to which the request relates.
(iii) A statement that the remuneration was erroneously reported as
self- employment income on the individual's return for each year
specified and that the return was filed on or before its due date
(including any extension thereof).
(iv) Location of the office of the district director with whom each
return was filed.
(v) A statement that no portion of the amount erroneously paid by
the individual as self-employment tax with respect to the remuneration
has been credited or refunded (other than a credit or refund which would
have been allowable if the tax had been applicable with respect to the
remuneration); or, if a credit or refund of any portion of such amount
has been obtained, a statement identifying the credit or refund and
showing how and when the amount credited or refunded, together with any
interest received in connection therewith, was repaid.
(vi) The name and address of the organization which paid the
remuneration to the individual.
(vii) The date on which the organization filed a waiver certificate
on Form SS-15, and the location of the office of the district director
with whom it was filed.
(viii) The date on which the certificate became effective with
respect to services performed by the individual.
(ix) If the request is made by a person other than the individual to
whom the remuneration was paid, the name and address of that person and
evidence which shows the authority of such person to make the request.
(2) The request should be filed with the district director of
internal revenue with whom the latest of the returns specified in the
request pursuant to subparagraph (1)(iii) of this paragraph was filed.
(c) Cross references. For regulations relating to section 3121
(b)(8) and (k), see Sec. Sec. 31.3121(b)(8)-2 and 31.3121(k)-1 of
[[Page 55]]
subpart B of part 31 of this chapter (Employment Tax Regulations). For
regulations relating to exemption from income tax of an organization
described in section 501(c)(3), see Sec. 1.501(c)(3)-1.
Sec. 1.1402(h)-1 Members of certain religious groups opposed to insurance.
(a) In general. An individual--(1) Who is a member of a recognized
religious sect or division thereof and,
(2) Who is an adherent of established tenets or teachings of such
sect or division and by reason thereof is conscientiously opposed to
acceptance of the benefits of any private or public insurance which
makes payments in the event of death, disability, old age, or retirement
or makes payments toward the cost of, or provides services for, medical
care (including the benefits of any insurance system established by the
Social Security Act),
may file an application for exemption from the tax under section 1401.
The form of insurance to which section 1402(h) and this section refer
does not include liability insurance of a kind that provides only for
the protection of other persons, or property of other persons, who may
be injured or damaged by or on property belonging to, or by an action
of, an individual who otherwise meets the requirements of this section.
An application for exemption under section 1402(h) and this section
shall be made in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this section
and within the time specified in paragraph (c) of this section. For
provisions relating to the filing of an application for exemption by a
fiduciary or survivor, see paragraph (d) of this section.
(b) Application for exemption. The application for exemption shall
be filed on Form 4029 in duplicate with the internal revenue official or
office designated on the form. The filing of a return by a member of a
religious group opposed to insurance showing no self-employment income
or self-employment tax shall not be construed as an application for
exemption referred to in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) Time limitation for filing application for exemption--(1)
Taxable years ending before December 31, 1967. A member of a religious
group opposed to insurance within the meaning of paragraph (a) of this
section:
(i) Who has self-employment income (determined without regard to
subsections (c)(6) and (h) of section 1402 and this section) for one or
more taxable years ending before December 31, 1967, and
(ii) Who desires to be exempt from the payment of the self-
employment tax under section 1401,
must file the application for exemption on or before December 31, 1968.
(2) Taxable year ending on or after December 31, 1967--(i) General
rule. Except as provided in subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph, a
member of a religious group opposed to insurance within the meaning of
paragraph (a) of this section:
(a) Who has no self-employment income (determined without regard to
subsections (c)(6) and (h) of section 1402 and this section) for any
taxable year ending before December 31, 1967, and
(b) Who desires to be exempt from the payment of the self-employment
tax under section 1401 for any taxable year ending on or after December
31, 1967,
must file the application for exemption on or before the due date of the
income tax return (see section 6072), including any extension thereof
(see section 6081), for the first taxable year ending on or after
December 31, 1967, for which he has self-employment income (determined
without regard to subsections (c)(6) and (h) of section 1402 and this
section.
(ii) Exception to general rule. If an individual to whom subdivision
(i) of this subparagraph applies:
(a) Is notified in writing by a district director of internal
revenue or the Director of International Operations that he has not
filed the application for exemption on or before the date specified in
such subdivision (i), and
(b) Files the application for exemption on or before the last day of
the third calendar month following the calendar month in which he is so
notified,
such application shall be considered a timely filed application for
exemption.
(d) Application by fiduciary or survivor. If an individual who was a
member of a religious group opposed to insurance dies before the
expiration of the time
[[Page 56]]
prescribed in section 1402(h)(2) and paragraph (c) of this section
during which an application could have been filed by him, an application
for exemption with respect to such deceased individual may be filed by a
fiduciary acting for such individual's estate or by such individual's
survivor within the meaning of section 205(c)(1)(C) of the Social
Security Act. An application for exemption with respect to a deceased
individual executed by a fiduciary or survivor may be approved only if
it could have been approved if the individual were not deceased and had
filed the application on the date the application was filed by the
fiduciary or executor.
(e) Approval of application for exemption--(1) In general. The
filing of an application for exemption on Form 4029 by a member of a
religious group opposed to insurance does not constitute an exemption
from the payment of the tax on self-employment income. An individual who
files such an application is exempt from the payment of the tax only if
the application is approved by the official with whom the application is
required to be filed (see paragraph (b) of this section).
(2) Conditions relating to approval or disapproval of application.
An application for exemption on Form 4029 will not be approved unless
the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare finds with respect to
the religious sect or division thereof of which the individual filing
the application is a member:
(i) That the sect or division thereof has the established tenets or
teachings by reason of which the individual applicant is conscientiously
opposed to the benefits of insurance of the type referred to in section
1402(h) (see paragraph (a) of this section),
(ii) That it is the practice, and has been for a period of time
which the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare deems to be
substantial, for members of such sect or division thereof to make
provisions for their dependent members which, in the judgment of such
Secretary, is reasonable in view of the general level of living of the
members of the sect or division thereof; and
(iii) That the sect or division thereof has been in existence
continuously since December 31, 1950.
In addition, an application for exemption on Form 4029 will not be
approved if any benefit or other payment under title II of title XVIII
of the Social Security Act became payable (or, but for section 203,
relating to reduction of insurance benefits, or 222(b), relating to
reduction of insurance benefits on account of refusal to accept
rehabilitation services, of the Social Security Act would have been
payable) at or before the time of the filing of the application for
exemption. Any determination required to be made pursuant to the
preceding sentence will be made by the Secretary of Health, Education,
and Welfare.
(f) Period for which exemption is effective--(1) General rule. An
application for exemption shall be in effect (if approved as provided in
paragraph (e) of this section) for all taxable years beginning after
December 31, 1950, except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (2) of
this paragraph.
(2) Exceptions. An application for exemption referred to in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall not be effective for any
taxable year which:
(i) Begins (a) before the taxable year in which the individual
filing the application first met the requirements of subparagraphs (1)
and (2) of paragraph (a) of this section, or (b) before the time as of
which the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare finds that the
sect or division thereof of which the individual is a member met the
requirements of subparagraphs (C) and (D) of section 1402(h)(1) (see
subdivisions (i) and (ii) of paragraph (e)(2) of this section), or
(ii) Ends (a) after the time at which the individual filing the
application ceases to meet the requirements of subparagraphs (1) and (2)
of paragraph (a) of this section, or (b) after the time as of which the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare finds that the sect or
division thereof of which the individual is a member ceases to meet the
requirements of subparagraphs (C) and (D) of section 1402(h)(1) (see
subdivisions (i) and (ii) of paragraph (e)(2) of this section).
(g) Refund or credit. An application for exemption on Form 4029
filed on or before December 31, 1968 (if approved as
[[Page 57]]
provided in paragraph (e) of this section), shall constitute a claim for
refund or credit of any tax on self-employment income under section 1401
(or under section 480 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939) paid or
incurred in respect of any taxable year beginning after December 31,
1950, and ending before December 31, 1967, for which an exemption is
granted. Refund or credit of any tax referred to in the preceding
sentence may be made, pursuant to the provisions of section 501(c) of
the Social Security Amendments of 1967 (81 Stat. 933), notwithstanding
that the refund or credit would otherwise be prevented by operation of
any law or rule of law. No interest shall be allowed or paid in respect
of any refund or credit made or allowed in connection with a claim for
refund or credit made on Form 4029.
[T.D. 6993, 34 FR 831, Jan. 18, 1969]
Sec. 1.1403-1 Cross references.
For provisions relating to the requirement for filing returns with
respect to net earnings from self-employment, see Sec. 1.6017-1. For
provisions relating to declarations of estimated tax on self-employment
income, see Sec. Sec. 1.6015(a) to 1.6015(j)-1, inclusive. For other
administrative provisions relating to the tax on self-employment income,
see the applicable sections of the regulations in this part (Sec.
1.6001-1 et seq.) and the applicable sections of the regulations in part
301 of this chapter (Regulations on Procedure and Administration).
[T.D. 7427, 41 FR 34026, Aug. 12, 1976]
Withholding of Tax on Nonresident Aliens and Foreign Corporations and
Tax-Free Covenant Bonds
NONRESIDENT ALIENS AND FOREIGN CORPORATIONS
Sec. 1.1441-0 Outline of regulation provisions for section 1441.
This section lists captions contained in Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1 through
1.1441-9.
Sec. 1.1441-1 Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax on
payments to foreign persons.
(a) Purpose and scope.
(b) General rules of withholding.
(1) Requirement to withhold on payments to foreign persons.
(2) Determination of payee and payee's status.
(i) In general.
(ii) Payments to a U.S. agent of a foreign person.
(iii) Payments to wholly-owned entities.
(A) Foreign-owned domestic entity.
(B) Foreign entity.
(iv) Payments to a U.S. branch of certain foreign banks or foreign
insurance companies.
(A) U.S. branch treated as a U.S. person in certain cases.
(B) Consequences to the withholding agent.
(C) Consequences to the U.S. branch.
(D) Definition of payment to a U.S. branch.
(E) Payments to other U.S. branches.
(v) Payments to a foreign intermediary.
(A) Payments treated as made to persons for whom the intermediary
collects the payment.
(B) Payments treated as made to foreign intermediary.
(vi) Other payees.
(vii) Rules for reliably associating a payment with a withholding
certificate or other appropriate documentation.
(A) Generally.
(B) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate from a
nonqualified intermediary or flow-through entity.
(C) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate provided
by a qualified intermediary that does not assume primary withholding
responsibility.
(D) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate provided
by a qualified intermediary that assumes primary withholding
responsibility under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code.
(E) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate provided
by a qualified intermediary that assumes primary Form 1099 reporting and
backup withholding responsibility but not primary withholding under
chapter 3.
(F) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate provided
by a qualified intermediary that assumes primary withholding
responsibility under chapter 3 and primary Form 1099 reporting and
backup withholding responsibility and a withholding certificate provided
by a withholding foreign partnership.
(3) Presumptions regarding payee's status in the absence of
documentation.
(i) General rules.
(ii) Presumptions of classification as individual, corporation,
partnership, etc.
(A) In general.
(B) No documentation provided.
(C) Documentary evidence furnished for offshore account.
(iii) Presumption of U.S. or foreign status.
(A) Payments to exempt recipients.
[[Page 58]]
(B) Scholarships and grants.
(C) Pensions, annuities, etc.
(D) Certain payments to offshore accounts.
(iv) Grace period.
(v) Special rules applicable to payments to foreign intermediaries.
(A) Reliance on claim of status as foreign intermediary.
(B) Beneficial owner documentation or allocation information is
lacking or unreliable.
(C) Information regarding allocation of payment is lacking or
unreliable.
(D) Certification that the foreign intermediary has furnished
documentation for all of the persons to whom the intermediary
certificate relates is lacking or unreliable.
(vi) U.S. branches.
(vii) Joint payees.
(A) In general.
(B) Special rule for offshore accounts.
(viii) Rebuttal of presumptions.
(ix) Effect of reliance on presumptions and of actual knowledge or
reason to know otherwise.
(A) General rule.
(B) Actual knowledge or reason to know that amount of withholding is
greater than is required under the presumptions or that reporting of the
payment is required.
(x) Examples.
(4) List of exemptions from, or reduced rates of, withholding under
chapter 3 of the Code.
(5) Establishing foreign status under applicable provisions of
chapter 61 of the Code.
(6) Rules of withholding for payments by a foreign intermediary or
certain U.S. branches.
(i) In general.
(ii) Example.
(7) Liability for failure to obtain documentation timely or to act
in accordance with applicable presumptions.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Proof that tax liability has been satisfied.
(iii) Liability for interest and penalties.
(iv) Special effective date.
(v) Examples.
(8) Adjustments, refunds, or credits of overwithheld amounts.
(9) Payments to joint owners.
(c) Definitions.
(1) Withholding.
(2) Foreign and U.S. person.
(3) Individual.
(i) Alien individual.
(ii) Nonresident alien individual.
(4) Certain foreign corporations.
(5) Financial institution and foreign financial institution.
(6) Beneficial owner.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Special rules.
(A) General rule.
(B) Foreign partnerships.
(C) Foreign simple trusts and foreign grantor trusts.
(D) Other foreign trusts and foreign estates.
(7) Withholding agent.
(8) Person.
(9) Source of income.
(10) Chapter 3 of the Code.
(11) Reduced rate.
(12) Payee.
(13) Intermediary.
(14) Nonqualified intermediary.
(15) Qualified intermediary.
(16) Withholding certificate.
(17) Documentary evidence; other appropriate documentation.
(18) Documentation.
(19) Payor.
(20) Exempt recipient.
(21) Non-exempt recipient.
(22) Reportable amounts.
(23) Flow-through entity.
(24) Foreign simple trust.
(25) Foreign complex trust.
(26) Foreign grantor trust.
(27) Partnership.
(28) Nonwithholding foreign partnership.
(29) Withholding foreign partnership.
(d) Beneficial owner's or payee's claim of U.S. status.
(1) In general.
(2) Payments for which a Form W-9 is otherwise required.
(3) Payments for which a Form W-9 is not otherwise required.
(4) When a payment to an intermediary or flow-through entity may be
treated as made to a U.S. payee.
(e) Beneficial owner's claim of foreign status.
(1) Withholding agent's reliance.
(i) In general.
(ii) Payments that a withholding agent may treat as made to a
foreign person that is a beneficial owner.
(A) General rule.
(B) Additional requirements.
(2) Beneficial owner withholding certificate.
(i) In general.
(ii) Requirements for validity of certificate.
(3) Intermediary, flow-through, or U.S. branch withholding
certificate.
(i) In general.
(ii) Intermediary withholding certificate from a qualified
intermediary.
(iii) Intermediary withholding certificate from a nonqualified
intermediary.
(iv) Withholding statement provided by nonqualified Intermediary.
(A) In general.
(B) General requirements.
(C) Content of withholding statement.
(D) Alternative procedures.
(E) Notice procedures.
[[Page 59]]
(v) Withholding certificate from certain U.S. branches.
(vi) Reportable amounts.
(4) Applicable rules.
(i) Who may sign the certificate.
(ii) Period of validity.
(A) Three-year period.
(B) Indefinite validity period.
(C) Withholding certificate for effectively connected income.
(D) Change in circumstances.
(iii) Retention of withholding certificate.
(iv) Electronic transmission of information.
(A) In general.
(B) Requirements.
(C) Special requirements for transmission of Forms W-8 by an
intermediary. [Reserved]
(v) Electronic confirmation of taxpayer identifying number on
withholding certificate.
(vi) Acceptable substitute form.
(vii) Requirement of taxpayer identifying number.
(viii) Reliance rules.
(A) Classification.
(B) Status of payee as an intermediary or as a person acting for its
own account.
(ix) Certificates to be furnished for each account unless exception
applies.
(A) Coordinated account information system in effect.
(B) Family of mutual funds.
(C) Special rule for brokers.
(5) Qualified intermediaries.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Definition of qualified intermediary.
(iii) Withholding agreement.
(A) In general.
(B) Terms of the withholding agreement.
(iv) Assignment of primary withholding responsibility.
(v) Withholding statement.
(A) General rule.
(B) Content of withholding statement.
(C) Withholding rate pools.
(f) Effective date.
(1) In general.
(2) Transition rules.
(i) Special rules for existing documentation.
(ii) Lack of documentation for past years.
Sec. 1.1441-2 Amounts subject to withholding.
(a) In general.
(b) Fixed or determinable annual or periodical income.
(1) In general.
(i) Definition.
(ii) Manner of payment.
(iii) Determinability of amount.
(2) Exceptions.
(3) Original issue discount.
(i) Amount subject to tax.
(ii) Amounts subject to withholding.
(4) Securities lending transactions and equivalent transactions.
(5) REMIC residual interests.
(c) Other income subject to withholding.
(d) Exceptions to withholding where no money or property is paid or
lack of knowledge.
(1) General rule.
(2) Cancellation of debt.
(3) Satisfaction of liability following underwithholding by
withholding agent.
(4) Withholding exemption inapplicable.
(e) Payment.
(1) General rule.
(2) Income allocated under section 482.
(3) Blocked income.
(4) Special rules for dividends.
(5) Certain interest accrued by a foreign corporation.
(6) Payments other than in U.S. dollars.
(f) Effective/applicability date.
Sec. 1.1441-3 Determination of amounts to be withheld.
(a) Withholding on gross amount.
(b) Withholding on payments on certain obligations.
(1) Withholding at time of payment of interest.
(2) No withholding between interest payment dates.
(i) In general.
(ii) Anti-abuse rule.
(c) Corporate distributions.
(1) General rule.
(2) Exception to withholding on distributions.
(i) In general.
(ii) Reasonable estimate of accumulated and current earnings and
profits on the date of payment.
(A) General rule.
(B) Procedures in case of underwithholding.
(C) Reliance by intermediary on reasonable estimate.
(D) Example.
(3) Special rules in the case of distributions from a regulated
investment company.
(i) General rule
(ii) Reliance by intermediary on reasonable estimate.
(4) Coordination with withholding under section 1445.
(i) In general.
(A) Withholding under section 1441.
(B) Withholding under both sections 1441 and 1445.
(C) Coordination with REIT withholding.
(ii) Intermediary reliance rule.
(d) Withholding on payments that include an undetermined amount of
income.
(1) In general.
(2) Withholding on certain gains.
(e) Payments other than in U.S. dollars.
(1) In general.
(2) Payments in foreign currency.
(f) Tax liability of beneficial owner satisfied by withholding
agent.
[[Page 60]]
(1) General rule.
(2) Example.
(g) Conduit financing arrangements
(h) Effective date.
Sec. 1.1441-4 Exemptions from withholding for certain effectively
connected income and other amounts.
(a) Certain income connected with a U.S. trade or business.
(1) In general.
(2) Withholding agent's reliance on a claim of effectively connected
income.
(i) In general.
(ii) Special rules for U.S. branches of foreign persons.
(A) U.S. branches of certain foreign banks or foreign insurance
companies.
(B) Other U.S. branches.
(3) Income on notional principal contracts.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Exception for certain payments.
(b) Compensation for personal services of an individual.
(1) Exemption from withholding.
(2) Manner of obtaining withholding exemption under tax treaty.
(i) In general.
(ii) Withholding certificate claiming withholding exemption.
(iii) Review by withholding agent.
(iv) Acceptance by withholding agent.
(v) Copies of Form 8233.
(3) Withholding agreements.
(4) Final payments exemption.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Final payment of compensation for personal services.
(iii) Manner of applying for final payment exemption.
(iv) Letter to withholding agent.
(5) Requirement of return.
(6) Personal exemption.
(i) In general.
(ii) Multiple exemptions.
(iii) Special rule where both certain scholarship and compensation
income are received.
(c) Special rules for scholarship and fellowship income.
(1) In general.
(2) Alternate withholding election.
(d) Annuities received under qualified plans.
(e) Per diem of certain alien trainees.
(f) Failure to receive withholding certificates timely or to act in
accordance with applicable presumptions.
(g) Effective date.
(1) General rule.
(2) Transition rules.
Sec. 1.1441-5 Withholding on payments to partnerships, trusts, and
estates.
(a) In general.
(b) Rules applicable to U.S. partnerships, trusts, and estates.
(1) Payments to U.S. partnerships, trusts, and estates.
(2) Withholding by U.S. payees.
(i) U.S. partnerships.
(A) In general.
(B) Effectively connected income of partners.
(ii) U.S. simple trusts.
(iii) U.S. complex trusts and U.S. estates.
(iv) U.S. grantor trusts.
(v) Subsequent distribution.
(c) Foreign partnerships.
(1) Determination of payee.
(i) Payments treated as made to partners.
(ii) Payments treated as made to the partnership.
(iii) Rules for reliably associating a payment with documentation.
(iv) Examples.
(2) Withholding foreign partnerships.
(i) Reliance on claim of withholding foreign partnership status.
(ii) Withholding agreement.
(iii) Withholding responsibility.
(iv) Withholding certificate from a withholding foreign partnership.
(3) Nonwithholding foreign partnerships.
(i) Reliance on claim of foreign partnership status.
(ii) Reliance on claim of reduced withholding by a partnership for
its partners.
(iii) Withholding certificate from a nonwithholding foreign
partnership.
(iv) Withholding statement provided by nonwithholding foreign
partnership.
(v) Withholding and reporting by a foreign partnership.
(d) Presumption rules.
(1) In general.
(2) Determination of partnership's status as domestic or foreign in
the absence of documentation.
(3) Determination of partners' status in the absence of certain
documentation.
(4) Determination by a withholding foreign partnership of the status
of its partners.
(e) Foreign trusts and estates.
(1) In general.
(2) Payments to foreign complex trusts and estates.
(3) Payees of payments to foreign simple trusts and foreign grantor
trusts.
(i) Payments for which beneficiaries and owners are payees.
(ii) Payments for which trust is payee.
(4) Reliance on claim of foreign complex trust or foreign estate
status.
(5) Foreign simple trust and foreign grantor trust.
(i) Reliance on claim of foreign simple trust or foreign grantor
trust status.
(ii) Reliance on claim of reduced withholding by a foreign simple
trust or foreign grantor trust for its beneficiaries or owners.
(iii) Withholding certificate from foreign simple trust or foreign
grantor trust.
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(iv) Withholding statement provided by a foreign simple trust or
foreign grantor trust.
(v) Withholding foreign trusts.
(6) Presumption rules.
(i) In general.
(ii) Determination of status as U.S. or foreign trust or estate in
the absence of documentation.
(iii) Determination of beneficiary or owner's status in the absence
of certain documentation.
(f) Failure to receive withholding certificate timely or to act in
accordance with applicable presumptions.
(g) Effective date.
(1) General rule.
(2) Transition rules.
Sec. 1.1441-6 Claim of reduced withholding under an income tax treaty.
(a) In general.
(b) Reliance on claim of reduced withholding under an income tax
treaty.
(1) In general.
(2) Payment to fiscally transparent entity.
(i) In general.
(ii) Certification by qualified intermediary.
(iii) Dual treatment.
(iv) Examples.
(3) Certified TIN.
(4) Claim of benefits under an income tax treaty by a U.S. person.
(c) Exemption from requirement to furnish a taxpayer identifying
number and special documentary evidence rules for certain income.
(1) In general.
(2) Income to which special rules apply.
(3) Certificate of residence.
(4) Documentary evidence establishing residence in the treaty
country.
(i) Individuals.
(ii) Persons other than individuals.
(5) Statements regarding entitlement to treaty benefits.
(i) Statement regarding conditions under a limitation on benefits
provision.
(ii) Statement regarding whether the taxpayer derives the income.
(d) Joint owners.
(e) Competent authority.
(f) Failure to receive withholding certificate timely.
(g) Special taxpayer identifying number rule for certain foreign
individuals claiming treaty benefits.
(1) General rule.
(2) Special rule.
(3) Requirement that an ITIN be requested during the first business
day following payment.
(4) Definition of unexpected payment.
(5) Examples.
(h) Effective dates.
(1) General rule.
(2) Transition rules.
Sec. 1.1441-7 General provisions relating to withholding agents.
(a) Withholding agent defined.
(1) In general.
(2) Examples.
(b) Standards of knowledge.
(1) In general.
(2) Reason to know.
(3) Financial institutions--limits on reason to know.
(4) Rules applicable to withholding certificates.
(i) In general.
(ii) Examples.
(5) Withholding certificate--establishment of foreign status.
(6) Withholding certificate--claim of reduced rate of withholding
under treaty.
(7) Documentary evidence.
(8) Documentary evidence--establishment of foreign status.
(9) Documentary evidence--claim of reduced rate of withholding under
treaty.
(10) Limits on reason to know--indirect account holders.
(11) Additional guidance.
(c) Authorized agent.
(1) In general.
(2) Authorized foreign agent.
(3) Notification.
(4) Liability of U.S. withholding agent.
(5) Filing of returns.
(d) United States obligations.
(e) Assumed obligations.
(f) Conduit financing arrangements.
(g) Effective date.
Sec. 1.1441-8 Exemption from withholding for payments to foreign
governments, international organizations, foreign central banks of
issue, and the Bank for International Settlements.
(a) Foreign governments.
(b) Reliance on claim of exemption by foreign government.
(c) Income of a foreign central bank of issue or the Bank for
International
Settlements.
(1) Certain interest income.
(2) Bankers' acceptances.
(d) Exemption for payments to international organizations.
(e) Failure to receive withholding certificate timely and other
applicable procedures.
(f) Effective date.
(1) In general.
(2) Transition rules.
Sec. 1.1441-9 Exemption from withholding on exempt income of a foreign
tax-exempt organization, including foreign private foundations.
(a) Exemption from withholding for exempt income.
(b) Reliance on foreign organization's claim of exemption from
withholding.
(1) General rule.
(2) Withholding certificate.
[[Page 62]]
(3) Presumptions in the absence of documentation.
(4) Reason to know.
(c) Failure to receive withholding certificate timely and other
applicable procedures.
(d) Effective date.
(1) In general.
(2) Transition rules.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53421, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8881, 66 FR
32168, May 22, 2000; T.D. 9023, 67 FR 70312, Nov. 22, 2002; T.D. 9272,
71 FR 43366, Aug. 1, 2006; T.D. 9415, 73 FR 40172, July 14, 2008]
Sec. 1.1441-1 Requirement for the deduction and withholding of tax
on payments to foreign persons.
(a) Purpose and scope. This section, Sec. Sec. 1.1441-2 through
1.1441-9, and 1.1443-1 provide rules for withholding under sections
1441, 1442, and 1443 when a payment is made to a foreign person. This
section provides definitions of terms used in chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code (Code) and regulations thereunder. It prescribes procedures
to determine whether an amount must be withheld under chapter 3 of the
Code and documentation that a withholding agent may rely upon to
determine the status of a payee or a beneficial owner as a U.S. person
or as a foreign person and other relevant characteristics of the payee
that may affect a withholding agent's obligation to withhold under
chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations thereunder. Special procedures
regarding payments to foreign persons that act as intermediaries are
also provided. Section 1.1441-2 defines the income subject to
withholding under section 1441, 1442, and 1443 and the regulations under
these sections. Section 1.1441-3 provides rules regarding the amount
subject to withholding. Section 1.1441-4 provides exemptions from
withholding for, among other things, certain income effectively
connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States,
including certain compensation for the personal services of an
individual. Section 1.1441-5 provides rules for withholding on payments
made to flow-through entities and other similar arrangements. Section
1.1441-6 provides rules for claiming a reduced rate of withholding under
an income tax treaty. Section 1.1441-7 defines the term withholding
agent and provides due diligence rules governing a withholding agent's
obligation to withhold. Section 1.1441-8 provides rules for relying on
claims of exemption from withholding for payments to a foreign
government, an international organization, a foreign central bank of
issue, or the Bank for International Settlements. Sections 1.1441-9 and
1.1443-1 provide rules for relying on claims of exemption from
withholding for payments to foreign tax exempt organizations and foreign
private foundations.
(b) General rules of withholding--(1) Requirement to withhold on
payments to foreign persons. A withholding agent must withhold 30-
percent of any payment of an amount subject to withholding made to a
payee that is a foreign person unless it can reliably associate the
payment with documentation upon which it can rely to treat the payment
as made to a payee that is a U.S. person or as made to a beneficial
owner that is a foreign person entitled to a reduced rate of
withholding. However, a withholding agent making a payment to a foreign
person need not withhold where the foreign person assumes responsibility
for withholding on the payment under chapter 3 of the Code and the
regulations thereunder as a qualified intermediary (see paragraph (e)(5)
of this section), as a U.S. branch of a foreign person (see paragraph
(b)(2)(iv) of this section), as a withholding foreign partnership (see
Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(2)(i)), or as an authorized foreign agent (see Sec.
1.1441-7(c)(1)). This section (dealing with general rules of withholding
and claims of foreign or U.S. status by a payee or a beneficial owner),
and Sec. Sec. 1.1441-4, 1.1441-5, 1.1441-6, 1.1441-8, 1.1441-9, and
1.1443-1 provide rules for determining whether documentation is required
as a condition for reducing the rate of withholding on a payment to a
foreign beneficial owner or to a U.S. payee and if so, the nature of the
documentation upon which a withholding agent may rely in order to reduce
such rate. Paragraph (b)(2) of this section prescribes the rules for
determining who the payee is, the extent to which a payment is treated
as made to a foreign payee, and reliable association of a payment with
documentation. Paragraph (b)(3) of this
[[Page 63]]
section describes the applicable presumptions for determining the
payee's status as U.S. or foreign and the payee's other characteristics
(i.e., as an owner or intermediary, as an individual, partnership,
corporation, etc.). Paragraph (b)(4) of this section lists the types of
payments for which the 30-percent withholding rate may be reduced.
Because the treatment of a payee as a U.S. or a foreign person also has
consequences for purposes of making an information return under the
provisions of chapter 61 of the Code and for withholding under other
provisions of the Code, such as sections 3402, 3405 or 3406, paragraph
(b)(5) of this section lists applicable provisions outside chapter 3 of
the Code that require certain payees to establish their foreign status
(e.g., in order to be exempt from information reporting). Paragraph
(b)(6) of this section describes the withholding obligations of a
foreign person making a payment that it has received in its capacity as
an intermediary. Paragraph (b)(7) of this section describes the
liability of a withholding agent that fails to withhold at the required
30-percent rate in the absence of documentation. Paragraph (b)(8) of
this section deals with adjustments and refunds in the case of
overwithholding. Paragraph (b)(9) of this section deals with determining
the status of the payee when the payment is jointly owned. See paragraph
(c)(6) of this section for a definition of beneficial owner. See Sec.
1.1441-7(a) for a definition of withholding agent. See Sec. 1.1441-2(a)
for the determination of an amount subject to withholding. See Sec.
1.1441-2(e) for the definition of a payment and when it is considered
made. Except as otherwise provided, the provisions of this section apply
only for purposes of determining a withholding agent's obligation to
withhold under chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations thereunder.
(2) Determination of payee and payee's status--(i) In general.
Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph (b)(2) and Sec. 1.1441-
5(c)(1) and (e)(3), a payee is the person to whom a payment is made,
regardless of whether such person is the beneficial owner of the amount
(as defined in paragraph (c)(6) of this section). A foreign payee is a
payee who is a foreign person. A U.S. payee is a payee who is a U.S.
person. Generally, the determination by a withholding agent of the U.S.
or foreign status of a payee and of its other relevant characteristics
(e.g., as a beneficial owner or intermediary, or as an individual,
corporation, or flow-through entity) is made on the basis of a
withholding certificate that is a Form W-8 or a Form 8233 (indicating
foreign status of the payee or beneficial owner) or a Form W-9
(indicating U.S. status of the payee). The provisions of this paragraph
(b)(2), paragraph (b)(3) of this section, and Sec. 1.1441-5 (c), (d),
and (e) dealing with determinations of payee and applicable presumptions
in the absence of documentation, apply only to payments of amounts
subject to withholding under chapter 3 of the Code (within the meaning
of Sec. 1.1441-2(a)). Similar payee and presumption provisions are set
forth under Sec. 1.6049-5(d) for payments of amounts that are not
subject to withholding under chapter 3 of the Code (or the regulations
thereunder) but that may be reportable under provisions of chapter 61 of
the Code (and the regulations thereunder). See paragraph (d) of this
section for documentation upon which the withholding agent may rely in
order to treat the payee or beneficial owner as a U.S. person. See
paragraph (e) of this section for documentation upon which the
withholding agent may rely in order to treat the payee or beneficial
owner as a foreign person. For applicable presumptions of status in the
absence of documentation, see paragraph (b)(3) of this section and Sec.
1.1441-5(d). For definitions of a foreign person and U.S. person, see
paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(ii) Payments to a U.S. agent of a foreign person. A withholding
agent making a payment to a U.S. person (other than to a U.S. branch
that is treated as a U.S. person pursuant to paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of
this section) and who has actual knowledge that the U.S. person receives
the payment as an agent of a foreign person must treat the payment as
made to the foreign person. However, the withholding agent may treat the
payment as made to the U.S. person if the U.S. person is a financial
institution and the withholding agent
[[Page 64]]
has no reason to believe that the financial institution will not comply
with its obligation to withhold. See paragraph (c)(5) of this section
for the definition of a financial institution.
(iii) Payments to wholly-owned entities--(A) Foreign-owned domestic
entity. A payment to a wholly-owned domestic entity that is disregarded
for federal tax purposes under Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2) of this chapter as
an entity separate from its owner and whose single owner is a foreign
person shall be treated as a payment to the owner of the entity, subject
to the provisions of paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. For purposes
of this paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A), a domestic entity means a person that
would be treated as a U.S. person if it had an election in effect under
Sec. 301.7701-3(c)(1)(i) of this chapter to be treated as a
corporation. For example, a limited liability company, A, organized
under the laws of the State of Delaware, opens an account at a U.S.
bank. Upon opening of the account, the bank requests A to furnish a Form
W-9 as required under section 6049(a) and the regulations under that
section. A does not have an election in effect under Sec. 301.7701-
3(c)(1)(i) of this chapter and, therefore, is not treated as an
organization taxable as a corporation, including for purposes of the
exempt recipient provisions in Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1). If A has a single
owner and the owner is a foreign person (as defined in paragraph (c)(2)
of this section), then A may not furnish a Form W-9 because it may not
represent that it is a U.S. person for purposes of the provisions of
chapters 3 and 61 of the Code, and section 3406. Therefore, A must
furnish a Form W-8 with the name, address, and taxpayer identifying
number (TIN) (if required) of the foreign person who is the single owner
in the same manner as if the account were opened directly by the foreign
single owner. See Sec. Sec. 1.894-1T(d) and 1.1441-6(b)(2) for special
rules where the entity's owner is claiming a reduced rate of withholding
under an income tax treaty.
(B) Foreign entity. A payment to a wholly-owned foreign entity that
is disregarded under Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2) of this chapter as an entity
separate from its owner shall be treated as a payment to the single
owner of the entity, subject to the provisions of paragraph (b)(2)(iv)
of this section if the foreign entity has a U.S. branch in the United
States. For purposes of this paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(B), a foreign entity
means a person that would be treated as a foreign person if it had an
election in effect under Sec. 301.7701-3(c)(1)(i) of this chapter to be
treated as a corporation. See Sec. Sec. 1.894-1T(d) and 1.1441-6(b)(2)
for special rules where the foreign entity or its owner is claiming a
reduced rate of withholding under an income tax treaty. Thus, for
example, if the foreign entity's single owner is a U.S. person, the
payment shall be treated as a payment to a U.S. person. Therefore, based
on the saving clause in U.S. income tax treaties, such an entity may not
claim benefits under an income tax treaty even if the entity is
organized in a country with which the United States has an income tax
treaty in effect and treats the entity as a non-fiscally transparent
entity. See Sec. 1.894-1T(d)(6), Example 10. Unless it has actual
knowledge or reason to know that the foreign entity to whom the payment
is made is disregarded under Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2) of this chapter, a
withholding agent may treat a foreign entity as an entity separate from
its owner unless it can reliably associate the payment with a
withholding certificate from the entity's owner.
(iv) Payments to a U.S. branch of certain foreign banks or foreign
insurance companies--(A) U.S. branch treated as a U.S. person in certain
cases. A payment to a U.S. branch of a foreign person is a payment to a
foreign person. However, a U.S. branch described in this paragraph
(b)(2)(iv)(A) and a withholding agent (including another U.S. branch
described in this paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A)) may agree to treat the branch
as a U.S. person for purposes of withholding on specified payments to
the U.S. branch. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a withholding
agent making a payment to a U.S. branch treated as a U.S. person under
this paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) shall not treat the branch as a U.S. person
for purposes of reporting the payment made to the branch. Therefore, a
payment to such U.S. branch shall be reported on Form 1042-S under Sec.
1.1461-1(c). Further, a U.S. branch that is
[[Page 65]]
treated as a U.S. person under this paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) shall not be
treated as a U.S. person for purposes of the withholding certificate it
may provide to a withholding agent. Therefore, the U.S. branch must
furnish a U.S. branch withholding certificate on Form W-8 as provided in
paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section and not a Form W-9. An agreement to
treat a U.S. branch as a U.S. person must be evidenced by a U.S. branch
withholding certificate described in paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section
furnished by the U.S. branch to the withholding agent. A U.S. branch
described in this paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) is any U.S. branch of a
foreign bank subject to regulatory supervision by the Federal Reserve
Board or a U.S. branch of a foreign insurance company required to file
an annual statement on a form approved by the National Association of
Insurance Commissioners with the Insurance Department of a State, a
Territory, or the District of Columbia. In addition, a financial
institution organized in a possession of the United States will be
treated as a U.S. branch for purposes of this paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A).
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) may approve a list of U.S. branches
that may qualify for treatment as a U.S. person under this paragraph
(b)(2)(iv)(A) (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter). See Sec.
1.6049-5(c)(5)(vi) for the treatment of U.S. branches as U.S. payors if
they make a payment that is subject to reporting under chapter 61 of the
Internal Revenue Code. Also see Sec. 1.6049-5(d)(1)(ii) for the
treatment of U.S. branches as foreign payees under chapter 61 of the
Internal Revenue Code.
(B) Consequences to the withholding agent. Any person that is
otherwise a withholding agent regarding a payment to a U.S. branch
described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) of this section shall treat the
payment in one of the following ways--
(1) As a payment to a U.S. person, in which case the withholding
agent is not responsible for withholding on such payment to the extent
it can reliably associate the payment with a withholding certificate
described in paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section that has been furnished
by the U.S. branch under its agreement with the withholding agent to be
treated as a U.S. person;
(2) As a payment directly to the persons whose names are on
withholding certificates or other appropriate documentation forwarded by
the U.S. branch to the withholding agent when no agreement is in effect
to treat the U.S. branch as a U.S. person for such payment, to the
extent the withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with
such certificates or documentation; or
(3) As a payment to a foreign person of income that is effectively
connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States
if the withholding agent cannot reliably associate the payment with a
withholding certificate from the U.S. branch or any other certificate or
other appropriate documentation from another person. See Sec. 1.1441-
4(a)(2)(ii).
(C) Consequences to the U.S. branch. A U.S. branch that is treated
as a U.S. person under paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) of this section shall be
treated as a separate person solely for purposes of section 1441(a) and
all other provisions of chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and the
regulations thereunder (other than for purposes of reporting the payment
to the U.S. branch under Sec. 1.1461-1(c) or for purposes of the
documentation such a branch must furnish under paragraph (e)(3)(v) of
this section) for any payment that it receives as such. Thus, the U.S.
branch shall be responsible for withholding on the payment in accordance
with the provisions under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and the
regulations thereunder and other applicable withholding provisions of
the Internal Revenue Code. For this purpose, it shall obtain and retain
documentation from payees or beneficial owners of the payments that it
receives as a U.S. person in the same manner as if it were a separate
entity. For example, if a U.S. branch receives a payment on behalf of
its home office and the home office is a qualified intermediary, the
U.S. branch must obtain a qualified intermediary withholding certificate
described in paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section from its home office.
In addition, a U.S.
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branch that has not provided documentation to the withholding agent for
a payment that is, in fact, not effectively connected income is a
withholding agent with respect to that payment. See paragraph (b)(6) of
this section and Sec. 1.1441-4(a)(2)(ii).
(D) Definition of payment to a U.S. branch. A payment is treated as
a payment to a U.S. branch of a foreign bank or foreign insurance
company if the payment is credited to an account maintained in the
United States in the name of a U.S. branch of the foreign person, or the
payment is made to an address in the United States where the U.S. branch
is located and the name of the U.S. branch appears on documents (in
written or electronic form) associated with the payment (e.g., the check
mailed or a letter addressed to the branch).
(E) Payments to other U.S. branches. Similar withholding procedures
may apply to payments to U.S. branches that are not described in
paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) of this section to the extent permitted by the
district director or the Assistant Commissioner (International). Any
such branch must establish that its situation is analogous to that of a
U.S. branch described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) of this section
regarding its registration with, and regulation by, a U.S. governmental
institution, the type and amounts of assets it is required to, or
actually maintains in the United States, and the personnel who carry out
the activities of the branch in the United States. In the alternative,
the branch must establish that the withholding and reporting
requirements under chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations thereunder
impose an undue administrative burden and that the collection of the tax
imposed by section 871(a) or 881(a) on the foreign person (or its
members in the case of a foreign partnership) will not be jeopardized by
the exemption from withholding. Generally, an undue administrative
burden will be found to exist in a case where the person entitled to the
income, such as a foreign insurance company, receives from the
withholding agent income on securities issued by a single corporation,
some of which is, and some of which is not, effectively connected with
conduct of a trade or business within the United States and the criteria
for determining the effective connection are unduly difficult to apply
because of the circumstances under which such securities are held. No
exemption from withholding shall be granted under this paragraph
(b)(2)(iv)(E) unless the person entitled to the income complies with
such other requirements as may be imposed by the district director or
the Assistant Commissioner (International) and unless the district
director or the Assistant Commissioner (International) is satisfied that
the collection of the tax on the income involved will not be jeopardized
by the exemption from withholding. The IRS may prescribe such procedures
as are necessary to make these determinations (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2)
of this chapter).
(v) Payments to a foreign intermediary--(A) Payments treated as made
to persons for whom the intermediary collects the payment. Except as
otherwise provided in paragraph (b)(2)(v)(B) of this section, the payee
of a payment to a person that the withholding agent may treat as a
foreign intermediary in accordance with the provisions of paragraph
(b)(3)(ii)(C) or (b)(3)(v)(A) of this section is the person or persons
for whom the intermediary collects the payment. Thus, for example, the
payee of a payment that the withholding agent can reliably associate
with a withholding certificate from a qualified intermediary (defined in
paragraph (e)(5)(ii) of this section) that does not assume primary
withholding responsibility or a payment to a nonqualified intermediary
are the persons for whom the qualified intermediary or nonqualified
intermediary acts and not to the intermediary itself. See paragraph
(b)(3)(v) of this section for presumptions that apply if the payment
cannot be reliably associated with valid documentation. For similar
rules for payments to flow-through entities, see Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(1)
and (e)(3).
(B) Payments treated as made to foreign intermediary. The payee of a
payment to a person that the withholding agent may treat as a qualified
intermediary is the qualified intermediary to the extent that the
qualified intermediary assumes primary withholding responsibility under
paragraph (e)(5)(iv) of this
[[Page 67]]
section for the payment. For example if a qualified intermediary assumes
primary withholding responsibility under chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code but does not assume primary reporting or withholding
responsibility under chapter 61 or section 3406 of the Internal Revenue
Code and therefore provides Forms W-9 for U.S. non-exempt recipients,
the qualified intermediary is the payee except to the extent the payment
is reliably associated with a Form W-9 from a U.S. non-exempt recipient.
(vi) Other payees. A payment to a person described in Sec. 1.6049-
4(c)(1)(ii) that the withholding agent would treat as a payment to a
foreign person without obtaining documentation for purposes of
information reporting under section 6049 (if the payment were interest)
is treated as a payment to a foreign payee for purposes of chapter 3 of
the Code and the regulations thereunder (or to a foreign beneficial
owner to the extent provided in paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(A) (6) or (7) of
this section). Further, payments that the withholding agent can reliably
associate with documentary evidence described in Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1)
relating to the payee is treated as a payment to a foreign payee. A
payment that the withholding agent may treat as a payment to an
authorized foreign agent (as defined in Sec. 1.1441-7(c)(2)) is treated
as a payment to the agent and not to the persons for whom the agent
collects the payment. See Sec. 1.1441-5 (b)(1) and (c)(1) for payee
determinations for payments to partnerships. See Sec. 1.1441-5(e) for
payee determinations for payments to foreign trusts or foreign estates.
(vii) Rules for reliably associating a payment with a withholding
certificate or other appropriate documentation--(A) Generally. The
presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3) of this section and Sec. Sec.
1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) and 1.6049-5(d) apply to any payment, or portion
of a payment, that a withholding agent cannot reliably associate with
valid documentation. Generally, a withholding agent can reliably
associate a payment with valid documentation if, prior to the payment,
it holds valid documentation (either directly or through an agent), it
can reliably determine how much of the payment relates to the valid
documentation, and it has no actual knowledge or reason to know that any
of the information, certifications, or statements in, or associated
with, the documentation are incorrect. Special rules apply for payments
made to intermediaries, flow-through entities, and certain U.S.
branches. See paragraph (b)(2)(vii)(B) through (F) of this section. The
documentation referred to in this paragraph (b)(2)(vii) is documentation
described in paragraphs (c)(16) and (17) of this section upon which a
withholding agent may rely to treat the payment as a payment made to a
payee or beneficial owner, and to ascertain the characteristics of the
payee or beneficial owner that are relevant to withholding or reporting
under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and the regulations
thereunder. For purposes of this paragraph (b)(2)(vii), documentation
also includes the agreement that the withholding agent has in effect
with an authorized foreign agent in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-
7(c)(2)(i). A withholding agent that is not required to obtain
documentation with respect to a payment is considered to lack
documentation for purposes of this paragraph (b)(2)(vii). For example, a
withholding agent paying U.S. source interest to a person that is an
exempt recipient, as defined in Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii), is not
required to obtain documentation from that person in order to determine
whether an amount paid to that person is reportable under an applicable
information reporting provision under chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue
Code. The withholding agent must, however, treat the payment as made to
an undocumented person for purposes of chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue
Code. Therefore, the presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of this
section apply to determine whether the person is presumed to be a U.S.
person (in which case, no withholding is required under this section),
or whether the person is presumed to be a foreign person (in which case
30-percent withholding is required under this section). See paragraph
(b)(3)(v) of this section for special reliance rules in the case of a
payment to a foreign intermediary and
[[Page 68]]
Sec. 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) for special reliance rules in the case of a
payment to a flow-through entity.
(B) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate from a
nonqualified intermediary or flow-through entity. (1) In the case of a
payment made to a nonqualified intermediary, a flow-through entity (as
defined in paragraph (c)(23) of this section), and a U.S. branch
described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section (other than a branch
that is treated as a U.S. person), a withholding agent can reliably
associate the payment with valid documentation only to the extent that,
prior to the payment, the withholding agent can allocate the payment to
a valid nonqualified intermediary, flow-through, or U.S. branch
withholding certificate; the withholding agent can reliably determine
how much of the payment relates to valid documentation provided by a
payee as determined under paragraph (c)(12) of this section (i.e., a
person that is not itself an intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S.
branch); and the withholding agent has sufficient information to report
the payment on Form 1042-S or Form 1099, if reporting is required. See
paragraph (e)(3)(iii) of this section for the requirements of a
nonqualified intermediary withholding certificate, paragraph (e)(3)(v)
of this section for the requirements of a U.S. branch certificate, and
Sec. Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(3)(iii) and (e)(5)(iii) for the requirements of a
flow-through withholding certificate. Thus, a payment cannot be reliably
associated with valid documentation provided by a payee to the extent
such documentation is lacking or unreliable, or to the extent that
information required to allocate and report all or a portion of the
payment to each payee is lacking or unreliable. If a withholding
certificate attached to an intermediary, U.S. branch, or flow-through
withholding certificate is another intermediary, U.S. branch, or flow-
through withholding certificate, the rules of this paragraph
(b)(2)(vii)(B) apply by treating the share of the payment allocable to
the other intermediary, U.S. branch, or flow-through entity as if the
payment were made directly to such other entity. See paragraph
(e)(3)(iv)(D) of this section for rules permitting information
allocating a payment to documentation to be received after the payment
is made.
(2) The rules of paragraph (b)(2)(vii)(B)(1) of this section are
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. WH, a withholding agent, makes a payment of U.S. source
interest to NQI, an intermediary that is a nonqualified intermediary.
NQI provides a valid intermediary withholding certificate under
paragraph (e)(3)(iii) of this section. NQI does not, however, provide
valid documentation from the persons on whose behalf it receives the
interest payment, and, therefore, the interest payment cannot be
reliably associated with valid documentation provided by a payee. WH
must apply the presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section
to the payment.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that NQI
does attach valid beneficial owner withholding certificates (as defined
in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section) from A, B, C, and D establishing
their status as foreign persons. NQI does not, however, provide WH with
any information allocating the payment among A, B, C, and D and,
therefore, WH cannot determine the portion of the payment that relates
to each beneficial owner withholding certificate. The interest payment
cannot be reliably associated with valid documentation from a payee and
WH must apply the presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this
section to the payment. See, however, paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) of this
section providing special rules permitting allocation information to be
received after a payment is made.
Example 3. The facts are the same as in Example 2, except that NQI
does provide allocation information associated with its intermediary
withholding certificate indicating that 25 percent of the interest
payment is allocable to A and 25 percent to B. NQI does not provide any
allocation information regarding the remaining 50 percent of the
payment. WH may treat 25 percent of the payment as made to A and 25
percent as made to B. The remaining 50 percent of the payment cannot be
reliably associated with valid documentation from a payee, however,
since NQI did not provide information allocating the payment. Thus, the
remaining 50 percent of the payment is subject to the presumption rules
of paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section.
Example 4. WH makes a payment of U.S. source interest to NQI1, an
intermediary that is not a qualified intermediary. NQI1 provides WH with
a valid nonqualified intermediary withholding certificate as well a
valid beneficial owner withholding certificates from A and B and a valid
nonqualified intermediary withholding certificate from NQI2. NQI2 has
provided valid beneficial
[[Page 69]]
owner documentation from C sufficient to establish C's status as a
foreign person. Based on information provided by NQI1, WH can allocate
20 percent of the interest payment to A, and 20 percent to B. Based on
information that NQI2 provided NQI1 and that NQI1 provides to WH, WH can
allocate 60 percent of the payment to NQI 2, but can only allocate one
half of that payment (30 percent) to C. Therefore, WH cannot reliably
associate 30 percent of the payment made to NQI2 with valid
documentation and must apply the presumption rules of paragraph
(b)(3)(v) of this section to that portion of the payment.
(C) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate provided
by a qualified intermediary that does not assume primary withholding
responsibility. (1) If a payment is made to a qualified intermediary
that does not assume primary withholding responsibility under chapter 3
of the Internal Revenue Code or primary Form 1099 reporting and backup
withholding responsibility under chapter 61 and section 3406 of the
Internal Revenue Code for the payment, a withholding agent can reliably
associate the payment with valid documentation only to the extent that,
prior to the payment, the withholding agent has received a valid
qualified intermediary withholding certificate and the withholding agent
can reliably determine the portion of the payment that relates to a
withholding rate pool, as defined in paragraph (e)(5)(v)(C) of this
section. In the case of a withholding rate pool attributable to a U.S.
non-exempt recipient, a payment cannot be reliably associated with valid
documentation unless, prior to the payment, the qualified intermediary
has provided the U.S. person's Form W-9 (or, in the absence of the form,
the name, address, and TIN, if available, of the U.S. person) and
sufficient information for the withholding agent to report the payment
on Form 1099. See paragraph (e)(5)(v)(C)(2) of this section for special
rules regarding allocation of payments among U.S. non-exempt recipients.
(2) The rules of this paragraph (b)(2)(vii)(C) are illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. WH, a withholding agent, makes a payment of U.S. source
dividends to QI. QI provides WH with a valid qualified intermediary
withholding certificate on which it indicates that it does not assume
primary withholding responsibility under chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code or primary Form 1099 reporting and backup withholding
responsibility under chapter 61 and section 3406 of the Internal Revenue
Code. QI does not provide any information allocating the dividend to
withholding rate pools. WH cannot reliably associate the payment with
valid payee documentation and therefore must apply the presumption rules
of paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section.
Example 2. WH makes a payment of U.S. source dividends to QI. QI has
5 customers: A, B, C, D, and E. QI has obtained documentation from A and
B establishing their entitlement to a 15 percent rate of tax on U.S.
source dividends under an income tax treaty. C is a U.S. person that is
an exempt recipient as defined in paragraph (c)(20) of this section. D
and E are U.S. non-exempt recipients who have provided Forms W-9 to QI.
A, B, C, D, and E are each entitled to 20 percent of the dividend
payment. QI provides WH with a valid qualified intermediary withholding
certificate as described in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section with
which it associates the Forms W-9 from D and E. QI associates the
following allocation information with its qualified intermediary
withholding certificate: 40 percent of the payment is allocable to the
15 percent withholding rate pool, and 20 percent is allocable to each of
D and E. QI does not provide any allocation information regarding the
remaining 20 percent of the payment. WH cannot reliably associate 20
percent of the payment with valid documentation and, therefore, must
apply the presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section to
that portion of the payment. The 20 percent of the payment allocable to
the 15 percent withholding rate pool, and the portion of the payments
allocable to D and E are payments that can be reliably associated with
documentation.
(D) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate provided
by a qualified intermediary that assumes primary withholding
responsibility under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code. (1) In the
case of a payment made to a qualified intermediary that assumes primary
withholding responsibility under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code
with respect to that payment (but does not assume primary Form 1099
reporting and backup withholding responsibility under chapter 61 and
section 3406 of the Internal Revenue Code), a withholding agent can
reliably associate the payment with valid documentation only to the
extent that, prior to the payment, the withholding agent has received a
[[Page 70]]
valid qualified intermediary withholding certificate and the withholding
agent can reliably determine the portion of the payment that relates to
the withholding rate pool for which the qualified intermediary assumes
primary withholding responsibility under chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code and the portion of the payment attributable to withholding
rate pools for each U.S. non-exempt recipient for whom the qualified
intermediary has provided a Form W-9 (or, in absence of the form, the
name, address, and TIN, if available, of the U.S. non-exempt recipient).
See paragraph (e)(5)(v)(C)(2) of this section for alternative allocation
procedures for payments made to U.S. persons that are not exempt
recipients.
(2) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of
paragraph (b)(2)(vii)(D)(1) of this section:
Example 1. WH makes a payment of U.S. source interest to QI, a
qualified intermediary. QI provides WH with a withholding certificate
that indicates that QI will assume primary withholding responsibility
under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code with respect to the
payment. In addition, QI attaches a Form W-9 from A, a U.S. non-exempt
recipient, as defined in paragraph (c)(21) of this section, and provides
the name, address, and TIN of B, a U.S. person that is also a non-exempt
recipient but who has not provided a Form W-9. QI associates a
withholding statement with its qualified intermediary withholding
certificate indicating that 10 percent of the payment is attributable to
A, and 10 percent to B, and that QI will assume primary withholding
responsibility with respect to the remaining 80 percent of the payment.
WH can reliably associate the entire payment with valid documentation.
Although under the presumption rule of paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this
section, an undocumented person receiving U.S. source interest is
generally presumed to be a foreign person, WH has actual knowledge that
B is a U.S. non-exempt recipient and therefore must report the payment
on Form 1099 and backup withhold on the interest payment under section
3406.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that no
Forms W-9 or other information have been provided for the 20 percent of
the payment that is allocable to A and B. Thus, QI has accepted
withholding responsibility for 80 percent of the payment, but has
provided no information for the remaining 20 percent. In this case, 20
percent of the payment cannot be reliably associated with valid
documentation, and WH must apply the presumption rule of paragraph
(b)(3)(v) of this section.
(E) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate provided
by a qualified intermediary that assumes primary Form 1099 reporting and
backup withholding responsibility but not primary withholding under
chapter 3. (1) If a payment is made to a qualified intermediary that
assumes primary Form 1099 reporting and backup withholding
responsibility for the payment (but does not assume primary withholding
responsibility under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code), a
withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with valid
documentation only to the extent that, prior to the payment, the
withholding agent has received a valid qualified intermediary
withholding certificate and the withholding agent can reliably determine
the portion of the payment that relates to a withholding rate pool or
pools provided as part of the qualified intermediary's withholding
statement and the portion of the payment for which the qualified
intermediary assumes primary Form 1099 reporting and backup withholding
responsibility.
(2) The following example illustrates the rules of paragraph
(b)(2)((vii)(D)(1) of this section:
Example. WH makes a payment of U.S. source dividends to QI, a
qualified intermediary. QI has provided WH with a valid qualified
intermediary withholding certificate. QI states on its withholding
statement accompanying the certificate that it assumes primary Form 1099
reporting and backup withholding responsibility but does not assume
primary withholding responsibility under chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code. QI represents that 15 percent of the dividend is subject
to a 30 percent rate of withholding, 75 percent of the dividend is
subject to a 15 percent rate of withholding, and that QI assumed primary
Form 1099 reporting and backup withholding for the remaining 10 percent
of the payment. The entire payment can be reliably associated with valid
documentation.
(F) Special rules applicable to a withholding certificate provided
by a qualified intermediary that assumes primary withholding
responsibility under chapter 3 and primary Form 1099 reporting and
backup withholding responsibility and a withholding certificate provided
by a
[[Page 71]]
withholding foreign partnership. If a payment is made to a qualified
intermediary that assumes both primary withholding responsibility under
chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and primary Form 1099 reporting
and backup withholding responsibility under chapter 61 and section 3406
of the Internal Revenue Code for the payment, a withholding agent can
reliably associate a payment with valid documentation provided that it
receives a valid qualified intermediary withholding certificate as
described in paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section. In the case of a
payment made to a withholding foreign partnership, the withholding agent
can reliably associate the payment with valid documentation to the
extent it can associate the payment with a valid withholding certificate
described in Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(2)(iv).
(3) Presumptions regarding payee's status in the absence of
documentation--(i) General rules. A withholding agent that cannot, prior
to the payment, reliably associate (within the meaning of paragraph
(b)(2)(vii) of this section) a payment of an amount subject to
withholding (as described in Sec. 1.1441-2(a)) with valid documentation
may rely on the presumptions of this paragraph (b)(3) to determine the
status of the payee as a U.S. or a foreign person and the payee's other
relevant characteristics (e.g., as an owner or intermediary, as an
individual, trust, partnership, or corporation). The determination of
withholding and reporting requirements applicable to payments to a
person presumed to be a foreign person is governed only by the
provisions of chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations thereunder. For
the determination of withholding and reporting requirements applicable
to payments to a person presumed to be a U.S. person, see chapter 61 of
the Code, section 3402, 3405, or 3406, and the regulations under these
provisions. A presumption that a payee is a foreign payee is not a
presumption that the payee is a foreign beneficial owner. Therefore, the
provisions of this paragraph (b)(3) have no effect for purposes of
reducing the withholding rate if associating the payment with
documentation of foreign beneficial ownership is required as a condition
for such rate reduction. See paragraph (b)(3)(ix) of this section for
consequences to a withholding agent that fails to withhold in accordance
with the presumptions set forth in this paragraph (b)(3) or if the
withholding agent has actual knowledge or reason to know of facts that
are contrary to the presumptions set forth in this paragraph (b)(3). See
paragraph (b)(2)(vii) of this section for rules regarding the extent
which a withholding agent can reliably associate a payment with
documentation.
(ii) Presumptions of classification as individual, corporation,
partnership, etc. (A) In general. A withholding agent that cannot
reliably associate a payment with a valid withholding certificate or
that has received valid documentary evidence under Sec. Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(1)(ii)(2) and 1.6049-5(c)(1) or (4) but cannot determine a payee's
classification from the documentary evidence must apply the rules of
this paragraph (b)(3)(ii) to determine the payee's classification as an
individual, trust, estate, corporation, or partnership. The fact that a
payee is presumed to have a certain status under the provisions of this
paragraph (b)(3)(ii) does not mean that it is excused from furnishing
documentation if documentation is otherwise required to obtain a reduced
rate of withholding under this section. For example, if, for purposes of
this paragraph (b)(3)(ii), a payee is presumed to be a tax-exempt
organization based on Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(B), the withholding agent
cannot rely on this presumption to reduce the rate of withholding on
payments to such person (if such person is also presumed to be a foreign
person under paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(A) of this section) because a
reduction in the rate of withholding for payments to a foreign tax-
exempt organization generally requires that a valid Form W-8 described
in Sec. 1.1441-9(b)(2) be furnished to the withholding agent.
(B) No documentation provided. If the withholding agent cannot
reliably associate a payment with a valid withholding certificate or
valid documentary evidence, it must presume that the payee is an
individual, a trust, or an estate, if the payee appears to be such
person (e.g., based on the payee's name or other indications). In the
absence of reliable indications that the
[[Page 72]]
payee is an individual, trust, or an estate, the withholding agent must
presume that the payee is a corporation or one of the persons enumerated
under Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(B) through (Q) if it can be so treated
under Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(A)(1) or any one of the paragraphs under
Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(B) through (Q) without the need to furnish
documentation. If the withholding agent cannot treat a payee as a person
described in Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(A)(1) through (Q), then the payee
shall be presumed to be a partnership. If such a partnership is presumed
to be foreign, it is not the beneficial owner of the income paid to it.
See paragraph (c)(6) of this section. If such a partnership is presumed
to be domestic, it is a U.S. non-exempt recipient for purposes of
chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue Code.
(C) Documentary evidence furnished for offshore account. If the
withholding agent receives valid documentary evidence, as described in
Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1) or (4), with respect to an offshore account from an
entity but the documentary evidence does not establish the entity's
classification as a corporation, trust, estate, or partnership, the
withholding agent may presume (in the absence of actual knowledge
otherwise) that the entity is the type of person enumerated under Sec.
1.6049-4 (c)(1)(ii)(B) through (Q) if it can be so treated under any one
of those paragraphs without the need to furnish documentation. If the
withholding agent cannot treat a payee as a person described in Sec.
1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(B) through (Q), then the payee shall be presumed to
be a corporation unless the withholding agent knows, or has reason to
know, that the entity is not classified as a corporation for U.S. tax
purposes. If a payee is, or is presumed to be, a corporation under this
paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C) and a foreign person under paragraph (b)(3)(iii)
of this section, a withholding agent shall not treat the payee as the
beneficial owner of income if the withholding agent knows, or has reason
to know, that the payee is not the beneficial owner of the income. For
this purpose, a withholding agent shall have reason to know that the
payee is not a beneficial owner if the documentary evidence indicates
that the payee is a bank, broker, intermediary, custodian, or other
agent, or is treated under Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(B) through (Q) as
such a person. A withholding agent may, however, treat such a person as
a beneficial owner if the foreign person provides a statement, in
writing and signed by a person with authority to sign the statement,
that is attached to the documentary evidence stating it is the
beneficial owner of the income.
(iii) Presumption of U.S. or foreign status. A payment that the
withholding agent cannot reliably associate with documentation is
presumed to be made to a U.S. person, except as otherwise provided in
this paragraph (b)(3)(iii), in paragraphs (b)(3) (iv) and (v) of this
section, or in Sec. 1.1441-5 (d) or (e).
(A) Payments to exempt recipients. If a withholding agent cannot
reliably associate a payment with documentation from the payee and the
payee is an exempt recipient (as determined under the provisions of
Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii) in the case of interest, or under similar
provisions under chapter 61 of the Code applicable to the type of
payment involved, but not including a payee that the withholding agent
may treat as a foreign intermediary in accordance with paragraph
(b)(3)(v) of this section), the payee is presumed to be a foreign person
and not a U.S. person--
(1) If the withholding agent has actual knowledge of the payee's
employer identification number and that number begins with the two
digits ``98'';
(2) If the withholding agent's communications with the payee are
mailed to an address in a foreign country;
(3) If the name of the payee indicates that the entity is the type
of entity that is on the per se list of foreign corporations contained
in Sec. 301.7701-2(b)(8)(i) of this chapter; or
(4) If the payment is made outside the United States (as defined in
Sec. 1.6049-5(e)).
(B) Scholarships and grants. A payment representing taxable
scholarship or fellowship grant income that does not represent
compensation for services (but is not excluded from tax under section
117) and that a withholding agent cannot reliably associate with
documentation is presumed to be made to a foreign person if the
withholding agent has a record that the
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payee has a U.S. visa that is not an immigrant visa. See section 871(c)
and Sec. 1.1441-4(c) for applicable tax rate and withholding rules.
(C) Pensions, annuities, etc. A payment from a trust described in
section 401(a), an annuity plan described in section 403(a), a payment
with respect to any annuity, custodial account, or retirement income
account described in section 403(b), or a payment from an individual
retirement account or individual retirement annuity described in section
408 that a withholding agent cannot reliably associate with
documentation is presumed to be made to a U.S. person only if the
withholding agent has a record of a Social Security number for the payee
and relies on a mailing address described in the following sentence. A
mailing address is an address used for purposes of information reporting
or otherwise communicating with the payee that is an address in the
United States or in a foreign country with which the United States has
an income tax treaty in effect and the treaty provides that the payee,
if an individual resident in that country, would be entitled to an
exemption from U.S. tax on amounts described in this paragraph
(b)(3)(iii)(C). Any payment described in this paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(C)
that is not presumed to be made to a U.S. person is presumed to be made
to a foreign person. A withholding agent making a payment to a person
presumed to be a foreign person may not reduce the 30-percent amount of
withholding required on such payment unless it receives a withholding
certificate described in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section furnished
by the beneficial owner. For reduction in the 30-percent rate, see
Sec. Sec. 1.1441-4(e) or 1.1441-6(b).
(D) Certain payments to offshore accounts. A payment is presumed
made to a foreign payee if the payment is made outside the United States
(as defined in Sec. 1.6049-5(e)) to an offshore account (as defined in
Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1)) and the withholding agent does not have actual
knowledge that the payee is a U.S. person. See Sec. 1.6049-5(d)(2) and
(3) for exceptions to this rule.
(E) Certain payments for services. A payment for services is
presumed to be made to a foreign person if--
(1) The payee is an individual;
(2) The withholding agent does not know, or have reason to know,
that the payee is a U.S. citizen or resident;
(3) The withholding agent does not know, or have reason to know,
that the income is (or may be) effectively connected with the conduct of
a trade or business within the United States; and
(4) All of the services for which the payment is made were performed
by the payee outside of the United States.
(iv) Grace period. A withholding agent may choose to apply the
provisions of Sec. 1.6049-5(d)(2)(ii) regarding a 90-day grace period
for purposes of this paragraph (b)(3) (by applying the term withholding
agent instead of the term payor) to amounts described in Sec. 1.1441-
6(c)(2) and to amounts covered by a Form 8233 described in Sec. 1.1441-
4(b)(2)(ii). Thus, for these amounts, a withholding agent may choose to
treat an account holder as a foreign person and withhold under chapter 3
of the Internal Revenue Code (and the regulations thereunder) while
awaiting documentation. For purposes of determining the rate of
withholding under this section, the withholding agent must withhold at
the unreduced 30-percent rate at the time that the amounts are credited
to an account. However, a withholding agent who can reliably associate
the payment with a withholding certificate that is otherwise valid
within the meaning of the applicable provisions except for the fact that
it is transmitted by facsimile may rely on that facsimile form for
purposes of withholding at the claimed reduced rate. For reporting of
amounts credited both before and after the grace period, see Sec.
1.1461-1(c)(4)(i)(A). The following adjustments shall be made at the
expiration of the grace period:
(A) If, at the end of the grace period, the documentation is not
furnished in the manner required under this section and the account
holder is presumed to be a U.S. non-exempt recipient, then backup
withholding applies to amounts credited to the account after the
expiration of the grace period only. Amounts credited to the account
during the grace period shall be treated as owned by a foreign payee and
adjustments must be made to correct any underwithholding on such amounts
in the manner described in Sec. 1.1461-2.
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(B) If, at the end of the grace period, the documentation is not
furnished in the manner required under this section, or if documentation
is furnished that does not support the claimed rate reduction, and the
account holder is presumed to be a foreign person then adjustments must
be made to correct any underwithholding on amounts credited to the
account during the grace period, based on the adjustment procedures
described in Sec. 1.1461-2.
(v) Special rules applicable to payments to foreign intermediaries--
(A) Reliance on claim of status as foreign intermediary. The presumption
rules of paragraph (b)(3)(v)(B) of this section apply to a payment made
to an intermediary (whether the intermediary is a qualified or
nonqualified intermediary) that has provided a valid withholding
certificate under paragraph (e)(3)(ii) or (iii) of this section (or has
provided documentary evidence described in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C) of
this section that indicates it is a bank, broker, custodian,
intermediary, or other agent) to the extent the withholding agent cannot
treat the payment as being reliably associated with valid documentation
under the rules of paragraph (b)(2)(vii) of this section. For this
purpose, a U.S. person's foreign branch that is a qualified intermediary
defined in paragraph (e)(5)(ii) of this section shall be treated as a
foreign intermediary. A payee that the withholding agent may not
reliably treat as a foreign intermediary under this paragraph
(b)(3)(v)(A) is presumed to be a payee other than an intermediary whose
classification as an individual, corporation, partnership, etc., must be
determined in accordance with paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section to
the extent relevant. In addition, such payee is presumed to be a U.S. or
a foreign payee based upon the presumptions described in paragraph
(b)(3)(iii) of this section. The provisions of paragraph (b)(3)(v)(B) of
this section are not relevant to a withholding agent that can reliably
associate a payment with a withholding certificate from a person
representing to be a qualified intermediary to the extent the qualified
intermediary has assumed primary withholding responsibility in
accordance with paragraph (e)(5)(iv) of this section.
(B) Beneficial owner documentation or allocation information is
lacking or unreliable. Any portion of a payment that the withholding
agent may treat as made to a foreign intermediary (whether a
nonqualified or a qualified intermediary) but that the withholding agent
cannot treat as reliably associated with valid documentation under the
rules of paragraph (b)(2)(vii) of this section is presumed made to an
unknown, undocumented foreign payee. As a result, a withholding agent
must deduct and withhold 30 percent from any payment of an amount
subject to withholding. If a withholding certificate attached to an
intermediary certificate is another intermediary withholding certificate
or a flow-through withholding certificate, the rules of this paragraph
(b)(3)(v)(B) (or Sec. 1.1441-5(d)(3) or (e)(6)(iii)) apply by treating
the share of the payment allocable to the other intermediary or flow-
through entity as if it were made directly to the other intermediary or
flow-through entity. Any payment of an amount subject to withholding
that is presumed made to an undocumented foreign person must be reported
on Form 1042-S. See Sec. 1.1461-1(c). See Sec. 1.6049-5(d) for
payments that are not subject to withholding.
(vi) U.S. branches. The rules of paragraph (b)(3)(v)(B) of this
section shall apply to payments to a U.S. branch described in paragraph
(b)(2)(iv)(A) of this section that has provided a withholding
certificate as described in paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section on which
it has not agreed to be treated as a U.S. person.
(vii) Joint payees--(A) In general. Except as provided in paragraph
(b)(3)(vii)(B) of this section, if a withholding agent makes a payment
to joint payees and cannot reliably associate a payment with valid
documentation from all payees, the payment is presumed made to an
unidentified U.S. person. However, if one of the joint payees provides a
Form W-9 furnished in accordance with the procedures described in
Sec. Sec. 31.3406(d)-1 through 31.3406(d)-5 of this chapter, the
payment shall be treated as made to that payee. See Sec. 31.3406(h)-2
of this chapter for rules to determine the relevant payee if more than
one Form W-9 is
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provided. For purposes of applying this paragraph (b)(3), the grace
period rules in paragraph (b)(3)(iv) of this section shall apply only if
each payee meets the conditions described in paragraph (b)(3)(iv) of
this section.
(B) Special rule for offshore accounts. If a withholding agent makes
a payment to joint payees and cannot reliably associate a payment with
valid documentation from all payees, the payment is presumed made to an
unknown foreign payee if the payment is made outside the United States
(as defined in Sec. 1.6049-5(e)) to an offshore account (as defined in
Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1)).
(viii) Rebuttal of presumptions. A payee or beneficial owner may
rebut the presumptions described in this paragraph (b)(3) by providing
reliable documentation to the withholding agent or, if applicable, to
the IRS.
(ix) Effect of reliance on presumptions and of actual knowledge or
reason to know otherwise--(A) General rule. Except as otherwise provided
in paragraph (b)(3)(ix)(B) of this section, a withholding agent that
withholds on a payment under section 3402, 3405 or 3406 in accordance
with the presumptions set forth in this paragraph (b)(3) shall not be
liable for withholding under this section even it is later established
that the beneficial owner of the payment is, in fact, a foreign person.
Similarly, a withholding agent that withholds on a payment under this
section in accordance with the presumptions set forth in this paragraph
(b)(3) shall not be liable for withholding under section 3402 or 3405 or
for backup withholding under section 3406 even if it is later
established that the payee or beneficial owner is, in fact, a U.S.
person. A withholding agent that, instead of relying on the presumptions
described in this paragraph (b)(3), relies on its own actual knowledge
to withhold a lesser amount, not withhold, or not report a payment, even
though reporting of the payment or withholding a greater amount would be
required if the withholding agent relied on the presumptions described
in this paragraph (b)(3) shall be liable for tax, interest, and
penalties to the extent provided under section 1461 and the regulations
under that section. See paragraph (b)(7) of this section for provisions
regarding such liability if the withholding agent fails to withhold in
accordance with the presumptions described in this paragraph (b)(3).
(B) Actual knowledge or reason to know that amount of withholding is
greater than is required under the presumptions or that reporting of the
payment is required. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph
(b)(3)(ix)(A) of this section, a withholding agent may not rely on the
presumptions described in this paragraph (b)(3) to the extent it has
actual knowledge or reason to know that the status or characteristics of
the payee or of the beneficial owner are other than what is presumed
under this paragraph (b)(3) and, if based on such knowledge or reason to
know, it should withhold (under this section or another withholding
provision of the Code) an amount greater than would be the case if it
relied on the presumptions described in this paragraph (b)(3) or it
should report (under this section or under another provision of the
Code) an amount that would not otherwise be reportable if it relied on
the presumptions described in this paragraph (b)(3). In such a case, the
withholding agent must rely on its actual knowledge or reason to know
rather than on the presumptions set forth in this paragraph (b)(3).
Failure to do so and, as a result, failure to withhold the higher amount
or to report the payment, shall result in liability for tax, interest,
and penalties to the extent provided under sections 1461 and 1463 and
the regulations under those sections.
(x) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (b)(3) are
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. A withholding agent, W, makes a payment of U.S. source
dividends to person X, Inc. at an address outside the United States. W
cannot reliably associate the payment to X with documentation. Under
Sec. Sec. 1.6042-3(b)(1)(vii) and 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(A)(1), W may treat
X as a corporation. Thus, under the presumptions described in paragraph
(b)(3)(iii) of this section, W must presume that X is a foreign person
(because the payment is made outside the United States). However, W
knows that X is a U.S. person who is an exempt recipient. W may not rely
on its actual knowledge to not withhold under this section. If W's
knowledge is, in fact, incorrect, W would be liable for tax, interest,
and, if applicable, penalties, under section 1461. W would be permitted
to reduce
[[Page 76]]
or eliminate its liability for the tax by establishing, in accordance
with paragraph (b)(7) of this section, that the tax is not due or has
been satisfied. If W's actual knowledge is, in fact, correct, W may
nevertheless be liable for tax, interest, or penalties under section
1461 for the amount that W should have withheld based upon the
presumptions. W would be permitted to reduce or eliminate its liability
for the tax by establishing, in accordance with paragraph (b)(7) of this
section, that its actual knowledge was, in fact, correct and that no tax
or a lesser amount of tax was due.
Example 2. A withholding agent, W, makes a payment of U.S. source
dividends to Y who does not qualify as an exempt recipient under
Sec. Sec. 1.6042-3(b)(1)(vii) and 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii). W cannot reliably
associate the payment to Y with documentation. Under the presumptions
described in paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of this section, W must presume that
Y is a U.S. person who is not an exempt recipient for purposes of
section 6042. However, W knows that Y is a foreign person. W may not
rely on its actual knowledge to withhold under this section rather than
backup withhold under section 3406. If W's knowledge is, in fact,
incorrect, W would be liable for tax, interest, and, if applicable,
penalties, under section 3403. If W's actual knowledge is, in fact,
correct, W may nevertheless be liable for tax, interest, or penalties
under section 3403 for the amount that W should have withheld based upon
the presumptions. Paragraph (b)(7) of this section does not apply to
provide relief from liability under section 3403.
Example 3. A withholding agent, W, makes a payment of U.S. source
dividends to X, Inc. W cannot reliably associate the payment to X, Inc.
with documentation. X, Inc. presents none of the indicia of foreign
status described in paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(A) of this section, but W has
actual knowledge that X, Inc. is a foreign corporation. W may treat X,
Inc. as an exempt recipient under Sec. 1.6042-3(b)(1)(vii). Because
there are no indicia of foreign status, W would, absent actual knowledge
or reason to know otherwise, be permitted to treat X, Inc. as a domestic
corporation in accordance with the presumptions of paragraph (b)(3)(iii)
of this section. However, under paragraph (b)(3)(ix)(B) of this section,
W may not rely on the presumption of U.S. status since reliance on its
actual knowledge requires that it withhold an amount greater than would
be the case under the presumptions.
Example 4. A withholding agent, W, is a plan administrator who makes
pension payments to person X with a mailing address in a foreign country
with which the United States has an income tax treaty in effect. Under
that treaty, the type of pension income paid to X is taxable solely in
the country of residence. The plan administrator has a record of X's
U.S. social security number. W has no actual knowledge or reason to know
that X is a foreign person. W may rely on the presumption of paragraph
(b)(3)(iii)(C) of this section in order to treat X as a U.S. person.
Therefore, any withholding and reporting requirements for the payment
are governed by the provisions of section 3405 and the regulations under
that section.
(4) List of exemptions from, or reduced rates of, withholding under
chapter 3 of the Code. A withholding agent that has determined that the
payee is a foreign person for purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this
section must determine whether the payee is entitled to a reduced rate
of withholding under section 1441, 1442, or 1443. This paragraph (b)(4)
identifies items for which a reduction in the rate of withholding may
apply and whether the rate reduction is conditioned upon documentation
being furnished to the withholding agent. Documentation required under
this paragraph (b)(4) is documentation that a withholding agent must be
able to associate with a payment upon which it can rely to treat the
payment as made to a foreign person that is the beneficial owner of the
payment in accordance with paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section. This
paragraph (b)(4) also cross-references other sections of the Code and
applicable regulations in which some of these exceptions, exemptions, or
reductions are further explained. See, for example, paragraph
(b)(4)(viii) of this section, dealing with effectively connected income,
that cross-references Sec. 1.1441-4(a); see paragraph (b)(4)(xv) of
this section, dealing with exemptions from, or reductions of,
withholding under an income tax treaty, that cross-references Sec.
1.1441-6. This paragraph (b)(4) is not an exclusive list of items to
which a reduction of the rate of withholding may apply and, thus, does
not preclude an exemption from, or reduction in, the rate of withholding
that may otherwise be allowed under the regulations under the provisions
of chapter 3 of the Code for a particular item of income identified in
this paragraph (b)(4).
(i) Portfolio interest described in section 871(h) or 881(c) and
substitute interest payments described in Sec. 1.871-7(b)(2) or 1.881-
2(b)(2) are exempt from withholding under section 1441(a). See Sec.
1.871-14 for regulations regarding portfolio interest and section
1441(c)(9)
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for exemption from withholding. Documentation establishing foreign
status is required for interest on an obligation in registered form to
qualify as portfolio interest. See section 871(h)(2)(B)(ii) and Sec.
1.871-14(c)(1)(ii)(C). For special documentation rules regarding
foreign-targeted registered obligations described in Sec. 1.871-
14(e)(2), see Sec. 1.871-14(e) (3) and (4) and, in particular, Sec.
1.871-14(e)(4)(i)(A) and (ii)(A) regarding the time when the withholding
agent must receive the documentation. The documentation furnished for
purposes of qualifying interest as portfolio interest serves as the
basis for the withholding exemption for purposes of this section and for
purposes of establishing foreign status for purposes of section 6049.
See Sec. 1.6049-5(b)(8). Documentation establishing foreign status is
not required for qualifying interest on an obligation in bearer form
described in Sec. 1.871-14(b)(1) as portfolio interest. However, in
certain cases, documentation for portfolio interest on a bearer
obligation may have to be furnished in order to establish foreign status
for purposes of the information reporting provisions of section 6049 and
backup withholding under section 3406. See Sec. 1.6049-5(b)(7).
(ii) Bank deposit interest and similar types of deposit interest
(including original issue discount) described in section 871(i)(2)(A) or
881(d) that are from sources within the United States are exempt from
withholding under section 1441(a). See section 1441(c)(10).
Documentation establishing foreign status is not required for purposes
of this withholding exemption but may have to be furnished for purposes
of the information reporting provisions of section 6049 and backup
withholding under section 3406. See Sec. 1.6049-5(d)(3)(iii) for
exceptions to the foreign payee and exempt recipient rules regarding
this type of income. See also Sec. 1.6049-5(b)(11) for applicable
documentation exemptions for certain bank deposit interest paid on
obligations in bearer form.
(iii) Bank deposit interest (including original issue discount)
described in section 861(a)(1)(B) is exempt from withholding under
sections 1441(a) as income that is not from U.S. sources. Documentation
establishing foreign status is not required for purposes of this
withholding exemption but may have to be furnished for purposes of the
information reporting provisions of section 6049 and backup withholding
under section 3406. Reporting requirements for payments of such interest
are governed by section 6049 and the regulations under that section. See
Sec. 1.6049-5(b)(12) and alternative documentation rules under Sec.
1.6049-5(c)(1).
(iv) Interest or original issue discount from sources within the
United States on certain short-term obligations described in section
871(g)(1)(B) or 881(a)(3) is exempt from withholding under sections
1441(a). Documentation establishing foreign status is not required for
purposes of this withholding exemption but may have to be furnished for
purposes of the information reporting provisions of section 6049 and
backup withholding under section 3406. See Sec. 1.6049-5(b)(12) for
applicable documentation for establishing foreign status and Sec.
1.6049-5(d)(3)(iii) for exceptions to the foreign payee and exempt
recipient rules regarding this type of income. See also Sec. 1.6049-
5(b)(10) for applicable documentation exemptions for certain obligations
in bearer form.
(v) Income from sources without the United States is exempt from
withholding under sections 1441(a). Documentation establishing foreign
status is not required for purposes of this withholding exemption but
may have to be furnished for purposes of the information reporting
provisions of section 6049 or other applicable provisions of chapter 61
of the Code and backup withholding under section 3406. See, for example,
Sec. 1.6049-5(b) (6) and (12) and alternative documentation rules under
Sec. 1.6049-5(c). See also paragraph (b)(5) of this section for cross
references to other applicable provisions of the regulations under
chapter 61 of the Code.
(vi) Distributions from certain domestic corporations described in
section 871(i)(2)(B) or 881(d) are exempt from withholding under section
1441(a). See section 1441(c)(10). Documentation establishing foreign
status is not required for purposes of this withholding exemption but
may have to be furnished for purposes of the information reporting
provisions of section 6042 and
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backup withholding under section 3406. See Sec. 1.6042-3(b)(1) (iii)
through (vi).
(vii) Dividends paid by certain foreign corporations that are
treated as income from sources within the United States by reason of
section 861(a)(2)(B) are exempt from withholding under section 884(e)(3)
to the extent that the distributions are paid out of earnings and
profits in any taxable year that the corporation was subject to branch
profits tax for that year. Documentation establishing foreign status is
not required for purposes of this withholding exemption but may have to
be furnished for purposes of the information reporting provisions of
section 6042 and backup withholding under section 3406. See Sec.
1.6042-3(b)(1) (iii) through (vii).
(viii) Certain income that is effectively connected with the conduct
of a U.S. trade or business is exempt from withholding under section
1441(a). See section 1441(c)(1). Documentation establishing foreign
status and status of the income as effectively connected must be
furnished for purposes of this withholding exemption to the extent
required under the provisions of Sec. 1.1441-4(a). Documentation
furnished for this purpose also serves as documentation establishing
foreign status for purposes of applicable information reporting
provisions under chapter 61 of the Code and for backup withholding under
section 3406. See, for example, Sec. 1.6041-4(a)(1).
(ix) Certain income with respect to compensation for personal
services of an individual that are performed in the United States is
exempt from withholding under section 1441(a). See section 1441(c)(4)
and Sec. 1.1441-4(b). However, such income may be subject to
withholding as wages under section 3402. Documentation establishing
foreign status must be furnished for purposes of any withholding
exemption or reduction to the extent required under Sec. 1.1441-4(b) or
31.3401(a)(6)-1 (e) and (f) of this chapter. Documentation furnished for
this purpose also serves as documentation establishing foreign status
for purposes of information reporting under section 6041. See Sec.
1.6041-4(a)(1).
(x) Amounts described in section 871(f) that are received as
annuities from certain qualified plans are exempt from withholding under
section 1441(a). See section 1441(c)(7). Documentation establishing
foreign status must be furnished for purposes of the withholding
exemption as required under Sec. 1.1441-4(d). Documentation furnished
for this purpose also serves as documentation establishing foreign
status for purposes of information reporting under section 6041. See
Sec. 1.6041-4(a)(1).
(xi) Payments to a foreign government (including a foreign central
bank of issue) that are excludable from gross income under section
892(a) are exempt from withholding under section 1442. See Sec. 1.1441-
8(b). Documentation establishing status as a foreign government is
required for purposes of this withholding exemption. Payments to a
foreign government are exempt from information reporting under chapter
61 of the Code (see Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(F)).
(xii) Payments of certain interest income to a foreign central bank
of issue or the Bank for International Settlements that are exempt from
tax under section 895 are exempt from withholding under section 1442.
Documentation establishing eligibility for such exemption is required to
the extent provided in Sec. 1.1441-8(c)(1). Payments to a foreign
central bank of issue or to the Bank for International Settlements are
exempt from information reporting under chapter 61 of the Code (see
Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii) (H) and (M)).
(xiii) Amounts derived by a foreign central bank of issue from
bankers' acceptances described in section 871(i)(2)(C) or 881(d) are
exempt from tax and, therefore, from withholding. See section
1441(c)(10). Documentation establishing foreign status is not required
for purposes of this withholding exemption if the name of the payee and
other facts surrounding the payment reasonably indicate that the
beneficial owner of the payment is a foreign central bank of issue as
defined in Sec. 1.861-2(b)(4). See Sec. 1.1441-8(c)(2) for withholding
procedures. See also Sec. Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(H) and 1.6041-3(q)(8)
for a similar exemption from information reporting.
(xiv) Payments to an international organization from investments in
the United States of stocks, bonds, or
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other domestic securities or from interest on deposits in banks in the
United States of funds belonging to such international organization are
exempt from tax under section 892(b) and, thus, from withholding.
Documentation establishing status as an international organization is
not required if the name of the payee and other facts surrounding the
payment reasonably indicate that the beneficial owner of the payment is
an international organization within the meaning of section 7701(a)(18).
See Sec. 1.1441-8(d). Payments to an international organization are
exempt from information reporting under chapter 61 of the Code (see
Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(G)).
(xv) Amounts may be exempt from, or subject to a reduced rate of,
withholding under an income tax treaty. Documentation establishing
eligibility for benefits under an income tax treaty is required for this
purpose as provided under Sec. Sec. 1.1441-6. Documentation furnished
for this purpose also serves as documentation establishing foreign
status for purposes of applicable information reporting provisions under
chapter 61 of the Code and for backup withholding under section 3406.
See, for example, Sec. 1.6041-4(a)(1).
(xvi) Amounts of scholarships and grants paid to certain exchange or
training program participants that do not represent compensation for
services but are not excluded from tax under section 117 are subject to
a reduced rate of withholding of 14-percent under section 1441(b).
Documentation establishing foreign status is required for purposes of
this reduction in rate as provided under Sec. 1.1441-4(c). This income
is not subject to information reporting under chapter 61 of the Code nor
to backup withholding under section 3406. The compensatory portion of a
scholarship or grant is reportable as wage income. See Sec. 1.6041-
3(o).
(xvii) Amounts paid to a foreign organization described in section
501(c) are exempt from withholding under section 1441 to the extent that
the amounts are not income includible under section 512 in computing the
organization's unrelated business taxable income and are not subject to
the tax imposed by section 4948(a). Documentation establishing status as
a tax-exempt organization is required for purposes of this exemption to
the extent provided in Sec. 1.1441-9. Amounts includible under section
512 in computing the organization's unrelated business taxable income
are subject to withholding to the extent provided in section 1443(a) and
Sec. 1.1443-1(a). Gross investment income (as defined in section
4940(c)(2)) of a private foundation is subject to withholding at a 4-
percent rate to the extent provided in section 1443(b) and Sec. 1.1443-
1(b). Payments to a tax-exempt organization are exempt from information
reporting under chapter 61 of the Code and the regulations thereunder
(see Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii)(B)(1)).
(xviii) Per diem amounts for subsistence paid by the U.S. government
to a nonresident alien individual who is engaged in any program of
training in the United States under the Mutual Security Act of 1954 are
exempt from withholding under section 1441(a). See section 1441(c)(6).
Documentation of foreign status is not required under Sec. 1.1441-4(e)
for purposes of establishing eligibility for this exemption. See Sec.
1.6041-3(p).
(xix) Interest with respect to tax-free covenant bonds issued prior
to 1934 is subject to special withholding procedures set forth in Sec.
1.1461-1 in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see Sec. 1.1461-1 as
contained in 26 CFR part 1, revised April 1, 1999).
(xx) Income from certain gambling winnings of a nonresident alien
individual is exempt from tax under section 871(j) and from withholding
under section 1441(a). See section 1441(c)(11). Documentation
establishing foreign status is not required for purposes of this
exemption but may have to be furnished for purposes of the information
reporting provisions of section 6041 and backup withholding under
section 3406. See Sec. Sec. 1.6041-1 and 1.6041-4(a)(1).
(xxi) Any payments not otherwise mentioned in this paragraph (b)(4)
shall be subject to withholding at the rate of 30-percent if it is an
amount subject to withholding (as defined in Sec. 1.1441-2(a)) unless
and to the extent the IRS may otherwise prescribe in published guidance
(see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter) or unless otherwise provided
in regulations under chapter 3 of the Code.
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(5) Establishing foreign status under applicable provisions of
chapter 61 of the Code. This paragraph (b)(5) identifies relevant
provisions of the regulations under chapter 61 of the Code that exempt
payments from information reporting, and therefore, from backup
withholding under section 3406, based on the payee's status as a foreign
person. Many of these exemptions require that the payee's foreign status
be established in order for the exemption to apply. The regulations
under applicable provisions of chapter 61 of the Code generally provide
that the documentation described in this section may be relied upon for
purposes of determining foreign status.
(i) Payments to a foreign person that are governed by section 6041
(dealing with certain trade or business income) are exempt from
information reporting under Sec. 1.6041-4(a).
(ii) Payments to a foreign person that are governed by section 6041A
(dealing with remuneration for services and certain sales) are exempt
from information reporting under Sec. 1.6041A-1(d)(3).
(iii) Payments to a foreign person that are governed by section 6042
(dealing with dividends) are exempt from information reporting under
Sec. 1.6042-3(b)(1) (iii) through (vi).
(iv) Payments to a foreign person that are governed by section 6044
(dealing with patronage dividends) are exempt from information reporting
under Sec. 1.6044-3(c)(1).
(v) Payments to a foreign person that are governed by section 6045
(dealing with broker proceeds) are exempt from information reporting
under Sec. 1.6045-1(g).
(vi) Payments to a foreign person that are governed by section 6049
(dealing with interest) to a foreign person are exempt from information
reporting under Sec. 1.6049-5(b) (6) through (15).
(vii) Payments to a foreign person that are governed by section
6050N (dealing with royalties) are exempt from information reporting
under Sec. 1.6050N-1(c).
(viii) Payments to a foreign person that are governed by section
6050P (dealing with income from cancellation of debt) are exempt from
information reporting under section 6050P or the regulations under that
section except to the extent provided in Notice 96-61 (1996-2 C.B. 227);
see also Sec. 601.601(b)(2) of this chapter.
(6) Rules of withholding for payments by a foreign intermediary or
certain U.S. branches--(i) In general. A foreign intermediary described
in paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section or a U.S. branch described in
paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section that receives an amount subject to
withholding (as defined in Sec. 1.1441-2(a)) shall be required to
withhold (if another withholding agent has not withheld the full amount
required) and report such payment under chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code and the regulations thereunder except as otherwise provided
in this paragraph (b)(6). A nonqualified intermediary or U.S. branch
described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section (other than a branch
that is treated as a U.S. person) shall not be required to withhold or
report if it has provided a valid nonqualified intermediary withholding
certificate or a U.S. branch withholding certificate, it has provided
all of the information required by paragraph (e)(3)(iv) of this section
(withholding statement), and it does not know, and has no reason to
know, that another withholding agent failed to withhold the correct
amount or failed to report the payment correctly under Sec. 1.1461-
1(c). A qualified intermediary's obligations to withhold and report
shall be determined in accordance with its qualified intermediary
withholding agreement.
(ii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of
paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section:
Example 1. FB, a foreign bank, acts as intermediary for five
different persons, A, B, C, D, and E, each of whom owns U.S. securities
that generate U.S. source dividends. The dividends are paid by USWA, a
U.S. withholding agent. FB furnished USWA with a nonqualified
intermediary withholding certificate, described in paragraph (e)(3)(iii)
of this section, to which it attached the withholding certificates of
each of A, B, C, D, and E. The withholding certificates from A and B
claim a 15 percent reduced rate of withholding under an income tax
treaty. C, D, and E claim no reduced rate of withholding. FB provides a
withholding statement that meets all of the requirements of paragraph
(e)(3)(iv) of this section, including information allocating 20 percent
of each dividend payment to each of A, B, C, D, and E. FB
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does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that USWA did not
withhold the correct amounts or report the dividends on Forms 1042-S to
each of A, B, C, D, and E. FB is not required to withhold or to report
the dividends to A, B, C, D, and E.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that FB
did not provide any information for USWA to determine how much of the
dividend payments were made to A, B, C, D, and E. Because USWA could not
reliably associate the dividend payments with documentation under
paragraph (b)(2)(vii) of this section, USWA applied the presumption
rules of paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section and withheld 30 percent
from all dividend payments. In addition, USWA filed a single Form 1042-S
reporting the payment to an unknown foreign payee. FB is deemed to know
that USWA did not report the payment to A, B, C, D, and E because it did
not provide all of the information required on a withholding statement
under paragraph (e)(3)(iv) of this section (i.e., allocation
information). Although FB is not required to withhold on the payment
because the full 30 percent withholding was imposed by USWA, it is
required to report the payments on Forms 1042-S to A, B, C, D, and E.
FB's intentional failure to do so will subject it to intentional
disregard penalties under sections 6721 and 6722.
(7) Liability for failure to obtain documentation timely or to act
in accordance with applicable presumptions--(i) General rule. A
withholding agent that cannot reliably associate a payment with
documentation on the date of payment and that does not withhold under
this section, or withholds at less than the 30-percent rate prescribed
under section 1441(a) and paragraph (b)(1) of this section, is liable
under section 1461 for the tax required to be withheld under chapter 3
of the Code and the regulations thereunder, without the benefit of a
reduced rate unless--
(A) The withholding agent has appropriately relied on the
presumptions described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section (including
the grace period described in paragraph (b)(3)(iv) of this section) in
order to treat the payee as a U.S. person or, if applicable, on the
presumptions described in Sec. 1.1441-4(a) (2)(ii) or (3)(i) to treat
the payment as effectively connected income; or
(B) The withholding agent can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the
district director or the Assistant Commissioner (International) that the
proper amount of tax, if any, was in fact paid to the IRS; or
(C) No documentation is required under section 1441 or this section
in order for a reduced rate of withholding to apply.
(D) The withholding agent has complied with the provisions of Sec.
1.1441-6(c) or (g).
(ii) Proof that tax liability has been satisfied. Proof of payment
of tax may be established for purposes of paragraph (b)(7)(i)(B) of this
section on the basis of a Form 4669 (or such other form as the IRS may
prescribe in published guidance (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this
chapter)), establishing the amount of tax, if any, actually paid by or
for the beneficial owner on the income. Proof that a reduced rate of
withholding was, in fact, appropriate under the provisions of chapter 3
of the Code and the regulations thereunder may also be established after
the date of payment by the withholding agent on the basis of a valid
withholding certificate or other appropriate documentation furnished
after that date. However, in the case of a withholding certificate or
other appropriate documentation received after the date of payment (or
after the grace period specified in paragraph (b)(3)(iv) of this
section), the district director or the Assistant Commissioner
(International) may require additional proof if it is determined that
the delays in obtaining the withholding certificate affect its
reliability.
(iii) Liability for interest and penalties. For payments made after
December 31, 2000, if a withholding agent fails to deduct and withhold
any tax imposed under sections 1441 or 1442, and the tax against which
such tax may be credited under section 1462 is paid, then the amount of
tax required to be deducted and withheld shall not be collected from the
withholding agent. However, the withholding agent is not relieved from
liability for interest or any penalties or additions to the tax
otherwise applicable in respect of the failure to deduct and withhold.
See section 1463. Further, in the event that a tax liability is assessed
against the beneficial owner under section 871, 881, or 882 and interest
under section 6601(a) is assessed against, and collected from, the
beneficial owner, the interest charge
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imposed on the withholding agent shall be abated to that extent so as to
avoid the imposition of a double interest charge.
(iv) Special effective date. See paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this
section for the special effective date applicable to this paragraph
(b)(7).
(8) Adjustments, refunds, or credits of overwithheld amounts. If the
amount withheld under section 1441, 1442, or 1443 is greater than the
tax due by the withholding agent or the taxpayer, adjustments may be
made in accordance with the procedures described in Sec. 1.1461-2(a).
Alternatively, refunds or credits may be claimed in accordance with the
procedures described in Sec. 1.1464-1, relating to refunds or credits
claimed by the beneficial owner, or Sec. 1.6414-1, relating to refunds
or credits claimed by the withholding agent. If an amount was withheld
under section 3406 or is subsequently determined to have been paid to a
foreign person, see paragraph (b)(3)(vii) of this section and Sec.
31.6413(a)-3(a)(1) of this chapter.
(9) Payments to joint owners. A payment to joint owners that
requires documentation in order to reduce the rate of withholding under
chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations thereunder does not qualify
for such reduced rate unless the withholding agent can reliably
associate the payment with documentation from each owner.
Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a payment to joint owners
qualifies as a payment exempt from withholding under this section if any
one of the owners provides a certificate of U.S. status on a Form W-9 in
accordance with paragraph (d) (2) or (3) of this section or the
withholding agent can associate the payment with an intermediary or
flow-through withholding certificate upon which it can rely to treat the
payment as made to a U.S. payee under paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
See Sec. 31.3406(h)-2(a)(3)(i)(B) of this chapter.
(c) Definitions--(1) Withholding. The term withholding means the
deduction and withholding of tax at the applicable rate from the
payment.
(2) Foreign and U.S. person. The term foreign person means a
nonresident alien individual, a foreign corporation, a foreign
partnership, a foreign trust, a foreign estate, and any other person
that is not a U.S. person described in the next sentence. Solely for
purposes of the regulations under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue
Code, the term foreign person also means, with respect to a payment by a
withholding agent, a foreign branch of a U.S. person that furnishes an
intermediary withholding certificate described in paragraph (e)(3)(ii)
of this section. Such a branch continues to be a U.S. payor for purposes
of chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue Code. See Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(4). A
U.S. person is a person described in section 7701(a)(30), the U.S.
government (including an agency or instrumentality thereof), a State
(including an agency or instrumentality thereof), or the District of
Columbia (including an agency or instrumentality thereof).
(3) Individual--(i) Alien individual. The term alien individual
means an individual who is not a citizen or a national of the United
States. See Sec. 1.1-1(c).
(ii) Nonresident alien individual. The term nonresident alien
individual means a person described in section 7701(b)(1)(B), an alien
individual who is a resident of a foreign country under the residence
article of an income tax treaty and Sec. 301.7701(b)-7(a)(1) of this
chapter, or an alien individual who is a resident of Puerto Rico, Guam,
the Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands,
or American Samoa as determined under Sec. 301.7701(b)-1(d) of this
chapter. An alien individual who has made an election under section 6013
(g) or (h) to be treated as a resident of the United States is
nevertheless treated as a nonresident alien individual for purposes of
withholding under chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations thereunder.
(4) Certain foreign corporations. For purposes of this section, a
corporation created or organized in Guam, the Commonwealth of Northern
Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, is not
treated as a foreign corporation if the requirements of sections
881(b)(1) (A), (B), and (C) are met for such corporation. Further, a
payment made to a foreign government or an international organization
shall
[[Page 83]]
be treated as a payment made to a foreign corporation for purposes of
withholding under chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations thereunder.
(5) Financial institution and foreign financial institution. For
purposes of the regulations under chapter 3 of the Code, the term
financial institution means a person described in Sec. 1.165-
12(c)(1)(iv) (not including a person providing pension or other similar
benefits or a regulated investment company or other mutual fund, unless
otherwise indicated) and the term foreign financial institution means a
financial institution that is a foreign person, as defined in paragraph
(c)(2) of this section.
(6) Beneficial owner--(i) General rule. This paragraph (c)(6)
defines the term beneficial owner for payments of income other than a
payment for which a reduced rate of withholding is claimed under an
income tax treaty. The term beneficial owner means the person who is the
owner of the income for tax purposes and who beneficially owns that
income. A person shall be treated as the owner of the income to the
extent that it is required under U.S. tax principles to include the
amount paid in gross income under section 61 (determined without regard
to an exclusion or exemption from gross income under the Internal
Revenue Code). Beneficial ownership of income is determined under the
provisions of section 7701(l) and the regulations under that section and
any other applicable general U.S. tax principles, including principles
governing the determination of whether a transaction is a conduit
transaction. Thus, a person receiving income in a capacity as a nominee,
agent, or custodian for another person is not the beneficial owner of
the income. In the case of a scholarship, the student receiving the
scholarship is the beneficial owner of that scholarship. In the case of
a payment of an amount that is not income, the beneficial owner
determination shall be made under this paragraph (c)(6) as if the amount
were income.
(ii) Special rules--(A) General rule. The beneficial owners of
income paid to an entity described in this paragraph (c)(6)(ii) are
those persons described in paragraphs (c)(6)(ii)(B) through (D) of this
section.
(B) Foreign partnerships. The beneficial owners of income paid to a
foreign partnership (whether a nonwithholding or a withholding foreign
partnership) are the partners in the partnership, unless they themselves
are not the beneficial owners of the income under this paragraph (c)(6).
For example, a partnership (first tier) that is a partner in another
partnership (second tier) is not the beneficial owner of income paid to
the second tier partnership since the first tier partnership is not the
owner of the income under U.S. tax principles. Rather, the partners of
the first tier partnership are the beneficial owners (to the extent they
are not themselves persons that are not beneficial owners under this
paragraph (c)(6)). See Sec. 1.1441-5(b) for applicable withholding
procedures for payments to a domestic partnership. See also Sec.
1.1441-5(c)(3)(ii) for applicable withholding procedures for payments to
a foreign partnership where one of the partners (at any level in the
chain of tiers) is a domestic partnership.
(C) Foreign simple trusts and foreign grantor trusts. The beneficial
owners of income paid to a foreign simple trust, as described in
paragraph (c)(23) of this section, are the beneficiaries of the trust,
unless they themselves are not the beneficial owners of the income under
this paragraph (c)(6). The beneficial owners of income paid to a foreign
grantor trust, as described in paragraph (c)(26) of this section, are
the persons treated as the owners of the trust, unless they themselves
are not the beneficial owners of the income under this paragraph (c)(6).
(D) Other foreign trusts and foreign estates. The beneficial owner
of income paid to a foreign complex trust as defined in paragraph
(c)(25) of this section or to a foreign estate is the foreign complex
trust or estate itself.
(7) Withholding agent. For a definition of the term withholding
agent and applicable rules, see Sec. 1.1441-7.
(8) Person. For purposes of the regulations under chapter 3 of the
Code, the term person shall mean a person described in section
7701(a)(1) and the regulations under that section and a U.S. branch to
the extent treated as a U.S. person under paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of
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this section. For purposes of the regulations under chapter 3 of the
Code, the term person does not include a wholly-owned entity that is
disregarded for federal tax purposes under Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2) of
this chapter as an entity separate from its owner. See paragraph
(b)(2)(iii) of this section for procedures applicable to payments to
such entities.
(9) Source of income. The source of income is determined under the
provisions of part I (section 861 and following) , subchapter N, chapter
1 of the Code and the regulations under those provisions.
(10) Chapter 3 of the Code. For purposes of the regulations under
sections 1441, 1442, and 1443, any reference to chapter 3 of the Code
shall not include references to sections 1445 and 1446, unless the
context indicates otherwise.
(11) Reduced rate. For purposes of regulations under chapter 3 of
the Code, and other withholding provisions of the Code, the term reduced
rate, when used in regulations under chapter 3 of the Code, shall
include an exemption from tax.
(12) Payee. For purposes of chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code,
the term payee of a payment is determined under paragraph (b)(2) of this
section, Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(1) (relating to partnerships), and Sec.
1.1441-5(e)(2) and (3) (relating to trusts and estates) and includes
foreign persons, U.S. exempt recipients, and U.S. non-exempt recipients.
A nonqualified intermediary and a qualified intermediary (to the extent
it does not assume primary withholding responsibility) are not payees if
they are acting as intermediaries and not the beneficial owner of
income. In addition, a flow-through entity is not a payee unless the
income is (or is deemed to be) effectively connected with the conduct of
a trade or business in the United States. See Sec. 1.6049-5(d)(1) for
rules to determine the payee for purposes of chapter 61 of the Internal
Revenue Code. See Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3), 1.1441-5(d), and (e)(6) and
1.6049-5(d)(3) for presumption rules that apply if a payee's identity
cannot be determined on the basis of valid documentation.
(13) Intermediary. An intermediary means, with respect to a payment
that it receives, a person that, for that payment, acts as a custodian,
broker, nominee, or otherwise as an agent for another person, regardless
of whether such other person is the beneficial owner of the amount paid,
a flow-through entity, or another intermediary.
(14) Nonqualified intermediary. A nonqualified intermediary means
any intermediary that is not a U.S. person and not a qualified
intermediary, as defined in paragraph (e)(5)(ii) of this section, or a
qualified intermediary that is not acting in its capacity as a qualified
intermediary with respect to a payment. For example, to the extent an
entity that is a qualified intermediary provides another withholding
agent with a foreign beneficial owner withholding certificate as defined
in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section, the entity is not acting in its
capacity as a qualified intermediary. Notwithstanding the preceding
sentence, a qualified intermediary is acting as a qualified intermediary
to the extent it provides another withholding agent with Forms W-9, or
other information regarding U.S. non-exempt recipients pursuant to its
qualified intermediary agreement with the IRS.
(15) Qualified intermediary. The term qualified intermediary is
defined in paragraph (e)(5)(ii) of this section.
(16) Withholding certificate. The term withholding certificate means
a Form W-8 described in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section (relating to
foreign beneficial owners), paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section
(relating to foreign intermediaries), Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(2)(iv),
(c)(3)(iii), and (e)(3)(iv) (relating to flow-through entities), a Form
8233 described in Sec. 1.1441-4(b)(2), a Form W-9 as described in
paragraph (d) of this section, a statement described in Sec. 1.871-
14(c)(2)(v) (relating to portfolio interest), or any other certificates
that under the Internal Revenue Code or regulations certifies or
establishes the status of a payee or beneficial owner as a U.S. or a
foreign person.
(17) Documentary evidence; other appropriate documentation. The
terms documentary evidence or other appropriate documentation refer to
documents other than a withholding certificate that may be provided for
payments made outside the United States to offshore
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accounts or any other evidence that under the Internal Revenue Code or
regulations certifies or establishes the status of a payee or beneficial
owner as a U.S. or foreign person. See Sec. Sec. 1.1441-6(b)(2), (c)(3)
and (4) (relating to treaty benefits), and 1.6049-5(c)(1) and (4)
(relating to chapter 61 reporting). Also see Sec. 1.1441-4(a)(3)(ii)
regarding documentary evidence for notional principal contracts.
(18) Documentation. The term documentation refers to both
withholding certificates, as defined in paragraph (c)(16) of this
section, and documentary evidence or other appropriate documentation, as
defined in paragraph (c)(17) of this section.
(19) Payor. The term payor is defined in Sec. 31.3406(a)-2 of this
chapter and Sec. 1.6049-4(a)(2) and generally includes a withholding
agent, as defined in Sec. 1.1441-7(a). The term also includes any
person that makes a payment to an intermediary, flow-through entity, or
U.S. branch that is not treated as a U.S. person to the extent the
intermediary, flow-through, or U.S. branch provides a Form W-9 or other
appropriate information relating to a payee so that the payment can be
reported under chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue Code and, if required,
subject to backup withholding under section 3406. This latter rule does
not preclude the intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S. branch from
also being a payor.
(20) Exempt recipient. The term exempt recipient means a person that
is exempt from reporting under chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue Code
and backup withholding under section 3406 and that is described in
Sec. Sec. 1.6041-3(q), 1.6045-2(b)(2)(i), and 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii), and
Sec. 5f.6045-1(c)(3)(i)(B) of this chapter. Exempt recipients are not
exempt from withholding under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code
unless they are U.S. persons or foreign persons entitled to an exemption
from withholding under chapter 3.
(21) Non-exempt recipient. A non-exempt recipient is any person that
is not an exempt recipient under paragraph (c)(20) of this section.
(22) Reportable amounts. Reportable amounts are defined in paragraph
(e)(3)(vi) of this section.
(23) Flow-through entity. A flow-through entity means any entity
that is described in this paragraph (c)(23) and that may provide
documentation on behalf of others to a withholding agent. The entities
described in this paragraph are a foreign partnership (other than a
withholding foreign partnership), a foreign simple trust (other than a
withholding foreign trust) that is described in paragraph (c)(24) of
this section, a foreign grantor trust (other than a withholding foreign
trust) that is described in paragraph (c)(25) of this section, or, for
any payments for which a reduced rate of withholding under an income tax
treaty is claimed, any entity to the extent the entity is considered to
be fiscally transparent under section 894 with respect to the payment by
an interest holder's jurisdiction.
(24) Foreign simple trust. A foreign simple trust is a foreign trust
that is described in section 651(a).
(25) Foreign complex trust. A foreign complex trust is a foreign
trust other than a trust described in section 651(a) or sections 671
through 679.
(26) Foreign grantor trust. A foreign grantor trust is a foreign
trust but only to the extent all or a portion of the income of the trust
is treated as owned by the grantor or another person under sections 671
through 679.
(27) Partnership. The term partnership means any entity treated as a
partnership under Sec. 301.7701-2 or -3 of this chapter.
(28) Nonwithholding foreign partnership. A nonwithholding foreign
partnership is a foreign partnership that is not a withholding foreign
partnership, as defined in Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(2)(i).
(29) Withholding foreign partnership. A withholding foreign
partnership is defined in Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(2)(i).
(30) Possessions of the United States. For purposes of the
regulations under chapters 3 and 61 of the Internal Revenue Code,
possessions of the United States means Guam, American Samoa, the
Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
(d) Beneficial owner's or payee's claim of U.S. status--(1) In
general. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, a withholding agent is
not required to withhold under chapter 3 of the Code on payments to a
U.S. payee, to a person
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presumed to be a U.S. payee in accordance with the provisions of
paragraph (b)(3) of this section, or to a person that the withholding
agent may treat as a U.S. beneficial owner of the payment. Absent actual
knowledge or reason to know otherwise, a withholding agent may rely on
the provisions of this paragraph (d) in order to determine whether to
treat a payee or beneficial owner as a U.S. person.
(2) Payments for which a Form W-9 is otherwise required. A
withholding agent may treat as a U.S. payee any person who is required
to furnish a Form W-9 and who furnishes it in accordance with the
procedures described in Sec. Sec. 31.3406(d)-1 through 31.3406(d)-5 of
this chapter (including the requirement that the payee furnish its
taxpayer identifying number (TIN)) if the withholding agent meets all
the requirements described in Sec. 31.3406(h)-3(e) of this chapter
regarding reliance by a payor on a Form W-9. Providing a Form W-9 or
valid substitute form shall serve as a statement that the person whose
name is on the form is a U.S. person. Therefore, a foreign person,
including a U.S. branch treated as a U.S. person under paragraph
(b)(2)(iv) of this section, shall not provide a Form W-9. A U.S. branch
of a foreign person may establish its status as a foreign person exempt
from reporting under chapter 61 and backup withholding under section
3406 by providing a withholding certificate on Form W-8.
(3) Payments for which a Form W-9 is not otherwise required. In the
case of a payee who is not required to furnish a Form W-9 under section
3406 (e.g., a person exempt from reporting under chapter 61 of the
Internal Revenue Code), the withholding agent may treat the payee as a
U.S. payee if the payee provides the withholding agent with a Form W-9
or a substitute form described in Sec. 31.3406(h)-3(c)(2) of this
chapter (relating to forms for exempt recipients) that contains the
payee's name, address, and TIN. The form must be signed under penalties
of perjury by the payee if so required by the form or by Sec.
31.3406(h)-3 of this chapter. Providing a Form W-9 or valid substitute
form shall serve as a statement that the person whose name is on the
certificate is a U.S. person. A Form W-9 or valid substitute form shall
not be provided by a foreign person, including any U.S. branch of a
foreign person whether or not the branch is treated as a U.S. person
under paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. See paragraph (e)(3)(v) of
this section for withholding certificates provided by U.S. branches
described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. The procedures
described in Sec. 31.3406(h)-2(a) of this chapter shall apply to
payments to joint payees. A withholding agent that receives a Form W-9
to satisfy this paragraph (d)(3) must retain the form in accordance with
the provisions of Sec. 31.3406(h)-3(g) of this chapter, if applicable,
or of paragraph (e)(4)(iii) of this section (relating to the retention
of withholding certificates) if Sec. 31.3406(h)-3(g) of this chapter
does not apply. The rules of this paragraph (d)(3) are only intended to
provide a method by which a withholding agent may determine that a payee
is a U.S. person and do not otherwise impose a requirement that
documentation be furnished by a person who is otherwise treated as an
exempt recipient for purposes of the applicable information reporting
provisions under chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue Code (e.g., Sec.
1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii) for payments of interest).
(4) When a payment to an intermediary or flow-through entity may be
treated as made to a U.S. payee. A withholding agent that makes a
payment to an intermediary (whether a qualified intermediary or
nonqualified intermediary), a flow-through entity, or a U.S. branch
described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section may treat the payment
as made to a U.S. payee to the extent that, prior to the payment, the
withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with a Form W-9
described in paragraph (d)(2) or (3) of this section attached to a valid
intermediary, flow-through, or U.S. branch withholding certificate
described in paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section or to the extent the
withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with a Form W-8
described in paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section that evidences an
agreement to treat a U.S. branch described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of
this section as a U.S. person. In addition, a
[[Page 87]]
withholding agent may treat the payment as made to a U.S. payee only if
it complies with the electronic confirmation procedures described in
paragraph (e)(4)(v) of this section, if required, and it has not been
notified by the IRS that any of the information on the withholding
certificate or other documentation is incorrect or unreliable. In the
case of a Form W-9 that is required to be furnished for a reportable
payment that may be subject to backup withholding, the withholding agent
may be notified in accordance with section 3406(a)(1)(B) and the
regulations under that section. See applicable procedures under section
3406(a)(1)(B) and the regulations under that section for payors who have
been notified with regard to such a Form W-9. Withholding agents who
have been notified in relation to other Forms W-9, including under
section 6724(b) pursuant to section 6721, may rely on the withholding
certificate or other documentation only to the extent provided under
procedures as prescribed by the IRS (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this
chapter).
(e) Beneficial owner's claim of foreign status--(1) Withholding
agent's reliance--(i) In general. Absent actual knowledge or reason to
know otherwise, a withholding agent may treat a payment as made to a
foreign beneficial owner in accordance with the provisions of paragraph
(e)(1)(ii) of this section. See paragraph (e)(4)(viii) of this section
for applicable reliance rules. See paragraph (b)(4) of this section for
a description of payments for which a claim of foreign status is
relevant for purposes of claiming a reduced rate of withholding for
purposes of section 1441, 1442, or 1443. See paragraph (b)(5) of this
section for a list of payments for which a claim of foreign status is
relevant for other purposes, such as claiming an exemption from
information reporting under chapter 61 of the Code.
(ii) Payments that a withholding agent may treat as made to a
foreign person that is a beneficial owner--(A) General rule. The
withholding agent may treat a payment as made to a foreign person that
is a beneficial owner if it complies with the requirements described in
paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(B) of this section and, then, only to the extent--
(1) That the withholding agent can reliably associate the payment
with a beneficial owner withholding certificate described in paragraph
(e)(2) of this section furnished by the person whose name is on the
certificate or attached to a valid foreign intermediary, flow-through,
or U.S. branch withholding certificate;
(2) That the payment is made outside the United States (within the
meaning of Sec. 1.6049-5(e)) to an offshore account (within the meaning
of Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1)) and the withholding agent can reliably
associate the payment with documentary evidence described in Sec. Sec.
1.1441-6(c)(3) or (4), or 1.6049-5(c)(1) relating to the beneficial
owner;
(3) That the withholding agent can reliably associate the payment
with a valid qualified intermediary withholding certificate, as
described in paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section, and the qualified
intermediary has provided sufficient information for the withholding
agent to allocate the payment to a withholding rate pool other than a
withholding rate pool or pools established for U.S. non-exempt
recipients;
(4) That the withholding agent can reliably associate the payment
with a withholding certificate described in Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(3)(iii) or
(e)(5)(iii) from a flow-through entity claiming the income is
effectively connected income;
(5) That the withholding agent identifies the payee as a U.S. branch
described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section, the payment to which
it treats as effectively connected income in accordance with Sec.
1.1441-4(a) (2)(ii) or (3);
(6) That the withholding agent identifies the payee as an
international organization (or any wholly-owned agency or
instrumentality thereof) as defined in section 7701(a)(18) that has been
designated as such by executive order (pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 288 through
288(f)); or
(7) That the withholding agent pays interest from bankers'
acceptances and identifies the payee as a foreign central bank of issue
(as defined in Sec. 1.861-2(b)(4)).
(B) Additional requirements. In order for a payment described in
paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(A) of this section to be treated as made to a
foreign beneficial owner,
[[Page 88]]
the withholding agent must hold the documentation (if required) prior to
the payment, comply with the electronic confirmation procedures
described in paragraph (e)(4)(v) of this section (if required), and must
not have been notified by the IRS that any of the information on the
withholding certificate or other documentation is incorrect or
unreliable. If the withholding agent has been so notified, it may rely
on the withholding certificate or other documentation only to the extent
provided under procedures prescribed by the IRS (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2)
of this chapter). See paragraph (b)(2)(vii) of this section for rules
regarding reliable association of a payment with a withholding
certificate or other appropriate documentation.
(2) Beneficial owner withholding certificate--(i) In general. A
beneficial owner withholding certificate is a statement by which the
beneficial owner of the payment represents that it is a foreign person
and, if applicable, claims a reduced rate of withholding under section
1441. A separate withholding certificate must be submitted to each
withholding agent. If the beneficial owner receives more than one type
of payment from a single withholding agent, the beneficial owner may
have to submit more than one withholding certificate to the single
withholding agent for the different types of payments as may be required
by the applicable forms and instructions, or as the withholding agent
may require (such as to facilitate the withholding agent's compliance
with its obligations to determine withholding under this section or the
reporting of the amounts under Sec. 1.1461-1 (b) and (c)). For example,
if a beneficial owner claims that some but not all of the income it
receives is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or
business in the United States, it may be required to submit two separate
withholding certificates, one for income that is not effectively
connected and one for income that is so connected. See Sec. 1.1441-
6(b)(2) for special rules for determining who must furnish a beneficial
owner withholding certificate when a benefit is claimed under an income
tax treaty. See paragraph (e)(4)(ix) of this section for reliance rules
in the case of certificates held by another person or at a different
branch location of the same person.
(ii) Requirements for validity of certificate. A beneficial owner
withholding certificate is valid only if it is provided on a Form W-8,
or a Form 8233 in the case of personal services income described in
Sec. 1.1441-4(b) or certain scholarship or grant amounts described in
Sec. 1.1441-4(c) (or a substitute form described in paragraph
(e)(4)(vi) of this section, or such other form as the IRS may
prescribe). A Form W-8 is valid only if its validity period has not
expired, it is signed under penalties of perjury by the beneficial
owner, and it contains all of the information required on the form. The
required information is the beneficial owner's name, permanent residence
address, and TIN (if required), the country under the laws of which the
beneficial owner is created, incorporated, or governed (if a person
other than an individual), the classification of the entity, and such
other information as may be required by the regulations under section
1441 or by the form or accompanying instructions in addition to, or in
lieu of, the information described in this paragraph (e)(2)(ii). A
person's permanent residence address is an address in the country where
the person claims to be a resident for purposes of that country's income
tax. In the case of a certificate furnished in order to claim a reduced
rate of withholding under an income tax treaty, the residence must be
determined in the manner prescribed under the applicable treaty. See
Sec. 1.1441-6(b). The address of a financial institution with which the
beneficial owner maintains an account, a post office box, or an address
used solely for mailing purposes is not a residence address for this
purpose. If the beneficial owner is an individual who does not have a
tax residence in any country, the permanent residence address is the
place at which the beneficial owner normally resides. If the beneficial
owner is not an individual and does not have a tax residence in any
country, then the permanent residence address is the place at which the
person maintains its principal office. See paragraph (e)(4)(vii) of this
section
[[Page 89]]
for circumstances in which a TIN is required on a beneficial owner
withholding certificate. See paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section for
continued validity of certificates during a transition period.
(3) Intermediary, flow-through, or U.S. branch withholding
certificate--(i) In general. An intermediary withholding certificate is
a Form W-8 by which a payee represents that it is a foreign person and
that it is an intermediary (whether a qualified or nonqualified
intermediary) with respect to a payment and not the beneficial owner.
See paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) and (iii) of this section. A flow-through
withholding certificate is a Form W-8 used by a flow-through entity as
defined in paragraph (c)(23) of this section. See Sec. 1.1441-
5(c)(3)(iii) (a nonwithholding foreign partnership), Sec. 1.1441-
5(e)(5)(iii) (a foreign simple trust or foreign grantor trust) or Sec.
1.1441-6(b)(2) (foreign entity presenting claims on behalf of its
interest holders for a reduced rate of withholding under an income tax
treaty). A U.S. branch certificate is a Form W-8 furnished under
paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section by a U.S. branch described in
paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. See paragraph (e)(4)(viii) of this
section for applicable reliance rules.
(ii) Intermediary withholding certificate from a qualified
intermediary. A qualified intermediary shall provide a qualified
intermediary withholding certificate for reportable amounts received by
the qualified intermediary. See paragraph (e)(3)(vi) of this section for
the definition of reportable amount. A qualified intermediary
withholding certificate is valid only if it is furnished on a Form W-8,
an acceptable substitute form, or such other form as the IRS may
prescribe, it is signed under penalties of perjury by a person with
authority to sign for the qualified intermediary, its validity has not
expired, and it contains the following information, statement, and
certifications--
(A) The name, permanent residence address (as described in paragraph
(e)(2)(ii) of this section), qualified intermediary employer
identification number (QI-EIN), and the country under the laws of which
the intermediary is created, incorporated, or governed. A qualified
intermediary that does not act in its capacity as a qualified
intermediary must not use its QI-EIN. Rather the intermediary should
provide a nonqualified intermediary withholding certificate, if it is
acting as an intermediary, and should use the taxpayer identification
number, if any, that it uses for all other purposes;
(B) A certification that, with respect to accounts it identifies on
its withholding statement (as described in paragraph (e)(5)(v) of this
section), the qualified intermediary is not acting for its own account
but is acting as a qualified intermediary;
(C) A certification that the qualified intermediary has provided, or
will provide, a withholding statement as required by paragraph (e)(5)(v)
of this section; and
(D) Any other information, certifications, or statements as may be
required by the form or accompanying instructions in addition to, or in
lieu of, the information and certifications described in this paragraph
(e)(3)(ii) or paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section. See paragraph
(e)(5)(v) of this section for the requirements of a withholding
statement associated with the qualified intermediary withholding
certificate.
(iii) Intermediary withholding certificate from a nonqualified
intermediary. A nonqualified intermediary shall provide a nonqualified
intermediary withholding certificate for reportable amounts received by
the nonqualified intermediary. See paragraph (e)(3)(vi) of this section
for the definition of reportable amount. A nonqualified intermediary
withholding certificate is valid only to the extent it is furnished on a
Form W-8, an acceptable substitute form, or such other form as the IRS
may prescribe, it is signed under penalties of perjury by a person
authorized to sign for the nonqualified intermediary, it contains the
information, statements, and certifications described in this paragraph
(e)(3)(iii) and paragraph (e)(3)(iv) of this section, its validity has
not expired, and the withholding certificates and other appropriate
documentation for all persons to whom the certificate relates are
associated with the certificate. Withholding
[[Page 90]]
certificates and other appropriate documentation consist of beneficial
owner withholding certificates described in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this
section, intermediary and flow-through withholding certificates
described in paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section, withholding foreign
partnership certificates described in Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(2)(iv),
documentary evidence described in Sec. Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(3) or (4) and
1.6049-5(c)(1), and any other documentation or certificates applicable
under other provisions of the Internal Revenue Code or regulations that
certify or establish the status of the payee or beneficial owner as a
U.S. or a foreign person. If a nonqualified intermediary is acting on
behalf of another nonqualified intermediary or a flow-through entity,
then the nonqualified intermediary must associate with its own
withholding certificate the other nonqualified intermediary withholding
certificate or the flow-through withholding certificate and separately
identify all of the withholding certificates and other appropriate
documentation that are associated with the withholding certificate of
the other nonqualified intermediary or flow-through entity. Nothing in
this paragraph (e)(3)(iii) shall require an intermediary to furnish
original documentation. Copies of certificates or documentary evidence
may be transmitted to the U.S. withholding agent, in which case the
nonqualified intermediary must retain the original documentation for the
same time period that the copy is required to be retained by the
withholding agent under paragraph (e)(4)(iii) of this section and must
provide it to the withholding agent upon request. For purposes of this
paragraph (e)(3)(iii), a valid intermediary withholding certificate also
includes a statement described in Sec. 1.871-14(c)(2)(v) furnished for
interest to qualify as portfolio interest for purposes of sections
871(h) and 881(c). The information and certifications required on a Form
W-8 described in this paragraph (e)(3)(iii) are as follows--
(A) The name and permanent resident address (as described in
paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section) of the nonqualified intermediary,
and the country under the laws of which the nonqualified intermediary is
created, incorporated, or governed;
(B) A certification that the nonqualified intermediary is not acting
for its own account;
(C) If the nonqualified intermediary withholding certificate is used
to transmit withholding certificates or other appropriate documentation
for more than one person on whose behalf the nonqualified intermediary
is acting, a withholding statement associated with the Form W-8 that
provides all the information required by paragraph (e)(3)(iv) of this
section; and
(D) Any other information, certifications, or statements as may be
required by the form or accompanying instructions in addition to, or in
lieu of, the information, certifications, and statements described in
this paragraph (e)(3)(iii) or paragraph (e)(5)(iv) of this section.
(iv) Withholding statement provided by nonqualified intermediary--
(A) In general. A nonqualified intermediary shall provide a withholding
statement required by this paragraph (e)(3)(iv) to the extent the
nonqualified intermediary is required to furnish, or does furnish,
documentation for payees on whose behalf it receives reportable amounts
(as defined in paragraph (e)(3)(vi) of this section) or to the extent it
otherwise provides the documentation of such payees to a withholding
agent. A nonqualified intermediary is not required to disclose
information regarding persons for whom it collects reportable amounts
unless it has actual knowledge that any such person is a U.S. non-exempt
recipient as defined in paragraph (c)(21) of this section. Information
regarding U.S. non-exempt recipients required under this paragraph
(e)(3)(iv) must be provided irrespective of any requirement under
foreign law that prohibits the disclosure of the identity of an account
holder of a nonqualified intermediary or financial information relating
to such account holder. Although a nonqualified intermediary is not
required to provide documentation and other information required by this
paragraph (e)(3)(iv) for persons other than U.S. non-exempt recipients,
a withholding agent that does not receive documentation and such
information must apply
[[Page 91]]
the presumption rules of paragraph (b) of this section, Sec. Sec.
1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) and 1.6049-5(d) or the withholding agent shall be
liable for tax, interest, and penalties. A withholding agent must apply
the presumption rules even if it is not required under chapter 61 of the
Internal Revenue Code to obtain documentation to treat a payee as an
exempt recipient and even though it has actual knowledge that the payee
is a U.S. person. For example, if a nonqualified intermediary fails to
provide a withholding agent with a Form W-9 for an account holder that
is a U.S. exempt recipient, the withholding agent must presume (even if
it has actual knowledge that the account holder is a U.S. exempt
recipient), that the account holder is an undocumented foreign person
with respect to amounts subject to withholding. See paragraph (b)(3)(v)
of this section for applicable presumptions. Therefore, the withholding
agent must withhold 30 percent from the payment even though if a Form W-
9 had been provided, no withholding or reporting on the payment
attributable to a U.S. exempt recipient would apply. Further, a
nonqualified intermediary that fails to provide the documentation and
the information under this paragraph (e)(3)(iv) for another withholding
agent to report the payments on Forms 1042-S and Forms 1099 is not
relieved of its responsibility to file information returns. See
paragraph (b)(6) of this section. Therefore, unless the nonqualified
intermediary itself files such returns and provides copies to the
payees, it shall be liable for penalties under sections 6721 (failure to
file information returns), and 6722 (failure to furnish payee
statements), including the penalties under those sections for
intentional failure to file information returns. In addition, failure to
provide either the documentation or the information required by this
paragraph (e)(3)(iv) results in a payment not being reliably associated
with valid documentation. Therefore, the beneficial owners of the
payment are not entitled to reduced rates of withholding and if the full
amount required to be held under the presumption rules is not withheld
by the withholding agent, the nonqualified intermediary must withhold
the difference between the amount withheld by the withholding agent and
the amount required to be withheld. Failure to withhold shall result in
the nonqualified intermediary being liable for tax under section 1461,
interest, and penalties, including penalties under section 6656 (failure
to deposit) and section 6672 (failure to collect and pay over tax).
(B) General requirements. A withholding statement must be provided
prior to the payment of a reportable amount and must contain the
information specified in paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(C) of this section. The
statement must be updated as often as required to keep the information
in the withholding statement correct prior to each subsequent payment.
The withholding statement forms an integral part of the withholding
certificate provided under paragraph (e)(3)(iii) of this section, and
the penalties of perjury statement provided on the withholding
certificate shall apply to the withholding statement. The withholding
statement may be provided in any manner the nonqualified intermediary
and the withholding agent mutually agree, including electronically. If
the withholding statement is provided electronically, there must be
sufficient safeguards to ensure that the information received by the
withholding agent is the information sent by the nonqualified
intermediary and all occasions of user access that result in the
submission or modification of the withholding statement information must
be recorded. In addition, an electronic system must be capable of
providing a hard copy of all withholding statements provided by the
nonqualified intermediary. A withholding agent will be liable for tax,
interest, and penalties in accordance with paragraph (b)(7) of this
section to the extent it does not follow the presumption rules of
paragraph (b)(3) of this section or Sec. Sec. 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6),
and 1.6049-5(d) for any payment of a reportable amount, or portion
thereof, for which it does not have a valid withholding statement prior
to making a payment.
(C) Content of withholding statement. The withholding statement
provided by a nonqualified intermediary must contain the information
required by this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(C).
[[Page 92]]
(1) The withholding statement must contain the name, address, TIN
(if any) and the type of documentation (documentary evidence, Form W-9,
or type of Form W-8) for every person from whom documentation has been
received by the nonqualified intermediary and provided to the
withholding agent and whether that person is a U.S. exempt recipient, a
U.S. non-exempt recipient, or a foreign person. See paragraphs (c)(2),
(20), and (21) of this section for the definitions of foreign person,
U.S. exempt recipient, and U.S. non-exempt recipient. In the case of a
foreign person, the statement must indicate whether the foreign person
is a beneficial owner or an intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S.
branch described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section and include the
type of recipient, based on recipient codes used for filing Forms 1042-
S, if the foreign person is a recipient as defined in Sec. 1.1461-
1(c)(1)(ii).
(2) The withholding statement must allocate each payment, by income
type, to every payee (including U.S. exempt recipients) for whom
documentation has been provided. Any payment that cannot be reliably
associated with valid documentation from a payee shall be treated as
made to an unknown payee in accordance with the presumption rules of
paragraph (b) of this section and Sec. Sec. 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) and
1.6049-5(d). For this purpose, a type of income is determined by the
types of income required to be reported on Forms 1042-S or 1099, as
appropriate. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, deposit interest
(including original issue discount) described in section 871(i)(2)(A) or
881(d) and interest or original issue discount on short-term obligations
as described in section 871(g)(1)(B) or 881(e) is only required to be
allocated to the extent it is required to be reported on Form 1099 or
Form 1042-S. See Sec. 1.6049-8 (regarding reporting of bank deposit
interest to certain foreign persons). If a payee receives income through
another nonqualified intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S. branch
described in paragraph (e)(2)(iv) of this section (other than a U.S.
branch treated as a U.S. person), the withholding statement must also
state, with respect to the payee, the name, address, and TIN, if known,
of the other nonqualified intermediary or U.S. branch from which the
payee directly receives the payment or the flow-through entity in which
the payee has a direct ownership interest. If another nonqualified
intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S. branch fails to allocate a
payment, the name of the nonqualified intermediary, flow-through entity,
or U.S. branch that failed to allocate the payment shall be provided
with respect to such payment.
(3) If a payee is identified as a foreign person, the nonqualified
intermediary must specify the rate of withholding to which the payee is
subject, the payee's country of residence and, if a reduced rate of
withholding is claimed, the basis for that reduced rate (e.g., treaty
benefit, portfolio interest, exempt under section 501(c)(3), 892, or
895). The allocation statement must also include the taxpayer
identification numbers of those foreign persons for whom such a number
is required under paragraph (e)(4)(vii) of this section or Sec. 1.1441-
6(b)(1) (regarding claims for treaty benefits). In the case of a claim
of treaty benefits, the nonqualified intermediary's withholding
statement must also state whether the limitation on benefits and section
894 statements required by Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(5) have been provided, if
required, in the beneficial owner's Form W-8 or associated with such
owner's documentary evidence.
(4) The withholding statement must also contain any other
information the withholding agent reasonably requests in order to
fulfill its obligations under chapter 3, chapter 61 of the Internal
Revenue Code, and section 3406.
(D) Alternative procedures--(1) In general. Under the alternative
procedures of this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D), a nonqualified intermediary
may provide information allocating a payment of a reportable amount to
each payee (including U.S. exempt recipients) otherwise required under
paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(B)(2) of this section after a payment is made. To
use the alternative procedure of this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D), the
nonqualified intermediary must inform the withholding agent on a
statement associated with its nonqualified intermediary withholding
certificate that it is using the
[[Page 93]]
procedure under this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) and the withholding agent
must agree to the procedure. If the requirements of the alternative
procedure are met, a withholding agent, including the nonqualified
intermediary using the procedures, can treat the payment as reliably
associated with documentation and, therefore, the presumption rules of
paragraph (b)(3) of this section and Sec. Sec. 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6)
and 1.6049-5(d) do not apply even though information allocating the
payment to each payee has not been received prior to the payment. See
paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D)(7) of this section, however, for a nonqualified
intermediary's liability for tax and penalties if the requirements of
this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) are not met. These alternative procedures
shall not be used for payments that are allocable to U.S. non-exempt
recipients. Therefore, a nonqualified intermediary is required to
provide a withholding agent with information allocating payments of
reportable amounts to U.S. non-exempt recipients prior to the payment
being made by the withholding agent.
(2) Withholding rate pools. In place of the information required in
paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(C)(2) of this section allocating payments to each
payee, the nonqualified intermediary must provide a withholding agent
with withholding rate pool information prior to the payment of a
reportable amount. The withholding statement must contain all other
information required by paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(C) of this section.
Further, each payee listed in the withholding statement must be assigned
to an identified withholding rate pool. To the extent a nonqualified
intermediary is required to, or does provide, documentation, the
alternative procedures do not relieve the nonqualified intermediary from
the requirement to provide documentation prior to the payment being
made. Therefore, withholding certificates or other appropriate
documentation and all information required by paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(C) of
this section (other than allocation information) must be provided to a
withholding agent before any new payee receives a reportable amount. In
addition, the withholding statement must be updated by assigning a new
payee to a withholding rate pool prior to the payment of a reportable
amount. A withholding rate pool is a payment of a single type of income,
determined in accordance with the categories of income used to file Form
1042-S, that is subject to a single rate of withholding. A withholding
rate pool may be established by any reasonable method to which the
nonqualified intermediary and a withholding agent agree (e.g., by
establishing a separate account for a single withholding rate pool, or
by dividing a payment made to a single account into portions allocable
to each withholding rate pool). The nonqualified intermediary shall
determine withholding rate pools based on valid documentation or, to the
extent a payment cannot be reliably associated with valid documentation,
the presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3) of this section and Sec. Sec.
1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) and 1.6049-5(d).
(3) Allocation information. The nonqualified intermediary must
provide the withholding agent with sufficient information to allocate
the income in each withholding rate pool to each payee (including U.S.
exempt recipients) within the pool no later than January 31 of the year
following the year of payment. Any payments that are not allocated to
payees for whom documentation has been provided shall be allocated to an
undocumented payee in accordance with the presumption rules of paragraph
(b)(3) of this section and Sec. Sec. 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) and 1.6049-
5(d). Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, deposit interest
(including original issue discount) described in section 871(i)(2)(A) or
881(d) and interest or original issue discount on short-term obligations
as described in section 871(g)(1)(B) or 881(e) is not required to be
allocated to a U.S. exempt recipient or a foreign payee, except as
required under Sec. 1.6049-8 (regarding reporting of deposit interest
paid to certain foreign persons).
(4) Failure to provide allocation information. If a nonqualified
intermediary fails to provide allocation information, if required, by
January 31 for any withholding rate pool, a withholding agent shall not
apply the alternative procedures of this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) to any
payments of reportable amounts
[[Page 94]]
paid after January 31 in the taxable year following the calendar year
for which allocation information was not given and any subsequent
taxable year. Further, the alternative procedures shall be unavailable
for any other withholding rate pool even though allocation information
was given for that other pool. Therefore, the withholding agent must
withhold on a payment of a reportable amount in accordance with the
presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3) of this section, and Sec. Sec.
1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) and 1.6049-5(d), unless the nonqualified
intermediary provides all of the information, including information
sufficient to allocate the payment to each specific payee, required by
paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(A) through (C) of this section prior to the
payment. A nonqualified intermediary must allocate at least 90 percent
of the income required to be allocated for each withholding rate pool or
the nonqualified intermediary will be treated as having failed to
provide allocation information for purposes of this paragraph
(e)(3)(iv)(D). See paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D)(7) of this section for
liability for tax and penalties if a nonqualified intermediary fails to
provide allocation information in whole or in part.
(5) Cure provision. A nonqualified intermediary may cure any failure
to provide allocation information by providing the required allocation
information to the withholding agent no later than February 14 following
the calendar year of payment. If the withholding agent receives the
allocation information by that date, it may apply the adjustment
procedures of Sec. 1.1461-2 to any excess withholding for payments made
on or after February 1 and on or before February 14. Any nonqualified
intermediary that fails to cure by February 14, may request the ability
to use the alternative procedures of this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) by
submitting a request, in writing, to the Assistant Commissioner
(International). The request must state the reason that the nonqualified
intermediary did not comply with the alternative procedures of this
paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) and steps that the nonqualified intermediary has
taken, or will take, to ensure that no failures occur in the future. If
the Assistant Commissioner (International) determines that the
alternative procedures of this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) may apply, a
determination to that effect will be issued by the IRS to the
nonqualified intermediary.
(6) Form 1042-S reporting in case of allocation failure. If a
nonqualified intermediary fails to provide allocation information by
February 14 following the year of payment for a withholding rate pool,
the withholding agent must file Forms 1042-S for payments made to each
payee in that pool (other than U.S. exempt recipients) in the prior
calendar year by pro rating the payment to each payee (including U.S.
exempt recipients) listed in the withholding statement for that
withholding rate pool. If the nonqualified intermediary fails to
allocate10 percent or less of an amount required to be allocated for a
withholding rate pool, a withholding agent shall report the unallocated
amount as paid to a single unknown payee in accordance with the
presumption rules of paragraph (b) of this section and Sec. Sec.
1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) and 1.6049-5(d). The portion of the payment that
can be allocated to specific recipients, as defined in Sec. 1.1461-
1(c)(1)(ii), shall be reported to each recipient in accordance with the
rules of Sec. 1.1461-1(c).
(7) Liability for tax, interest, and penalties. If a nonqualified
intermediary fails to provide allocation information by February 14
following the year of payment for all or a portion of the payments made
to any withholding rate pool, the withholding agent from whom the
nonqualified intermediary received payments of reportable amounts shall
not be liable for any tax, interest, or penalties, due solely to the
errors or omissions of the nonqualified intermediary. See Sec. 1.1441-
7(b)(2) through (10) for the due diligence requirements of a withholding
agent. Because failure by the nonqualified intermediary to provide
allocation information results in a payment not being reliably
associated with valid documentation, the beneficial owners for whom the
nonqualified intermediary acts are not entitled to a reduced rate of
withholding. Therefore, the nonqualified intermediary, as a withholding
agent, shall
[[Page 95]]
be liable for any tax not withheld by the withholding agent in
accordance with the presumption rules, interest on the under withheld
tax if the nonqualified intermediary fails to pay the tax timely, and
any applicable penalties, including the penalties under sections 6656
(failure to deposit), 6721 (failure to file information returns) and
6722 (failure to file payee statements). Failure to provide allocation
information for more than 10 percent of the payments made to a
particular withholding rate pool will be presumed to be an intentional
failure within the meaning of sections 6721(e) and 6722(c). The
nonqualified intermediary may rebut the presumption.
(8) Applicability to flow-through entities and certain U.S.
branches. See paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section and Sec. 1.1441-
5(c)(3)(iv) and (e)(5)(iv) for the applicability of this paragraph
(e)(3)(iv) to U.S. branches described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this
section (other than U.S. branches treated as U.S. persons) and flow-
through entities.
(E) Notice procedures. The IRS may notify a withholding agent that
the alternative procedures of paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) of this section
are not applicable to a specified nonqualified intermediary, a U.S.
branch described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section, or a flow-
through entity. If a withholding agent receives such a notice, it must
commence withholding in accordance with the presumption rules of
paragraph (b)(3) of this section and Sec. Sec. 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6)
and 1.6049-5(d) unless the nonqualified intermediary, U.S. branch, or
flow-through entity complies with the procedures in paragraphs
(e)(3)(iv)(A) through (C) of this section. In addition, the IRS may
notify a withholding agent, in appropriate circumstances, that it must
apply the presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3) of this section and
Sec. Sec. 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6) and 1.6049-5(d) to payments made to a
nonqualified intermediary, a U.S. branch, or a flow-through entity even
if the nonqualified intermediary, U.S. branch or flow-through entity
provides allocation information prior to the payment. A withholding
agent that receives a notice under this paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(E) must
commence withholding in accordance with the presumption rules within 30
days of the date of the notice. The IRS may withdraw its prohibition
against using the alternative procedures of paragraph (e)(3)(iv)(D) of
this section, or its requirement to follow the presumption rules, if the
nonqualified intermediary, U.S. branch, or flow-through entity can
demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Assistant Commissioner
(International) or his delegate that it is capable of complying with the
rules under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and any other
conditions required by the Assistant Commissioner (International).
(v) Withholding certificate from certain U.S. branches. A U.S.
branch certificate is a withholding certificate provided by a U.S.
branch described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section that is not the
beneficial owner of the income. The withholding certificate is provided
with respect to reportable amounts and must state that such amounts are
not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States. The withholding certificate must either transmit the
appropriate documentation for the persons for whom the branch receives
the payment (i.e., as an intermediary) or be provided as evidence of its
agreement with the withholding agent to be treated as a U.S. person with
respect to any payment associated with the certificate. A U.S. branch
withholding certificate is valid only if it is furnished on a Form W-8,
an acceptable substitute form, or such other form as the IRS may
prescribe, it is signed under penalties of perjury by a person
authorized to sign for the branch, its validity has not expired, and it
contains the information, statements, and certifications described in
this paragraph (e)(3)(v). If the certificate is furnished to transmit
withholding certificates and other documentation, it must contain the
information, certifications, and statements described in paragraphs
(e)(3)(v)(A) through (C) of this section and in paragraphs (e)(3)(iii)
and (iv) (alternative procedures) of this section, applying the term
U.S. branch instead of the term nonqualified intermediary. If the
certificate is furnished pursuant to an agreement to treat the U.S.
branch as
[[Page 96]]
a U.S. person, the information and certifications required on the
withholding certificate are limited to the following--
(A) The name of the person of which the branch is a part and the
address of the branch in the United States;
(B) A certification that the payments associated with the
certificate are not effectively connected with the conduct of its trade
or business in the United States; and
(C) Any other information, certifications, or statements as may be
required by the form or accompanying instructions in addition to, or in
lieu of, the information and certification described in this paragraph
(e)(3)(v).
(vi) Reportable amounts. For purposes of chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code, a nonqualified intermediary, qualified intermediary, flow-
through entity, and U.S. branch described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of
this section (other than a U.S. branch that agrees to be treated as a
U.S. person) must provide a withholding certificate and associated
documentation and other information with respect to reportable amounts.
For purposes of the regulations under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue
Code, the term reportable amount means an amount subject to withholding
within the meaning of Sec. 1.1441-2(a), bank deposit interest
(including original issue discount) and similar types of deposit
interest described in section 871(i)(2)(A) or 881(d) that are from
sources within the United States, and any amount of interest or original
issue discount from sources within the United States on the redemption
of certain short-term obligations described in section 871(g)(1)(B) or
881(e). Reportable amounts shall not include amounts received on the
sale or exchange (other than a redemption) of an obligation described in
section 871(g)(1)(B) or 881(e) that is effected at an office outside the
United States. See Sec. 1.6045-1(g)(3) to determine whether a sale is
effected at an office outside the United States. Reportable amounts also
do not include payments with respect to deposits with banks and other
financial institutions that remain on deposit for a period of two weeks
or less, to amounts of original issue discount arising from a sale and
repurchase transaction that is completed within a period of two weeks or
less, or to amounts described in Sec. 1.6049-5(b)(7), (10) or (11)
(relating to certain obligations issued in bearer form). While short-
term OID and bank deposit interest are not subject to withholding under
chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code, such amounts may be subject to
information reporting under section 6049 if paid to a U.S. person who is
not an exempt recipient described in Sec. 1.6049-4(c)(1)(ii) and to
backup withholding under section 3406 in the absence of documentation.
See Sec. 1.6049-5(d)(3)(iii) for applicable procedures when such
amounts are paid to a foreign intermediary.
(4) Applicable rules. The provisions in this paragraph (e)(4)
describe procedures applicable to withholding certificates on Form W-8
or Form 8233 (or a substitute form) or documentary evidence furnished to
establish foreign status. These provisions do not apply to Forms W-9 (or
their substitutes). For corresponding provisions regrading Form W-9 (or
a substitute form), see section 3406 and the regulations under that
section.
(i) Who may sign the certificate. A withholding certificate (or
other acceptable substitute) may be signed by any person authorized to
sign a declaration under penalties of perjury on behalf of the person
whose name is on the certificate as provided in section 6061 and the
regulations under that section (relating to who may sign generally for
an individual, estate, or trust, which includes certain agents who may
sign returns and other documents), section 6062 and the regulations
under that section (relating to who may sign corporate returns), and
section 6063 and the regulations under that section (relating to who may
sign partnership returns).
(ii) Period of validity--(A) Three-year period. A withholding
certificate described in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section, or a
certificate described in Sec. 1.871-14(c)(2)(v) (furnished to qualify
interest as portfolio interest for purposes of sections 871(h) and
881(c)), shall remain valid until the earlier of the last day of the
third calendar year following the year in which the withholding
certificate is signed or the day
[[Page 97]]
that a change in circumstances occurs that makes any information on the
certificate incorrect. For example, a withholding certificate signed on
September 30, 2001, remains valid through December 31, 2004, unless
circumstances change that make the information on the form no longer
correct. Documentary evidence described in Sec. Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(3) or
(4) or 1.6049-5(c)(1) shall remain valid until the earlier of the last
day of the third calendar year following the year in which the
documentary evidence is provided to the withholding agent or the day
that a change in circumstances occurs that makes any information on the
documentary evidence incorrect.
(B) Indefinite validity period. Notwithstanding paragraph
(e)(4)(ii)(A) of this section, the following certificates or parts of
certificates shall remain valid until the status of the person whose
name is on the certificate is changed in a way relevant to the
certificate or circumstances change that make the information on the
certificate no longer correct:
(1) A withholding certificate described in paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of
this section that is furnished with a TIN, provided that the withholding
agent reports at least one payment annually to the beneficial owner
under Sec. 1.1461-1(c) or the TIN furnished on the certificate is
reported to the IRS under the procedures described in Sec. 1.1461-1(d).
For example, assume a withholding agent receives a Form W-8 in 2001 from
a beneficial owner with respect to an account that contains bonds, the
interest on which must be reported on Form 1042-S under Sec. 1.1461-
1(c). The Form W-8 contains a valid TIN and the withholding agent
reports on Forms 1042-S interest to the beneficial owner for 2001
through 2005. In 2005, the beneficial owner sells some of the bonds. For
purposes of the exemption from Form 1099 reporting under Sec. 1.6045-
1(g), the withholding agent may consider the Form W-8 as valid, even
though the payment of the sales proceeds is not reportable on Form 1042-
S under Sec. 1.1461-1(c) and even though the Form W-8 was provided more
than three years previously.
(2) A certificate described in paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section
(a qualified intermediary withholding certificate) but not including the
withholding certificates, documentary evidence, statements or other
information associated with the certificate.
(3) A certificate described in paragraph (e)(3)(iii) of this section
(a nonqualified intermediary certificate), but not including the
withholding certificates, documentary evidence, statements or other
information associated with the certificate.
(4) A certificate described in paragraph (e)(3)(v) of this section
(a U.S. branch withholding certificate), but not including the
withholding certificates, documentary evidence, statements or other
information associated with the certificate.
(5) A certificate described in Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(2)(iv) (dealing
with a certificate from a person representing to be a withholding
foreign partnership).
(6) A certificate described in Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(3)(iii) (a
withholding certificate from a nonwithholding foreign partnership) but
not including the withholding certificates, documentary evidence,
statements or other information required to be associated with the
certificate.
(7) A certificate furnished by a person representing to be an
integral part of a foreign government (within the meaning of Sec.
1.892-2T(a)(2)) in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-8(b), or by a person
representing to be a foreign central bank of issue (within the meaning
of Sec. 1.861-2(b)(4)) or the Bank for International Settlements in
accordance with Sec. 1.1441-8(c)(1).
(8) A withholding certificate described in Sec. 1.1441-5(e)(5)(iii)
provided by a foreign simple trust or a foreign grantor trust to
transmit documentation of beneficiaries or owners, but not including the
withholding certificates, documentary evidence, statements or other
information associated with the certificate.
(C) Withholding certificate for effectively connected income.
Notwithstanding paragraph (e)(4)(ii)(B)(1) of this section, the period
of validity of a withholding certificate furnished to a withholding
agent to claim a reduced rate of withholding for income that is
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the
[[Page 98]]
United States shall be limited to the three-year period described in
paragraph (e)(4)(ii)(A) of this section.
(D) Change in circumstances. If a change in circumstances makes any
information on a certificate or other documentation incorrect, then the
person whose name is on the certificate or other documentation must
inform the withholding agent within 30 days of the change and furnish a
new certificate or new documentation. A certificate or documentation
becomes invalid from the date that the withholding agent holding the
certificate or documentation knows or has reason to know that
circumstances affecting the correctness of the certificate or
documentation have changed. However, a withholding agent may choose to
apply the provisions of paragraph (b)(3)(iv) of this section regarding
the 90-day grace period as of that date while awaiting a new certificate
or documentation or while seeking information regarding changes, or
suspected changes, in the person's circumstances. If an intermediary
(including a U.S. branch described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(A) of this
section that passes through certificates to a withholding agent) or a
flow-through entity becomes aware that a certificate or other
appropriate documentation it has furnished to the person from whom it
collects the payment is no longer valid because of a change in the
circumstances of the person who issued the certificate or furnished the
other appropriate documentation, then the intermediary or flow-through
entity must notify the person from whom it collects the payment of the
change of circumstances. It must also obtain a new withholding
certificate or new appropriate documentation to replace the existing
certificate or documentation whose validity has expired due to the
change in circumstances. If a beneficial owner withholding certificate
is used to claim foreign status only (and not, also, residence in a
particular foreign country for purposes of an income tax treaty), a
change of address is a change in circumstances for purposes of this
paragraph (e)(4)(ii)(D) only if it changes to an address in the United
States. Further, a change of address within the same foreign country is
not a change in circumstances for purposes of this paragraph
(e)(4)(ii)(D). A change in the circumstances affecting the withholding
information provided to the withholding agent in accordance with the
provisions in paragraph (e) (3)(iv) or (5)(v) of this section or in
Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(3)(iv) shall terminate the validity of the withholding
certificate with respect to the information that is no longer reliable
unless the information is updated. A withholding agent may rely on a
certificate without having to inquire into possible changes of
circumstances that may affect the validity of the statement, unless it
knows or has reason to know that circumstances have changed. A
withholding agent may require a new certificate at any time prior to a
payment, even though the withholding agent has no actual knowledge or
reason to know that any information stated on the certificate has
changed.
(iii) Retention of withholding certificate. A withholding agent must
retain each withholding certificate and other documentation for as long
as it may be relevant to the determination of the withholding agent's
tax liability under section 1461 and Sec. 1.1461-1.
(iv) Electronic transmission of information--(A) In general. A
withholding agent may establish a system for a beneficial owner or payee
to electronically furnish a Form W-8, an acceptable substitute Form W-8,
or such other form as the Internal Revenue Service may prescribe. The
system must meet the requirements described in paragraph (e)(4)(iv)(B)
of this section. A withholding agent may accept Forms W-8 that are
furnished electronically on or after January 1, 2000, provided the
requirements of paragraph (e)(4)(iv)(B) of this section are met.
(B) Requirements--(1) In general. The electronic system must ensure
that the information received is the information sent, and must document
all occasions of user access that result in the submission renewal, or
modification of a Form W-8. In addition, the design and operation of the
electronic system, including access procedures, must make it reasonably
certain that the person accessing the system and furnishing Form W-8 is
the person named in the Form.
[[Page 99]]
(2) Same information as paper Form W-8. The electronic transmission
must provide the withholding agent or payor with exactly the same
information as the paper Form W-8.
(3) Perjury statement and signature requirements. The electronic
transmission must contain an electronic signature by the person whose
name is on the Form W-8 and the signature must be under penalties of
perjury in the manner described in this paragraph (e)(4)(iv)(B)(3).
(i) Perjury statement. The perjury statement must contain the
language that appears on the paper Form W-8. The electronic system must
inform the person whose name is on the Form W-8 that the person must
make the declaration contained in the perjury statement and that the
declaration is made by signing the Form W-8. The instructions and the
language of the perjury statement must immediately follow the person's
certifying statements and immediately precede the person's electronic
signature.
(ii) Electronic signature. The act of the electronic signature must
be effected by the person whose name is on the electronic Form W-8. The
signature must also authenticate and verify the submission. For this
purpose, the terms authenticate and verify have the same meanings as
they do when applied to a written signature on a paper Form W-8. An
electronic signature can be in any form that satisfies the foregoing
requirements. The electronic signature must be the final entry in the
person's Form W-8 submission.
(4) Requests for electronic Form W-8 data. Upon request by the
Internal Revenue Service during an examination, the withholding agent
must supply a hard copy of the electronic Form W-8 and a statement that,
to the best of the withholding agent's knowledge, the electronic Form W-
8 was filed by the person whose name is on the form. The hard copy of
the electronic Form W-8 must provide exactly the same information as,
but need not be identical to, the paper Form W-8.
(C) Special requirements for transmission of Forms W-8 by an
intermediary. [Reserved]
(v) Electronic confirmation of taxpayer identifying number on
withholding certificate. The Commissioner may prescribe procedures in a
revenue procedure (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter) or other
appropriate guidance to require a withholding agent to confirm
electronically with the IRS information concerning any TIN stated on a
withholding certificate.
(vi) Acceptable substitute form. A withholding agent may substitute
its own form instead of an official Form W-8 or 8233 (or such other
official form as the IRS may prescribe). Such a substitute for an
official form will be acceptable if it contains provisions that are
substantially similar to those of the official form, it contains the
same certifications relevant to the transactions as are contained on the
official form and these certifications are clearly set forth, and the
substitute form includes a signature-under-penalties-of-perjury
statement identical to the one stated on the official form. The
substitute form is acceptable even if it does not contain all of the
provisions contained on the official form, so long as it contains those
provisions that are relevant to the transaction for which it is
furnished. For example, a withholding agent that pays no income for
which treaty benefits are claimed may develop a substitute form that is
identical to the official form, except that it does not include
information regarding claim of benefits under an income tax treaty. A
withholding agent who uses a substitute form must furnish instructions
relevant to the substitute form only to the extent and in the manner
specified in the instructions to the official form. A withholding agent
may refuse to accept a certificate from a payee or beneficial owner
(including the official Form W-8 or 8233) if the certificate is not
provided on the acceptable substitute form provided by the withholding
agent. However, a withholding agent may refuse to accept a certificate
provided by a payee or beneficial owner only if the withholding agent
furnishes the payee or beneficial owner with an acceptable substitute
form immediately upon receipt of an unacceptable form or within 5
business days of receipt of an unacceptable form from the payee or
beneficial owner. In that case, the substitute form is acceptable only
if it
[[Page 100]]
contains a notice that the withholding agent has refused to accept the
form submitted by the payee or beneficial owner and that the payee or
beneficial owner must submit the acceptable form provided by the
withholding agent in order for the payee or beneficial owner to be
treated as having furnished the required withholding certificate.
(vii) Requirement of taxpayer identifying number. A TIN must be
stated on a withholding certificate when required by this paragraph
(e)(4)(vii). A TIN is required to be stated on--
(A) A withholding certificate on which a beneficial owner is
claiming the benefit of a reduced rate under an income tax treaty (other
than for amounts described in Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(2);
(B) A withholding certificate on which a beneficial owner is
claiming exemption from withholding because income is effectively
connected with a U.S. trade or business;
(C) A withholding certificate on which a beneficial owner is
claiming exemption from withholding under section 871(f) for certain
annuities received under qualified plans;
(D) A withholding certificate on which a beneficial owner is
claiming an exemption based solely on a foreign organization's claim of
tax exempt status under section 501(c) or private foundation status
(however, a TIN is not required from a foreign private foundation that
is subject to the 4-percent tax under section 4948(a) on income if that
income would be exempt from withholding but for section 4948(a) (e.g.,
portfolio interest));
(E) A withholding certificate from a person representing to be a
qualified intermediary described in paragraph (e)(5)(ii) of this
section;
(F) A withholding certificate from a person representing to be a
withholding foreign partnership described in Sec. 1.1441-5(c)(2)(i));
(G) A withholding certificate provided by a foreign organization
that is described in section 501(c);
(H) A withholding certificate from a person representing to be a
U.S. branch described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section.
(viii) Reliance rules. A withholding agent may rely on the
information and certifications stated on withholding certificates or
other documentation without having to inquire into the truthfulness of
this information or certification, unless it has actual knowledge or
reason to know that the same is untrue. In the case of amounts described
in Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(2), a withholding agent described in Sec. 1.1441-
7(b)(2)(ii) has reason to know that the information or certifications on
a certificate are untrue only to the extent provided in Sec. 1.1441-
7(b)(2)(ii). See Sec. 1.1441-6(b)(1) for reliance on representations
regarding eligibility for a reduced rate under an income tax treaty.
Paragraphs (e)(4)(viii) (A) and (B) of this section provide examples of
such reliance.
(A) Classification. A withholding agent may rely on the claim of
entity classification indicated on the withholding certificate that it
receives from or for the beneficial owner, unless it has actual
knowledge or reason to know that the classification claimed is
incorrect. A withholding agent may not rely on a person's claim of
classification other than as a corporation if the name of the
corporation indicates that the person is a per se corporation described
in Sec. 301.7701-2(b)(8)(i) of this chapter unless the certificate
contains a statement that the person is a grandfathered per se
corporation described in Sec. 301.7701-2(b)(8) of this chapter and that
its grandfathered status has not been terminated. In the absence of
reliable representation or information regarding the classification of
the payee or beneficial owner, see Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(ii) for
applicable presumptions.
(B) Status of payee as an intermediary or as a person acting for its
own account. A withholding agent may rely on the type of certificate
furnished as indicative of the payee's status as an intermediary or as
an owner, unless the withholding agent has actual knowledge or reason to
know otherwise. For example, a withholding agent that receives a
beneficial owner withholding certificate from a foreign financial
institution may treat the institution as the beneficial owner, unless it
has information in its records that would indicate otherwise or the
certificate contains information that is not consistent with beneficial
owner status (e.g., sub-account numbers or names).
[[Page 101]]
If the financial institution also acts as an intermediary, the
withholding agent may request that the institution furnish two
certificates, i.e., a beneficial owner certificate described in
paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section for the amounts that it receives as
a beneficial owner, and an intermediary withholding certificate
described in paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section for the amounts that it
receives as an intermediary. In the absence of reliable representation
or information regarding the status of the payee as an owner or as an
intermediary, see paragraph (b)(3)(v)(A) for applicable presumptions.
(ix) Certificates to be furnished for each account unless exception
applies. Unless otherwise provided in this paragraph (e)(4)(ix), a
withholding agent that is a financial institution with which a customer
may open an account shall obtain withholding certificates or other
appropriate documentation on an account-by-account basis.
(A) Coordinated account information system in effect. A withholding
agent may rely on the withholding certificate or other appropriate
documentation furnished by a customer for a pre-existing account under
any one or more of the circumstances described in this paragraph
(e)(4)(ix)(A).
(1) A withholding agent may rely on documentation furnished by a
customer for another account if all such accounts are held at the same
branch location.
(2) A withholding agent may rely on documentation furnished by a
customer for an account held at another branch location of the same
withholding agent or at a branch location of a person related to the
withholding agent if the withholding agent and the related person are
part of a universal account system that uses a customer identifier that
can be used to retrieve systematically all other accounts of the
customer. See Sec. 31.3406(c)(3)(ii) and (iii)(C) of this chapter for
an identical procedure for purposes of backup withholding. For purposes
of this paragraph (e)(4)(ix)(A), a withholding agent is related to
another person if it is related within the meaning of section 267(b) or
707(b).
(3) A withholding agent may rely on documentation furnished by a
customer for an account held at another branch location of the same
withholding agent or at a branch location of a person related to the
withholding agent if the withholding agent and the related person are
part of an information system other than a universal account system and
the information system is described in this paragraph (e)(4)(ix)(A)(3).
The system must allow the withholding agent to easily access data
regarding the nature of the documentation, the information contained in
the documentation, and its validity status, and must allow the
withholding agent to easily transmit data into the system regarding any
facts of which it becomes aware that may affect the reliability of the
documentation. The withholding agent must be able to establish how and
when it has accessed the data regarding the documentation and, if
applicable, how and when it has transmitted data regarding any facts of
which it became aware that may affect the reliability of the
documentation. In addition, the withholding agent or the related party
must be able to establish that any data it has transmitted to the
information system has been processed and appropriate due diligence has
been exercised regarding the validity of the documentation.
(4) A withholding agent may rely on documentation furnished by a
beneficial owner or payee to an agent of the withholding agent. The
agent may retain the documentation as part of an information system
maintained for a single or multiple withholding agents provided that the
system permits any withholding agent that uses the system to easily
access data regarding the nature of the documentation, the information
contained in the documentation, and its validity, and must allow the
withholding agent to easily transmit data into the system regarding any
facts of which it becomes aware that may affect the reliability of the
documentation. The withholding agent must be able to establish how and
when it has accessed the data regarding the documentation and, if
applicable, how and when it has transmitted data regarding any facts of
which it became aware that may affect the reliability of
[[Page 102]]
the documentation. In addition, the withholding agent must be able to
establish that any data it has transmitted to the information system has
been processed and appropriate due diligence has been exercised
regarding the validity of the documentation.
(B) Family of mutual funds. An interest in a mutual fund that has a
common investment advisor or common principal underwriter with other
mutual funds (within the same family of funds) may, in the discretion of
the mutual fund, be represented by one single withholding certificate
where shares are acquired or owned in any of the funds. See Sec.
31.3406(h)-3(a)(2) of this chapter for an identical procedures for
purposes of backup withholding.
(C) Special rule for brokers--(1) In general. A withholding agent
may rely on the certification of a broker that the broker holds a valid
beneficial owner withholding certificate described in paragraph
(e)(2)(i) of this section or other appropriate documentation for that
beneficial owner with respect to any readily tradable instrument, as
defined in Sec. 31.3406(h)-1(d) of this chapter, if the broker is a
United States person (including a U.S. branch treated as a U.S. person
under paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section) that is acting as the agent
of a beneficial owner and the U.S. broker has been provided a valid Form
W-8 or other appropriate documentation. The certification must be in
writing or in electronic form and contain all of the information
required of a nonqualified intermediary under paragraphs (e)(3)(iv)(B)
and (C) of this section. If a U.S. broker chooses to use this paragraph
(e)(4)(ix)(C), that U.S. broker will be solely responsible for applying
the rules of Sec. 1.1441-7(b) to the withholding certificates or other
appropriate documentation. For purposes of this paragraph (c)(4)(ix)(C),
the term broker means a person treated as a broker under Sec. 1.6045-
1(a).
(2) The following example illustrates the rules of this paragraph
(e)(4)(ix)(C):
Example. SCO is a U.S. securities clearing organization that
provides clearing services for correspondent broker, CB, a U.S.
corporation. Pursuant to a fully disclosed clearing agreement, CB fully
discloses the identity of each of its customers to SCO. Part of SCO's
clearing duties include the crediting of income and gross proceeds of
readily tradeable instruments (as defined in Sec. 31.3406(h)-1(d)) to
each customer's account. For each disclosed customer that is a foreign
beneficial owner, CB provides SCO with information required under
paragraphs (e)(3)(iv)(B) and (C) of this section that is necessary to
apply the correct rate of withholding and to file Forms 1042-S. SCO may
use the representations and beneficial owner information provided by CB
to determine the proper amount of withholding and to file Forms 1042-S.
CB is responsible for determining the validity of the withholding
certificates or other appropriate documentation under Sec. 1.1441-1(b).
(5) Qualified intermediaries--(i) General rule. A qualified
intermediary, as defined in paragraph (e)(5)(ii) of this section, may
furnish a qualified intermediary withholding certificate to a
withholding agent. The withholding certificate provides certifications
on behalf of other persons for the purpose of claiming and verifying
reduced rates of withholding under section 1441 or 1442 and for the
purpose of reporting and withholding under other provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code, such as the provisions under chapter 61 and
section 3406 (and the regulations under those provisions). Furnishing
such a certificate is in lieu of transmitting to a withholding agent
withholding certificates or other appropriate documentation for the
persons for whom the qualified intermediary receives the payment,
including interest holders in a qualified intermediary that is fiscally
transparent under the regulations under section 894. Although the
qualified intermediary is required to obtain withholding certificates or
other appropriate documentation from beneficial owners, payees, or
interest holders pursuant to its agreement with the IRS, it is generally
not required to attach such documentation to the intermediary
withholding certificate. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence a
qualified intermediary must provide a withholding agent with the Forms
W-9, or disclose the names, addresses, and taxpayer identifying numbers,
if known, of those U.S. non-exempt recipients for whom the qualified
intermediary receives reportable amounts (within the meaning of
paragraph (e)(3)(vi) of this section) to the extent required in the
qualified intermediary's agreement with the IRS. A person may claim
qualified
[[Page 103]]
intermediary status before an agreement is executed with the IRS if it
has applied for such status and the IRS authorizes such status on an
interim basis under such procedures as the IRS may prescribe.
(ii) Definition of qualified intermediary. With respect to a payment
to a foreign person, the term qualified intermediary means a person that
is a party to a withholding agreement with the IRS and such person is--
(A) A foreign financial institution or a foreign clearing
organization (as defined in Sec. 1.163-5(c)(2)(i)(D)(8), without regard
to the requirement that the organization hold obligations for members),
other than a U.S. branch or U.S. office of such institution or
organization;
(B) A foreign branch or office of a U.S. financial institution or a
foreign branch or office of a U.S. clearing organization (as defined in
Sec. 1.163-5(c)(2)(i)(D)(8), without regard to the requirement that the
organization hold obligations for members);
(C) A foreign corporation for purposes of presenting claims of
benefits under an income tax treaty on behalf of its shareholders; or
(D) Any other person acceptable to the IRS.
(iii) Withholding agreement--(A) In general. The IRS may, upon
request, enter into a withholding agreement with a foreign person
described in paragraph (e)(5)(ii) of this section pursuant to such
procedures as the IRS may prescribe in published guidance (see Sec.
601.601(d)(2) of this chapter). Under the withholding agreement, a
qualified intermediary shall generally be subject to the applicable
withholding and reporting provisions applicable to withholding agents
and payors under chapters 3 and 61 of the Internal Revenue Code, section
3406, the regulations under those provisions, and other withholding
provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, except to the extent provided
under the agreement.
(B) Terms of the withholding agreement. Generally, the agreement
shall specify the type of certifications and documentation upon which
the qualified intermediary may rely to ascertain the classification
(e.g., corporation or partnership) and status (i.e., U.S. or foreign) of
beneficial owners and payees who receive payments collected by the
qualified intermediary and, if necessary, entitlement to the benefits of
a reduced rate under an income tax treaty. The agreement shall specify
if, and to what extent, the qualified intermediary may assume primary
withholding responsibility in accordance with paragraph (e)(5)(iv) of
this section. It shall also specify the extent to which applicable
return filing and information reporting requirements are modified so
that, in appropriate cases, the qualified intermediary may report
payments to the IRS on an aggregated basis, without having to disclose
the identity of beneficial owners and payees. However, the qualified
intermediary may be required to provide to the IRS the name and address
of those foreign customers who benefit from a reduced rate under an
income tax treaty pursuant to the qualified intermediary arrangement for
purposes of verifying entitlement to such benefits, particularly under
an applicable limitation on benefits provision. Under the agreement, a
qualified intermediary may agree to act as an acceptance agent to
perform the duties described in Sec. 301.6109-1(d)(3)(iv)(A) of this
chapter. The agreement may specify the manner in which applicable
procedures for adjustments for underwithholding and overwithholding,
including refund procedures, apply in the context of a qualified
intermediary arrangement and the extent to which applicable procedures
may be modified. In particular, a withholding agreement may allow a
qualified intermediary to claim refunds of overwithheld amounts. If
relevant, the agreement shall specify the manner in which the qualified
intermediary may deal with payments to other intermediaries and flow-
through entities. In addition, the agreement shall specify the manner in
which the IRS will verify compliance with the agreement. In appropriate
cases, the IRS may agree to rely on audits performed by an
intermediary's approved auditor. In such a case, the IRS's audit may be
limited to the audit of the auditor's records (including work papers of
the auditor and reports prepared by the auditor indicating the
methodology employed to verify the
[[Page 104]]
entity's compliance with the agreement). For this purpose, the agreement
shall specify the auditor or class of auditors that are approved.
Generally, an auditor will not be approved if the auditor is not subject
to laws, regulations, or rules that impose sanctions for failure to
exercise its independence and to perform the audit competently. The
agreement may include provisions for the assessment and collection of
tax in the event that failure to comply with the terms of the agreement
results in the failure by the withholding agent or the qualified
intermediary to withhold and deposit the required amount of tax.
Further, the agreement may specify the procedures by which deposits of
amounts withheld are to be deposited, if different from the deposit
procedures under the Internal Revenue Code and applicable regulations.
To determine whether to enter a qualified intermediary withholding
agreement and the terms of any particular withholding agreement, the IRS
will consider appropriate factors including whether or not the foreign
person agrees to assume primary withholding responsibility, the type of
local know-your-customer laws and practices to which it is subject, the
extent and nature of supervisory and regulatory control exercised under
the laws of the foreign country over the foreign person, the volume of
investments in U.S. securities (determined in dollar amounts and number
of account holders), the financial condition of the foreign person, and
whether the qualified intermediary is a resident of a country with which
the United States has an income tax treaty.
(iv) Assignment of primary withholding responsibility. Any person
who meets the definition of a withholding agent under Sec. 1.1441-7(a)
(whether a U.S. person or a foreign person) is required to withhold and
deposit any amount withheld under Sec. 1.1461-1(a) and to make the
returns prescribed by Sec. 1.1461-1(b) and (c). If permitted by its
qualified intermediary agreement, a qualified intermediary agreement
may, however, inform a withholding agent from which it receives a
payment that it will assume the primary obligation to withhold, deposit,
and report amounts under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and/or
under chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue Code and section 3406. If a
withholding agent makes a payment of an amount subject to withholding,
as defined in Sec. 1.1441-2(a), or a reportable payment, as defined in
section 3406(b), to a qualified intermediary that represents to the
withholding agent that it has assumed primary withholding responsibility
for the payment, the withholding agent is not required to withhold on
the payment. The withholding agent is not required to determine that the
qualified intermediary agreement actually permits the qualified
intermediary to assume primary withholding responsibility. A qualified
intermediary that assumes primary withholding responsibility under
chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code or primary reporting and backup
withholding responsibility under chapter 61 and section 3406 is not
required to assume primary withholding responsibility for all accounts
it has with a withholding agent but must assume primary withholding
responsibility for all payments made to any one account that it has with
the withholding agent. A qualified intermediary may agree with the
withholding agent to assume primary withholding responsibility under
chapter 3 and section 3406, only if expressly permitted to do so under
its agreement with the IRS.
(v) Withholding statement--(A) In general. A qualified intermediary
must provide each withholding agent from which it receives reportable
amounts, as defined in paragraph (e)(3)(vi) of this section, as a
qualified intermediary with a written statement (the withholding
statement) containing the information specified in paragraph
(e)(5)(v)(B) of this section. A withholding statement is not required,
however, if all of the information a withholding agent needs to fulfill
its withholding and reporting requirements is contained in the
withholding certificate. The qualified intermediary agreement may
require, in appropriate circumstances, the qualified intermediary to
include information in its withholding statement relating to payments
other than payments of reportable amounts. The withholding statement
forms an integral part of the qualified intermediary's qualified
[[Page 105]]
intermediary withholding certificate and the penalties of perjury
statement provided on the withholding certificate shall apply to the
withholding statement as well. The withholding statement may be provided
in any manner, and in any form, to which qualified intermediary and the
withholding agent mutually agree, including electronically. If the
withholding statement is provided electronically, there must be
sufficient safeguards to ensure that the information received by the
withholding agent is the information sent by qualified intermediary and
must also document all occasions of user access that result in the
submission or modification of withholding statement information. In
addition, the electronic system must be capable of providing a hard copy
of all withholding statements provided by the qualified intermediary.
The withholding statement shall be updated as often as necessary for the
withholding agent to meet its reporting and withholding obligations
under chapters 3 and 61 of the Internal Revenue Code and section 3406. A
withholding agent will be liable for tax, interest, and penalties in
accordance with paragraph (b)(7) of this section to the extent it does
not follow the presumption rules of paragraph (b)(3) of this section,
Sec. Sec. 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6), and 1.6049-5(d) for any payment, or
portion thereof, for which it does not have a valid withholding
statement prior to making a payment.
(B) Content of withholding statement. The withholding statement must
contain sufficient information for a withholding agent to apply the
correct rate of withholding on payments from the accounts identified on
the statement and to properly report such payments on Forms 1042-S and
Forms 1099, as applicable. The withholding statement must--
(1) Designate those accounts for which the qualified intermediary
acts as a qualified intermediary;
(2) Designate those accounts for which qualified intermediary
assumes primary withholding responsibility under chapter 3 of the
Internal Revenue Code and/or primary reporting and backup withholding
responsibility under chapter 61 and section 3406; and
(3) Provide information regarding withholding rate pools, as
described in paragraph (e)(5)(v)(C) of this section.
(C) Withholding rate pools--(1) In general. Except to the extent it
has assumed both primary withholding responsibility under chapter 3 of
the Internal Revenue Code and primary reporting and backup withholding
responsibility under chapter 61 and section 3406 with respect to a
payment, a qualified intermediary shall provide as part of its
withholding statement the withholding rate pool information that is
required for the withholding agent to meet its withholding and reporting
obligations under chapters 3 and 61 of the Internal Revenue Code and
section 3406. A withholding rate pool is a payment of a single type of
income, determined in accordance with the categories of income reported
on Form 1042-S or Form 1099, as applicable, that is subject to a single
rate of withholding. A withholding rate pool may be established by any
reasonable method on which the qualified intermediary and a withholding
agent agree (e.g., by establishing a separate account for a single
withholding rate pool, or by dividing a payment made to a single account
into portions allocable to each withholding rate pool). To the extent a
qualified intermediary does not assume primary reporting and backup
withholding responsibility under chapter 61 and section 3406, a
qualified intermediary's withholding statement must establish a separate
withholding rate pool for each U.S. non-exempt recipient account holder
that the qualified intermediary has disclosed to the withholding agent
unless the qualified intermediary uses the alternative procedures in
paragraph (e)(5)(v)(C)(2) of this section. A qualified intermediary
shall determine withholding rate pools based on valid documentation that
it obtains under its withholding agreement with the IRS, or if a payment
cannot be reliably associated with valid documentation, under the
applicable presumption rules. If a qualified intermediary has an account
holder that is another intermediary (whether a qualified intermediary or
a nonqualified intermediary) or a flow-through entity, the qualified
intermediary may combine the account
[[Page 106]]
holder information provided by the intermediary or flow-through entity
with the qualified intermediary's direct account holder information to
determine the qualified intermediary's withholding rate pools.
(2) Alternative procedure for U.S. non-exempt recipients. If
permitted under its agreement with the IRS, a qualified intermediary
may, by mutual agreement with a withholding agent, establish a single
zero withholding rate pool that includes U.S. non-exempt recipient
account holders for whom the qualified intermediary has provided Forms
W-9 prior to the withholding agent paying any reportable payments, as
defined in the qualified intermediary agreement, and a separate
withholding rate pool (subject to 31-percent withholding) that includes
only U.S. non-exempt recipient account holders for whom a qualified
intermediary has not provided Forms W-9 prior to the withholding agent
paying any reportable payments. If a qualified intermediary chooses the
alternative procedure of this paragraph (e)(5)(v)(C)(2), the qualified
intermediary must provide the information required by its qualified
intermediary agreement to the withholding agent no later than January 15
of the year following the year in which the payments are paid. Failure
to provide such information will result in the application of penalties
to the qualified intermediary under sections 6721 and 6722, as well as
any other applicable penalties, and may result in the termination of the
qualified intermediary's withholding agreement with the IRS. A
withholding agent shall not be liable for tax, interest, or penalties
for failure to backup withhold or report information under chapter 61 of
the Internal Revenue Code due solely to the errors or omissions of the
qualified intermediary. If a qualified intermediary fails to provide the
allocation information required by this paragraph (e)(5)(v)(C)(2), with
respect to U.S. non-exempt recipients, the withholding agent shall
report the unallocated amount paid from the withholding rate pool to an
unknown recipient, or otherwise in accordance with the appropriate Form
1099 and the instructions accompanying the form.
(f) Effective date--(1) In general. This section applies to payments
made after December 31, 2000.
(2) Transition rules--(i) Special rules for existing documentation.
For purposes of paragraphs (d)(3) and (e)(2)(i) of this section, the
validity of a withholding certificate (namely, Form W-8, 8233, 1001,
4224, or 1078 , or a statement described in Sec. 1.1441-5 in effect
prior to January 1, 2001 (see Sec. 1.1441-5 as contained in 26 CFR part
1, revised April 1, 1999)) that was valid on January 1, 1998 under the
regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and
35a, revised April 1, 1999) and expired, or will expire, at any time
during 1998, is extended until December 31, 1998. The validity of a
withholding certificate that is valid on or after January 1, 1999,
remains valid until its validity expires under the regulations in effect
prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1,
1999) but in no event will such withholding certificate remain valid
after December 31, 2000. The rule in this paragraph (f)(2)(i), however,
does not apply to extend the validity period of a withholding
certificate that expires solely by reason of changes in the
circumstances of the person whose name is on the certificate.
Notwithstanding the first three sentences of this paragraph (f)(2)(i), a
withholding agent may choose to not take advantage of the transition
rule in this paragraph (f)(2)(i) with respect to one or more withholding
certificates valid under the regulations in effect prior to January 1,
2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999) and, therefore,
to require withholding certificates conforming to the requirements
described in this section (new withholding certificates). For purposes
of this section, a new withholding certificate is deemed to satisfy the
documentation requirement under the regulations in effect prior to
January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999).
Further, a new withholding certificate remains valid for the period
specified in paragraph (e)(4)(ii) of this section, regardless of when
the certificate is obtained.
(ii) Lack of documentation for past years. A taxpayer may elect to
apply the provisions of paragraphs
[[Page 107]]
(b)(7)(i)(B), (ii), and (iii) of this section, dealing with liability
for failure to obtain documentation timely, to all of its open tax
years, including tax years that are currently under examination by the
IRS. The election is made by simply taking action under those provisions
in the same manner as the taxpayer would take action for payments made
after December 31, 2000.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53424, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72184, 72187, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73409, 73412, Dec. 30,
1999; T.D. 8881, 65 FR 32170, 32211, May 22, 2000; 66 FR 18188, Apr. 6,
2001; T.D. 9023, 67 FR 70312, Nov. 22, 2002; T.D. 9253, 71 FR 13005,
Mar. 14, 2006; T.D. 9323, 72 FR 18388, Apr. 12, 2007]
Sec. 1.1441-2 Amounts subject to withholding.
(a) In general. For purposes of the regulations under chapter 3 of
the Internal Revenue Code, the term amounts subject to withholding means
amounts from sources within the United States that constitute either
fixed or determinable annual or periodical income described in paragraph
(b) of this section or other amounts subject to withholding described in
paragraph (c) of this section. For purposes of this paragraph (a), an
amount shall be treated as being from sources within the United States
if the source of the amount cannot be determined at the time of payment.
See Sec. 1.1441-3(d)(1) for determining the amount to be withheld from
a payment in the absence of information at the time of payment regarding
the source of the amount. Amounts subject to withholding include amounts
that are not fixed or determinable annual or periodical income and upon
which withholding is specifically required under a provision of this
section or another section of the regulations under chapter 3 of the
Internal Revenue Code (such as corporate distributions upon which
withholding is required under Sec. 1.1441-3(c)(1) that do not
constitute dividend income). Amounts subject to withholding do not
include--
(1) Amounts described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(4)(i) to the extent they
involve interest on obligations in bearer form or on foreign-targeted
registered obligations (but, in the case of a foreign-targeted
registered obligation, only to the extent of those amounts paid to a
registered owner that is a financial institution within the meaning of
section 871(h)(5)(B) or a member of a clearing organization which member
is the beneficial owner of the obligation);
(2) Amounts described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(4)(ii) (dealing with bank
deposit interest and similar types of interest (including original issue
discount) described in section 871(i)(2)(A) or 881(d));
(3) Amounts described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(4)(iv) (dealing with
interest or original issue discount on certain short-term obligations
described in section 871(g)(1)(B) or 881(e));
(4) Amounts described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(4)(xx) (dealing with
income from certain gambling winnings exempt from tax under section
871(j));
(5) Amounts paid as part of the purchase price of an obligation sold
or exchanged between interest payment dates, unless the sale or exchange
is part of a plan the principal purpose of which is to avoid tax and the
withholding agent has actual knowledge or reason to know of such plan;
(6) Original issue discount paid as part of the purchase price of an
obligation sold or exchanged in a transaction other than a redemption of
such obligation, unless the purchase is part of a plan the principal
purpose of which is to avoid tax and the withholding agent has actual
knowledge or reason to know of such plan; and
(7) Insurance premiums paid with respect to a contract that is
subject to the section 4371 excise tax.
(b) Fixed or determinable annual or periodical income--(1) In
general--(i) Definition. For purposes of chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code and the regulations thereunder, fixed or determinable
annual or periodical income includes all income included in gross income
under section 61 (including original issue discount) except for the
items specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. Items of income
that are excluded from gross income under a provision of law without
regard to the U.S. or foreign status of the owner of the income, such as
interest excluded from gross income under section 103(a) or qualified
scholarship income under section 117, shall not be treated as fixed or
determinable annual or periodical income
[[Page 108]]
under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code. Income excluded from gross
income under section 892 (income of foreign governments) or section 115
(income of a U.S. possession) is fixed or determinable annual or
periodical income since the exclusion from gross income under those
sections is dependent on the foreign status of the owner of the income.
See Sec. 1.306-3(h) for treating income from the disposition of section
306 stock as fixed or determinable annual or periodical income.
(ii) Manner of payment. The term fixed or determinable annual or
periodical is merely descriptive of the character of a class of income.
If an item of income falls within the class of income contemplated in
the statute and described in paragraph (a) of this section, it is
immaterial whether payment of that item is made in a series of payments
or in a single lump sum. Further, the income need not be paid annually
if it is paid periodically; that is to say, from time to time, whether
or not at regular intervals. The fact that a payment is not made
annually or periodically does not, however, prevent it from being fixed
or determinable annual or periodical income (e.g., a lump sum payment).
In addition, the fact that the length of time during which the payments
are to be made may be increased or diminished in accordance with
someone's will or with the happening of an event does not disqualify the
payment as determinable or periodical. For this purpose, the share of
the fixed or determinable annual or periodical income of an estate or
trust from sources within the United States which is required to be
distributed currently, or which has been paid or credited during the
taxable year, to a nonresident alien beneficiary of such estate or trust
constitutes fixed or determinable annual or periodical income.
(iii) Determinability of amount. An item of income is fixed when it
is to be paid in amounts definitely pre-determined. An item of income is
determinable if the amount to be paid is not known but there is a basis
of calculation by which the amount may be ascertained at a later time.
For example, interest is determinable even if it is contingent in that
its amount cannot be determined at the time of payment of an amount with
respect to a loan because the calculation of the interest portion of the
payment is contingent upon factors that are not fixed at the time of the
payment. For purposes of this section, an amount of income does not have
to be determined at the time that the payment is made in order to be
determinable. An amount of income described in paragraph (a) of this
section which the withholding agent knows is part of a payment it makes
but which it cannot calculate exactly at the time of payment, is
nevertheless determinable if the determination of the exact amount
depends upon events expected to occur at a future date. In contrast, a
payment which may be income in the future based upon events that are not
anticipated at the time the payment is made is not determinable. For
example, loan proceeds may become income to the borrower when and to the
extent the loan is canceled without repayment. While the cancellation of
the debt is income to the borrower when it occurs, it is not
determinable at the time the loan proceeds are disbursed to the borrower
if the lack of repayment leading to the cancellation of part or all of
the debt was not anticipated at the time of disbursement. The fact that
the source of an item of income cannot be determined at the time that
the payment is made does not render a payment not determinable. See
Sec. 1.1441-3(d)(1) for determining the amount to be withheld from a
payment in the absence of information at the time of payment regarding
the source of the amount.
(2) Exceptions. For purposes of chapter 3 of the Code and the
regulations thereunder, the items of income described in this paragraph
(b)(2) are not fixed or determinable annual or periodical income--
(i) Gains derived from the sale of property (including market
discount and option premiums), except for gains described in paragraph
(b)(3) or (c) of this section; and
(ii) Any other income that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) may
determine, in published guidance (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this
chapter), is not fixed or determinable annual or periodical income.
[[Page 109]]
(3) Original issue discount--(i) Amount subject to tax. An amount
representing original issue discount is fixed or determinable annual or
periodical income that is subject to tax under sections 871(a)(1)(C) and
881(a)(3) to the extent provided in those sections and this paragraph
(b)(3) if not otherwise excluded under paragraph (a) of this section. An
amount of original issue discount is subject to tax with respect to a
foreign beneficial owner of an obligation carrying original issue
discount upon a sale or exchange of the obligation or when a payment is
made on such obligation. The amount taxable is the amount of original
issue discount that accrued while the foreign person held the obligation
up to the time that the obligation is sold or exchanged or that a
payment is made on the obligation, reduced by any amount of original
issue discount that was taken into account prior to that time (due to a
payment made on the obligation). In the case of a payment made on the
obligation, the tax due on the amount of original issue discount may not
exceed the amount of the payment reduced by the tax imposed on any
portion of the payment that is qualified stated interest.
(ii) Amounts subject to withholding. A withholding agent must
withhold on the taxable amount of original issue discount paid on the
redemption of an original issue discount obligation unless an exception
to withholding applies (e.g., portfolio interest or treaty exception).
In addition, withholding is required on the taxable amount of original
issue discount upon the sale or exchange of an original issue discount
obligation, other than in a redemption, to the extent the withholding
agent has actual knowledge or reason to know that the sale or exchange
is part of a plan the principal purpose of which is to avoid tax. If a
withholding agent cannot determine the taxable amount of original issue
discount on the redemption of an original issue discount obligation (or
on the sale or exchange of such an obligation if the principal purpose
of the sale is to avoid tax), then it must withhold on the entire amount
of original issue discount accrued from the date of issue until the date
of redemption (or the date the obligation is sold or exchanged)
determined on the basis of the most recently published ``List of
Original Issue Discount Instruments'' (IRS Publication 1212, available
from the IRS Forms Distribution Center) or similar list published by the
IRS as if the beneficial owner of the obligation had held the obligation
since its original issue.
(iii) Exceptions to withholding. To the extent that this paragraph
(b)(3) applies to require withholding by a person other than an issuer
of an original issue discount obligation, or the issuer's agent, it
shall apply only to obligations issued after December 31, 2000.
(4) Securities lending transactions and equivalent transactions. See
Sec. Sec. 1.871-7(b)(2) and 1.881-2(b)(2) regarding the character of
substitute payments as fixed and determinable annual or periodical
income. Such amounts constitute income subject to withholding to the
extent they are from sources within the United States, as determined
under section Sec. Sec. 1.861-2(a)(7) and 1.861-3(a)(6). See Sec. Sec.
1.6042-3(a)(2) and 1.6049-5(a)(5) for reporting requirements applicable
to substitute dividend and interest payments, respectively.
(5) REMIC residual interests. Amounts subject to withholding include
an excess inclusion described in Sec. 1.860G-3(b)(2) and the portion of
an amount described in Sec. 1.860G-3(b)(1) that is an excess inclusion.
(c) Other income subject to withholding. Withholding is also
required on the following items of income--
(1) Gains described in sections 631 (b) or (c), relating to
treatment of gain on disposal of timber, coal, or domestic iron ore with
a retained economic interest; and
(2) Gains subject to the 30-percent tax under section 871(a)(1)(D)
or 881(a)(4), relating to contingent payments received from the sale or
exchange of patents, copyrights, and similar intangible property.
(d) Exceptions to withholding where no money or property is paid or
lack of knowledge--(1) General rule. A withholding agent who is not
related to the recipient or beneficial owner has an obligation to
withhold under section 1441 only to the extent that, at any time between
the date that the obligation to
[[Page 110]]
withhold would arise (but for the provisions of this paragraph (d)) and
the due date for the filing of return on Form 1042 (including
extensions) for the year in which the payment occurs, it has control
over, or custody of money or property owned by the recipient or
beneficial owner from which to withhold an amount and has knowledge of
the facts that give rise to the payment. The exemption from the
obligation to withhold under this paragraph (d) shall not apply,
however, to distributions with respect to stock or if the lack of
control or custody of money or property from which to withhold is part
of a pre-arranged plan known to the withholding agent to avoid
withholding under section 1441, 1442, or 1443. For purposes of this
paragraph (d), a withholding agent is related to the recipient or
beneficial owner if it is related within the meaning of section 482. Any
exemption from withholding pursuant to this paragraph (d) applies
without a requirement that documentation be furnished to the withholding
agent. However, documentation may have to be furnished for purposes of
the information reporting provisions under chapter 61 of the Code and
backup withholding under section 3406. The exemption from withholding
under this paragraph (d) is not a determination that the amounts are not
fixed or determinable annual or periodical income, nor does it
constitute an exemption from reporting the amount under Sec. 1.1461-1
(b) and (c).
(2) Cancellation of debt. A lender of funds who forgives any portion
of the loan is deemed to have made a payment of income to the borrower
under Sec. 1.61-12 at the time the event of forgiveness occurs.
However, based on the rules of paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the
lender shall have no obligation to withhold on such amount to the extent
that it does not have custody or control over money or property of the
borrower at any time between the time that the loan is forgiven and the
due date (including extensions) of the Form 1042 for the year in which
the payment is deemed to occur. A payment received by the lender from
the borrower in partial settlement of the debt obligation does not, for
this purpose, constitute an amount of money or property belonging to the
borrower from which the withholding tax liability can be satisfied.
(3) Satisfaction of liability following underwithholding by
withholding agent. A withholding agent who, after failing to withhold
the proper amount from a payment, satisfies the underwithheld amount out
of its own funds may cause the beneficial owner to realize income to the
extent of such satisfaction or may be considered to have advanced funds
to the beneficial owner. Such determination depends upon the contractual
arrangements governing the satisfaction of such tax liability (e.g.,
arrangements in which the withholding agent agrees to pay the amount due
under section 1441 for the beneficial owner) or applicable laws
governing the transaction. If the satisfaction of the tax liability is
considered to constitute an advance of funds by the withholding agent to
the beneficial owner and the withholding agent fails to collect the
amount from the beneficial owner, a cancellation of indebtedness may
result, giving rise to income to the beneficial owner under Sec. 1.61-
12. While such income is annual or periodical fixed or determinable, the
withholding agent shall have no liability to withhold on such income to
the extent the conditions set forth in paragraphs (d) (1) and (2) of
this section are satisfied with respect to this income. Contrast the
rules of this paragraph (d)(3) with the rules in Sec. 1.1441-3(f)(1)
dealing with a situation in which the satisfaction of the beneficial
owner's tax liability itself constitutes additional income to the
beneficial owner. See, also, Sec. 1.1441-3(c)(2)(ii)(B) for a special
rule regarding underwithholding on corporate distributions due to
underestimating an amount of earnings and profits.
(4) Withholding exemption inapplicable. The exemption in Sec.
1.1441-2(d) from the obligation to withhold shall not apply to amounts
described in Sec. 1.860G-3(b)(1) (regarding certain partnership
allocations of REMIC net income with respect to a REMIC residual
interest).
(e) Payment--(1) General rule. A payment is considered made to a
person if that person realizes income whether or not such income results
from an actual transfer of cash or other property. For
[[Page 111]]
example, realization of income from cancellation of debt results in a
deemed payment. A payment is considered made when the amount would be
includible in the income of the beneficial owner under the U.S. tax
principles governing the cash basis method of accounting. A payment is
considered made whether it is made directly to the beneficial owner or
to another person for the benefit of the beneficial owner (e.g., to the
agent of the beneficial owner). Thus, a payment of income is considered
made to a beneficial owner if it is paid in complete or partial
satisfaction of the beneficial owner's debt to a creditor. In the event
of a conflict between the rules of this paragraph (e)(1) governing
whether a payment has occurred and its timing and the rules of Sec.
31.3406(a)-4 of this chapter, the rules in Sec. 31.3406(a)-4 of this
chapter shall apply to the extent that the application of section 3406
is relevant to the transaction at issue.
(2) Income allocated under section 482. A payment is considered made
to the extent income subject to withholding is allocated under section
482. Further, income arising as a result of a secondary adjustment made
in conjunction with a reallocation of income under section 482 from a
foreign person to a related U.S. person is considered paid to a foreign
person unless the taxpayer to whom the income is reallocated has entered
into a repatriation agreement with the IRS and the agreement eliminates
the liability for withholding under this section. For purposes of
determining the liability for withholding, the payment of income is
deemed to have occurred on the last day of the taxable year in which the
transactions that give rise to the allocation of income and the
secondary adjustments, if any, took place.
(3) Blocked income. Income is not considered paid if it is blocked
under executive authority, such as the President's exercise of emergency
power under the Trading with the Enemy Act (50 U.S.C. App. 5), or the
International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.).
However, on the date that the blocking restrictions are removed, the
income that was blocked is considered constructively received by the
beneficial owner (and therefore paid for purposes of this section) and
subject to withholding under Sec. 1.1441-1. Any exemption from
withholding pursuant to this paragraph (e)(3) applies without a
requirement that documentation be furnished to the withholding agent.
However, documentation may have to be furnished for purposes of the
information reporting provisions under chapter 61 of the Code and backup
withholding under section 3406. The exemption from withholding granted
by this paragraph (e)(3) is not a determination that the amounts are not
fixed or determinable annual or periodical income.
(4) Special rules for dividends. For purposes of sections 1441 and
6042, in the case of stock for which the record date is earlier than the
payment date, dividends are considered paid on the payment date. In the
case of a corporate reorganization, if a beneficial owner is required to
exchange stock held in a former corporation for stock in a new
corporation before dividends that are to be paid with respect to the
stock in the new corporation will be paid on such stock, the dividend is
considered paid on the date that the payee or beneficial owner actually
exchanges the stock and receives the dividend. See Sec. 31.3406(a)-
4(a)(2) of this chapter.
(5) Certain interest accrued by a foreign corporation. For purposes
of sections 1441 and 6049, a foreign corporation shall be treated as
having made a payment of interest as of the last day of the taxable year
if it has made an election under Sec. 1.884-4(c)(1) to treat accrued
interest as if it were paid in that taxable year.
(6) Payments other than in U.S. dollars. For purposes of section
1441, a payment includes amounts paid in a medium other than U.S.
dollars. See Sec. 1.1441-3(e) for rules regarding the amount subject to
withholding in the case of such payments.
(f) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to payments
made after December 31, 2000. Paragraphs (b)(5)
[[Page 112]]
and (d)(4) of this section apply to payments made after August 1, 2006.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53444, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72187, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73412, Dec. 30, 1999; T.D. 8881,
65 FR 32186, May 22, 2000; T.D. 9272, 71 FR 43366, Aug. 1, 2006; T.D.
9415, 73 FR 40172, July 14, 2008; 73 FR 45612, Aug. 6, 2008]
Sec. 1.1441-3 Determination of amounts to be withheld.
(a) Withholding on gross amount. Except as otherwise provided in
regulations under section 1441, the amount subject to withholding under
Sec. 1.1441-1 is the gross amount of income subject to withholding that
is paid to a foreign person. The gross amount of income subject to
withholding may not be reduced by any deductions, except to the extent
that one or more personal exemptions are allowed as provided under Sec.
1.1441-4(b)(6).
(b) Withholding on payments on certain obligations--(1) Withholding
at time of payment of interest. When making a payment on an interest-
bearing obligation, a withholding agent must withhold under Sec.
1.1441-1 upon the gross amount of stated interest payable on the
interest payment date, regardless of whether the payment constitutes a
return of capital or the payment of income within the meaning of section
61. To the extent an amount was withheld on an amount of capital rather
than interest, see the rules for adjustments, refunds, or credits under
Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(8).
(2) No withholding between interest payment dates--(i) In general. A
withholding agent is not required to withhold under Sec. 1.1441-1 upon
interest accrued on the date of a sale or exchange of a debt obligation
when that sale occurs between two interest payment dates (even though
the amount is treated as interest under Sec. 1.61-7(c) or (d) and is
subject to tax under section 871 or 881). See Sec. 1.6045-1(c) for
reporting requirements by brokers with respect to sale proceeds. See
Sec. 1.61-7(c) regarding the character of payments received by the
acquirer of an obligation subsequent to such acquisition (that is, as a
return of capital or interest accrued after the acquisition). Any
exemption from withholding pursuant to this paragraph (b)(2)(i) applies
without a requirement that documentation be furnished to the withholding
agent. However, documentation may have to be furnished for purposes of
the information reporting provisions under section 6045 or 6049 and
backup withholding under section 3406. The exemption from withholding
granted by this paragraph (b)(2) is not a determination that the accrued
interest is not fixed or determinable annual or periodical income under
section 871(a) or 881(a).
(ii) Anti-abuse rule. The exemption in paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this
section does not apply if the sale of securities is part of a plan the
principal purpose of which is to avoid tax by selling and repurchasing
securities and the withholding agent has actual knowledge or reason to
know of such plan.
(c) Corporate distributions--(1) General rule. A corporation making
a distribution with respect to its stock or any intermediary (described
in Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(13)) making a payment of such a distribution is
required to withhold under section 1441, 1442, or 1443 on the entire
amount of the distribution, unless it elects to reduce the amount of
withholding under the provisions of this paragraph (c). Any exceptions
from withholding provided by this paragraph (c) apply without any
requirement to furnish documentation to the withholding agent. However,
documentation may have to be furnished for purposes of the information
reporting provisions under section 6042 or 6045 and backup withholding
under section 3406. See Sec. 1.1461-1(c) to determine whether amounts
excepted from withholding under this section are considered amounts that
are subject to reporting.
(2) Exception to withholding on distributions--(i) In general. An
election described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section is made by
actually reducing the amount of withholding at the time that the payment
is made. An intermediary that makes a payment of a distribution is not
required to reduce the withholding based on the distributing
corporation's estimates under this paragraph (c)(2) even if the
distributing corporation itself elects to reduce the withholding on
payments of distributions that it itself makes to foreign persons.
Conversely, an intermediary may elect to reduce the
[[Page 113]]
amount of withholding with respect to the payment of a distribution even
if the distributing corporation does not so elect for the payments of
distributions that it itself makes of distributions to foreign persons.
The amounts with respect to which a distributing corporation or
intermediary may elect to reduce the withholding are as follows:
(A) A distributing corporation or intermediary may elect to not
withhold on a distribution to the extent it represents a nontaxable
distribution payable in stock or stock rights.
(B) A distributing corporation or intermediary may elect to not
withhold on a distribution to the extent it represents a distribution in
part or full payment in exchange for stock.
(C) A distributing corporation or intermediary may elect to not
withhold on a distribution (actual or deemed) to the extent it is not
paid out of accumulated earnings and profits or current earnings and
profits, based on a reasonable estimate determined under paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section.
(D) A regulated investment company or intermediary may elect to not
withhold on a distribution representing a capital gain dividend (as
defined in section 852(b)(3)(C)) or an exempt interest dividend (as
defined in section 852(b)(5)(A)) based on the applicable procedures
described under paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(E) A U.S. Real Property Holding Corporation (defined in section
897(c)(2)) or a real estate investment trust (defined in section 856) or
intermediary may elect to not withhold on a distribution to the extent
it is subject to withholding under section 1445 and the regulations
under that section. See paragraph (c)(4) of this section for applicable
procedures.
(ii) Reasonable estimate of accumulated and current earnings and
profits on the date of payment--(A) General rule. A reasonable estimate
for purposes of paragraph (c)(2)(i)(C) of this section is a
determination made by the distributing corporation at a time reasonably
close to the date of payment of the extent to which the distribution
will constitute a dividend, as defined in section 316. The determination
is based upon the anticipated amount of accumulated earnings and profits
and current earnings and profits for the taxable year in which the
distribution is made, the distributions made prior to the distribution
for which the estimate is made and all other relevant facts and
circumstances. A reasonable estimate may be made based on the procedures
described in Sec. 31.3406(b)(2)-4(c)(2) of this chapter.
(B) Procedures in case of underwithholding. A distributing
corporation or intermediary that is a withholding agent with respect to
a distribution and that determines at the end of the taxable year in
which the distribution is made that it underwithheld under section 1441
on the distribution shall be liable for the amount underwithheld as a
withholding agent under section 1461. However, for purposes of this
section and Sec. 1.1461-1, any amount underwithheld paid by a
distributing corporation, its paying agent, or an intermediary shall not
be treated as income subject to additional withholding even if that
amount is treated as additional income to the shareholders unless the
additional amount is income to the shareholder as a result of a
contractual arrangement between the parties regarding the satisfaction
of the shareholder's tax liabilities. In addition, no penalties shall be
imposed for failure to withhold and deposit the tax if--
(1) The distributing corporation made a reasonable estimate as
provided in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section; and
(2) Either--
(i) The corporation or intermediary pays over the underwithheld
amount on or before the due date for filing a Form 1042 for the calendar
year in which the distribution is made, pursuant to Sec. 1.1461-2(b);
or
(ii) The corporation or intermediary is not a calendar year taxpayer
and it files an amended return on Form 1042X (or such other form as the
Commissioner may prescribe) for the calendar year in which the
distribution is made and pays the underwithheld amount and interest
within 60 days after the close of the taxable year in which the
distribution is made.
[[Page 114]]
(C) Reliance by intermediary on reasonable estimate. For purposes of
determining whether the payment of a corporate distribution is a
dividend, a withholding agent that is not the distributing corporation
may, absent actual knowledge or reason to know otherwise, rely on
representations made by the distributing corporation regarding the
reasonable estimate of the anticipated accumulated and current earnings
and profits made in accordance with paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section. Failure by the withholding agent to withhold the required
amount due to a failure by the distributing corporation to reasonably
estimate the portion of the distribution treated as a dividend or to
properly communicate the information to the withholding agent shall be
imputed to the distributing corporation. In such a case, the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) may collect from the distributing corporation any
underwithheld amount and subject the distributing corporation to
applicable interest and penalties as a withholding agent.
(D) Example. The rules of this paragraph (c)(2) are illustrated by
the following example:
Example. (i) Facts. Corporation X, a publicly traded corporation
with both U.S. and foreign shareholders and a calendar year taxpayer,
has an accumulated deficit in earnings and profits at the close of 2000.
In 2001, Corporation X generates $1 million of current earnings and
profits each month and makes an $18 million distribution, resulting in a
$12 million dividend. Corporation X plans to make an additional $18
million distribution on October 1, 2002. Approximately one month before
that date, Corporation X's management receives an internal report from
its legal and accounting department concerning Corporation X's estimated
current earnings and profits. The report states that Corporation X
should generate only $5.1 million of current earnings and profits by the
close of the third quarter due to costs relating to substantial
organizational and product changes, but these changes will enable
Corporation X to generate $1.3 million of earnings and profits monthly
for the last quarter of the 2002 fiscal year. Thus, the total amount of
current and earnings and profits for 2002 is estimated to be $9 million.
(ii) Analysis. Based on the facts in paragraph (i) of this Example,
including the fact that earnings and profits estimate was made within a
reasonable time before the distribution, Corporation X can rely on the
estimate under paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore,
Corporation X may treat $9 million of the $18 million of the October 1,
2002, distribution to foreign shareholders as a non-dividend
distribution.
(3) Special rules in the case of distributions from a regulated
investment company--(i) General rule. If the amount of any distributions
designated as being subject to section 852(b)(3)(C) or 5(A), or
871(k)(1)(C) or (2)(C), exceeds the amount that may be designated under
those sections for the taxable year, then no penalties will be asserted
for any resulting underwithholding if the designations were based on a
reasonable estimate (made pursuant to the same procedures as described
in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section) and the adjustments to the
amount withheld are made within the time period described in paragraph
(c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section. Any adjustment to the amount of tax due
and paid to the IRS by the withholding agent as a result of
underwithholding shall not be treated as a distribution for purposes of
section 562(c) and the regulations thereunder. Any amount of U.S. tax
that a foreign shareholder is treated as having paid on the
undistributed capital gain of a regulated investment company under
section 852(b)(3)(D) may be claimed by the foreign shareholder as a
credit or refund under Sec. 1.1464-1.
(ii) Reliance by intermediary on reasonable estimate. For purposes
of determining whether a payment is a distribution designated as subject
to section 852(b)(3)(C) or (5)(A), or 871(k)(1)(C) or (2)(C), a
withholding agent that is not the distributing regulated investment
company may, absent actual knowledge or reason to know otherwise, rely
on the designations that the distributing company represents have been
made in accordance with paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section. Failure by
the withholding agent to withhold the required amount due to a failure
by the regulated investment company to reasonably estimate the required
amounts or to properly communicate the relevant information to the
withholding agent shall be imputed to the distributing company. In such
a case, the IRS may collect from the distributing company any
underwithheld
[[Page 115]]
amount and subject the company to applicable interest and penalties as a
withholding agent.
(4) Coordination with withholding under section 1445--(i) In
general. A distribution from a U.S. Real Property Holding Corporation
(USRPHC) (or from a corporation that was a USRPHC at any time during the
five-year period ending on the date of distribution) with respect to
stock that is a U.S. real property interest under section 897(c) or from
a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) with respect to its stock is
subject to the withholding provisions under section 1441 (or section
1442 or 1443) and section 1445. A USRPHC making a distribution shall be
treated as satisfying its withholding obligations under both sections if
it withholds in accordance with one of the procedures described in
either paragraph (c)(4)(i) (A) or (B) of this section. A USRPHC must
apply the same withholding procedure to all the distributions made
during the taxable year. However, the USRPHC may change the applicable
withholding procedure from year to year. For rules regarding
distributions by REITs, see paragraph (c)(4)(i)(C) of this section.
(A) Withholding under section 1441. The USRPHC may choose to
withhold on a distribution only under section 1441 (or 1442 or 1443) and
not under section 1445. In such a case, the USRPHC must withhold under
section 1441 (or 1442 or 1443) on the full amount of the distribution,
whether or not any portion of the distribution represents a return of
basis or capital gain. If a reduced tax rate under an income tax treaty
applies to the distribution by the USRPHC, then the applicable rate of
withholding on the distribution shall be no less than 10-percent, unless
the applicable treaty specifies an applicable lower rate for
distributions from a USRPHC, in which case the lower rate may apply.
(B) Withholding under both sections 1441 and 1445. As an alternative
to the procedure described in paragraph (c)(4)(i)(A) of this section, a
USRPHC may choose to withhold under both sections 1441 (or 1442 or 1443)
and 1445 under the procedures set forth in this paragraph (c)(4)(i)(B).
The USRPHC must make a reasonable estimate of the portion of the
distribution that is a dividend under paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section, and must--
(1) Withhold under section 1441 (or 1442 or 1443) on the portion of
the distribution that is estimated to be a dividend under paragraph
(c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section; and
(2) Withhold under section 1445(e)(3) and Sec. 1.1445-5(e) on the
remainder of the distribution or on such smaller portion based on a
withholding certificate obtained in accordance with Sec. 1.1445-
5(e)(2)(iv).
(C) Coordination with REIT withholding. Withholding is required
under section 1441 (or 1442 or 1443) on the portion of a distribution
from a REIT that is not designated as a capital gain dividend, a return
of basis, or a distribution in excess of a shareholder's adjusted basis
in the stock of the REIT that is treated as a capital gain under section
301(c)(3). A distribution in excess of a shareholder's adjusted basis in
the stock of the REIT is, however, subject to withholding under section
1445, unless the interest in the REIT is not a U.S. real property
interest (e.g., an interest in a domestically controlled REIT under
section 897(h)(2)). In addition, withholding is required under section
1445 on the portion of the distribution designated by a REIT as a
capital gain dividend. See Sec. 1.1445-8.
(ii) Intermediary reliance rule. A withholding agent that is not the
distributing USRPHC must withhold under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this
section, but may, absent actual knowledge or reason to know otherwise,
rely on representations made by the USRPHC regarding the determinations
required under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section. Failure by the
withholding agent to withhold the required amount due to a failure by
the distributing USRPHC to make these determinations in a reasonable
manner or to properly communicate the determinations to the withholding
agent shall be imputed to the distributing USRPHC. In such a case, the
IRS may collect from the distributing USRPHC any underwithheld amount
and subject the distributing USRPHC to applicable interest and penalties
as a withholding agent.
[[Page 116]]
(d) Withholding on payments that include an undetermined amount of
income--(1) In general. Where the withholding agent makes a payment and
does not know at the time of payment the amount that is subject to
withholding because the determination of the source of the income or the
calculation of the amount of income subject to tax depends upon facts
that are not known at the time of payment, then the withholding agent
must withhold an amount under Sec. 1.1441-1 based on the entire amount
paid that is necessary to assure that the tax withheld is not less than
30 percent (or other applicable percentage) of the amount that will
subsequently be determined to be from sources within the United States
or to be income subject to tax. The amount so withheld shall not exceed
30 percent of the amount paid. In the alternative, the withholding agent
may make a reasonable estimate of the amount from U.S. sources or of the
taxable amount and set aside a corresponding portion of the amount due
under the transaction and hold such portion in escrow until the amount
from U.S. sources or the taxable amount can be determined, at which
point withholding becomes due under Sec. 1.1441-1. See Sec. 1.1441-
1(b)(8) regarding adjustments in the case of overwithholding. The
provisions of this paragraph (d)(1) shall not apply to the extent that
other provisions of the regulations under chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code (Code) specify the amount to be withheld, if any, when the
withholding agent lacks knowledge at the time of payment (e.g., lack of
reliable knowledge regarding the status of the payee or beneficial
owner, addressed in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3), or lack of knowledge regarding
the amount of original issue discount under Sec. 1.1441-2(b)(3)).
(2) Withholding on certain gains. Absent actual knowledge or reason
to know otherwise, a withholding agent may rely on a claim regarding the
amount of gain described in Sec. 1.1441-2(c) if the beneficial owner
withholding certificate, or other appropriate withholding certificate,
states the beneficial owner's basis in the property giving rise to the
gain. In the absence of a reliable representation on a withholding
certificate, the withholding agent must withhold an amount under Sec.
1.1441-1 that is necessary to assure that the tax withheld is not less
than 30 percent (or other applicable percentage) of the recognized gain.
For this purpose, the recognized gain is determined without regard to
any deduction allowed by the Code from the gains. The amount so withheld
shall not exceed 30 percent of the amount payable by reason of the
transaction giving rise to the recognized gain. See Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(8)
regarding adjustments in the case of overwithholding.
(e) Payments other than in U.S. dollars--(1) In general. The amount
of a payment made in a medium other than U.S. dollars is measured by the
fair market value of the property or services provided in lieu of U.S.
dollars. The withholding agent may liquidate the property prior to
payment in order to withhold the required amount of tax under section
1441 or obtain payment of the tax from an alternative source. However,
the obligation to withhold under section 1441 is not deferred even if no
alternative source can be located. Thus, for purposes of withholding
under chapter 3 of the Code, the provisions of Sec. 31.3406(h)-
2(b)(2)(ii) of this chapter (relating to backup withholding from another
source) shall not apply. If the withholding agent satisfies the tax
liability related to such payments, the rules of paragraph (f) of this
section apply.
(2) Payments in foreign currency. If the amount subject to
withholding tax is paid in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, the
amount of withholding under section 1441 shall be determined by applying
the applicable rate of withholding to the foreign currency amount and
converting the amount withheld into U.S. dollars on the date of payment
at the spot rate (as defined in Sec. 1.988-1(d)(1)) in effect on that
date. A withholding agent making regular or frequent payments in foreign
currency may use a month-end spot rate or a monthly average spot rate.
In addition, such a withholding agent may use the spot rate on the date
the amount of tax is deposited (within the meaning of Sec. 1.6302-
2(a)), provided that such deposit is made within seven days of the date
[[Page 117]]
of the payment giving rise to the obligation to withhold. A spot rate
convention must be used consistently for all non-dollar amounts withheld
and from year to year. Such convention cannot be changed without the
consent of the Commissioner. The U.S. dollar amount so determined shall
be treated by the beneficial owner as the amount of tax paid on the
income for purposes of determining the final U.S. tax liability and, if
applicable, claiming a refund or credit of tax.
(f) Tax liability of beneficial owner satisfied by withholding
agent--(1) General rule. In the event that the satisfaction of a tax
liability of a beneficial owner by a withholding agent constitutes
income to the beneficial owner and such income is of a type that is
subject to withholding, the amount of the payment deemed made by the
withholding agent for purposes of this paragraph (f) shall be determined
under the gross-up formula provided in this paragraph (f)(1). Whether
the payment of the tax by the withholding agent constitutes a
satisfaction of the beneficial owner's tax liability and whether, as
such, it constitutes additional income to the beneficial owner, must be
determined under all the facts and circumstances surrounding the
transaction, including any agreements between the parties and applicable
law. The formula described in this paragraph (f)(1) is as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR14OC97.000
(2) Example. The following example illustrates the provisions of
this paragraph (f):
Example. College X awards a qualified scholarship within the meaning
of section 117(b) to foreign student, FS, who is in the United States on
an F visa. FS is a resident of a country that does not have an income
tax treaty with the United States. The scholarship is $20,000 to be
applied to tuition, mandatory fees and books, plus benefits in kind
consisting of room and board and roundtrip air transportation. College X
agrees to pay any U.S. income tax owed by FS with respect to the
scholarship. The fair market value of the room and board measured by the
amount College X charges non-scholarship students is $6,000. The cost of
the roundtrip air transportation is $2,600. Therefore, the total fair
market value of the scholarship received by FS is $28,600. However, the
amount taxable is limited to the fair market value of the benefits in
kind ($8,600) because the portion of the scholarship amount for tuition,
fees, and books is not included in gross income under section 117. The
applicable rate of withholding is 14 percent under section 1441(b).
Therefore, under the gross-up formula, College X is deemed to make a
payment of $10,000 ($8,600 divided by (1-.14). The U.S. tax that must be
deducted and withheld from the payment under section 1441(b) is $1,400
(.14x$10,000). College X reports scholarship income of $30,000 and
$1,400 of U.S. tax withheld on Forms 1042 and 1042-S.
(g) Conduit financing arrangements--(1) Duty to withhold. A financed
entity or other person required to withhold tax under section 1441 with
respect to a financing arrangement that is a conduit financing
arrangement within the meaning of Sec. 1.881-3(a)(2)(iv) shall be
required to withhold under section 1441 as if the district director had
determined, pursuant to Sec. 1.881-3(a)(3), that all conduit entities
that are parties to the conduit financing arrangement should be
disregarded. The amount of tax required to be withheld shall be
determined under Sec. 1.881-3(d). The withholding agent may withhold
tax at a reduced rate if the financing entity establishes that it is
entitled to the benefit of a treaty that provides a reduced rate of tax
on a payment of the type deemed to have been paid to the financing
entity. Section 1.881-3(a)(3)(ii)(E) shall not apply for purposes of
determining whether any person is required to deduct and withhold tax
pursuant to this paragraph (g), or whether any party to a financing
arrangement is liable for failure to withhold or entitled to a refund of
tax under sections 1441 or 1461 to 1464 (except to the extent the amount
withheld exceeds the tax liability determined under Sec. 1.881-3(d)).
See Sec. 1.1441-7(f) relating to withholding tax liability of the
withholding agent in conduit financing arrangements subject to Sec.
1.881-3.
(2) Effective date. This paragraph (g) is effective for payments
made by financed entities on or after September 11, 1995. This paragraph
shall not apply to interest payments covered by section 127(g)(3) of the
Tax Reform Act of 1984, and to interest payments with respect to other
debt obligations issued prior to October 15, 1984 (whether or
[[Page 118]]
not such debt was issued by a Netherlands Antilles corporation).
(h) Effective date. Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (g) of
this section, this section applies to payments made after December 31,
2000.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12074, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6908, 31 FR
16771, Dec. 31, 1966; T.D. 7378, 40 FR 45436, Oct. 2, 1975; T.D. 7977,
49 FR 36831, Sept. 20, 1984; T.D. 8611, 60 FR 41014, Aug. 11, 1995; T.D.
8734, 62 FR 53446, Oct. 14, 1997; T.D. 8804, 63 FR 72187, Dec. 31, 1998;
T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73412, Dec. 30, 1999; T.D. 8881, 65 FR 32187, 32212,
May 22, 2000; T.D. 9253, 71 FR 13006, Mar. 14, 2006]
Sec. 1.1441-4 Exemptions from withholding for certain effectively
connected income and other amounts.
(a) Certain income connected with a U.S. trade or business--(1) In
general. No withholding is required under section 1441 on income
otherwise subject to withholding if the income is (or is deemed to be)
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the
United States and is includible in the beneficial owner's gross income
for the taxable year. For purposes of this paragraph (a), an amount is
not deemed to be includible in gross income if the amount is (or is
deemed to be) effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or
business within the United States and the beneficial owner claims an
exemption from tax under an income tax treaty because the income is not
attributable to a permanent establishment in the United States. To claim
a reduced rate of withholding because the income is not attributable to
a permanent establishment, see Sec. 1.1441-6(b)(1). This paragraph (a)
does not apply to income of a foreign corporation to which section
543(a)(7) applies for the taxable year or to compensation for personal
services performed by an individual. See paragraph (b) of this section
for compensation for personal services performed by an individual.
(2) Withholding agent's reliance on a claim of effectively connected
income--(i) In general. Absent actual knowledge or reason to know
otherwise, a withholding agent may rely on a claim of exemption based
upon paragraph (a)(1) of this section if, prior to the payment to the
foreign person, the withholding agent can reliably associate the payment
with a Form W-8 upon which it can rely to treat the payment as made to a
foreign beneficial owner in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(1)(ii).
For purposes of this paragraph (a), a withholding certificate is valid
only if, in addition to other applicable requirements, it includes the
taxpayer identifying number of the person whose name is on the Form W-8
and represents, under penalties of perjury, that the amounts for which
the certificate is furnished are effectively connected with the conduct
of a trade or business in the United States and is includable in the
beneficial owner's gross income for the taxable year. In the absence of
a reliable claim that the income is effectively connected with the
conduct of a trade or business in the United States, the income is
presumed not to be effectively connected, except as otherwise provided
in paragraph (a) (2)(ii) or (3) of this section. See Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(4)(ii)(C) for the period of validity applicable to a certificate
provided under this section and Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii)(D) for changes
in circumstances arising during the taxable year indicating that the
income to which the certificate relates is not, or is no longer expected
to be, effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business
within the United States. A withholding certificate shall be effective
only for the item or items of income specified therein. The provisions
of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(iv) dealing with a 90-day grace period shall
apply for purposes of this section.
(ii) Special rules for U.S. branches of foreign persons--(A) U.S.
branches of certain foreign banks or foreign insurance companies. A
payment to a U.S. branch described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv)(A) is
presumed to be effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or
business in the United States without the need to furnish a certificate,
unless the U.S. branch provides a U.S. branch withholding certificate
described in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(v) that represents otherwise. If no
certificate is furnished but the income is not, in fact, effectively
connected income, then the branch must withhold whether the payment is
collected on behalf of other persons or on behalf of another branch of
the same entity. See Sec. 1.1441-1(b) (2)(iv) and (6)
[[Page 119]]
for general rules applicable to payments to U.S. branches of foreign
persons.
(B) Other U.S. branches. See Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv)(E) for similar
procedures for other U.S. branches to the extent provided in a
determination letter from the district director or the Assistant
Commissioner (International).
(3) Income on notional principal contracts--(i) General rule. A
withholding agent that pays amounts attributable to a notional principal
contract described in Sec. 1.863-7(a) or 1.988-2(e) shall have no
obligation to withhold on the amounts paid under the terms of the
notional principal contract regardless of whether a withholding
certificate is provided. However, a withholding agent must file returns
under Sec. 1.1461-1(b) and (c) reporting the income that it must treat
as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States under the provisions of this paragraph (a)(3). Except as
otherwise provided in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section, a
withholding agent must treat the income as effectively connected with
the conduct of a U.S. trade or business if the income is paid to, or to
the account of, a qualified business unit of a foreign person located in
the United States or, if the payment is paid to, or to the account of, a
qualified business unit of a foreign person located outside the United
States, the withholding agent knows, or has reason to know, the payment
is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within
the United States. Income on a notional principal contract does not
include the amount characterized as interest under the provisions of
Sec. 1.446-3(g)(4).
(ii) Exception for certain payments. A payment shall not be treated
as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within
the United States for purposes of paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section
even if no withholding certificate is furnished if the payee provides a
representation in a master agreement that governs the transactions in
notional principal contracts between the parties (for example an
International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) Agreement,
including the Schedule thereto) or in the confirmation on the particular
notional principal contract transaction that the payee is a U.S. person
or a non-U.S. branch of a foreign person.
(b) Compensation for personal services of an individual--(1)
Exemption from withholding. Withholding is not required under Sec.
1.1441-1 from salaries, wages, remuneration, or any other compensation
for personal services of a nonresident alien individual if such
compensation is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or
business within the United States and--
(i) Such compensation is subject to withholding under section 3402
(relating to withholding on wages) and the regulations under that
section;
(ii) Such compensation would be subject to withholding under section
3402 but for the provisions of section 3401(a) (not including section
3401(a)(6)) and the regulations under that section. This paragraph
(b)(1)(ii) does not apply to payments to a nonresident alien individual
from any trust described in section 401(a), any annuity plan described
in section 403(a), any annuity, custodial account, or retirement income
account described in section 403(b), or an individual retirement account
or individual retirement annuity described in section 408. Instead,
these payments are subject to withholding under this section to the
extent they are exempted from the definition of wages under section
3401(a)(12) or to the extent they are from an annuity, custodial
account, or retirement income account described in section 403(b), or an
individual retirement account or individual retirement annuity described
in section 408. Thus, for example, payments to a nonresident alien
individual from a trust described in section 401(a) are subject to
withholding under section 1441 and not under section 3405 or section
3406.
(iii) Such compensation is for services performed by a nonresident
alien individual who is a resident of Canada or Mexico and who enters
and leaves the United States at frequent intervals;
(iv) Such compensation is, or will be, exempt from the income tax
imposed by chapter 1 of the Code by reason of a provision of the
Internal Revenue Code or a tax treaty to which the United States is a
party;
[[Page 120]]
(v) Such compensation is paid after January 3, 1979 as a commission
or rebate paid by a ship supplier to a nonresident alien individual, who
is employed by a nonresident alien individual, foreign partnership, or
foreign corporation in the operation of a ship or ships of foreign
registry, for placing orders for supplies to be used in the operation of
such ship or ships with the supplier. See section 162(c) and the
regulations thereunder for denial of deductions for illegal bribes,
kickbacks, and other payments; or
(vi) Compensation that is exempt from withholding under section 3402
by reason of section 3402(e), provided that the employee and his
employer enter into an agreement under section 3402(p) to provide for
the withholding of income tax upon payments of amounts described in
Sec. 31.3401(a)-3(b)(1) of this chapter. An employee who desires to
enter into such an agreement should furnish his employer with Form W-4
(withholding exemption certificate) (or such other form as the Internal
Revenue Service (IRS) may prescribe). See section 3402(f) and the
regulations thereunder and Sec. 31.3402(p)-1 of this chapter.
(2) Manner of obtaining withholding exemption under tax treaty--(i)
In general. In order to obtain the exemption from withholding by reason
of a tax treaty, provided by paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of this section, a
nonresident alien individual must submit a withholding certificate
(described in paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section) to each withholding
agent from whom amounts are to be received. A separate withholding
certificate must be filed for each taxable year of the alien individual.
If the withholding agent is satisfied that an exemption from withholding
is warranted (see paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section), the
withholding certificate shall be accepted in the manner set forth in
paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. The exemption from withholding
becomes effective for payments made at least ten days after a copy of
the accepted withholding certificate is forwarded to the Assistant
Commissioner (International). The withholding agent may rely on an
accepted withholding certificate only if the IRS has not objected to the
certificate. For purposes of this paragraph (b)(2)(i), the IRS will be
considered to have not objected to the certificate if it has not
notified the withholding agent within a 10-day period beginning from the
date that the withholding certificate is forwarded to the IRS pursuant
to paragraph (b)(2)(v) of this section. After expiration of the 10-day
period, the withholding agent may rely on the withholding certificate
retroactive to the date of the first payment covered by the certificate.
The fact that the IRS does not object to the withholding certificate
within the 10-day period provided in this paragraph (b)(2)(i) shall not
preclude the IRS from examining the withholding agent at a later date in
light of facts that the withholding agent knew or had reason to know
regarding the payment and eligibility for a reduced rate and that were
not disclosed to the IRS as part of the 10-day review process.
(ii) Withholding certificate claiming withholding exemption. The
statement claiming an exemption from withholding shall be made on Form
8233 (or an acceptable substitute or such other form as the IRS may
prescribe). Form 8233 shall be dated, signed by the beneficial owner
under penalties of perjury, and contain the following information--
(A) The individual's name, permanent residence address, taxpayer
identifying number (or a copy of a completed Form W-7 or SS-5 showing
that a number has been applied for), and the U.S. visa number, if any;
(B) The individual's current immigration status and visa type;
(C) The individual's original date of entry into the United States;
(D) The country that issued the individual's passport and the number
of such passport, or the individual's permanent address if a citizen of
Canada or Mexico;
(E) The taxable year for which the statement is to apply, the
compensation to which it relates, and the amount (or estimated amount if
exact amount not known) of such compensation;
(F) A statement that the individual is not a citizen or resident of
the United States;
(G) The number of personal exemptions claimed by the individual;
[[Page 121]]
(H) A statement as to whether the compensation to be paid to him or
her during the taxable year is or will be exempt from income tax and the
reason why the compensation is exempt;
(I) If the compensation is exempt from withholding by reason of an
income tax treaty to which the United States is a party, the tax treaty
and provision under which the exemption from withholding is claimed and
the country of which the individual is a resident;
(J) Sufficient facts to justify the claim in exemption from
withholding; and
(K) Any other information as may be required by the form or
accompanying instructions in addition to, or in lieu of, the information
described in this paragraph (b)(2)(ii).
(iii) Review by withholding agent. The exemption from withholding
provided by paragraph (b)(1)(iv) of this section shall not apply unless
the withholding agent accepts (in the manner provided in paragraph
(b)(2)(iv) of this section) the statement on Form 8233 supplied by the
nonresident alien individual. Before accepting the statement the
withholding agent must examine the statement. If the withholding agent
knows or has reason to know that any of the facts or assertions on Form
8233 may be false or that the eligibility of the individual's
compensation for the exemption cannot be readily determined, the
withholding agent may not accept the statement on Form 8233 and is
required to withhold under this section. If the withholding agent
accepts the statement and subsequently finds that any of the facts or
assertions contained on Form 8233 may be false or that the eligibility
of the individual's compensation for the exemption can no longer be
readily determined, then the withholding agent shall promptly so notify
the Assistant Commissioner (International) by letter, and the
withholding agent is not relieved of liability to withhold on any
amounts still to be paid. If the withholding agent is notified by the
Assistant Commissioner (International) that the eligibility of the
individual's compensation for the exemption is in doubt or that such
compensation is not eligible for the exemption, the withholding agent is
required to withhold under this section. The rules of this paragraph are
illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. C, a nonresident alien individual, submits Form 8233 to
W, a withholding agent. The statement on Form 8233 does not include all
the information required by paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section.
Therefore, W has reason to know that he or she cannot readily determine
whether C's compensation for personal services is eligible for an
exemption from withholding and, therefore, W must withhold.
Example 2. D, a nonresident alien, is performing services for W, a
withholding agent. W has accepted a statement on Form 8233 submitted by
D, according to the provisions of this section. W receives notice from
the Internal Revenue Service that the eligibility of D's compensation
for a withholding exemption is in doubt. Therefore, W has reason to know
that the eligibility of the compensation for a withholding exemption
cannot be readily determined, as of the date W receives the
notification, and W must withhold tax under section 1441 on amounts paid
after receipt of the notification.
Example 3. E, a nonresident alien individual, submits Form 8233 to
W, a withholding agent for whom E is to perform personal services. The
statement contains all the information requested on Form 8233. E claims
an exemption from withholding based on a personal exemption amount
computed on the number of days E will perform personal services for W in
the United States. If W does not know or have reason to know that any
statement on the Form 8233 is false or that the eligibility of E's
compensation for the withholding exemption cannot be readily determined,
W can accept the statement on Form 8233 and exempt from withholding the
appropriate amount of E's income.
(iv) Acceptance by withholding agent. If after the review described
in paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section the withholding agent is
satisfied that an exemption from withholding is warranted, the
withholding agent may accept the statement by making a certification,
verified by a declaration
that it is made under the penalties of perjury, on Form 8233. The
certification shall be--
(A) That the withholding agent has examined the statement,
(B) That the withholding agent is satisfied that an exemption from
withholding is warranted, and
(C) That the withholding agent does not know or have reason to know
that the individual's compensation is not
[[Page 122]]
entitled to the exemption or that the eligibility of the individual's
compensation for the exemption cannot be readily determined.
(v) Copies of Form 8233. The withholding agent shall forward one
copy of each Form 8233 that is accepted under paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of
this section to the Assistant Commissioner (International), within five
days of such acceptance. The withholding agent shall retain a copy of
Form 8233.
(3) Withholding agreements. Compensation for personal services of a
nonresident alien individual who is engaged during the taxable year in
the conduct of a trade or business within the United States may be
wholly or partially exempted from the withholding required by Sec.
1.1441-1 if an agreement is reached between the Assistant Commissioner
(International) and the alien individual with respect to the amount of
withholding required. Such agreement shall be available in the
circumstances and in the manner set forth by the Internal Revenue
Service, and shall be effective for payments covered by the agreement
that are made after the agreement is executed by all parties. The alien
individual must agree to timely file an income tax return for the
current taxable year.
(4) Final payment exemption--(i) General rule. Compensation for
independent personal services of a nonresident alien individual who is
engaged during the taxable year in the conduct of a trade or business
within the United States may be wholly or partially exempted from the
withholding required by Sec. 1.1441-1 from the final payment of
compensation for independent personal services. This exemption does not
apply to wages. This exemption from withholding is available only once
during an alien individual's taxable year and is obtained by the alien
individual presenting to the withholding agent a letter in duplicate
from a district director stating the amount of compensation subject to
the exemption and the amount that would otherwise be withheld from such
final payment under section 1441 that shall be paid to the alien
individual due to the exemption. The alien individual shall attach a
copy of the letter to his or her income tax return for the taxable year
for which the exemption is effective.
(ii) Final payment of compensation for personal services. For
purposes of this paragraph, final payment of compensation for personal
services means the last payment of compensation, other than wages, for
personal services rendered within the United States that the individual
expects to receive from any withholding agent during the taxable year.
(iii) Manner of applying for final payment exemption. In order to
obtain the final payment exemption provided by paragraph (b)(4)(i) of
this section, the nonresident alien individual (or his or her agent)
must file the forms and provide the information required by the district
director. Ordinary and necessary business expenses may be taken into
account if substantiated to the satisfaction of the district director.
The alien individual must submit a statement, signed by him or her and
verified by a declaration that it is made under the penalties of
perjury, that all the information provided is true and that to his or
her knowledge no relevant information has been omitted. The information
required to be submitted includes, but is not limited to--
(A) A statement by each withholding agent from whom amounts of gross
income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business
within the United States have been received by the alien individual
during the taxable year, of the amount of such income paid and the
amount of tax withheld, signed and verified by a declaration that it is
made under penalties of perjury;
(B) A statement by the withholding agent from whom the final payment
of compensation for personal services will be received, of the amount of
such final payment and the amount which would be withheld under Sec.
1.1441-1 if a final payment exemption under paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this
section is not granted, signed and verified by a declaration that it is
made under penalties of perjury;
(C) A statement by the individual that he or she does not intend to
receive any other amounts of gross income effectively connected with the
[[Page 123]]
conduct of a trade or business within the United States during the
current taxable year;
(D) The amount of tax which has been withheld (or paid) under any
other provision of the Code or regulations with respect to any income
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the
United States during the current taxable year;
(E) The amount of any outstanding tax liabilities (and interest and
penalties relating thereto) from the current taxable year or prior
taxable periods; and
(F) The provision of any income tax treaty under which a partial or
complete exemption from withholding may be claimed, the country of the
individual's residence, and a statement of sufficient facts to justify
an exemption pursuant to such treaty.
(iv) Letter to withholding agent. If the district director is
satisfied that the information provided under paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of
this section is sufficient, the district director will, after
coordination with the Director of the Foreign Operations District,
ascertain the amount of the alien individual's tentative income tax for
the taxable year with respect to gross income that is effectively
connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United
States. After the tentative tax has been ascertained, the district
director will provide the alien individual with a letter to the
withholding agent stating the amount of the final payment of
compensation for personal services that is exempt from withholding, and
the amount that would otherwise be withheld under section 1441 that
shall be paid to the alien individual due to the exemption. The amount
of compensation for personal services exempt from withholding under this
paragraph (b)(4) shall not exceed $5,000.
Example 1. On July 15, 1983, B, a non-resident alien individual,
appears before a district director with the information required by
paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this section. B has received personal service
income in 1983 from which $3,000 has been withheld under section 1441.
On August 1, 1983, B will receive $5,000 in personal service income from
W. B does not intend to receive any other income subject to U.S. tax
during 1983. Taking into account B's substantiated deductible business
expenses, the district director computes the tentative tax liability on
B's income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business
in the United States during 1983 (including the $5,000 payment to be
made on August 1, 1983) to be $3,300. B does not owe U.S. tax for any
other taxable periods. The amount of B's final payment exemption is
determined as follows:
(1) The amount of total withholding is $4,500 ($3,000 previously
withheld plus $1,500, 30% of the $5,000 final payment);
(2) The amount of tentative excess withholding is $1,200 (total
withholding of $4,500 minus B's tentative tax liability of $3,300); and
(3) To allow B to receive $1,200 of the amount which would otherwise
have been withheld from the final payment, the district director allows
a withholding exemption for $4,000 of B's final payment. W must withhold
$300 from the final payment.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1 except B will
receive a final payment of compensation on August 1, 1983, in the amount
of $10,000 and B's tentative tax liability is $3,900. The amount of B's
final payment exemption is determined as follows:
(1) The amount of total withholding is $6,000 ($3,000 previously
withheld plus $3,000, 30% of the $10,000 final payment);
(2) The amount of tentative excess withholding is $2,100 (total
withholding of $6,000 minus B's tentative tax liability of $3,900); and
(3) To allow B to receive $2,100 of the amount which would otherwise
be withheld from the final payment, $7,000 of the final payment would
have to be exempt from withholding; however, as no more than $5,000 of
the final payment can be exempt from withholding under this paragraph
(b)(4), the district director allows a withholding exemption for $5,000
of B's final payment. B must file a claim for refund at the end of the
taxable year to obtain a refund of $600. W must withhold $1,500 from the
final payment.
(5) Requirement of return. The tentative tax determined by the
district director under paragraph (b)(4)(iv) of this section or by the
Director of the Foreign Operations District under the withholding
agreement procedure of paragraph (b)(3) of this section shall not
constitute a final determination of the income tax liability of the
nonresident alien individual, nor shall such determination constitute a
tax return of the nonresident alien individual for any taxable period.
An alien individual who applies for or obtains an exemption from
withholding under the procedures of paragraphs (b) (2), (3), or (4) of
this section is not relieved of the
[[Page 124]]
obligation to file a return of income under section 6012.
(6) Personal exemption--(i) In general. To determine the tax to be
withheld at source under Sec. 1.1441-1 from remuneration paid for
personal services performed within the United States by a nonresident
alien individual and from scholarship and fellowship income described in
paragraph (c) of this section, a withholding agent may take into account
one personal exemption pursuant to sections 873(b)(3) and 151 regardless
of whether the income is effectively connected. For purposes of
withholding under section 1441 on remuneration for personal services,
the exemption must be prorated upon a daily basis for the period during
which the personal services are performed within the United States by
the nonresident alien individual by dividing by 365 the number of days
in the period during which the individual is present in the United
States for the purpose of performing the services and multiplying the
result by the amount of the personal exemption in effect for the taxable
year. See Sec. 31.3402(f)(6)-1 of this chapter.
(ii) Multiple exemptions. More than one personal exemption may be
claimed in the case of a resident of a contiguous country or a national
of the United States under section 873(b)(3). In addition, residents of
a country with which the United States has an income tax treaty in
effect may be eligible to claim more than one personal exemption if the
treaty so provides. Claims for more than one personal exemption shall be
made on the withholding certificate furnished to the withholding agent.
The exemption must be prorated on a daily basis in the same manner as
described in paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section.
(iii) Special rule where both certain scholarship and compensation
income are received. The fact that both non-compensatory scholarship
income and compensation income (including compensatory scholarship
income) are received during the taxable year does not entitle the
taxpayer to claim more than one personal exemption amount (or more than
the additional amounts permitted under paragraph (b)(6)(ii) of this
section). Thus, if a nonresident alien student receives non-compensatory
taxable scholarship income from one withholding agent and compensation
income from another withholding agent, no more than the total personal
exemption amount permitted under the Internal Revenue Code or under an
income tax treaty may be taken into account by both withholding agents.
For this purpose, the withholding agent may rely on a representation
from the beneficial owner that the exemption amount claimed does not
exceed the amount permissible under this section.
(c) Special rules for scholarship and fellowship income--(1) In
general. Under section 871(c), certain amounts paid as a scholarship or
fellowship for study, training, or research in the United States to a
nonresident alien individual temporarily present in the United States as
a nonimmigrant under section 101(a)(15) (F), (J), (M), or (Q) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act are treated as income effectively
connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United
States. The amounts described in the preceding sentence are those
amounts that do not represent compensation for services. Such amounts
(as described in the second sentence of section 1441(b)) are subject to
withholding under section 1441, but at the lower rate of 14 percent.
That rate may be reduced under the provisions of an income tax treaty.
Claims of a reduced rate under an income tax treaty shall be made under
the procedures described in Sec. 1.1441-6(b)(1). Therefore, claims for
reduction in withholding under an income tax treaty on amounts described
in this paragraph (c)(1) may not be made on a Form 8233. However, if the
payee is receiving both compensation for personal services (including
compensatory scholarship income) and non-compensatory scholarship income
described in this paragraph (c)(1) from the same withholding agent,
claims for reduction of withholding on both types of income may be made
on Form 8233.
(2) Alternate withholding election. A withholding agent may elect to
withhold on the amounts described in paragraph (c)(1) of this section at
the rates applicable under section 3402, as if the income were wages.
Such election shall be made by obtaining a Form W-4 (or an acceptable
substitute or such other
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form as the IRS may prescribe) from the beneficial owner. The fact that
the withholding agent asks the beneficial owner to furnish a Form W-4
for such fellowship or scholarship income or to take such income into
account in preparing such Form W-4 shall serve as notice to the
beneficial owner that the income is being treated as wages for purposes
of withholding tax under section 1441.
(d) Annuities received under qualified plans. Withholding is not
required under section Sec. 1.1441-1 in the case of any amount received
as an annuity if the amount is exempt from tax under section 871(f) and
the regulations under that section. The withholding agent may exempt the
payment from withholding if, prior to payment, it can reliably associate
the payment with documentation upon which it can rely to treat the
payment as made to a beneficial owner in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(1)(ii). A beneficial owner withholding certificate furnished for
purposes of claiming the benefits of the exemption under this paragraph
(d) is valid only if, in addition to other applicable requirements, it
contains a taxpayer identifying number.
(e) Per diem of certain alien trainees. Withholding is not required
under section 1441(a) and Sec. 1.1441-1 on per diem amounts paid for
subsistence by the United States Government (directly or by contract) to
any nonresident alien individual who is engaged in any program of
training in the United States under the Mutual Security Act of 1954, as
amended (22 U.S.C. chapter 24). This rule shall apply even though such
amounts are subject to tax under section 871. Any exemption from
withholding pursuant to this paragraph (e) applies without a requirement
that documentation be furnished to the withholding agent. However,
documentation may have to be furnished for purposes of the information
reporting provisions under section 6041 and backup withholding under
section 3406. The exemption from withholding granted by this paragraph
(e) is not a determination that the amounts are not fixed or
determinable annual or periodical income.
(f) Failure to receive withholding certificates timely or to act in
accordance with applicable presumptions. See applicable procedures
described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(7) in the event the withholding agent
does not hold an appropriate withholding certificate or other
appropriate documentation at the time of payment or does not act in
accordance with applicable presumptions described in paragraph (a)
(2)(i), (2)(ii), or (3) of this section.
(g) Effective date--(1) General rule. This section applies to
payments made after December 31, 2000.
(2) Transition rules. The validity of a Form 4224 or 8233 that was
valid on January 1, 1998, under the regulations in effect prior to
January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1, revised April 1, 1999) and expired,
or will expire, at any time during 1998, is extended until December 31,
1998. The validity of a Form 4224 or 8233 that is valid on or after
January 1, 1999, remains valid until its validity expires under the
regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1,
revised April 1, 1999) but in no event will such form remain valid after
December 31, 2000. The rule in this paragraph (g)(2), however, does not
apply to extend the validity period of a Form 4224 or 8223 that expires
solely by reason of changes in the circumstances of the person whose
name is on the certificate. Notwithstanding the first three sentences of
this paragraph (g)(2), a withholding agent may choose to not take
advantage of the transition rule in this paragraph (g)(2) with respect
to one or more withholding certificates valid under the regulations in
effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1, revised April 1,
1999) and, therefore, to require withholding certificates conforming to
the requirements described in this section (new withholding
certificates). For purposes of this section, a new withholding
certificate is deemed to satisfy the documentation requirement under the
regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1,
revised April 1, 1999). Further, a new withholding certificate remains
valid for the period specified in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii), regardless
of when the certificate is obtained.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12075, Nov. 26, 1960]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1441-4, see the List of
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CFR Sections Affected in the Finding Aids section of this volume.
Sec. 1.1441-5 Withholding on payments to partnerships, trusts,
and estates.
(a) In general. This section describes the rules that apply to
payments made to partnerships, trusts, and estates. Paragraph (b) of
this section prescribes the rules that apply to a withholding agent
making a payment to a U.S. partnership, trust, or estate. It also
prescribes the obligations of a U.S. partnership, trust, or estate that
makes a payment to a foreign partner, beneficiary, or owner. Paragraph
(c) of this section prescribes rules that apply to a withholding agent
that makes a payment to a foreign partnership. Paragraph (d) of this
section provides presumption rules that apply to payments made to
foreign partnerships. Paragraph (e) of this section prescribes rules,
including presumption rules, that apply to a withholding agent that
makes a payment to a foreign trust or foreign estate.
(b) Rules applicable to U.S. partnerships, trusts, and estates--(1)
Payments to U.S. partnerships, trusts, and estates. No withholding is
required under section 1.1441-1(b)(1) on a payment of an amount subject
to withholding (as defined in Sec. 1.1441-2(a)) that a withholding
agent may treat as made to a U.S. payee. Therefore, if a withholding
agent can reliably associate (within the meaning of Sec. 1.1441-
2(b)(vii)) a Form W-9 provided in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-1(d)(2)
or (4) by a U.S. partnership, U.S. trust, or a U.S. estate the
withholding agent may treat the payment as made to a U.S. payee and the
payment is not subject to withholding under section 1441 even though the
partnership, trust, or estate may have foreign partners, beneficiaries,
or owners. A withholding agent is also not required to withhold under
section 1441 on a payment it makes to an entity presumed to be a U.S.
payee under paragraphs (d)(2) and (e)(6)(ii) of this section.
(2) Withholding by U.S. payees--(i) U.S. partnerships--(A) In
general. A U.S. partnership is required to withhold under Sec. 1.1441-1
as a withholding agent on an amount subject to withholding (as defined
in Sec. 1.1441-2(a)) that is includible in the gross income of a
partner that is a foreign person. Subject to paragraph (b)(2)(v) of this
section, a U.S. partnership shall withhold when any distributions that
include amounts subject to withholding (including guaranteed payments
made by a U.S. partnership) are made. To the extent a foreign partner's
distributive share of income subject to withholding has not actually
been distributed to the foreign partner, the U.S. partnership must
withhold on the foreign partner's distributive share of the income on
the earlier of the date that the statement required under section
6031(b) is mailed or otherwise provided to the partner or the due date
for furnishing the statement.
(B) Effectively connected income of partners. Withholding on items
of income that are effectively connected income in the hands of the
partners who are foreign persons is governed by section 1446 and not by
this section. In such a case, partners in a domestic partnership are not
required to furnish a withholding certificate in order to claim an
exemption from withholding under section 1441(c)(1) and Sec. 1.1441-4.
(ii) U.S. simple trusts. A U.S. trust that is described in section
651(a) (a U.S. simple trust) is required to withhold under chapter 3 of
the Internal Revenue Code as a withholding agent on the distributable
net income includible in the gross income of a foreign beneficiary to
the extent the distributable net income is an amount subject to
withholding (as defined in Sec. 1.1441-2(a)). A U.S. simple trust shall
withhold when a distribution is made to a foreign beneficiary. The U.S.
trust may make a reasonable estimate of the portion of the distribution
that constitutes distributable net income consisting of an amount
subject to withholding and apply the appropriate rate of withholding to
the estimated amount. If, at the end of the taxable year in which the
distribution is made, the U.S. simple trust determines that it
underwithheld under section 1441 or 1442, the trust shall be liable as a
withholding agent for the amount under withheld under section 1461. No
penalties shall be imposed for failure to withhold and deposit the tax
if the U.S. simple trust's estimate was reasonable
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and the trust pays the underwithheld amount on or before the due date of
Form 1042 under section 1461. Any payment of underwithheld amounts by
the U.S. simple trust shall not be treated as income subject to
additional withholding even if that amount is treated as additional
income to the foreign beneficiary, unless the additional amount is
income to the foreign beneficiary as a result of a contractual
arrangement between the parties regarding the satisfaction of the
foreign beneficiary's tax liability. To the extent a U.S. simple trust
is required to, but does not, distribute such income to a foreign
beneficiary, the U.S. trust must withhold on the foreign beneficiary's
allocable share at the time the income is required (without extension)
to be reported on Form 1042-S under Sec. 1.1461-1(c).
(iii) U.S. complex trusts and U.S. estates. A U.S. trust that is not
a trust described in section 651(a) (a U.S. complex trust) is required
to withhold under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code as a
withholding agent on the distributable net income includible in the
gross income of a foreign beneficiary to the extent the distributable
net income consists of an amount subject to withholding (as defined in
Sec. 1.1441-2(a)) that is, or is required to be, distributed currently.
The U.S. complex trust shall withhold when a distribution is made to a
foreign beneficiary. The trust may use the same procedures regarding an
estimate of the amount subject to withholding as a U.S. simple trust
under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section. To the extent an amount
subject to withholding is required to be, but is not actually
distributed, the U.S. complex trust must withhold on the foreign
beneficiary's allocable share at the time the income is required to be
reported on Form 1042-S under Sec. 1.1461-1(c), without extension. A
U.S. estate is required to withhold under chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code on the distributable net income includible in the gross
income of a foreign beneficiary to the extent the distributable net
income consists of an amount subject to withholding (as defined in Sec.
1.1441-2(a)) that is actually distributed. A U.S. estate may also use
the reasonable estimate procedures of paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this
section. However, those procedures apply to an estate that has a taxable
year other than a calendar year only if the estate files an amended
return on Form 1042 for the calendar year in which the distribution was
made and pays the underwithheld tax and interest within 60 days after
the close of the taxable year in which the distribution was made.
(iv) U.S. grantor trusts. A U.S. trust that is described in section
671 through 679 (a U.S. grantor trust) must withhold on any income
includible in the gross income of a foreign person that is treated as an
owner of the grantor trust to the extent the amount includible consists
of an amount that is subject to withholding (as described in Sec.
1.1441-2(a)). The withholding must occur at the time the income is
received by, or credited to, the trust.
(v) Subsequent distribution. If a U.S. partnership or U.S. trust
withholds on a foreign partner, beneficiary, or owner's share of an
amount subject to withholding before the amount is actually distributed
to the partner, beneficiary, or owner, withholding is not required when
the amount is subsequently distributed.
(c) Foreign partnerships--(1) Determination of payee--(i) Payments
treated as made to partners. Except as otherwise provided in paragraph
(c)(1)(ii) of this section, the payees of a payment to a person that the
withholding agent may treat as a nonwithholding foreign partnership
under paragraph (c)(3)(i) or (d)(2) of this section are the partners
(looking through partners that are foreign intermediaries or flow-
through entities) as follows--
(A) If the withholding agent can reliably associate a partner's
distributive share of the payment with a valid Form W-9 provided under
Sec. 1.1441-1(d), the partner is a U.S. payee;
(B) If the withholding agent can reliably associate a partner's
distributive share of the payment with a valid Form W-8, or other
appropriate documentation, provided under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(1)(ii), the
partner is a payee that is a foreign beneficial owner;
(C) If the withholding agent can reliably associate a partner's
distributive share of the payment with a qualified
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intermediary withholding certificate under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(ii), a
nonqualified intermediary withholding certificate under Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(3)(iii), or a U.S. branch certificate under Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(3)(v), then the rules of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(v) shall apply to
determine who the payee is in the same manner as if the partner's
distributive share of the payment had been paid directly to such
intermediary or U.S. branch;
(D) If the withholding agent can reliably associate the partner's
distributive share with a withholding foreign partnership certificate
under paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section or a nonwithholding foreign
partnership certificate under paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section,
then the rules of this paragraph (c)(1)(i) or paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of
this section shall apply to determine whether the payment is treated as
made to the partners of the higher-tier partnership under this paragraph
(c)(1)(i) or to the higher-tier partnership itself (under the rules of
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section) in the same manner as if the
partner's distributive share of the payment had been paid directly to
the higher-tier foreign partnership;
(E) If the withholding agent can reliably associate the partner's
distributive share with a withholding certificate described in paragraph
(e) of this section regarding a foreign trust or estate, then the rules
of paragraph (e) of this section shall apply to determine who the payees
are; and
(F) If the withholding agent cannot reliably associate the partner's
distributive share with a withholding certificate or other appropriate
documentation, the partners are considered to be the payees and the
presumptions described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section shall apply
to determine their classification and status.
(ii) Payments treated as made to the partnership. A payment to a
person that the withholding agent may treat as a foreign partnership is
treated as a payment to the foreign partnership and not to its partners
only if--
(A) The withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with a
withholding certificate described in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this
section (withholding certificate of a withholding foreign partnership);
(B) The withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with a
withholding certificate described in paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this
section (nonwithholding foreign partnership) certifying that the payment
is income that is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or
business in the United States; or
(C) The withholding agent can treat the income as effectively
connected income under the presumption rules of Sec. 1.1441-4(a)(2)(ii)
or (3)(i).
(iii) Rules for reliably associating a payment with documentation.
For rules regarding the reliable association of a payment with
documentation, see Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii). In the absence of
documentation, see Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3) and 1.6049-5(d) and
paragraphs (d) and (e)(6) of this section for applicable presumptions.
(iv) Examples. The rules of paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (ii) of this
section are illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. FP is a nonwithholding foreign partnership organized in
Country X. FP has two partners, FC, a foreign corporation, and USP, a
U.S. partnership. USWH, a U.S. withholding agent, makes a payment of
U.S. source interest to FP. FP has provided USWH with a valid
nonwithholding foreign partnership certificate, as described in
paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section, with which it associates a
beneficial owner withholding certificate from FC and a Form W-9 from USP
together with the withholding statement required by paragraph (c)(3)(iv)
of this section. USWH can reliably associate the payment of interest
with the withholding certificates from FC and USP. Under paragraph
(c)(1)(i) of this section, the payees of the interest payment are FC and
USP.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that FP1,
a nonwithholding foreign partnership, is a partner in FP rather than
USP. FP1 has two partners, A and B, both foreign persons. FP provides
USWH with a valid nonwithholding foreign partnership certificate, as
described in paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section, with which it
associates a beneficial owner withholding certificate from FC and a
nonwithholding foreign partnership certificate from FP1. In addition,
foreign beneficial owner withholding certificates from A and B are
associated with the nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding
certificate from FP1. FP also provides the withholding statement
required by paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section. USWH can reliably
associate the interest payment
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with the withholding certificates provided by FC, A, and B. Therefore,
under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, the payees of the interest
payment are FC, A, and B.
Example 3. USWH makes a payment of U.S. source dividends to WFP, a
withholding foreign partnership. WFP has two partners, FC1 and FC2, both
foreign corporations. USWH can reliably associate the payment with a
valid withholding foreign partnership withholding certificate from WFP.
Therefore, under paragraph (c)(1)(ii)(A) of this section, WFP is the
payee of the dividends.
Example 4. USWH makes a payment of U.S. source royalties to FP, a
foreign partnership. USWH can reliably associate the royalties with a
valid withholding certificate from FP on which FP certifies that the
income is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business
in the United States. Therefore, under paragraph (c)(1)(ii)(B) of this
section, FP is the payee of the royalties.
(2) Withholding foreign partnerships--(i) Reliance on claim of
withholding foreign partnership status. A withholding foreign
partnership is a foreign partnership that has entered into an agreement
with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), as described in paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section, with respect to distributions and guaranteed
payments it makes to its partners. A withholding agent that can reliably
associate a payment with a certificate described in paragraph (c)(2)(iv)
of this section may treat the person to whom it makes the payment as a
withholding foreign partnership for purposes of withholding under
chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code, information reporting under
chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue Code, backup withholding under
section 3406, and withholding under other provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code. Furnishing such a certificate is in lieu of transmitting
to a withholding agent withholding certificates or other appropriate
documentation for its partners. Although the withholding foreign
partnership generally will be required to obtain withholding
certificates or other appropriate documentation from its partners
pursuant to its agreement with the IRS, it will generally not be
required to attach such documentation to its withholding foreign
partnership withholding certificate. A foreign partnership may act as a
qualified intermediary under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(5) with respect to
payments it makes to persons other than its partners. In addition, the
IRS may permit a foreign partnership to act as a qualified intermediary
under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(5)(ii)(D) with respect to its partners in
appropriate circumstances.
(ii) Withholding agreement. The IRS may, upon request, enter into a
withholding agreement with a foreign partnership pursuant to such
procedures as the IRS may prescribe in published guidance (see Sec.
601.601(d)(2) of this chapter). Under the withholding agreement, a
foreign partnership shall generally be subject to the applicable
withholding and reporting provisions applicable to withholding agents
and payors under chapters 3 and 61 of the Internal Revenue Code, section
3406, the regulations under those provisions, and other withholding
provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, except to the extent provided
under the agreement. Under the agreement, a foreign partnership may
agree to act as an acceptance agent to perform the duties described in
Sec. 301.6109-1(d)(3)(iv)(A) of this chapter. The agreement may specify
the manner in which applicable procedures for adjustments for
underwithholding and overwithholding, including refund procedures, apply
to the withholding foreign partnership and its partners and the extent
to which applicable procedures may be modified. In particular, a
withholding agreement may allow a withholding foreign partnership to
claim refunds of overwithheld amounts on behalf of its customers. In
addition, the agreement must specify the manner in which the IRS will
audit the foreign partnership's books and records in order to verify the
partnership's compliance with its agreement. A withholding foreign
partnership must file a return on Form 1042 and information returns on
Form 1042-S. The withholding foreign partnership agreement may also
require a withholding foreign partnership to file a partnership return
under section 6031(a) and partner statements under 6031(b).
(iii) Withholding responsibility. A withholding foreign partnership
must assume primary withholding responsibility under chapter 3 of the
Internal Revenue Code. It is not required to provide information to the
withholding agent regarding each partner's distributive share of the
payment. The
[[Page 130]]
withholding foreign partnership will be responsible for reporting the
payments under Sec. 1.1461-1(c) and chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue
Code. A withholding agent making a payment to a withholding foreign
partnership is not required to withhold any amount under chapter 3 of
the Internal Revenue Code on a payment to the withholding foreign
partnership, unless it has actual knowledge or reason to know that the
foreign partnership is not a withholding foreign partnership. The
withholding foreign partnership shall withhold the payments under the
same procedures and at the same time as prescribed for withholding by a
U.S. partnership under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, except that,
for purposes of determining the partner's status, the provisions of
paragraph (d)(4) of this section shall apply.
(iv) Withholding certificate from a withholding foreign partnership.
The rules of Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4) shall apply to withholding
certificates described in this paragraph (c)(2)(iv). A withholding
certificate furnished by a withholding foreign partnership is valid with
regard to any partner on whose behalf the certificate is furnished only
if it is furnished on a Form W-8, an acceptable substitute form, or such
other form as the IRS may prescribe, it is signed under penalties of
perjury by a partner with authority to sign for the partnership, its
validity has not expired, and it contains the information, statement,
and certifications described in this paragraph (c)(2)(iv) as follows--
(A) The name, permanent residence address (as described in Sec.
1.1441-1(e)(2)(ii)), and the employer identification number of the
partnership, and the country under the laws of which the partnership is
created or governed;
(B) A certification that the partnership is a withholding foreign
partnership within the meaning of paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section;
and
(C) Any other information, certifications or statements as may be
required by the withholding foreign partnership agreement with the IRS
or the form or accompanying instructions in addition to, or in lieu of,
the information, statements, and certifications described in this
paragraph (c)(2)(iv).
(3) Nonwithholding foreign partnerships--(i) Reliance on claim of
foreign partnership status. A withholding agent may treat a person as a
nonwithholding foreign partnership if it receives from that person a
nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding certificate as described
in paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section. A withholding agent that does
not receive a nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding
certificate, or does not receive a valid withholding certificate, from
an entity it knows, or has reason to know, is a foreign partnership,
must apply the presumption rules of Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3) and
1.6049-5(d) and paragraphs (d) and (e)(6) of this section. In addition,
to the extent a withholding agent cannot, prior to a payment, reliably
associate the payment with valid documentation from a payee that is
associated with the nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding
certificate or has insufficient information to report the payment on
Form 1042-S or Form 1099, to the extent reporting is required, must also
apply the presumption rules. See Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)(A) and (B)
for rules regarding reliable association. See paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of
this section and Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv) for alternative procedures
permitting allocation information to be received after a payment is
made.
(ii) Reliance on claim of reduced withholding by a partnership for
its partners. This paragraph (c)(3)(ii) describes the manner in which a
withholding agent may rely on a claim of reduced withholding when making
a payment to a nonwithholding foreign partnership. To the extent that a
withholding agent treats a payment to a nonwithholding foreign
partnership as a payment to the nonwithholding foreign partnership's
partners (whether direct or indirect) in accordance with paragraph
(c)(1)(i) of this section, it may rely on a claim for reduced
withholding by the partner if, prior to the payment, the withholding
agent can reliably associate the payment (within the meaning of Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)) with a valid withholding certificate or other
appropriate documentation from the partner that establishes entitlement
to a reduced
[[Page 131]]
rate of withholding. A withholding certificate or other appropriate
documentation that establishes entitlement to a reduced rate of
withholding is a beneficial owner withholding certificate described in
Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(2)(i), documentary evidence described in Sec. 1.1441-
6(c)(3) or (4) or 1.6049-5(c)(1) (for a partner claiming to be a foreign
person and a beneficial owner, determined under the provisions of Sec.
1.1441-1(c)(6)), a Form W-9 described in Sec. 1.1441-1(d) (for a
partner claiming to be a U.S. payee), or a withholding foreign
partnership withholding certificate described in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of
this section. Unless a nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding
certificate is provided for income claimed to be effectively connected
with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, a claim
must be presented for each portion of the payment that represents an
item of income includible in the distributive share of a partner as
required under paragraph (c)(3)(iii)(C) of this section. When making a
claim for several partners, the partnership may present a single
nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding certificate to which the
partners' certificates or other appropriate documentation are
associated. Where the nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding
certificate is provided for income claimed to be effectively connected
with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States under
paragraph (c)(3)(iii)(D) of this section, the claim may be presented
without having to identify any partner's distributive share of the
payment.
(iii) Withholding certificate from a nonwithholding foreign
partnership. A nonwithholding foreign partnership shall provide a
nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding certificate with respect
to reportable amounts received by the nonwithholding foreign
partnership. A nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding
certificate is valid only to the extent it is furnished on a Form W-8
(or an acceptable substitute form or such other form as the IRS may
prescribe), it is signed under penalties of perjury by a partner with
authority to sign for the partnership, its validity has not expired, and
it contains the information, statements, and certifications described in
this paragraph (c)(3)(iii) and paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section, and
the withholding certificates and other appropriate documentation for all
the persons to whom the certificate relates are associated with the
certificate. The rules of Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4) shall apply to
withholding certificates described in this paragraph (c)(3)(iii). No
withholding certificates or other appropriate documentation from persons
who derive income through a partnership (whether or not U.S. exempt
recipients) are required to be associated with the nonwithholding
foreign partnership withholding certificate if the certificate is
furnished solely for income claimed to be effectively connected with the
conduct of a trade or business in the United States. Withholding
certificates and other appropriate documentation that may be associated
with the nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding certificate
consist of beneficial owner withholding certificates under Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(2)(i), intermediary withholding certificates under Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(3)(i), withholding foreign partnership withholding certificates
under paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section, nonwithholding foreign
partnership withholding certificates under this paragraph (c)(3)(iii),
withholding certificates from foreign trusts or estates under paragraph
(e) of this section, documentary evidence described in Sec. 1.1441-
6(c)(3) or (4) or documentary evidence described in Sec. 1.6049-
5(c)(1), and any other documentation or certificates applicable under
other provisions of the Internal Revenue Code or regulations that
certify or establish the status of the payee or beneficial owner as a
U.S. or a foreign person. Nothing in this paragraph (c)(3)(iii) shall
require a nonwithholding foreign partnership to furnish original
documentation. Copies of certificates or documentary evidence may be
transmitted to the U.S. withholding agent, in which case the
nonwithholding foreign partnership must retain the original
documentation for the same time period that the copy is required to be
retained by the withholding agent under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(iii) and
must provide it to the withholding agent upon request. The information,
statement,
[[Page 132]]
and certifications required on the withholding certificate are as
follows--
(A) The name, permanent residence address (as described in Sec.
1.1441-1(e)(2)(ii)), and the employer identification number of the
partnership, if any, and the country under the laws of which the
partnership is created or governed;
(B) A certification that the person whose name is on the certificate
is a foreign partnership;
(C) A withholding statement associated with the nonwithholding
foreign partnership withholding certificate that provides all of the
information required by paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section and Sec.
1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv). No withholding statement is required, however, for a
nonwithholding foreign partnership withholding certificate furnished for
income claimed to be effectively connected with the conduct of a trade
or business in the United States;
(D) A certification that the income is effectively connected with
the conduct of a trade or business in the United States, if applicable;
and
(E) Any other information, certifications, or statements required by
the form or accompanying instructions in addition to, or in lieu of, the
information and certifications described in this paragraph (c)(3)(iii).
(iv) Withholding statement provided by nonwithholding foreign
partnership. The provisions of Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv) (regarding a
withholding statement) shall apply to a nonwithholding foreign
partnership by substituting the term nonwithholding foreign partnership
for the term nonqualified intermediary.
(v) Withholding and reporting by a foreign partnership. A
nonwithholding foreign partnership described in this paragraph (c)(3)
that receives an amount subject to withholding (as defined in Sec.
1.1441-2(a)) shall be required to withhold and report such payment under
chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and the regulations thereunder
except as otherwise provided in this paragraph (c)(3)(v). A
nonwithholding foreign partnership shall not be required to withhold and
report if it has provided a valid nonwithholding foreign partnership
withholding certificate, it has provided all of the information required
by paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section (withholding statement), and it
does not know, and has no reason to know, that another withholding agent
failed to withhold the correct amount or failed to report the payment
correctly under Sec. 1.1461-1(c). A withholding foreign partnership's
obligations to withhold and report shall be determined in accordance
with its withholding foreign partnership agreement.
(d) Presumption rules--(1) In general. This paragraph (d) contains
the applicable presumptions for a withholding agent (including a
partnership) to determine the classification and status of a partnership
and its partners in the absence of documentation. The provisions of
Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(iv) (regarding the 90-day grace period) and Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(3)(vii) through (ix) shall apply for purposes of this
paragraph (d).
(2) Determination of partnership status as U.S. or foreign in the
absence of documentation. In the absence of a valid representation of
U.S. partnership status in accordance with paragraph (b)(1) of this
section or of foreign partnership status in accordance with paragraph
(c)(2)(i) or (3)(i) of this section, the withholding agent shall
determine the classification of the payee under the presumptions set
forth in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(ii). If the withholding agent treats the
payee as a partnership under Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(ii), the withholding
agent shall presume the partnership to be a U.S. partnership unless
there are indicia of foreign status. If there are indicia of foreign
status, the withholding agent may presume the partnership to be foreign.
Indicia of foreign status exist only if the withholding agent has actual
knowledge of the payee's employer identification number and that number
begins with the two digits ``98,'' the withholding agent's
communications with the payee are mailed to an address in a foreign
country, or the payment is made outside the United States (as defined in
Sec. 1.6049-5(e)). For rules regarding reliable association with a
withholding certificate from a domestic or a foreign partnership, see
Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii).
(3) Determination of partners' status in the absence of certain
documentation. If a nonwithholding foreign partnership has provided a
nonwithholding foreign
[[Page 133]]
partnership withholding certificate under paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this
section that would be valid except that the withholding agent cannot
reliably associate all or a portion of the payment with valid
documentation from a partner of the partnership, then the withholding
agent may apply the presumption rule of this paragraph (d)(3) with
respect to all or a portion of the payment for which documentation has
not been received. See Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)(A) and (B) for rules
regarding reliable association. The presumption rule of this paragraph
(d)(3) also applies to a person that is presumed to be a foreign
partnership under the rule of paragraph (d)(2) of this section. Any
portion of a payment that the withholding agent cannot treat as reliably
associated with valid documentation from a partner may be presumed made
to a foreign payee. As a result, any payment of an amount subject to
withholding is subject to withholding at a rate of 30 percent. Any
payment that is presumed to be made to an undocumented foreign payee
must be reported on Form 1042-S. See Sec. 1.1461-1(c).
(4) Determination by a withholding foreign partnership of the status
of its partners. A withholding foreign partnership shall determine
whether the partners or some other persons are the payees of the
partners' distributive shares of any payment made by a withholding
foreign partnership by applying the rules of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2),
paragraph (c)(1) of this section (in the case of a partner that is a
foreign partnership), and paragraph (e)(3) of this section (in the case
of a partner that is a foreign estate or a foreign trust). Further, the
provisions of paragraph (d)(3) of this section shall apply to determine
the status of partners and the applicable withholding rates to the
extent that, at the time the foreign partnership is required to withhold
on a payment, it cannot reliably associate the amount with documentation
for any one or more of its partners.
(e) Foreign trusts and estates--(1) In general. This paragraph (e)
provides rules applicable to payments of amounts subject to withholding
(as defined in Sec. 1.1441-2(a)) that a withholding agent may treat as
made to any foreign trust or a foreign estate. For rules relating to
payments to a U.S. trust or a U.S. estate, see paragraph (b) of this
section. For the definitions of foreign simple trust, foreign complex
trust, and foreign grantor trust, see Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(24), (25), and
(26).
(2) Payments to foreign complex trusts and foreign estates. Under
Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(6)(ii)(D), a foreign complex trust or foreign estate
is generally considered to be the beneficial owner of income paid to the
foreign complex trust or foreign estate. See paragraph (e)(4) of this
section for rules describing when a withholding agent may treat a
payment as made to a foreign complex trust or a foreign estate.
(3) Payees of payments to foreign simple trusts and foreign grantor
trusts--(i) Payments for which beneficiaries and owners are payees. For
purposes of the regulations under chapters 3 and 61 of the Internal
Revenue Code and section 3406, a foreign simple trust is not a
beneficial owner or a payee of a payment. Also, a foreign grantor trust
(or a portion of a trust that is a foreign grantor trust) is not
considered a beneficial owner or a payee of a payment. Except as
otherwise provided in paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section, the payees
of a payment made to a person that the withholding agent may treat as a
foreign simple trust or a foreign grantor trust (or a portion of a trust
that is a foreign grantor trust) are determined under the rules of this
paragraph (e)(3)(i). The payees shall be treated as the beneficial
owners if they may be so treated under Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(6)(ii)(C) and
they provide documentation supporting their status as the beneficial
owners. The payees of a payment to a foreign simple trust or foreign
grantor trust are determined as follows--
(A) If the withholding agent can reliably associate a payment with a
valid Form W-9 provided under Sec. 1.1441-1(d) from a beneficiary or
owner of the foreign trust, then the beneficiary or owner is a U.S.
payee;
(B) If the withholding agent can reliably associate a payment with a
valid Form W-8, or other appropriate documentation, provided under Sec.
1.1441-1(e)(1)(ii) from a beneficiary or owner of the foreign trust,
then the beneficiary or owner is a payee that is a foreign beneficial
owner;
[[Page 134]]
(C) If the withholding agent can reliably associate a payment with a
qualified intermediary withholding certificate under Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(3)(ii), a nonqualified intermediary withholding certificate under
Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(ii), or a U.S. branch withholding certificate under
Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(v), then the rules of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(v) shall
apply to determine the payee in the same manner as if the payment had
been paid directly to such intermediary or U.S. branch;
(D) If the withholding agent can reliably associate a payment with a
withholding foreign partnership withholding certificate under paragraph
(c)(2)(iv) of this section or a nonwithholding foreign partnership
withholding certificate under paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section,
then the rules of paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section shall
apply to determine the payee;
(E) If the withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with
a foreign simple trust withholding certificate or a foreign grantor
trust withholding certificate (both described in paragraph (e)(5)(iii)
of this section) from a second or higher-tier foreign simple trust or
foreign grantor trust, then the rules of this paragraph (e)(3)(i) or
paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section shall apply to determine whether
the payment is treated as made to a beneficiary or owner of the higher-
tier trust or to the trust itself in the same manner as if the payment
had been made directly to the higher-tier trust; and
(F) If the withholding agent cannot reliably associate a payment
with a withholding certificate or other appropriate documentation, the
payees shall be determined by applying the presumptions described in
paragraph (e)(6) of this section.
(ii) Payments for which trust is payee. A payment to a person that
the withholding agent may treat as made to a foreign trust under
paragraph (e)(5)(iii) of this section is treated as a payment to the
trust, and not to a beneficiary of the trust, only if--
(A) The withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with a
foreign complex trust withholding certificate under paragraph (e)(4) of
this section;
(B) The withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with a
foreign simple trust withholding certificate under paragraph (e)(5)(iii)
of this section certifying that the payment is income that is treated as
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States; or
(C) The withholding agent can treat the income as effectively
connected income under the presumption rules of Sec. 1.1441-4(a)(3)(i).
(4) Reliance on claim of foreign complex trust or foreign estate
status. A withholding agent may treat a payment as made to a foreign
complex trust or a foreign estate if the withholding agent can reliably
associate the payment with a beneficial owner withholding certificate
described in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(2)(i) or other documentary evidence under
Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(3) or (4) (regarding a claim for treaty benefits) or
Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1) (regarding documentary evidence to establish
foreign status for purposes of chapter 61 of the Internal Revenue Code)
that establishes the foreign complex trust or foreign estate's status as
a beneficial owner. See paragraph (e)(6) of this section for presumption
rules if documentation is lacking.
(5) Foreign simple trust and foreign grantor trust--(i) Reliance on
claim of foreign simple trust or foreign grantor trust status. A
withholding agent may treat a person as a foreign simple trust or
foreign grantor trust if it receives from that person a foreign simple
trust or foreign grantor trust withholding certificate as described in
paragraph (e)(5)(iii) of this section. A withholding agent must apply
the presumption rules of Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3) and 1.6049-5(d) and
paragraphs (d) and (e)(6) of this section to the extent it cannot, prior
to the payment, reliably associate a payment (within the meaning of
Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)) with a valid foreign simple trust or foreign
grantor trust withholding certificate, it cannot reliably determine how
much of the payment relates to valid documentation provided by a payee
(e.g., a person that is not itself a nonqualified intermediary, flow-
through entity, or U.S. branch) associated with the foreign simple trust
or foreign grantor trust withholding certificate, or it does not have
sufficient information to report the
[[Page 135]]
payment on Form 1042-S or Form 1099, if reporting is required. See Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)(A) and (B).
(ii) Reliance on claim of reduced withholding by a foreign simple
trust or foreign grantor trust for its beneficiaries or owners. This
paragraph (e)(5)(ii) describes the manner in which a withholding agent
may rely on a claim of reduced withholding when making a payment to a
foreign simple trust or foreign grantor trust. To the extent that a
withholding agent treats a payment to a foreign simple trust or foreign
grantor trust as a payment to payees other than the trust in accordance
with paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section, it may rely on a claim for
reduced withholding by a beneficiary or owner if, prior to the payment,
the withholding agent can reliably associate the payment (within the
meaning of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)) with a valid withholding
certificate or other appropriate documentation from a payee or
beneficial owner that establishes entitlement to a reduced rate of
withholding. A withholding certificate or other appropriate
documentation that establishes entitlement to a reduced rate of
withholding is a beneficial owner withholding certificate described in
Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(2)(i) or documentary evidence described in Sec.
1.1441-6(c)(3) or(4) or in Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1) (for a beneficiary or
owner claiming to be a foreign person and a beneficial owner, determined
under the provisions of Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(6)), a Form W-9 described in
Sec. 1.1441-1(d) (for a beneficiary or owner claiming to be a U.S.
payee), or a withholding foreign partnership withholding certificate
described in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section. Unless a foreign
simple trust or foreign grantor trust withholding certificate is
provided for income treated as income effectively connected with the
conduct of a trade or business in the United States, a claim must be
presented for each payee's portion of the payment. When making a claim
for several payees, the trust may present a single foreign simple trust
or foreign grantor trust withholding certificate with which the payees'
certificates or other appropriate documentation are associated. Where
the foreign simple trust or foreign grantor trust withholding
certificate is provided for income that is treated as effectively
connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States
under paragraph (e)(5)(iii)(D) of this section, the claim may be
presented without having to identify any beneficiary's or grantor's
distributive share of the payment.
(iii) Withholding certificate from foreign simple trust or foreign
grantor trust. A withholding certificate furnished by a foreign simple
trust or a foreign grantor trust that is not a withholding foreign trust
(within the meaning of paragraph (e)(5)(v) of this section) is valid
only if it is furnished on a Form W-8, an acceptable substitute form, or
such other form as the IRS may prescribe, it is signed under penalties
of perjury by a trustee, its validity has not expired, it contains the
information, statements, and certifications required by this paragraph
(e)(5)(iii) and Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv), and the withholding
certificates or other appropriate documentation for all of the payees
(as determined under paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section) to whom the
certificate relates are associated with the foreign simple trust or
foreign grantor trust withholding certificate. The rules of Sec.
1.1441-1(e)(4) shall apply to withholding certificates described in this
paragraph (e)(5)(iii). No withholding certificates or other appropriate
documentation from persons who derive income through a foreign simple
trust or a foreign grantor trust (whether or not U.S. exempt recipients)
are required to be associated with the foreign simple trust or foreign
grantor trust withholding certificate if the certificate is furnished
solely for income that is treated as effectively connected with the
conduct of a trade or business in the United States. Withholding
certificates and other appropriate documentation (as determined under
paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section) that may be associated with a
foreign simple trust or foreign grantor trust withholding certificate
consist of beneficial owner withholding certificates under Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(2)(i), intermediary withholding certificates under Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(3)(i), withholding foreign partnership withholding certificates
under paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section, nonwithholding foreign
partnership
[[Page 136]]
withholding certificates under paragraph (c)(3)(iii) of this section,
withholding certificates from foreign trusts or estates under paragraph
(e)(4) or (5)(iii) of this section, documentary evidence described in
Sec. Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(3) or (4), or 1.6049-5(c)(1), and any other
documentation or certificates applicable under other provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code or regulations that certify or establish the
status of the payee or beneficial owner as a U.S. or a foreign person.
Nothing in this paragraph (e)(5)(iii) shall require a foreign simple
trust or foreign grantor trust to provide original documentation. Copies
of certificates or documentary evidence may be passed up to the U.S.
withholding agent, in which case the foreign simple trust or foreign
grantor trust must retain the original documentation for the same time
period that the copy is required to be retained by the withholding agent
under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(iii) and must provide it to the withholding
agent upon request. The information, statement, and certifications
required on a foreign simple trust or foreign grantor trust withholding
certificate are as follows--
(A) The name, permanent residence address (as described in Sec.
1.1441-1(e)(2)(ii)), and the employer identification number, if
required, of the trust and the country under the laws of which the trust
is created;
(B) A certification that the person whose name is on the certificate
is a foreign simple trust or a foreign grantor trust;
(C) A withholding statement associated with the foreign simple trust
or foreign grantor trust withholding certificate that provides all of
the information required by paragraph (e)(5)(iv) of this section. No
withholding statement is required, however, for a foreign simple trust
withholding certificate furnished for income that is treated as
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States;
(D) A certification on a foreign simple trust withholding
certificate that the income is treated as effectively connected with the
conduct of a trade or business in the United States, if applicable; and
(E) Any other information, certifications, or statements required by
the form or accompanying instructions in addition to, or in lieu of, the
information, certifications, and statements described in this paragraph
(e)(5)(iii);
(iv) Withholding statement provided by a foreign simple trust or
foreign grantor trust. The provisions of Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv)
(regarding a withholding statement) shall apply to a foreign simple
trust or foreign grantor trust by substituting the term foreign simple
trust or foreign grantor trust for the term nonqualified intermediary.
(v) Withholding foreign trusts. The IRS may enter an agreement with
a foreign trust to treat the trust or estate as a withholding foreign
trust. Such an agreement shall generally follow the same principles as
an agreement with a withholding foreign partnership under paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section. A withholding agent may treat a payment to a
withholding foreign trust in the same manner the withholding agent would
treat a payment to a withholding foreign partnership. The IRS may also
enter an agreement to treat a trust as a qualified intermediary in
appropriate circumstances. See Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(5)(ii)(D).
(6) Presumption rules--(i) In general. This paragraph (e)(6)
contains the applicable presumptions for a withholding agent (including
a trust or estate) to determine the classification and status of a trust
or estate and its beneficiaries or owners in the absence of valid
documentation. The provisions of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(iv) (regarding the
90-day grace period) and Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(vii) through (ix) shall
apply for purposes of this paragraph (e)(6).
(ii) Determination of status as U.S. or foreign trust or estate in
the absence of documentation. In the absence of valid documentation that
establishes the U.S. status of a trust or estate under paragraph (b)(1)
of this section and of documentation that establishes the foreign status
of a trust or estate under paragraph (e)(4) or (5)(iii) of this section,
the withholding agent shall determine the classification of the payee
based upon the presumptions set forth in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(ii). If,
based upon those presumptions, the withholding agent classifies the
payee as a trust or
[[Page 137]]
estate, the trust or estate shall be presumed to be a U.S. trust or U.S.
estate unless there are indicia of foreign status, in which case the
trust or estate shall be presumed to be foreign. Indicia of foreign
status exists if the withholding agent has actual knowledge of the
payee's employer identification number and that number begins with the
two digits ``98,'' the withholding agent's communications with the payee
are mailed to an address in a foreign country, or the payment is made
outside the United States (as defined in Sec. 1.6049-5(e)). If an
undocumented payee is presumed to be a foreign trust it shall be
presumed to be a foreign complex trust. If a withholding agent has
documentary evidence that establishes that an entity is a foreign trust,
but the withholding agent cannot determine whether the foreign trust is
a complex trust, a simple trust, or foreign grantor trust, the
withholding agent may presume that the trust is a foreign complex trust.
(iii) Determination of beneficiary or owner's status in the absence
of certain documentation. If a foreign simple trust or foreign grantor
trust has provided a foreign simple trust or foreign grantor trust
withholding certificate under paragraph (e)(5)(iii) of this section but
the payment to such trust cannot be reliably associated with valid
documentation from a specific beneficiary or owner of the trust, then
any portion of a payment that a withholding agent cannot treat as
reliably associated with valid documentation from a beneficiary or owner
may be presumed made to a foreign payee. As a result, any payment of an
amount subject to withholding is subject to withholding at a rate of 30
percent. Any such payment that is presumed to be made to an undocumented
foreign person must be reported on Form 1042-S. See Sec. 1.1461-1(c).
(f) Failure to receive withholding certificate timely or to act in
accordance with applicable presumptions. See applicable procedures
described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(7) in the event the withholding agent
does not hold an appropriate withholding certificate or other
appropriate documentation at the time of payment or fails to rely on the
presumptions set forth in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3) or in paragraph (d) or
(e) of this section.
(g) Effective date--(1) General rule. This section applies to
payments made after December 31, 2000.
(2) Transition rules. The validity of a withholding certificate that
was valid on January 1, 1998, under the regulations in effect prior to
January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999) and
expired, or will expire, at any time during 1998, is extended until
December 31, 1998. The validity of a withholding certificate that is
valid on or after January 1, 1999, remains valid until its validity
expires under the regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26
CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999) but in no event will such a
withholding certificate remain valid after December 31, 2000. The rule
in this paragraph (g)(2), however, does not apply to extend the validity
period of a withholding certificate that expires solely by reason of
changes in the circumstances of the person whose name is on the
certificate. Notwithstanding the first three sentences of this paragraph
(g)(2), a withholding agent may choose to not take advantage of the
transition rule in this paragraph (g)(2) with respect to one or more
withholding certificates valid under the regulations in effect prior to
January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999) and,
therefore, to require withholding certificates conforming to the
requirements described in this section (new withholding certificates).
For purposes of this section, a new withholding certificate is deemed to
satisfy the documentation requirement under the regulations in effect
prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1,
1999). Further, a new withholding certificate remains valid for the
period specified in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii), regardless of when the
certificate is obtained.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53452, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72185, 72188, Dec. 31, 1998; 64 FR 73410, Dec. 30, 1999; T.D. 8881, 65
FR 32188, May 22, 2000; 66 FR 18188, Apr. 6, 2001]
[[Page 138]]
Sec. 1.1441-6 Claim of reduced withholding under an income tax treaty.
(a) In general. The rate of withholding on a payment of income
subject to withholding may be reduced to the extent provided under an
income tax treaty in effect between the United States and a foreign
country. Most benefits under income tax treaties are to foreign persons
who reside in the treaty country. In some cases, benefits are available
under an income tax treaty to U.S. citizens or U.S. residents or to
residents of a third country.
See paragraph (b)(5) of this section for claims of benefits by U.S.
persons. If the requirements of this section are met, the amount
withheld from the payment may be reduced at source to account for the
treaty benefit. See also Sec. 1.1441-4(b)(2) for rules regarding claims
of reduced rate of withholding under an income tax treaty in the case of
compensation from personal services.
(b) Reliance on claim of reduced withholding under an income tax
treaty--(1) In general. The withholding imposed under section 1441,
1442, or 1443 on any payment to a foreign person is eligible for
reduction under the terms of an income tax treaty only to the extent
that such payment is treated as derived by a resident of an applicable
treaty jurisdiction, such resident is a beneficial owner, and all other
requirements for benefits under the treaty are satisfied. See section
894 and the regulations thereunder to determine whether a resident of a
treaty country derives the income. Absent actual knowledge or reason to
know otherwise, a withholding agent may rely on a claim that a
beneficial owner is entitled to a reduced rate of withholding based upon
an income tax treaty if, prior to the payment, the withholding agent can
reliably associate the payment with a beneficial owner withholding
certificate, as described in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(2), that contains the
information necessary to support the claim, or, in the case of a payment
of income described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section made outside the
United States with respect to an offshore account, documentary evidence
described in paragraphs (c)(3), (4), and (5) of this section. See Sec.
1.6049-5(e) for the definition of payments made outside the United
States and Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1) for the definition of offshore account.
For purposes of this paragraph (b)(1), a beneficial owner withholding
certificate described in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(2)(i) contains information
necessary to support the claim for a treaty benefit only if it includes
the beneficial owner's taxpayer identifying number (except as otherwise
provided in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and Sec. 1.1441-6(g)) and
the representations that the beneficial owner derives the income under
section 894 and the regulations thereunder, if required, and meets the
limitation on benefits provisions of the treaty, if any. The withholding
certificate must also contain any other representations required by this
section and any other information, certifications, or statements as may
be required by the form or accompanying instructions in addition to, or
in place of, the information and certifications described in this
section. Absent actual knowledge or reason to know that the claims are
incorrect (and subject to the standards of knowledge in Sec. 1.1441-
7(b)), a withholding agent may rely on the claims made on a withholding
certificate or on documentary evidence. A withholding agent may also
rely on the information contained in a withholding statement provided
under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv) and 1.1441-5(c)(3)(iv) and (e)(5)(iv) to
determine whether the appropriate statements regarding section 894 and
limitation on benefits have been provided in connection with documentary
evidence. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) may apply the provisions of
Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(1)(ii)(B) to notify the withholding agent that the
certificate cannot be relied upon to grant benefits under an income tax
treaty. See Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(viii) regarding reliance on a
withholding certificate by a withholding agent. The provisions of Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(3)(iv) dealing with a 90-day grace period shall apply for
purposes of this section.
(2) Payment to fiscally transparent entity--(i) In general. If the
person claiming a reduced rate of withholding under an income tax treaty
is the interest holder of an entity that is considered to be fiscally
transparent (as defined in the regulations under section 894) by the
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interest holder's jurisdiction with respect to an item of income, then,
with respect to such income derived by that person through the entity,
the entity shall be treated as a flow-through entity and may provide a
flow-through withholding certificate with which the withholding
certificate or other documentary evidence of the interest holder that
supports the claim for treaty benefits is associated. For purposes of
the preceding sentence, interest holders do not include any direct or
indirect interest holders that are themselves treated as fiscally
transparent entities with respect to that income by the interest
holder's jurisdiction. See Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(23) and (e)(3)(i) for the
definition of flow-through entity and flow-through withholding
certificate. The entity may provide a beneficial owner withholding
certificate, or beneficial owner documentation, with respect to any
remaining portion of the income to the extent the entity is receiving
income and is not treated as fiscally transparent by its own
jurisdiction. Further, the entity may claim a reduced rate of
withholding with respect to the portion of a payment for which it is not
treated as fiscally transparent if it meets all the requirements to make
such a claim and, in the case of treaty benefits, it provides the
documentation required by paragraph (b)(1) of this section. If dual
claims, as described in paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section, are made,
multiple withholding certificates may have to be furnished. Multiple
withholding certificates may also have to be furnished if the entity
receives income for which a reduction of withholding is claimed under a
provision of the Internal Revenue Code (e.g., portfolio interest) and
income for which a reduction of withholding is claimed under an income
tax treaty.
(ii) Certification by qualified intermediary. Notwithstanding
paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, a foreign entity that is fiscally
transparent, as defined in the regulations under section 894, that is
also a qualified intermediary for purposes of claiming a reduced rate of
withholding under an income tax treaty for its interest holders (who are
deriving the income paid to the entity as residents of an applicable
treaty jurisdiction) may furnish a single qualified intermediary
withholding certificate, as described in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(ii), for
amounts for which it claims a reduced rate of withholding under an
income tax treaty on behalf of its interest holders.
(iii) Dual treatment. Under paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, a
withholding agent may make a payment to a foreign entity that is
simultaneously claiming to be the beneficial owner of a portion of the
income (whether or not it is also claiming a reduced rate of tax on its
own behalf) and a reduced rate on behalf of persons in their capacity as
interest holders in the entity with respect to the same, or a different,
portion of the income. If the same portion of a payment may be reliably
associated with both the entity's claim and an interest holder's claim,
the withholding agent may choose to reject both claims and request new
documentation and information allocating the payment among the
beneficial owners of the payment or the withholding agent may choose
which claim to apply. If the entity and the interest holder's claims are
reliably associated with separate portions of the payment, the
withholding agent may, at its option, accept such dual claims based on
withholding certificates or other appropriate documentation furnished by
the entity and its interest holders with respect to their respective
shares of the payment even though this will result in the withholding
agent treating the entity differently with respect to different portions
of the same payment. Alternatively, the withholding agent may choose to
apply only the claim made by the entity, provided the entity may be
treated as a beneficial owner of the income. If the withholding agent
does not accept claims for a reduced rate of withholding presented by
any one or more of the interest holders, or by the entity, any interest
holder or the entity may subsequently claim a refund or credit of any
amount so withheld to the extent the interest holder's or entity's share
of such withholding exceeds the amount of tax due.
(iv) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this
paragraph (b)(2):
[[Page 140]]
Example 1. (i) Facts. Entity E is a business organization formed
under the laws of country Y. Country Y has an income tax treaty with the
United States. The treaty contains a limitation on benefits provision. E
receives U.S. source royalties from withholding agent W and claims a
reduced rate of withholding under the U.S.-Y tax treaty on its own
behalf (rather than on behalf of its interest holders). E furnishes a
beneficial owner withholding certificate described in paragraph (b)(1)
of this section that represents that E is a resident of country Y
(within the meaning of the U.S.-Y tax treaty), is the beneficial owner
of the income, derives the income under section 894 and the regulations
thereunder, and is not precluded from claiming benefits by the treaty's
limitation on benefits provision.
(ii) Analysis. Absent actual knowledge or reason to know otherwise,
W may rely on the representations made by E to apply a reduced rate of
withholding.
Example 2. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as under Example 1,
except that one of E's interest holders, H, is an entity organized in
country Z. The U.S.-Z tax treaty reduces the rate on royalties to zero
whereas the rate on royalties under the U.S.-Y tax treaty applicable to
E is 5 percent. H is not fiscally transparent under country Z's tax law
with respect to such income. H furnishes a beneficial owner withholding
certificate to E that represents that H derives, within the meaning of
section 894 and the regulations thereunder, its share of the royalty
income paid to E as a resident of country Z, is the beneficial owner of
the royalty income, and is not precluded from claiming treaty benefits
by virtue of the limitation on benefits provision in the U.S.-Z treaty.
E furnishes to W a flow-through withholding certificate described in
Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(i) to which it attaches H's beneficial owner
withholding certificate and a withholding statement for the portion of
the payment that H claims as its distributive share of the royalty
income. E also furnishes to W a beneficial owner withholding certificate
for itself for the portion of the payment that H does not claim as its
distributive share.
(ii) Analysis. Absent actual knowledge or reason to know otherwise,
W may rely on the documentation furnished by E to treat the royalty
payment to a single foreign entity (E) as derived by different residents
of tax treaty countries as a result of the claims presented under
different treaties. W may, at its option, grant dual treatment, that is,
a reduced rate of zero percent under the U.S.-Z treaty on the portion of
the royalty payment that H claims to derive as a resident of country Z
and a reduced rate of 5 percent under the U.S.-Y treaty for the balance.
However, under paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section, W may, at its
option, treat E as the only relevant person deriving the royalty and
grant benefits under the U.S.-Y treaty only.
Example 3. (i) Facts. E is a business organization formed under the
laws of country X. Country X has an income tax treaty with the United
States. E has two interest holders, H1, organized in country Y, and H2,
organized in country Z. E receives from W, a U.S. withholding agent,
U.S. source royalties and interest that is eligible for the portfolio
interest exception under sections 871(h) and 881(c), provided W receives
the appropriate beneficial owner statement required under section
871(h)(5). E is classified as a corporation under U.S. tax law
principles. Country X, E's country of organization, treats E as an
entity that is not fiscally transparent with respect to items of income
under the regulations under section 894. Under the U.S.-X income tax
treaty, royalties are subject to 5 percent rate of withholding. Country
Y, H1's country of organization, treats E as fiscally transparent with
respect to items of income under section 894 and H1 as not fiscally
transparent with respect to items of income. Under the country Y-U.S.
income tax treaty, royalties are exempt from U.S. tax. Country Z, H2's
country of organization, treats E as not fiscally transparent under
section 894 with respect to items of income. E provides W with a flow-
through beneficial owner withholding certificate with which it
associates a beneficial owner withholding certificate from H1. H1's
withholding certificate states that H1 is a resident of country Y,
derives the royalty income under section 894, meets the applicable
limitations on benefits provisions of the U.S.-Y treaty, and is the
beneficial owner of the income. The withholding statement attached to
E's flow-through withholding certificate allocates one-half of the
royalty payment to H1. E also provides W with a beneficial owner
withholding certificate for the interest income and the remaining one-
half of the royalty income. The withholding certificate states that E is
a resident of country X, derives the royalty income under section 894,
meets the limitation on benefits provisions of the U.S.-X treaty, and is
the beneficial owner of the income.
(ii) Analysis. Absent actual knowledge or reason to know that the
claims are incorrect, W may treat one-half of the royalty derived by E
as subject to a 5 percent withholding rate and one-half of the royalty
as derived by H1 and subject to no withholding. Further, it may treat
all of the interest as being paid to E and as qualifying for the
portfolio interest exception. W can, at its option, treat the entire
royalty as paid to E and subject it to withholding at a 5 percent rate
of withholding. In that case, H1 would be entitled to claim a refund
with respect to its one-half of the royalty.
(3) Certified TIN. The IRS may issue guidance requiring a foreign
person
[[Page 141]]
claiming treaty benefits and for whom a TIN is required to establish
with the IRS, at the time the TIN is requested or after the TIN is
issued, that the person is a resident in a treaty country and meets
other conditions (such as limitation on benefits provisions) of the
treaty. See Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter.
(4) Claim of benefits under an income tax treaty by a U.S. person.
In certain cases, a U.S. person may claim the benefit of an income tax
treaty. For example, under certain treaties, a U.S. citizen residing in
the treaty country may claim a reduced rate of U.S. tax on certain
amounts representing a pension or an annuity from U.S. sources. Claims
of treaty benefits by a U.S. person may be made by furnishing a Form W-9
to the withholding agent or such other form as the IRS may prescribe in
published guidance (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter).
(c) Exemption from requirement to furnish a taxpayer identifying
number and special documentary evidence rules for certain income--(1)
General rule. In the case of income described in paragraph (c)(2) of
this section, a withholding agent may rely on a beneficial owner
withholding certificate described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section
without regard to the requirement that the withholding certificate
include the beneficial owner's taxpayer identifying number. In the case
of payments of income described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section made
outside the United States (as defined in Sec. 1.6049-5(e)) with respect
to an offshore account (as defined in Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1)), a
withholding agent may, as an alternative to a withholding certificate
described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, rely on a certificate of
residence described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section or documentary
evidence described in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, relating to the
beneficial owner, that the withholding agent has reviewed and maintains
in its records in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(iii). In the case
of a payment to a person other than an individual, the certificate of
residence or documentary evidence must be accompanied by the statements
described in paragraphs (c)(5)(i) and (ii) of this section regarding
limitation on benefits and whether the amount paid is derived by such
person or by one of its interest holders. The withholding agent
maintains the reviewed documents by retaining either the documents
viewed or a photocopy thereof and noting in its records the date on
which, and by whom, the documents were received and reviewed. This
paragraph (c)(1) shall not apply to amounts that are exempt from
withholding based on a claim that the income is effectively connected
with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.
(2) Income to which special rules apply. The income to which
paragraph (c)(1) of this section applies is dividends and interest from
stocks and debt obligations that are actively traded, dividends from any
redeemable security issued by an investment company registered under the
Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. 80a-1), dividends, interest,
or royalties from units of beneficial interest in a unit investment
trust that are (or were upon issuance) publicly offered and are
registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the
Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. 77a) and amounts paid with respect to
loans of securities described in this paragraph (c)(2). For purposes of
this paragraph (c)(2), a stock or debt obligation is actively traded if
it is actively traded within the meaning of section 1092(d) and Sec.
1.1092(d)-1 when documentation is provided.
(3) Certificate of residence. A certificate of residence referred to
in paragraph (c)(1) of this section is a certification issued by an
appropriate tax official of the treaty country of which the taxpayer
claims to be a resident that the taxpayer has filed its most recent
income tax return as a resident of that country (within the meaning of
the applicable tax treaty). The certificate of residence must have been
issued by such official within three years prior to its being presented
to the withholding agent, or such other period as the IRS may prescribe
in published guidance (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter). See
Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii)(A) for the period during which a withholding
agent may rely on a certificate of residence. The competent authorities
may agree to a different procedure for certifying residence, in which
case such procedure
[[Page 142]]
shall govern for payments made to a person claiming to be a resident of
the country with which such an agreement is in effect.
(4) Documentary evidence establishing residence in the treaty
country--(i) Individuals. For an individual, the documentary evidence
referred to in paragraph (c)(1) of this section is any documentation
that includes the individuals name, address, and photograph, is an
official document issued by an authorized governmental body (i.e., a
government or agency thereof, or a municipality), and has been issued no
more than three years prior to presentation to the withholding agent. A
document older than three years may be relied upon as proof of residence
only if it is accompanied by additional evidence of the person's
residence in the treaty country (e.g., a bank statement, utility bills,
or medical bills). Documentary evidence must be in the form of original
documents or certified copies thereof.
(ii) Persons other than individuals. For a person other than an
individual, the documentary evidence referred to in paragraph (c)(1) of
this section is any documentation that includes the name of the entity
and the address of its principal office in the treaty country, and is an
official document issued by an authorized governmental body (e.g., a
government or agency thereof, or a municipality).
(5) Statements regarding entitlement to treaty benefits--(i)
Statement regarding conditions under a limitation on benefits provision.
In addition to the documentary evidence described in (c)(4)(ii) of this
section, a taxpayer that is not an individual must provide a statement
that it meets one or more of the conditions set forth in the limitation
on benefits article (if any, or in a similar provision) contained in the
applicable tax treaty.
(ii) Statement regarding whether the taxpayer derives the income. A
taxpayer that is not an individual must also provide, in addition to the
documentary evidence and the statement described in paragraph (c)(5)(i)
of this section, a statement that any income for which it intends to
claim benefits under an applicable income tax treaty is income that will
properly be treated as derived by itself as a resident of the applicable
treaty jurisdiction within the meaning of section 894 and the
regulations thereunder. This requirement does not apply if the taxpayer
furnishes a certificate of residence that certifies that fact.
(d) Joint owners. In the case of a payment to joint owners, each
owner must furnish a withholding certificate or, if applicable,
documentary evidence or a certificate of residence. The applicable rate
of withholding on a payment of income to joint owners shall be the
highest applicable rate.
(e) Competent authority. The procedures described in this section
may be modified to the extent the U.S. competent authority may agree
with the competent authority of a country with which the United States
has an income tax treaty in effect.
(f) Failure to receive withholding certificate timely. See
applicable procedures described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(7) in the event the
withholding agent does not hold an appropriate withholding certificate
or other appropriate documentation at the time of payment.
(g) Special taxpayer identifying number rule for certain foreign
individuals claiming treaty benefits--(1) General rule. Except as
provided in paragraph (c) or (g)(2) of this section, for purposes of
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, a withholding agent may not rely on a
beneficial owner withholding certificate, described in paragraph (b)(1)
of this section, that does not include the beneficial owner's taxpayer
identifying number (TIN).
(2) Special rule. For purposes of satisfying the TIN requirement of
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, a withholding agent may rely on a
beneficial owner withholding certificate, described in such paragraph,
without regard to the requirement that the withholding certificate
include the beneficial owner's TIN, if--
(i) A withholding agent, who is also an acceptance agent, as defined
in Sec. 301.6109-1(d)(3)(iv) of this chapter (the payor), has entered
into an acceptance agreement that permits the acceptance agent to
request an individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN) on an
expedited basis because of the circumstances of payment or unexpected
[[Page 143]]
nature of payments required to be made by the payor;
(ii) The payor was required to make an unexpected payment to the
beneficial owner who is a foreign individual;
(iii) An ITIN for the beneficial owner cannot be received by the
payor from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) because the IRS is not
issuing ITINs at the time of payment or any time prior to the time of
payment when the payor has knowledge of the unexpected payment;
(iv) The unexpected payment to the beneficial owner could not be
reasonably delayed to permit the payor to obtain an ITIN for the
beneficial owner on an expedited basis; and
(v) The payor satisfies the provisions of paragraph (g)(3) of this
section.
(3) Requirement that an ITIN be requested during the first business
day following payment. The payor must submit a beneficial owner payee
application for an ITIN (Form W-7 ``Application for IRS Individual
Taxpayer Identification Number'') that complies with the requirements of
Sec. 301.6109-1(d)(3)(ii) of this chapter, and also the certification
described in Sec. 301.6109-1(d)(3)(iv)(A)(4) of this chapter, to the
IRS during the first business day after payment is made.
(4) Definition of unexpected payment. For purposes of this section,
an unexpected payment is a payment that, because of the nature of the
payment or the circumstances in which it is made, could not reasonably
have been anticipated by the payor or beneficial owner during a time
when the payor or beneficial owner could obtain an ITIN from the IRS.
For purposes of this paragraph (g)(4), a payor or beneficial owner will
not lack the requisite knowledge of the forthcoming payment solely
because the amount of the payment is not fixed.
(5) Examples. The rules of this paragraph (g) are illustrated by the
following examples:
Example 1. G, a citizen and resident of Country Y, a country with
which the United States has an income tax treaty that exempts U.S.
source gambling winnings from U.S. tax, is visiting the United States
for the first time. During his visit, G visits Casino B, a casino that
has entered into a special acceptance agent agreement with the IRS that
permits Casino B to request an ITIN on an expedited basis. During that
visit, on a Sunday, G wins $5000 in slot machine play at Casino B and
requests immediate payment from Casino B. ITINs are not available from
the IRS on Sunday and would not again be available until Monday. G, who
does not have an individual taxpayer identification number, furnishes a
beneficial owner withholding certificate, described in Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(2), to the Casino upon winning at the slot machine. The beneficial
owner withholding certificate represents that G is a resident of Country
Y (within the meaning of the U.S.-Y tax treaty) and meets all applicable
requirements for claiming benefits under the U.S.-Y tax treaty. The
beneficial owner withholding certificate does not, however, contain an
ITIN for G. On the following Monday, Casino B faxes a completed Form W-
7, including the required certification, for G, to the IRS for an
expedited ITIN. Pursuant to paragraph (b) and (g)(2) of this section,
absent actual knowledge or reason to know otherwise, Casino B, may rely
on the documentation furnished by G at the time of payment and pay the
$5000 to G without withholding U.S. tax based on the treaty exemption.
Example 2. The facts are the same as Example 1, except G visits
Casino B on Monday. G requests payment Monday afternoon. In order to pay
the winnings to G without withholding the 30 percent tax, Casino B must
apply for and obtain an ITIN for G because an expedited ITIN is
available from the IRS at the time of the $5000 payment to G.
Example 3. The facts are the same as Example 1, except G requests
payment fifteen minutes before the time when the IRS begins issuing
ITINs. Under these facts, it would be reasonable for Casino B to delay
payment to G. Therefore, Casino B must apply for and obtain an ITIN for
G if G wishes to claim an exemption from U.S. withholding tax under the
U.S.-Y tax treaty at the time of payment.
Example 4. P, a citizen and resident of Country Z, is a lawyer and a
well-known expert on real estate transactions. P is scheduled to attend
a three-day seminar on complex real estate transactions, as a
participant, at University U, a U.S. university, beginning on a Saturday
and ending on the following Monday, which is a holiday. University U has
entered into a special acceptance agent agreement with the IRS that
permits University U to request an ITIN on an expedited basis. Country Z
is a country with which the United States has an income tax treaty that
exempts certain income earned from the performance of independent
personal services from U.S. tax. It is P's first visit to the United
States. On Saturday, prior to the start of the seminar, Professor Q, one
of the lecturers at the seminar, cancels his lecture. That same day the
Dean of
[[Page 144]]
University U offers P $5000, to replace Professor Q at the seminar,
payable at the conclusion of the seminar on Monday. P agrees. P gives
her lecture Sunday afternoon. ITINs are not available from the IRS on
that Saturday, Sunday, or Monday. After the seminar ends on Monday, P,
who does not have an ITIN, requests payment for her teaching. P
furnishes a beneficial owner withholding certificate, described in Sec.
1.1441-1(e)(2), to University U that represents that P is a resident of
Country Z (within the meaning of the U.S.-Z tax treaty) and meets all
applicable requirements for claiming benefits under the U.S.-Z tax
treaty. The beneficial owner withholding certificate does not, however,
contain an ITIN for P. On Tuesday, University U faxes a completed Form
W-7, including the required certification, for P, to the IRS for an
expedited ITIN. Pursuant to paragraph (b) and (g)(2) of this section,
absent actual knowledge or reason to know otherwise, University U may
rely on the documentation furnished by P and pay $5000 to P without
withholding U.S. tax based on the treaty exemption.
(h) Effective dates--(1) General rule. This section applies to
payments made after December 31, 2000, except for paragraph (g) of this
section which applies to payments made after December 31, 2001.
(2) Transition rules. For purposes of this section, the validity of
a Form 1001 or 8233 that was valid on January 1, 1998, under the
regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and
35a, revised April 1, 1999) and expired, or will expire, at any time
during 1998, is extended until December 31, 1998. The validity of a Form
1001 or 8233 that is valid on or after January 1, 1999, remains valid
until its validity expires under the regulations in effect prior to
January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999) but
in no event will such a form remain valid after December 31, 2000. The
rule in this paragraph (h)(2), however, does not apply to extend the
validity period of a Form 1001 or 8233 that expires solely by reason of
changes in the circumstances of the person whose name is on the
certificate or in interpretation of the law under the regulations under
Sec. 1.894-1T(d). Notwithstanding the first three sentences of this
paragraph (h)(2), a withholding agent may choose to not take advantage
of the transition rule in this paragraph (h)(2) with respect to one or
more withholding certificates valid under the regulations in effect
prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1,
1999) and, therefore, to require withholding certificates conforming to
the requirements described in this section (new withholding
certificates). For purposes of this section, a new withholding
certificate is deemed to satisfy the documentation requirement under the
regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and
35a, revised April 1, 1999). Further, a new withholding certificate
remains valid for the period specified in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii),
regardless of when the certificate is obtained.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53458, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72185, 72188, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73410, Dec. 30, 1999; 65
FR 16320, Mar. 28, 2000; T.D. 8881, 65 FR 32194, May 22, 2000; T.D.
8977, 67 FR 2328, Jan. 17, 2002; T.D. 9023, 67 FR 70312, Nov. 22, 2002;
T.D. 9253, 71 FR 13006, Mar. 14, 2006; 71 FR 25748, May 2, 2006]
Sec. 1.1441-7 General provisions relating to withholding agents.
(a) Withholding agent defined--(1) In general. For purposes of
chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code and the regulations under such
chapter, the term withholding agent means any person, U.S. or foreign,
that has the control, receipt, custody, disposal, or payment of an item
of income of a foreign person subject to withholding, including (but not
limited to) a foreign intermediary described in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(i),
a foreign partnership, or a U.S. branch described in Sec. 1.1441-
1(b)(2)(iv)(A) or (E). See Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2) and (3) and 1.1441-
5(c), (d), and (e), for rules to determine whether a payment is
considered made to a foreign person. Any person who meets the definition
of a withholding agent is required to deposit any tax withheld under
Sec. 1.1461-1(a) and to make the returns prescribed by Sec. 1.1461-
1(b) and (c), except as otherwise may be required by a qualified
intermediary withholding agreement, a withholding foreign partnership
agreement, or a withholding foreign trust agreement. When several
persons qualify as withholding agents with respect to a single payment,
only one tax is required to be withheld and deposited. See Sec. 1.1461-
1. A person who, as a nominee described in Sec. 1.6031(c)-1T, has
furnished to a partnership all of the information required
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to be furnished under Sec. 1.6031(c)-1T(a) shall not be treated as a
withholding agent if it has notified the partnership that it is treating
the provision of information to the partnership as a discharge of its
obligations as a withholding agent.
(2) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of
paragraph (a)(1) of this section:
Example 1. USB is a broker organized in the United States. USB pays
U.S. source dividends and interest, which are amounts subject to
withholding under Sec. 1.1441-2(a), to FC, a foreign corporation that
has an investment account with USB. USB is a withholding agent as
defined in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
Example 2. USB is a bank organized in the United States. FB is a
bank organized in country X. X has an omnibus account with USB through
which FB invests in debt and equity instruments that pay amounts subject
to withholding as defined in Sec. 1.1441-2(a). FB is a nonqualified
intermediary, as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(14). Both USB and FB are
withholding agents as defined in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
Example 3. The facts are the same as in Example 2, except that FB is
a qualified intermediary. Both USB and FB are withholding agents as
defined in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
Example 4. FB is a bank organized in country X. FB has a branch in
the United States. FB's branch has customers that are foreign persons
who receive amounts subject to withholding, as defined in Sec. 1.1441-
2(a). FB is a withholding agent under paragraph (a)(1) of this section
and is required to withhold and report payments of amounts subject to
withholding in accordance with chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code.
Example 5. X is a foreign corporation. X pays dividends to
shareholders who are foreign persons. Under section 861(a)(2)(B), a
portion of the dividends are from sources within the United States and
constitute amounts subject to withholding within the meaning of Sec.
1.1441-2(a). The dividends are not subject to tax under section 884(a).
See 884(e)(3). X is a withholding agent under paragraph (a)(1) of this
section.
(b) Standards of knowledge--(1) In general. A withholding agent must
withhold at the full 30-percent rate under section 1441, 1442, or
1443(a) or at the full 4-percent rate under section 1443(b) if it has
actual knowledge or reason to know that a claim of U.S. status or of a
reduced rate of withholding under section 1441, 1442, or 1443 is
unreliable or incorrect. A withholding agent shall be liable for tax,
interest, and penalties to the extent provided under sections 1461 and
1463 and the regulations under those sections if it fails to withhold
the correct amount despite its actual knowledge or reason to know the
amount required to be withheld. For purposes of the regulations under
sections 1441, 1442, and 1443, a withholding agent may rely on
information or certifications contained in, or associated with, a
withholding certificate or other documentation furnished by or for a
beneficial owner or payee unless the withholding agent has actual
knowledge or reason to know that the information or certifications are
incorrect or unreliable and, if based on such knowledge or reason to
know, it should withhold (under chapter 3 of the Code or another
withholding provision of the Code) an amount greater than would be the
case if it relied on the information or certifications, or it should
report (under chapter 3 of the Code or under another provision of the
Code) an amount that would not otherwise be reportable if it relied on
the information or certifications. See Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(viii) for
applicable reliance rules. A withholding agent that has received
notification by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) that a claim of U.S.
status or of a reduced rate is incorrect has actual knowledge beginning
on the date that is 30 calendar days after the date the notice is
received. A withholding agent that fails to act in accordance with the
presumptions set forth in Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3), 1.1441-4(a),
1.1441-5 (d) and (e), or 1.1441-9(b)(3) may also be liable for tax,
interest, and penalties. See Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(ix) and (7).
(2) Reason to know. A withholding agent shall be considered to have
reason to know if its knowledge of relevant facts or of statements
contained in the withholding certificates or other documentation is such
that a reasonably prudent person in the position of the withholding
agent would question the claims made.
(3) Financial institutions--limits on reason to know. For purposes
of this paragraph (b)(3) and paragraphs (b)(4) through (b)(10) of this
section, the terms withholding certificate, documentary evidence, and
documentation are defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(16), (17) and (18).
[[Page 146]]
Except as otherwise provided in paragraphs (b)(4) through (b)(9) of this
section, a withholding agent that is a financial institution (including
a regulated investment company) that has a direct account relationship
with a beneficial owner (a direct account holder) has a reason to know,
with respect to amounts described in Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(2), that
documentation provided by the direct account holder is unreliable or
incorrect only if one or more of the circumstances described in
paragraphs (b)(4) through (b)(9) of this section exist. If a direct
account holder has provided documentation that is unreliable or
incorrect under the rules of paragraph (b)(4) through (b)(9) of this
section, the withholding agent may require new documentation.
Alternatively, the withholding agent may rely on the documentation
originally provided if the rules of paragraphs (b)(4) through (b)(9) of
this section permit such reliance based on additional statements and
documentation. Paragraph (b)(10) of this section provides limits on
reason to know for financial institutions that receive beneficial owner
documentation from persons (indirect account holders) that have an
account relationship with, or an ownership interest in, a direct account
holder. For rules regarding reliance on Form W-9, see Sec. 31.3406(g)-
3(e)(2) of this chapter.
(4) Rules applicable to withholding certificates--(i) In general. A
withholding agent has reason to know that a beneficial owner withholding
certificate provided by a direct account holder in connection with a
payment of an amount described in Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(2) is unreliable or
incorrect if the withholding certificate is incomplete with respect to
any item on the certificate that is relevant to the claims made by the
direct account holder, the withholding certificate contains any
information that is inconsistent with the direct account holder's claim,
the withholding agent has other account information that is inconsistent
with the direct account holder's claim, or the withholding certificate
lacks information necessary to establish entitlement to a reduced rate
of withholding. For purposes of establishing a direct account holder's
status as a foreign person or resident of a treaty country a withholding
certificate shall be considered unreliable or inconsistent with an
account holder's claims only if it is not reliable under the rules of
paragraphs (b)(5) and (6) of this section. A withholding agent that
relies on an agent to review and maintain a withholding certificate is
considered to know or have reason to know the facts within the knowledge
of the agent.
(ii) Examples. The rules of paragraph (b)(4) of this section are
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. F, a foreign person that has a direct account
relationship with USB, a bank that is a U.S. person, provides USB with a
beneficial owner withholding certificate for the purpose of claiming a
reduced rate of withholding on U.S. source dividends. F resides in a
treaty country that has a limitation on benefits provision in its income
tax treaty with the United States. The withholding certificate, however,
does not contain a statement regarding limitations on benefits or
deriving the income under section 894 as required by Sec. 1.1441-
6(b)(1). USB cannot rely on the withholding certificate to grant a
reduced rate of withholding because it is incomplete with respect to the
claim made by F.
Example 2. F, a foreign person that has a direct account
relationship with USB, a broker that is a U.S. person, provides USB with
a withholding certificate for the purpose of claiming the portfolio
interest exception under section 881(c), which applies to foreign
corporations. F indicates on its withholding certificate, however, that
it is a partnership. USB may not treat F as a beneficial owner of the
interest for purposes of the portfolio interest exception because F has
indicated on its withholding certificate that it is a foreign
partnership, and therefore under Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(6)(ii) it is not the
beneficial owner of the interest payment.
(5) Withholding certificate--establishment of foreign status. A
withholding agent has reason to know that a beneficial owner withholding
certificate (as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(2)) provided by a direct
account holder in connection with a payment of an amount described in
Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(2) is unreliable or incorrect for purposes of
establishing the account holder's status as a foreign person if the
certificate is described in paragraph (b)(5)(i) or (ii) of this section.
(i) A withholding certificate is unreliable or incorrect if the
withholding certificate has a permanent residence
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address (as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(2)(ii)) in the United States,
the withholding certificate has a mailing address in the United States,
the withholding agent has a residence or mailing address as part of its
account information that is an address in the United States, or the
direct account holder notifies the withholding agent of a new residence
or mailing address in the United States (whether or not provided on a
withholding certificate). A withholding agent may, however, rely on the
beneficial owner withholding certificate as establishing the account
holder's foreign status if it may do so under the provisions of
paragraph (b)(5)(i)(A) or (B) of this section.
(A) A withholding agent may treat a direct account holder as a
foreign person if the beneficial owner withholding certificate has been
provided by an individual and--
(1) The withholding agent has in its possession or obtains
documentary evidence (which does not contain a U.S. address) that has
been provided within the past three years, was valid at the time it was
provided, the documentary evidence supports the claim of foreign status,
and the direct account holder provides the withholding agent with a
reasonable explanation, in writing, supporting the account holder's
foreign status; or
(2) The account is maintained at an office of the withholding agent
outside the United States and the withholding agent is required to
report annually a payment to the direct account holder on a tax
information statement that is filed with the tax authority of the
country in which the office is located and that country has an income
tax treaty in effect with the United States.
(B) A withholding agent may treat an account holder as a foreign
person if the beneficial owner withholding certificate has been provided
by an entity that the withholding agent does not know, or does not have
reason to know, is a flow-through entity and--
(1) The withholding agent has in its possession, or obtains,
documentation that substantiates that the entity is actually organized
or created under the laws of a foreign country; or
(2) The account is maintained at an office of the withholding agent
outside the United States and the withholding agent is required to
report annually a payment to the direct account holder on a tax
information statement that is filed with the tax authority of the
country in which the office is located and that country has an income
tax treaty in effect with the United States.
(ii) A beneficial owner withholding certificate is unreliable or
incorrect if it is provided with respect to an offshore account (as
defined in Sec. 1.6049-5(c)(1)) and the direct account holder has
standing instructions directing the withholding agent to pay amounts
from its account to an address or an account maintained in the United
States. The withholding agent may treat the direct account holder as a
foreign person, however, if the direct account holder provides a
reasonable explanation in writing that supports its foreign status.
(6) Withholding certificate--claim of reduced rate of withholding
under treaty. A withholding agent has reason to know that a withholding
certificate (other than Form W-9) provided by a direct account holder in
connection with a payment of an amount described in Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(2)
is unreliable or incorrect for purposes of establishing that the direct
account holder is a resident of a country with which the United States
has an income tax treaty if it is described in paragraphs (b)(6)(i)
through (iii) of this section.
(i) A beneficial owner withholding certificate is unreliable or
incorrect if the permanent residence address on the beneficial owner
withholding certificate is not in the country whose treaty is invoked,
or the direct account holder notifies the withholding agent of a new
permanent residence address that is not in the treaty country. A
withholding agent may, however, treat a direct account holder as
entitled to a reduced rate of withholding under an income tax treaty if
the direct account holder provides a reasonable explanation for the
permanent residence address outside the treaty country (e.g., the
address is the address of a branch of the beneficial owner located
outside the treaty country in which the entity is a resident) or the
withholding agent
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has in its possession, or obtains, documentary evidence that establishes
residency in a treaty country.
(ii) A beneficial owner withholding certificate is unreliable or
incorrect if the permanent residence address on the withholding
certificate is in the applicable treaty country but the withholding
certificate contains a mailing address outside the treaty country or the
withholding agent has a mailing address as part of its account
information that is outside the treaty country. A mailing address that
is a P.O. Box, in-care-of address, or address at a financial institution
(if the financial institution is not a beneficial owner) shall not
preclude a withholding agent from treating the direct account holder as
a resident of a treaty country if such address is in the treaty country.
If a withholding agent has a mailing address (whether or not contained
on the withholding certificate) outside the applicable treaty country,
the withholding agent may nevertheless treat a direct account holder as
a resident of an applicable treaty country if--
(A) The withholding agent has in its possession, or obtains,
additional documentation supporting the direct account holder's claim of
residence in the applicable treaty country (and the additional
documentation does not contain an address outside the treaty country);
(B) The withholding agent has in its possession, or obtains,
documentation that establishes that the direct account holder is an
entity organized in a treaty country (or an entity managed and
controlled in a treaty country, if the applicable treaty so requires);
(C) The withholding agent knows that the address outside the
applicable treaty country (other than a P.O. box, or in-care-of address)
is a branch of a bank or insurance company that is a resident of the
applicable treaty country; or
(D) The withholding agent obtains a written statement from the
direct account holder that reasonably establishes entitlement to treaty
benefits.
(iii) A beneficial owner withholding certificate is unreliable or
incorrect to establish entitlement to a reduced rate of withholding
under an income tax treaty if the direct account holder has standing
instructions for the withholding agent to pay amounts from its account
to an address or an account outside the treaty country unless the direct
account holder provides a reasonable explanation, in writing,
establishing the direct account holder's residence in the applicable
treaty country.
(7) Documentary evidence. A withholding agent shall not treat
documentary evidence provided by a direct account holder as valid if the
documentary evidence does not reasonably establish the identity of the
person presenting the documentary evidence. For example, documentary
evidence is not valid if it is provided in person by a direct account
holder that is a natural person and the photograph or signature on the
documentary evidence, if any, does not match the appearance or signature
of the person presenting the document. A withholding agent shall not
rely on documentary evidence to reduce the rate of withholding that
would otherwise apply under the presumption rules of Sec. Sec. 1.1441-
1(b)(3), 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6), and 1.6049-5(d) if the documentary
evidence contains information that is inconsistent with the direct
account holder's claim of a reduced rate of withholding, the withholding
agent has other account information that is inconsistent with the direct
account holder's claim, or the documentary evidence lacks information
necessary to establish entitlement to a reduced rate of withholding. For
example, if a direct account holder provides documentary evidence to
claim treaty benefits and the documentary evidence establishes the
direct account holder's status as a foreign person and a resident of a
treaty country, but the account holder fails to provide the treaty
statements required by Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(5), the documentary evidence
does not establish the direct account holder's entitlement to a reduced
rate of withholding. For purposes of establishing a direct account
holder's status as a foreign person or resident of a country with which
the United States has an income tax treaty with respect to income
described in Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(2), documentary evidence shall be
considered unreliable or incorrect only if it is not reliable under the
rules of paragraph (b)(8) and (9) of this section.
[[Page 149]]
(8) Documentary evidence--establishment of foreign status. A
withholding agent has reason to know that documentary evidence provided
in connection with a payment of an amount described in Sec. 1.1441-
6(c)(2) is unreliable or incorrect for purposes of establishing the
direct account holder's status as a foreign person if the documentary
evidence is described in paragraphs (b)(8)(i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) of
this section.
(i) A withholding agent shall not treat documentary evidence
provided by an account holder after December 31, 2000, as valid for
purposes of establishing the direct account holder's foreign status if
the only mailing or residence address that is available to the
withholding agent is an address at a financial institution (unless the
financial institution is a beneficial owner of the income), an in-care-
of address, or a P.O. box. In this case, the withholding agent must
obtain additional documentation that is sufficient to establish the
direct account holder's status as a foreign person. A withholding agent
shall not treat documentary evidence provided by an account holder
before January 1, 2001, as valid for purposes of establishing a direct
account holder's status as a foreign person if it has actual knowledge
that the direct account holder is a U.S. person or if it has a mailing
or residence address for the direct account holder in the United States.
If a withholding agent has an address for the direct account holder in
the United States, the withholding agent may nevertheless treat the
direct account holder as a foreign person if it can so treat the direct
account holder under the rules of paragraph (b)(8)(ii) of this section.
(ii) Documentary evidence is unreliable or incorrect to establish a
direct account holder's status as a foreign person if the withholding
agent has a mailing or residence address (whether or not on the
documentation) for the direct account holder in the United States or if
the direct account holder notifies the withholding agent of a new
address in the United States. A withholding agent may, however, rely on
documentary evidence as establishing the direct account holder's foreign
status if it may do so under the provisions of paragraph (b)(8)(ii)(A)
or (B) of this section.
(A) A withholding agent may treat a direct account holder that is an
individual as a foreign person even if it has a mailing or residence
address for the direct account holder in the United States if the
withholding agent--
(1) Has in its possession or obtains additional documentary evidence
(which does not contain a U.S. address) supporting the claim of foreign
status and a reasonable explanation in writing supporting the account
holder's foreign status;
(2) Has in its possession or obtains a valid beneficial owner
withholding certificate on Form W-8 and the Form W-8 contains a
permanent residence address outside the United States and a mailing
address outside the United States (or if a mailing address is inside the
United States the direct account holder provides a reasonable
explanation in writing supporting the direct account holder's foreign
status); or
(3) The account is maintained at an office of the withholding agent
outside the United States and the withholding agent is required to
report annually a payment to the direct account holder on a tax
information statement that is filed with the tax authority of the
country in which the office is located and that country has an income
tax treaty in effect with the United States.
(B) A withholding agent may treat a direct account holder that is an
entity (other than a flow-through entity) as a foreign person even if it
has a mailing or residence address for the direct account holder in the
United States if the withholding agent--
(1) Has in its possession, or obtains, documentation that
substantiates that the entity is actually organized or created under the
laws of a foreign country;
(2) Obtains a valid beneficial owner withholding certificate on Form
W-8 and the Form W-8 contains a permanent residence address outside the
United States and a mailing address outside the United States (or if a
mailing address is inside the United States the direct account holder
provides additional documentary evidence sufficient to establish the
direct account holder's foreign status); or
[[Page 150]]
(3) The account is maintained at an office of the withholding agent
outside the United States and the withholding agent is required to
report annually a payment to the direct account holder on a tax
information statement that is filed with the tax authority of the
country in which the office is located and that country has an income
tax treaty in effect with the United States.
(iii) Documentary evidence is unreliable or incorrect if the direct
account holder has standing instructions directing the withholding agent
to pay amounts from its account to an address or an account maintained
in the United States. The withholding agent may treat the direct account
holder as a foreign person, however, if the account holder provides a
reasonable explanation in writing that supports its foreign status.
(9) Documentary evidence--claim of reduced rate of withholding under
treaty. A withholding agent has reason to know that documentary evidence
provided in connection with a payment of an amount described in Sec.
1.1441-6(c)(2) is unreliable or incorrect for purposes of establishing
that a direct account holder is a resident of a country with which the
United States has an income tax treaty if it is described in paragraph
(b)(9)(i) or (ii) of this section.
(i) Documentary evidence is unreliable or incorrect if the
withholding agent has a mailing or residence address for the direct
account holder (whether or not on the documentary evidence) that is
outside the applicable treaty country, or the only address that the
withholding agent has (whether in or outside of the applicable treaty
country) is a P.O. box, an in-care-of address, or the address of a
financial institution (if the financial institution is not the
beneficial owner). If a withholding agent has a mailing or residence
address for the direct account holder outside the applicable treaty
country, the withholding agent may nevertheless treat a direct account
holder as a resident of an applicable treaty country if the withholding
agent--
(A) Has in its possession, or obtains, additional documentary
evidence supporting the direct account holder's claim of residence in
the applicable treaty country (and the documentary evidence does not
contain an address outside the applicable treaty country, a P.O. box, an
in-care-of address, or the address of a financial institution);
(B) Has in its possession, or obtains, documentary evidence that
establishes the direct account holder is an entity organized in a treaty
country (or an entity managed and controlled in a treaty country, if the
applicable treaty so requires); or
(C) Obtains a valid beneficial owner withholding certificate on Form
W-8 that contains a permanent residence address and a mailing address in
the applicable treaty country.
(ii) Documentary evidence is unreliable or incorrect if the direct
account holder has standing instructions directing the withholding agent
to pay amounts from its account to an address or an account maintained
outside the treaty country unless the direct account holder provides a
reasonable explanation, in writing, establishing the direct account
holder's residence in the applicable treaty country.
(10) Limits on reason to know--indirect account holders. A financial
institution that receives documentation from a payee through a
nonqualified intermediary, a flow-through entity, or a U.S. branch
described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv) (other than a U.S. branch that is
treated as a U.S. person) with respect to a payment of an amount
described in Sec. 1.1441-6(c)(2) has reason to know that the
documentation is unreliable or incorrect if a reasonably prudent person
in the position of a withholding agent would question the claims made.
This standard requires, but is not limited to, a withholding agent's
compliance with the rules of paragraphs (b)(10)(i) through (iii).
(i) The withholding agent must review the withholding statement
described in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv) and may not rely on information in
the statement to the extent the information does not support the claims
made for any payee. For this purpose, a withholding agent may not treat
a payee as a foreign person if an address in the United States is
provided for such payee and may not treat a person as a resident of a
country with which the United States has an income tax treaty
[[Page 151]]
if the address for that person is outside the applicable treaty country.
Notwithstanding a U.S. address or an address outside a treaty country,
the withholding agent may treat a payee as a foreign person or a foreign
person as a resident of a treaty country if a reasonable explanation is
provided, in writing, by the nonqualified intermediary, flow-through
entity, or U.S. branch supporting the payee's foreign status or the
foreign person's residency in a treaty country.
(ii) The withholding agent must review each withholding certificate
in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs (b)(5) and (6) of this
section and verify that the information on the withholding certificate
is consistent with the information on the withholding statement required
under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv). If there is a discrepancy between the
withholding certificate and the withholding statement, the withholding
agent may choose to rely on the withholding certificate, if valid, and
instruct the nonqualified intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S.
branch to correct the withholding statement or apply the presumption
rules of Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(b), 1.1441-5(d) and (e)(6), and 1.6049-5(d)
to the payment allocable to the payee who provided the withholding
certificate. A withholding agent that receives a withholding certificate
before December 31, 2001, is not required to review the information on
withholding certificates or determine if it is consistent with the
information on the withholding statement until December 31, 2001. A
withholding agent may withhold and report in accordance with a
withholding statement until December 31, 2001, unless it has actually
performed the verification procedures required by this paragraph
(b)(10)(ii) and determined that the withholding statement is inaccurate
with respect to a particular payee.
(iii) The withholding agent must review the documentary evidence
provided by the nonqualified intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S.
branch to determine that there is no obvious indication that the payee
is a U.S. non-exempt recipient or that the documentary evidence does not
establish the identity of the person who provided the documentation
(e.g., the documentary evidence does not appear to be an identification
document).
(11) Additional guidance. The IRS may prescribe other circumstances
for which a withholding certificate or documentary evidence is
unreliable or incorrect in addition to the circumstances described in
paragraph (b) of this section to establish an account holder's status as
a foreign person or a beneficial owner entitled to a reduced rate of
withholding in published guidance (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this
chapter).
(c) Authorized agent--(1) In general. The acts of an agent of a
withholding agent (including the receipt of withholding certificates,
the payment of amounts of income subject to withholding, and the deposit
of tax withheld) are imputed to the withholding agent on whose behalf it
is acting. However, if the agent is a foreign person, a withholding
agent that is a U.S. person may treat the acts of the foreign agent as
its own for purposes of determining whether it has complied with the
provisions of this section, but only if the agent is an authorized
foreign agent, as defined in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. An
authorized foreign agent cannot apply the provisions of this paragraph
(c) to appoint another person its authorized foreign agent with respect
to the payments it receives from the withholding agent.
(2) Authorized foreign agent. An agent is an authorized foreign
agent only if--
(i) There is a written agreement between the withholding agent and
the foreign person acting as agent;
(ii) The notification procedures described in paragraph (c)(3) of
this section have been complied with;
(iii) Books and records and relevant personnel of the foreign agent
are available (on a continuous basis, including after termination of the
relationship) for examination by the IRS in order to evaluate the
withholding agent's compliance with the provisions of chapters 3 and 61
of the Code, section 3406, and the regulations under those provisions;
and
(iv) The U.S. withholding agent remains fully liable for the acts of
its agent and does not assert any of the defenses that may otherwise be
available, including under common law principles of agency in order to
avoid
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tax liability under the Internal Revenue Code.
(3) Notification. A withholding agent that appoints an authorized
agent to act on its behalf for purposes of Sec. 1.871-14(c)(2), the
withholding provisions of chapter 3 of the Code, section 3406 or other
withholding provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, or the reporting
provisions of chapter 61 of the Code, is required to file notice of such
appointment with the Office of the Assistant Commissioner
(International). Such notice shall be filed before the first payment for
which the authorized agent acts as such. Such notice shall acknowledge
the withholding agent liability as provided in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of
this section.
(4) Liability of U.S. withholding agent. An authorized foreign agent
is subject to the same withholding and reporting obligations that apply
to any withholding agent under the provisions of chapter 3 of the Code
and the regulations thereunder. In particular, an authorized foreign
agent does not benefit from the special procedures or exceptions that
may apply to a qualified intermediary. A withholding agent acting
through an authorized foreign agent is liable for any failure of the
agent, such as failure to withhold an amount or make payment of tax, in
the same manner and to the same extent as if the agent's failure had
been the failure of the U.S. withholding agent. For this purpose, the
foreign agent's actual knowledge or reason to know shall be imputed to
the U.S. withholding agent. The U.S. withholding agent's liability shall
exist irrespective of the fact that the authorized foreign agent is also
a withholding agent and is itself separately liable for failure to
comply with the provisions of the regulations under section 1441, 1442,
or 1443. However, the same tax, interest, or penalties shall not be
collected more than once.
(5) Filing of returns. See Sec. 1.1461-1(b)(2)(iii) and (c)(4)(iii)
regarding returns required to be made where a U.S. withholding agent
acts through an authorized foreign agent.
(d) United States obligations. If the United States is a withholding
agent for an item of interest, including original issue discount, on
obligations of the United States or of any agency or instrumentality
thereof, the withholding obligation of the United States is assumed and
discharged by--
(1) The Commissioner of the Public Debt, for interest paid by checks
issued through the Bureau of the Public Debt;
(2) The Treasurer of the United States, for interest paid by him or
her, whether by check or otherwise;
(3) Each Federal Reserve Bank, for interest paid by it, whether by
check or otherwise; or
(4) Such other person as may be designated by the IRS.
(e) Assumed obligations. If, in connection with the sale of a
corporation's property, payment on the bonds or other obligations of the
corporation is assumed by a person, then that person shall be a
withholding agent to the extent amounts subject to withholding are paid
to a foreign person. Thus, the person shall withhold such amounts under
Sec. 1.1441-1 as would be required to be withheld by the seller or
corporation had no such sale or assumption been made.
(f) Conduit financing arrangements--(1) Liability of withholding
agent. Subject to paragraph (f)(2) of this section, any person that is
required to deduct and withhold tax under Sec. 1.1441-3(g) is made
liable for that tax by section 1461. A person that is required to deduct
and withhold tax but fails to do so is liable for the payment of the tax
and any applicable penalties and interest.
(2) Exception for withholding agents that do not know of conduit
financing arrangement--(i) In general. A withholding agent will not be
liable under paragraph (f)(1) of this section for failing to deduct and
withhold with respect to a conduit financing arrangement unless the
person knows or has reason to know that the financing arrangement is a
conduit financing arrangement. This standard shall be satisfied if the
withholding agent knows or has reason to know of facts sufficient to
establish that the financing arrangement is a conduit financing
arrangement, including facts sufficient to establish that the
participation of the intermediate entity in the financing arrangement is
pursuant to a tax avoidance plan. A withholding agent that knows only of
the financing transactions that comprise the financing arrangement will
[[Page 153]]
not be considered to know or have reason to know of facts sufficient to
establish that the financing arrangement is a conduit financing
arrangement.
(ii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the operation of
paragraph (d)(2) of this section.
Example 1. (i) DS is a U.S. subsidiary of FP, a corporation
organized in Country N, a country that does not have an income tax
treaty with the United States. FS is a special purpose subsidiary of FP
that is incorporated in Country T, a country that has an income tax
treaty with the United States that prohibits the imposition of
withholding tax on payments of interest. FS is capitalized with
$10,000,000 in debt from BK, a Country N bank, and $1,000,000 in capital
from FS.
(ii) On May 1, 1995, C, a U.S. person, purchases an automobile from
DS in return for an installment note. On July 1, 1995, DS sells a number
of installment notes, including C's, to FS in exchange for $10,000,000.
DS continues to service the installment notes for FS and C is not
notified of the sale of its obligation and continues to make payments to
DS. But for the withholding tax on payments of interest by DS to BK, DS
would have borrowed directly from BK, pledging the installment notes as
collateral.
(iii) The C installment note is a financing transaction, whether
held by DS or by FS, and the FS note held by BK also is a financing
transaction. After FS purchases the installment note, and during the
time the installment note is held by FS, the transactions constitute a
financing arrangement, within the meaning of Sec. 1.881-3(a)(2)(i). BK
is the financing entity, FS is the intermediate entity, and C is the
financed entity. Because the participation of FS in the financing
arrangement reduces the tax imposed by section 881 and because there was
a tax avoidance plan, FS is a conduit entity.
(iv) Because C does not know or have reason to know of the tax
avoidance plan (and by extension that the financing arrangement is a
conduit financing arrangement), C is not required to withhold tax under
section 1441. However, DS, who knows that FS's participation in the
financing arrangement is pursuant to a tax avoidance plan and is a
withholding agent for purposes of section 1441, is not relieved of its
withholding responsibilities.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in Example, 1 except that C
receives a new payment booklet on which DS is described as ``agent''.
Although C may deduce that its installment note has been sold, without
more C has no reason to know of the existence of a financing
arrangement. Accordingly, C is not liable for failure to withhold,
although DS still is not relieved of its withholding responsibilities.
Example 3. (i) DC is a U.S. corporation that is in the process of
negotiating a loan of $10,000,000 from BK1, a bank located in Country N,
a country that does not have an income tax treaty with the United
States. Before the loan agreement is signed, DC's tax lawyers point out
that interest on the loan would not be subject to withholding tax if the
loan were made by BK2, a subsidiary of BK1 that is incorporated in
Country T, a country that has an income tax treaty with the United
States that prohibits the imposition of withholding tax on payments of
interest. BK1 makes a loan to BK2 to enable BK2 to make the loan to DC.
Without the loan from BK1 to BK2, BK2 would not have been able to make
the loan to DC.
(ii) The loan from BK1 to BK2 and the loan from BK2 to DC are both
financing transactions and together constitute a financing arrangement
within the meaning of Sec. 1.881-3(a)(2)(i). BK1 is the financing
entity, BK2 is the intermediate entity, and DC is the financed entity.
Because the participation of BK2 in the financing arrangement reduces
the tax imposed by section 881 and because there is a tax avoidance
plan, BK2 is a conduit entity.
(iii) Because DC is a party to the tax avoidance plan (and
accordingly knows of its existence), DC must withhold tax under section
1441. If DC does not withhold tax on its payment of interest, BK2, a
party to the plan and a withholding agent for purposes of section 1441,
must withhold tax as required by section 1441.
Example 4. (i) DC is a U.S. corporation that has a long-standing
banking relationship with BK2, a U.S. subsidiary of BK1, a bank
incorporated in Country N, a country that does not have an income tax
treaty with the United States. DC has borrowed amounts of as much as
$75,000,000 from BK2 in the past. On January 1, 1995, DC asks to borrow
$50,000,000 from BK2. BK2 does not have the funds available to make a
loan of that size. BK2 considers asking BK1 to enter into a loan with DC
but rejects this possibility because of the additional withholding tax
that would be incurred. Accordingly, BK2 borrows the necessary amount
from BK1 with the intention of on-lending to DC. BK1 does not make the
loan directly to DC because of the withholding tax that would apply to
payments of interest from DC to BK1. DC does not negotiate with BK1 and
has no reason to know that BK1 was the source of the loan.
(ii) The loan from BK2 to DC and the loan from BK1 to BK2 are both
financing transactions and together constitute a financing arrangement
within the meaning of Sec. 1.881-3(a)(2)(i). BK1 is the financing
entity, BK2 is the intermediate entity, and DC is the financed entity.
The participation of BK2 in the financing arrangement reduces the tax
imposed by section 881. Because the participation of BK2 in the
financing arrangement
[[Page 154]]
reduces the tax imposed by section 881 and because there was a tax
avoidance plan, BK2 is a conduit entity.
(iii) Because DC does not know or have reason to know of the tax
avoidance plan (and by extension that the financing arrangement is a
conduit financing arrangement), DC is not required to withhold tax under
section 1441. However, BK2, who is also a withholding agent under
section 1441 and who knows that the financing arrangement is a conduit
financing arrangement, is not relieved of its withholding
responsibilities.
(3) Effective date. This paragraph (f) is effective for payments
made by financed entities on or after September 11, 1995. This paragraph
shall not apply to interest payments covered by section 127(g)(3) of the
Tax Reform Act of 1984, and to interest payments with respect to other
debt obligations issued prior to October 15, 1984 (whether or not such
debt was issued by a Netherlands Antilles corporation).
(g) Effective date. Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (f)(3)
of this section, this section applies to payments made after December
31, 2000.
[T.D. 7977, 49 FR 36834, Sept. 20, 1984, as amended by T.D. 8611, 60 FR
41014, Aug. 11, 1995; 60 FR 55312, Oct. 31, 1995; T.D. 8734, 62 FR
53462, Oct. 14, 1997; T.D. 8804, 63 FR 72188, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856,
64 FR 73412, Dec. 30, 1999; T.D. 8881, 65 FR 32197, 32212, May 22, 2000;
66 FR 18189, Apr. 6, 2001]
Sec. 1.1441-8 Exemption from withholding for payments to foreign
governments, international organizations, foreign central banks of
issue, and the Bank for International Settlements.
(a) Foreign governments. Under section 892, certain specific types
of income received by foreign governments are excluded from gross income
and are exempt from taxation, unless derived from the conduct of a
commercial activity or received from or by a controlled commercial
entity. Accordingly, withholding is not required under Sec. 1.1441.1
with regard to any item of income which is exempt from taxation under
section 892.
(b) Reliance on claim of exemption by foreign government. Absent
actual knowledge or reason to know otherwise, the withholding agent may
rely upon a claim of exemption made by the foreign government if, prior
to the payment, the withholding agent can reliably associate the payment
with documentation upon which it can rely to treat the payment as made
to a beneficial owner in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(1)(ii). A
Form W-8 furnished by a foreign government for purposes of claiming an
exemption under this paragraph (b) is valid only if, in addition to
other applicable requirements, it certifies that the income is, or will
be, exempt from taxation under section 892 and the regulations under
that section and whether the person whose name is on the certificate is
an integral part of a foreign government (as defined in Sec. 1.892-
2T(a)(2)) or a controlled entity (as defined in Sec. 1.892-2T(a)(3)).
(c) Income of a foreign central bank of issue or the Bank for
International Settlements--(1) Certain interest income. Section 895
provides for the exclusion from gross income of certain income derived
by a foreign central bank of issue, or by the Bank for International
Settlements, from obligations of the United States or of any agency or
instrumentality thereof or from interest on deposits with persons
carrying on the banking business if the bank is the owner of the
obligations or deposits and does not hold the obligations or deposits
for, or use them in connection with, the conduct of a commercial banking
function or other commercial activity by such bank. See Sec. 1.895-1.
Absent actual knowledge or reason to know that a foreign central bank of
issue, or the Bank for International Settlements, is operating outside
the scope of the exclusion granted by section 895 and the regulations
under that section, the withholding agent may rely on a claim of
exemption if, prior to the payment, the withholding agent can reliably
associate the payment with documentation upon which it can rely to treat
the foreign central bank of issue or the Bank for International
Settlements as the beneficial owner of the payment in accordance with
Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(1)(ii). A Form W-8 furnished by a foreign central bank
of issue or the Bank for International Settlements for purposes of
claiming an exemption under this paragraph (c)(1) is valid only if, in
addition to other applicable requirements, it certifies that the person
whose name is on the certificate is a foreign central bank
[[Page 155]]
of issue, or the Bank for International Settlements, and that the bank
does not, and will not, hold the obligations or the bank deposits
covered by the Form W-8 for, or use them in connection with, the conduct
of a commercial banking function or other commercial activity.
(2) Bankers acceptances. Interest derived by a foreign central bank
of issue from bankers acceptances is exempt from tax under sections
871(i)(2)(C) and 881(d) and Sec. 1.861-2(b)(4). With respect to
bankers' acceptances, a withholding agent may treat a payee as a foreign
central bank of issue without requiring a withholding certificate if the
name of the payee and other facts surrounding the payment reasonably
indicate that the payee or beneficial owner is a foreign central bank of
issue, as defined in Sec. 1.861-2(b)(4).
(d) Exemption for payments to international organizations. A payment
to an international organization (within the meaning of section
7701(a)(18)) is exempt from withholding on any payment. A withholding
agent may treat a payee as an international organization without
requiring a withholding certificate if the name of the payee is one that
is designated as an international organization by executive order
(pursuant to 22 U.S.C. 288 through 288(f)) and other facts surrounding
the transaction reasonably indicate that the international organization
is the beneficial owner of the payment.
(e) Failure to receive withholding certificate timely and other
applicable procedures. See applicable procedures described in Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(7) in the event the withholding agent does not hold a valid
withholding certificate described in paragraph (b) or (c)(1) of this
section or other appropriate documentation at the time of payment.
Further, the provisions of Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4) shall apply to
withholding certificates and other documents related thereto furnished
under the provisions of this section.
(f) Effective date--(1) In general. This section applies to payments
made after December 31, 2000.
(2) Transition rules. For purposes of this section, the validity of
a Form 8709 that was valid on January 1, 1998, under the regulations in
effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1, revised April 1,
1999) and expired, or will expire, at any time during 1998, is extended
until December 31, 1998. The validity of a Form 8709 that is valid on or
after January 1, 1999, remains valid until its validity expires under
the regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1,
revised April 1, 1999) but in no event shall such a form remain valid
after December 31, 2000. The rule in this paragraph (f)(2), however,
does not apply to extend the validity period of a Form 8709 that expires
solely by reason of changes in the circumstances of the person whose
name is on the certificate. Notwithstanding the first three sentences of
this paragraph (f)(2), a withholding agent may choose to not take
advantage of the transition rule in this paragraph (f)(2) with respect
to one or more withholding certificates valid under the regulations in
effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1, revised April 1,
1999) and, therefore, to require withholding certificates conforming to
the requirements described in this section (new withholding
certificates). For purposes of this section, a new withholding
certificate is deemed to satisfy the documentation requirement under the
regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1,
revised April 1, 1999). Further, a new withholding certificate remains
valid for the period specified in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii), regardless
of when the certificate is obtained.
[T.D. 8211, 53 FR 24066, June 27, 1988, as amended at T.D. 8211, 53 FR
27595, July 21, 1988; Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8734, 62 FR
53464, Oct. 14, 1997; T.D. 8804, 63 FR 72185, Dec. 31, 1998; 64 FR
73410, Dec. 30, 1999]
Sec. 1.1441-9 Exemption from withholding on exempt income of a foreign
tax-exempt organization, including foreign private foundations.
(a) Exemption from withholding for exempt income. No withholding is
required under section 1441(a) or 1442, and the regulations under those
sections, on amounts paid to a foreign organization that is described in
section 501(c) to the extent that the amounts are not income includable
under section 512 in computing the organization's unrelated business
taxable income. See, however, Sec. 1.1443-1 for withholding on payments
[[Page 156]]
of unrelated business income to foreign tax-exempt organizations and on
payments subject to tax under section 4948. For a foreign organization
to claim an exemption from withholding under section 1441(a) or 1442
based on its status as an organization described in section 501(c), it
must furnish the withholding agent with a withholding certificate
described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. A foreign organization
described in section 501(c) may choose to claim a reduced rate of
withholding under the procedures described in other sections of the
regulations under section 1441 and not under this section. In
particular, if an organization chooses to claim benefits under an income
tax treaty, the withholding procedures applicable to claims of such a
reduced rate are governed solely by the provisions of Sec. 1.1441-6 and
not of this section.
(b) Reliance on foreign organization's claim of exemption from
withholding--(1) General rule. A withholding agent may rely on a claim
of exemption under this section only if, prior to the payment, the
withholding agent can reliably associate the payment with a valid
withholding certificate described in paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
(2) Withholding certificate. A withholding certificate under this
paragraph (b)(2) is valid only if it is a Form W-8 and if, in addition
to other applicable requirements, the Form W-8 includes the taxpayer
identifying number of the organization whose name is on the certificate,
and it certifies that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has issued a
favorable determination letter (and the date thereof) that is currently
in effect, what portion, if any, of the amounts paid constitute income
includible under section 512 in computing the organization's unrelated
business taxable income, and, if the organization is described in
section 501(c)(3), whether it is a private foundation described in
section 509. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, if the organization
cannot certify that it has been issued a favorable determination letter
that is still in effect, its withholding certificate is nevertheless
valid under this paragraph (b)(2) if the organization attaches to the
withholding certificate an opinion that is acceptable to the withholding
agent from a U.S. counsel (or any other person as the IRS may prescribe
in published guidance (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this chapter))
concluding that the organization is described in section 501(c). If the
determination letter or opinion of counsel to which the withholding
certificate refers concludes that the organization is described in
section 501(c)(3), and the certificate further certifies that the
organization is not a private foundation described in section 509, an
affidavit of the organization setting forth sufficient facts concerning
the operations and support of the organization for the Internal Revenue
Service (IRS) to determine that such organization would be likely to
qualify as an organization described in section 509(a)(1), (2), (3), or
(4) must be attached to the withholding certificate. An organization
that provides an opinion of U.S. counsel or an affidavit may provide the
same opinion or affidavit to more than one withholding agent provided
that the opinion is acceptable to each withholding agent who receives it
in conjunction with a withholding certificate. Any such opinion of
counsel or affidavit must be renewed whenever there is a change in facts
or circumstances that are relevant to determine the organization's
status under section 501(c) or, if relevant, that the organization is or
is not a private foundation described in section 509.
(3) Presumptions in the absence of documentation. Notwithstanding
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, if the organization's certification
with respect to whether amounts paid constitute income includable under
section 512 in computing the organization's unrelated business taxable
income is not reliable or is lacking but all other certifications are
reliable, the withholding agent may rely on the certificate but the
amounts paid are presumed to be income includable under section 512 in
computing the organization's unrelated business taxable income. If the
certification regarding private foundation status is not reliable, the
withholding agent may rely on the certificate but the amounts paid are
presumed to be paid to a foreign beneficial owner that is a private
foundation.
[[Page 157]]
(4) Reason to know. Reliance by a withholding agent on the
information and certifications stated on a withholding certificate is
subject to the agent's actual knowledge or reason to know that such
information or certification is incorrect as provided in Sec. 1.1441-
7(b). For example, a withholding agent must cease to treat a foreign
organization's claim for exemption from withholding based on the
organization's tax-exempt status as valid beginning on the earlier of
the date on which such agent knows that the IRS has given notice to such
foreign organization that it is not an organization described in section
501(c) or the date on which the IRS gives notice to the public that such
foreign organization is not an organization described in section 501(c).
Similarly, a withholding agent may no longer rely on a certification
that an amount is not subject to tax under section 4948 beginning on the
earlier of the date on which such agent knows that the IRS has given
notice to such foreign organization that it is subject to tax under
section 4948 or the date on which the IRS gives notice that such foreign
organization is a private foundation within the meaning of section
509(a).
(c) Failure to receive withholding certificate timely and other
applicable procedures. See applicable procedures described in Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(7) in the event the withholding agent does not hold a valid
withholding certificate or other appropriate documentation at the time
of payment. Further, the provisions of Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4) shall apply
to withholding certificates and other documents related thereto
furnished under the provisions of this section.
(d) Effective date--(1) In general. This section applies to payments
made after December 31, 2000.
(2) Transition rules. For purposes of this section, the validity of
a Form W-8, 1001, or 4224 or a statement that was valid on January 1,
1998, under the regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26
CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999) and expired, or will expire,
at any time during 1998, is extended until December 31, 1998. The
validity of a Form W-8, 1001, or 4224 or a statement that is valid on or
after January 1, 1999 remains valid until its validity expires under the
regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and
35a, revised April 1, 1999) but in no event shall such form or statement
remain valid after December 31, 2000. The rule in this paragraph (d)(2),
however, does not apply to extend the validity period of a Form W-8,
1001, or 4224 or a statement that expires solely by reason of changes in
the circumstances of the person whose name is on the certificate.
Notwithstanding the first three sentences of this paragraph (d)(2), a
withholding agent may choose to not take advantage of the transition
rule in this paragraph (d)(2) with respect to one or more withholding
certificates valid under the regulations in effect prior to January 1,
2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999) and, therefore,
to require withholding certificates conforming to the requirements
described in this section (new withholding certificates). For purposes
of this section, a new withholding certificate is deemed to satisfy the
documentation requirement under the regulations in effect prior to
January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR parts 1 and 35a, revised April 1, 1999).
Further, a new withholding certificate remains valid for the period
specified in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii), regardless of when the
certificate is obtained.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53465, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72185, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73410, Dec. 10, 1999; T.D. 8881,
65 FR 32201, May 22, 2000]
Sec. 1.1441-10 Withholding agents with respect to fast-pay arrangements.
(a) In general. A corporation that issues fast-pay stock in a fast-
pay arrangement described in Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(b)(1) is a withholding
agent with respect to payments made on the fast-pay stock and payments
deemed made under the recharacterization rules of Sec. 1.7701(l)-3.
Except as provided in this paragraph (a) or in paragraph (b) of this
section, the withholding tax rules under section 1441 and section 1442
apply with respect to a fast-pay arrangement described in Sec.
1.7701(l)-3(c)(1)(i) in accordance with the recharacterization rules
provided in Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c). In all cases, notwithstanding
paragraph (b) of this section, if at any time the withholding agent
[[Page 158]]
knows or has reason to know that the Commissioner has exercised the
discretion under either Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c)(1)(ii) to apply the
recharacterization rules of Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c), or Sec. 1.7701(l)-
3(d) to depart from the recharacterization rules of Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c)
for a taxpayer, the withholding agent must withhold on payments made (or
deemed made) to that taxpayer in accordance with the characterization of
the fast-pay arrangement imposed by the Commissioner under Sec.
1.7701(l)-3.
(b) Exception. If at any time the withholding agent knows or has
reason to know that any taxpayer entered into a fast-pay arrangement
with a principal purpose of applying the recharacterization rules of
Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c) to avoid tax under section 871(a) or section 881,
then for each payment made or deemed made to such taxpayer under the
arrangement, the withholding agent must withhold, under section 1441 or
section 1442, the higher of--
(1) The amount of withholding that would apply to such payment
determined under the form of the arrangement; or
(2) The amount of withholding that would apply to deemed payments
determined under the recharacterization rules of Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c).
(c) Liability. Any person required to deduct and withhold tax under
this section is made liable for that tax by section 1461, and is also
liable for applicable penalties and interest for failing to comply with
section 1461.
(d) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this
section:
Example 1. REIT W issues shares of fast-pay stock to foreign
individual A, a resident of Country C. United States source dividends
paid to residents of C are subject to a 30 percent withholding tax. W
issues all shares of benefited stock to foreign individuals who are
residents of Country D. D's income tax convention with the United States
reduces the United States withholding tax on dividends to 15 percent.
Under Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c), the dividends paid by W to A are deemed to
be paid by W to the benefited shareholders. W has reason to know that A
entered into the fast-pay arrangement with a principal purpose of using
the recharacterization rules of Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c) to reduce United
States withholding tax. W must withhold at the 30 percent rate because
the amount of withholding that applies to the payments determined under
the form of the arrangement is higher than the amount of withholding
that applies to the payments determined under Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c).
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1 of this paragraph
(d) except that W does not know, or have reason to know, that A entered
into the arrangement with a principal purpose of using the
recharacterization rules of Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c) to reduce United States
withholding tax. Further, the Commissioner has not exercised the
discretion under Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(d) to depart from the
recharacterization rules of Sec. 1.7701(l)-3(c). Accordingly, W must
withhold tax at a 15 percent rate on the dividends deemed paid to the
benefited shareholders.
(e) Effective date. This section applies to payments made (or deemed
made) on or after January 6, 1999.
[T.D. 8853, 65 FR 1312, Jan. 10, 2000]
Sec. 1.1442-1 Withholding of tax on foreign corporations.
For regulations concerning the withholding of tax at source under
section 1442 in the case of foreign corporations, foreign governments,
international organizations, foreign tax-exempt corporations, or foreign
private foundations, see Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1 through 1.1441-9.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53466, Oct. 14, 1997]
Sec. 1.1442-2 Exemption under a tax treaty.
For regulations providing for a claim of reduced withholding tax
under section 1442 by certain foreign corporations pursuant to the
provisions of an income tax treaty, see Sec. 1.1441-6.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53466, Oct. 14, 1997]
Sec. 1.1442-3 Tax exempt income of a foreign tax-exempt corporation.
For regulations providing for a claim of exemption for income exempt
from tax under section 501(a) of a foreign tax-exempt corporation, see
Sec. 1.1441-9. See Sec. 1.1443-1 for withholding rules applicable to
foreign private foundations and to the unrelated business income of
foreign tax-exempt organizations.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53466, Oct. 14, 1997]
Sec. 1.1443-1 Foreign tax-exempt organizations.
(a) Income includible in computing unrelated business taxable
income. In the case of a foreign organization that is described in
section 501(c), amounts
[[Page 159]]
paid or effectively connected taxable income allocable to the
organization that are includible under section 512 and section 513 in
computing the organization's unrelated business taxable income are
subject to withholding under Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1, 1.1441-4, 1.1441-6,
and 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-6, in the same manner as payments or
allocations of effectively connected taxable income of the same amounts
made to any foreign person that is not a tax-exempt organization.
Therefore, a foreign organization receiving amounts includible under
section 512 and section 513 in computing the organization's unrelated
business taxable income may claim an exemption from withholding or a
reduced rate of withholding with respect to that income in the same
manner as a foreign person that is not a tax-exempt organization. See
Sec. 1.1441-9(b)(3) for a presumption that amounts are includible under
section 512 and section 513 in computing the organization's unrelated
business taxable income in the absence of reliable certification. See
also Sec. 1.1446-3(c)(3), applying this presumption in the context of
section 1446.
(b) Income subject to tax under section 4948--(1) In general. The
gross investment income (as defined in section 4940(c)(2)) of a foreign
private foundation is subject to withholding under section 1443(b) at
the rate of 4 percent to the extent that the income is from sources
within the United States and is subject to the tax imposed by section
4948(a) and the regulations under that section. Withholding under this
paragraph (b) is required irrespective of the fact that the income may
be effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States by the foreign organization. See Sec. 1.1441-9(b)(3) for
applicable presumptions that amounts are subject to tax under section
4948. The withholding imposed under this paragraph (b)(1) does not
obviate a private foundation's obligation to file any return required by
law with respect to such organization, such as the form that the
foundation is required to file under section 6033 for the taxable year.
(2) Reliance on a foreign organization's claim of foreign private
foundation status. For reliance by a withholding agent on a foreign
organization's claim of foreign private foundation status, see Sec.
1.1441-9 (b) and (c).
(3) Applicable procedures. A withholding agent withholding the 4-
percent amount pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this section shall treat
such withholding as withholding under section 1441(a) or 1442(a) for all
purposes, including reporting of the payment on a Form 1042 and a Form
1042-S pursuant to Sec. 1.1461-1 (b) and (c). Similarly, the foreign
private foundation shall treat the 4-percent withholding as withholding
under section 1441(a) or 1442(a), including for purposes of claims for
refunds and credits.
(4) Claim of benefits under an income tax treaty. The withholding
procedures applicable to claims of a reduced rate under an income tax
treaty are governed solely by the provisions of Sec. 1.1441-6 and not
by this section.
(c) Effective date--(1) In general. This section applies to payments
made after December 31, 2000, except that the references in paragraph
(a) of this section to effectively connected taxable income and
withholding under section 1446 shall apply to partnership taxable years
beginning after May 18, 2005, or such earlier time as the regulations
under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply by reason of an
election under Sec. 1.1446-7.
(2) Transition rules. For purposes of this section, the validity of
an affidavit or opinion of counsel described in Sec. 1.1443-1(b)(4)(i)
in effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see Sec. 1.1443-1(b)(4)(i) as
contained in 26 CFR part 1, revised April 1, 1999) is extended until
December 31, 2000. However, a withholding agent may choose to not take
advantage of the transition rule in this paragraph (c)(2) with respect
to one or more withholding certificates valid under the regulations in
effect prior to January 1, 2001 (see 26 CFR part 1, revised April 1,
1999) and, therefore, to require withholding certificates conforming to
the requirements described in this section (new withholding
certificates). For purposes of this section, a new withholding
certificate is deemed to satisfy the documentation requirement under the
regulations in effect prior to January 1, 2001 ( see 26 CFR part 1,
revised April 1, 1999). Further, a new withholding certificate remains
valid for
[[Page 160]]
the period specified in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii), regardless of when the
certificate is obtained.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53466, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72186, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73411, Dec. 30, 1999; T.D. 9200,
70 FR 28717, May 18, 2005; T.D. 9394, 73 FR 23074, Apr. 29, 2008]
Sec. 1.1445-1 Withholding on dispositions of U.S. real property
interests by foreign persons: In general.
(a) Purpose and scope of regulations. These regulations set forth
rules relating to the withholding requirements of section 1445. In
general, section 1445(a) provides that any person who acquires a U.S.
real property interest from a foreign person must withhold a tax of 10
percent from the amount realized by the transferor foreign person (or a
lesser amount established by agreement with the Internal Revenue
Service). Section 1445(e) provides special rules requiring withholding
on distributions and certain other transactions by corporations,
partnerships, trusts, and estates. This Sec. 1.1445-1 provides general
rules concerning the withholding requirement of sections 1445(a), as
well as definitions applicable under both section 1445(a) and 1445(e).
Section 1.1445-2 provides for various situations in which withholding is
not required under section 1445(a). Section 1.1445-3 provides for
adjustments to the amount required to be withheld by transferees under
section 1445(a). Section 1.1445-4 prescribes the duties of agents in
transactions subject to withholding under either section 1445(a) or
1445(e). Section 1.1445-5 provides rules concerning the withholding
required under section 1445(e), while Sec. 1.1445-6 provides for
adjustments to the amount required to be withheld under section 1445(e).
Finally, Sec. 1.1445-7 provides rules concerning the treatment of a
foreign corporation that has made an election under section 897(i) to be
treated as a domestic corporation.
(b) Duty to withhold--(1) In general. Transferees of U.S. real
property interests are required to deduct and withhold a tax equal to 10
percent of the amount realized by the transferor, if the transferor is a
foreign person and the disposition takes place on or after January 1,
1985. Neither the transferee's duty to withhold nor the amount required
to be withheld is affected by the amount of cash to be paid by the
transferee. Amounts withheld must be reported and paid over in
accordance with the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section.
Failures to withhold and pay over are subject to the liabilities set
forth in paragraph (e) of this section. If two or more persons are joint
transferees of a U.S. real property interest, each such person is
subject to the obligation to withhold. That obligation is fulfilled with
respect to each such person if any one of them withholds and pays over
the required amount in accordance with the rules of this section. If the
amount realized (as defined in paragraph (g)(5) of this section) by the
transferor is zero, then no withholding is required. For example, if a
real property interest is transferred as a gift (i.e, the recipient does
not assume any liabilities or furnish any other consideration to the
transferor) then no withholding is required. Withholding is not required
with respect to dispositions that takes place before January 1, 1985,
even if the first payment of consideration is made after December 31,
1984.
(2) U.S. real property interest owned jointly by foreign and non-
foreign transferors. The amount subject to withholding under paragraph
(b)(1) of this section with respect to the transfer of a U.S. real
property interest owned by one or more foreign persons (as defined in
Sec. 1.897-1(k)) and one or more non-foreign persons shall be
determined by allocating the amount realized from the transfer between
(or among) such transferors based upon the capital contribution of each
transferor with respect to the property and by aggregating the amounts
allocated to any foreign person (or persons). For this purpose, a
husband and wife will each be deemed to have contributed 50 percent of
the aggregate capital contributed by such husband and wife. See Sec.
1.1445-1(f)(3)(iv) with respect to the crediting of the amount withheld
between or among joint foreign transferors.
(3) Options to acquire a U.S. real property interest--(i) No
withholding on grant of option. No withholding is required under section
1445 with respect to any
[[Page 161]]
amount realized by the grantor on the grant of an option to acquire a
U.S. real property interest.
(ii) No withholding upon lapse of option. No withholding is required
under section 1445 with respect to any amount realized by the grantor
upon the lapse of an option to acquire a U.S. real property interest.
(iii) Withholding required upon the sale or exchange of option. A
transferee of an option to acquire a U.S. real property interest must
deduct and withhold a tax equal to 10 percent of the amount realized by
the transferor upon the disposition. This Sec. 1.1445-1(b)(3)(iii) does
not apply to require withholding upon the initial grant of an option.
(iv) Withholding required on exercise of option. If the holder
exercises an option to purchase a U.S. real property interest, the
amount paid for the option shall be considered an amount realized by the
grantor/transferor upon the transfer of the property with respect to
which the option was granted, and shall thus be subject to withholding
on the day that such underlying property is transferred. The preceding
sentence applies regardless of whether or not the terms of the option
specifically provide that the option price is applied to the purchase
price.
(4) Exceptions and modifications. The duty to withhold under section
1445(a) is subject to the exceptions and modifications contained in
Sec. Sec. 1.1445-2 and 1.1445-3. Generally, Sec. 1.1445-2 provides
rules for determining that withholding is not required because either
the transferor is not a foreign person or the interest transferred is
not a U.S. real property interest. In addition, Sec. 1.1445-2 provides
exceptions to the withholding requirement, including a rule that exempts
from withholding any person who acquires a U.S. real property interest
for use as a residence for a contract price of $300,000 or less. If
withholding is required under section 1445(a), Sec. 1.1445-3 allows the
amount withheld to be modified pursuant to a withholding certificate
issued by the Internal Revenue Service. If a transferee cannot withhold
the full amount required because the first payment of consideration for
the transfer does not involve sufficient cash (or other liquid assets
convertible into cash, such as foreign currency), then a withholding
certificate must be obtained pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-3.
(c) Reporting and paying over of withheld amounts--(1) In general. A
transferee must report and pay over any tax withheld by the 20th day
after the date of the transfer. Forms 8288 and 8288-A are used for this
purpose, and must be filed at the location as provided in the
instructions to Forms 8288 and 8288-A. Pursuant to section 7502 and
regulations thereunder, the timely mailing of Forms 8288 and 8228-A will
be treated as their timely filing. Form 8288-A will be stamped by the
IRS to show receipt, and a stamped copy will be mailed by the IRS to the
transferor (at the address reported on the form) for the transferor's
use. See Sec. Sec. 1.1445-1(f) and 1.1445-3(f). Forms 8288 and 8288-A
are required to include the identifying numbers of both the transferor
and the transferee, as provided in paragraph (d) of this section. If any
identifying number as required by such forms is not provided, the
transferee must still report and pay over any tax withheld on Form 8288,
although the transferor cannot obtain a credit or refund of tax on the
basis of a Form 8288-A that does not include the transferor's
identifying number (see paragraph (f)(2) of this section).
(2) Pending application for withholding certificate--(i) In general.
(A) Delayed reporting and payment with respect to application submitted
by transferee. If an application for a withholding certificate with
respect to a transfer of a U.S. real property interest is submitted to
the Internal Revenue Service by the transferee on the day of or at any
time prior to the transfer, the transferee must withhold 10 percent of
the amount realized as required by paragraph (b) of this section.
However, the amount withheld, or a lesser amount as determined by the
Service, need not be reported and paid over to the Service until the
20th day following the Service's final determination with respect to the
application for a withholding certificate. For this purpose, the
Service's final determination occurs on the day when the withholding
certificate is mailed to the transferee by the Service or when a
notification denying the request for a withholding certificate is
[[Page 162]]
mailed to the transferee by the Service. An application is submitted to
the Service on the day it is actually received by the Service at the
address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10) or, under the rules of section
7502, on the day it is mailed to the Service at the address provided in
Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10).
(B) Delayed reporting and payment with respect to application
submitted by transferor. If an application for a withholding certificate
with respect to a transfer of a U.S. real property interest is submitted
to the Internal Revenue Service by the Transferor on the day of or any
time prior to the transfer, such transferor must provide notice to the
transferee prior to the transfer. No particular form is required but the
notice must set forth the name, address, and taxpayer identification
number of the transferor, a brief description of the property which is
the subject of the application, and the date the application was
submitted to the Service. The transferee must withhold 10 percent of the
amount realized as required in paragraph (b) of this section but need
not report or pay over to the Service such amount (or a lesser amount as
determined by the Service) until the 20th day following the Service's
final determination with respect to the application. The Service will
send a copy of the withholding certificate or copy of the notification
denying the request for a withholding certificate to the transferee. For
this purpose, the Service's final determination will be deemed to occur
on the day when the copy of the withholding certificate or the copy of
the notification denying the request for a withholding certificate is
mailed by the Service to the transferee (or transferees). An application
is submitted to the Service on the day it is actually received by the
Service at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10) or, under the
rules of Sec. 7502, on the day it is mailed to the Service at the
address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10).
(ii) Anti-abuse rule--(A) In general. A transferee that in reliance
upon the rules of this paragraph (c)(2) fails to report and pay over
amounts withheld by the 20th day following the date of the transfer,
shall be subject to the payment of interest and penalties if the
relevant application for a withholding certificate (or an amendment to
the application for a withholding certificate) was submitted for a
principal purpose of delaying the transferee's payment to the IRS of the
amount withheld. Interest and penalties shall be assessed on the amount
that is ultimately paid over (or collected pursuant to the agreement)
with respect to the period between the 20th day after the date of the
transfer and the date on which payment is made (or collected).
(B) Presumption. A principal purpose of delaying payment of the
amount withheld shall be presumed if--
(1) The transferee applies for a withholding certificate pursuant to
Sec. 1.1445-3(c) based on a determination of the transferor's maximum
tax liability, and
(2) Such liability is ultimately determined to be equal to 90
percent or more of the amount that was otherwise required to be withheld
and paid over. However, the presumption created by the previous sentence
may be rebutted by evidence establishing that delaying payment of the
amount withheld was not a principal purpose of the transaction.
(d) Contents of Forms 8288 and 8288-A--(1) Transactions subject to
section 1445(a). Any person that is required to file Forms 8288 and
8288-A pursuant to section 1445(a) and the rules of this section must
set forth thereon the following information:
(i) The name, identifying number, and home address (in the case of
an individual) or office address (in the case of any entity) of the
transferee(s) filing the return;
(ii) The name, identifying number, and home address (in the case of
an individual) or office address (in the case of any entity) of the
transferor(s);
(iii) A brief description of the U.S. real property interest
transferred, including its location and the nature of any substantial
improvements in the case of real property, and the class or type and
amount of interests transferred in the case of interests in a
corporation that constitute U.S. real property interests;
(iv) The date of the transfer;
(v) The amount realized by the transferor, as defined in paragraph
(g)(5) of this section;
[[Page 163]]
(vi) The amount withheld by the transferee and whether withholding
is at the statutory or reduced rate; and
(vii) Such other information as the Commissioner may require.
For purposes of paragraph (d)(1) (i) and (ii), mailing addresses may
be provided in addition to, but not in lieu of, home addresses or office
addresses.
(2) Transactions subject to section 1445(e). Any person that is
required to file Forms 8288 and 8288-A pursuant to the rules of Sec.
1.1445-5 must set forth thereon the following information:
(i) The name, identifying number, and office address of the entity
or fiduciary filing the return;
(ii) The amount withheld by the entity or fiduciary;
(iii) The date of the transfer;
(iv) In the case of a transaction subject to withholding pursuant to
section 1445(e)(1) and Sec. 1.1445-5(c):
(A) A brief description of the U.S. real property interest
transferred, as described in paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section;
(B) The name, identifying number, and home address (in the case of
an individual) or office address (in the case of an entity) of each
holder of an interest in the entity that is a foreign person; and
(C) Each such interest-holder's pro rata share of the amount
withheld;
(v) In the case of a distribution subject to withholding pursuant to
section 1445(e)(2) and Sec. 1.1445-5(d):
(A) A brief description of the U.S. real property interest
transferred, as described in paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section; and
(B) The amount of gain recognized upon the distribution by the
corporation.
(vi) In the case of a distribution subject to withholding pursuant
to section 1445(e)(3) and Sec. 1.1445-5(e):
(A) A brief description of the property distributed by the
corporation;
(B) The name, identifying number, and home address (in case of an
individual) or office address (in the case of an entity) of each holder
of an interest in the entity that is a foreign person;
(C) The amount realized upon the distribution by each such foreign
interest holder; and
(D) Each foreign interest-holder's pro rata share of the amount
withheld; and
(vii) Such other information as the Commissioner may require.
(e) Liability of transferee upon failure to withhold--(1) In
general. Every person required to deduct and withhold tax under section
1445 is made liable for that tax by section 1461. Therefore, a person
that is required to deduct and withhold tax but fails to do so may be
held liable for the payment of the tax and any applicable penalties and
interest.
(2) Transferor's liability not otherwise satisfied--(i) Tax and
penalties. Except as provided in paragraph (e)(3) of this section, if a
transferee is required to deduct and withhold tax under section 1445 but
fails to do so, then the tax shall be assessed against and collected
from that transferee. Such person may also be subject to any of the
civil and criminal penalties that apply. Corporate officers or other
responsible persons may be subject to a civil penalty under section 6672
equal to the amount that should have been withheld and paid over.
(ii) Interest. If a transferee is required to deduct and withhold
tax under section 1445 but fails to do so, then such transferee shall be
liable for the payment of interest pursuant to section 6601 and the
regulations thereunder. Interest shall be payable with respect to the
period between--
(A) The last date on which the tax imposed under section 1445 was
required to be paid over by the transferee, and
(B) The date on which such tax is actually paid. Interest shall be
payable with respect to the entire amount that is required to be
deducted and withheld. However, if the Service issues a withholding
certificate providing for withholding of a reduced amount, then, for the
period after the issuance of the certificate, interest shall be payable
with respect to that reduced amount.
(3) Transferor's liability otherwise satisfied--(i) Tax and
penalties. If a transferee is required to deduct and withhold tax under
section 1445 but fails to do so, and the transferor's tax liability with
respect to the transfer was satisfied (or was established to be zero)
by--
[[Page 164]]
(A) The transferor's filing of an income tax return (and payment of
any tax due) with respect to the transfer, or
(B) The issuance of a withholding certificate by the Internal
Revenue Service establishing that the transferor's maximum tax liability
is zero,
then the tax required to be withheld under section 1445 shall not be
collected from the transferee. Such transferee's liability for tax, and
the requirement that such person file Forms 8288 and 8288-A, shall be
deemed to have been satisfied as of the date on which the transferor's
income tax return was filed or the withholding certificate was issued.
No penalty shall be imposed on or collected from such person for failure
to return or pay the tax, unless such failure was fraudulent and for the
purpose of evading payment. A transferee that seeks to avoid liability
for tax and penalties pursuant to the rule of paragraph (e)(3)(i) must
provide sufficient information for the Service to determine whether the
transferor's tax liability was satisfied (or was established to be
zero).
(ii) Interest. If a transferee is required to deduct and withhold
tax under section 1445 but fails to do so, then such person shall be
liable for the payment of interest under section 6601 and regulations
thereunder. Such transferee's liability for the payment of interest
shall not be excused by reason of the deemed satisfaction, pursuant to
subdivision (i) of this paragraph (e)(3), of the transferee's liability
under section 1445, because the deemed satisfaction of that liability is
the equivalent of the late payment of a liability, on which interest
must be paid. Interest shall be payable with respect to the period
between--
(A) The last date on which the tax imposed under section 1445 was
required to be paid over, and
(B) The date (established from information supplied to the Service
by the transferee) on which any tax due is paid with respect to the
transferor's relevant income tax return, or the date the withholding
certificate is issued establishing that the transferor's maximum tax
liability is zero.
Interest shall be payable with respect to the entire amount that is
required to be deducted and withheld. However, if the Service issues a
withholding certificate providing for withholding of a reduced amount,
then for the period after the issuance of the certificate interest shall
be payable with respect to that reduced amount.
(4) Coordination with entity with holding rules. For purposes of
section 1445(e) and Sec. Sec. 1.1445-5, 1.1445-6, 1.1445-7, and 1.1445-
8T, the rules of this paragraph (e) shall be applied by--
(i) Substituting the words ``person required to withhold'' for the
word ``transferee'' each place it appears in this paragraph (e), and
(ii) Substituting the words ``person subject to withholding'' for
the word ``transferor'' each place it appears in this paragraph (e).
(f) Effect of withholding on transferor--(1) In general. The
withholding of tax under section 1445(a) does not excuse a foreign
person that disposes of a U.S. real property interest from filing a U.S.
tax return with respect to the income arising from the disposition. Form
1040NR, 1041, or 1120F, as appropriate, must be filed, and any tax due
must be paid, by the filing deadline generally applicable to such
person. (The return may be filed by such later date as is provided in an
extension granted by the Internal Revenue Service.) Any tax withheld
under section 1445(a) shall be credited against the amount of income tax
as computed in such return.
(2) Manner of obtaining credit or refund. A stamped copy of Form
8288-A will be provided to the transferor by the Service (under
paragraph (c) of this section) if the Form 8288-A is complete, including
the transferor's identifying number. Except as provided in paragraph
(f)(3) of this section, a stamped copy of Form 8288-A must be attached
to the transferor's return to establish the amount withheld that is
available as a credit. If the amount withheld under section 1445(a)
constitutes less than the full amount of the transferor's U.S. tax
liability for that taxable year, then a payment of estimated tax may be
required to be made pursuant to section 6154 or 6654 prior to the filing
of the income tax return for that year. Alternatively, if the amount
withheld under section 1445(a) exceeds
[[Page 165]]
the transferor's maximum tax liability with respect to the disposition
(as determined by the IRS), then the transferor may seek an early refund
of the excess pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-3(g), or a normal refund upon the
filing of a tax return.
(3) Special rules--(i) Failure to receive Form 8288-A. If a stamped
copy of Form 8288-A has not been provided to the transferor by the
Service, the transferor may establish the amount of tax withheld by the
transferee by attaching to its return substantial evidence (e.g.,
closing documents) of such amount. Such a transferor must attach to its
return a statement which supplies all of the information required by
Sec. 1.1445-1(d), including the transferor's identifying number.
(ii) U.S. persons subjected to withholding. If a transferee
withholds tax under section 1445(a) with respect to a person who is not
a foreign person, such person may credit the amount of any tax withheld
against his income tax liability in accordance with the provisions of
this Sec. 1.1145-1(f) or apply for an early refund under Sec. 1.1445-
3(g).
(iii) Refund in case of installment sale. A transferor that takes
gain into account in accordance with the provisions of section 453 shall
not be entitled to a refund of the amount withheld, unless a withholding
certificate providing for such a refund is obtained from the Internal
Revenue Service pursuant to the provisions of Sec. 1.1445-3.
(iv) Joint foreign transferors. If two or more foreign persons
jointly transfer a U.S. real property interest, each transferor shall be
credited with such portion of the amount withheld as such transferors
mutually agree. Such transferors must request that the transferee
reflect the agreed-upon crediting of the amount withheld on the Forms
8288-A filed by the transferee. If the foreign transferors fail to
request that the transferee reflect the agreed-upon crediting of the
amount withheld by the 10th day after the date of transfer, the
transferee must credit the amount withheld equally between (or among)
the foreign transferors. In such case, the transferee is indemnified
pursuant to section 1461 against any claim by a transferor objecting to
the resulting division of credits. For rules regarding the amount
realized allocated to joint foreign and non-foreign transferors, see
Sec. 1.1445-1(b)(2).
(g) Definitions--(1) In general. Unless otherwise specified, the
definitions of terms provided in Sec. 1.897-1 shall apply for purposes
of this section and Sec. Sec. 1.1445-2 through 1.1445-7. For purposes
of section 1445 and the regulations thereunder, definitions of other
relevant terms are provided in this paragraph (g). In addition, the term
``residence'' is defined in 1.1445-2(d)(1), the terms ``transferor's
agent'' and ``transferee's agent'' are defined in 1.1445-4(f), and the
term ``relevant taxpayer'' is defined in 1.1445-6(a)(2).
(2) Transfer. The term ``transfer'' means any transaction that would
constitute a disposition for any purpose, of the Internal Revenue Code
and regulations thereunder. For purposes of Sec. Sec. 1.1445-5 and
1.1445-6, the term includes distribution to shareholders of a
corporation, partners of a partnership and beneficiaries of a trust or
estate.
(3) Transferor. The term ``transferor'' means any person, foreign or
domestic, that disposes of a U.S. real property interest by sale,
exchange, gift, or any other transfer. The term ``U.S. real property
interest'' is defined in Sec. 1.897-1(c).
(4) Transferee. The term ``transferee'' means any person, foreign or
domestic, that acquires a U.S. real property interest by purchase,
exchange, gift, or any other transfer.
(5) Amount realized. The amount realized by the transferor for the
transfer of a U.S. real property interest is the sum of.
(i) The cash paid, or to be paid.
(ii) The fair market value of other property transferred, or to be
transferred, and
(iii) The outstanding amount of any liability assumed by the
transferee or to which the U.S. real property interest is subject
immediately before and after the transfer.
The term ``cash paid or to be paid'' does not include stated or unstated
interest or original issue discount (as determined under the rules of
sections 1271 through 1275).
(6) Contract price. The contract price of a U.S. real property
interest is the sum that is agreed to by the transferee
[[Page 166]]
and transferor as the total amount of consideration to be paid for the
property. That amount will generally be equal to the amount realized by
the transferor, as defined in paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(7) Fair market value. The fair market value of property means the
price at which the property would change hands between an unrelated
willing buyer and willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to
buy or to sell and both having reasonable knowledge of all relevant
facts.
(8) Date of transfer. The date of transfer of a U.S. real property
interest is the first date on which consideration is paid (or a
liability assumed) by the transferee. However, for purposes of section
1445(e) (2), (3), and (4) and Sec. Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(1)(iii) and 1.1445-
5(c)(3) only, the date of transfer is the date of the distribution that
gives rise to the obligation to withhold. For purposes of this paragraph
(g)(8), the payment of consideration does not include the payment, prior
to the passage of legal or equitable title (other than pursuant to an
initial contract for purchase), of earnest money, a good-faith deposit,
or any similar sum that is primarily intended to bind the transferee or
transferor to the entering or performance of a contract. Such a payment
will not constitute a payment of consideration solely because it may
ultimately be applied against the amount owed to the transferor by the
transferee. Such a payment is presumed to be earnest money, a good faith
deposit, or a similar sum if it is subject to forfeiture in the event of
a failure to enter into a contract or a breach of contract. However, a
payment that is not forefeitable may nevertheless be found to constitute
earnest money, a good faith deposit, or a similar sum.
(9) Identifying number. Pursuant to Sec. 1.897-1(p), an
individual's identifying number is the social security number or the
identification number assigned by the Internal Revenue Service (see
Sec. 301.6109-1 of this chapter). The identifying number of any other
person is its United States employer identification number.
(10) Address of the Director, Philadelphia Service Center. Any
written communication directed to the Director, Philadelphia Service
Center is to be addressed as follows: P.O. Box 21086, Drop Point 8731,
FIRPTA Unit, Philadelphia, PA 19114-0586.
(h) Effective date for taxpayer identification numbers. The
requirement in paragraphs (c)(2)(i)(B), (d)(1)(i) and (ii), (d)(2)(i),
(d)(2)(iv)(B), and (d)(2)(vi)(B) of this section that taxpayer
identification numbers be provided (in all cases) is applicable for
dispositions of U.S. real property interests occurring after November 3,
2003.
[T.D. 8113, 51 FR 46629, Dec. 24, 1986; 52 FR 3796, 3916, Feb. 6, 1987,
as amended by T.D. 8647, 60 FR 66076, Dec. 21, 1995; T.D. 9082, 68 FR
46084, August 5, 2003]
Sec. 1.1445-2 Situations in which withholding is not required under
section 1445(a).
(a) Purpose and scope of section. This section provides rules
concerning various situations in which withhold is not required under
section 1445(a). In general, a transferee has a duty to withhold under
section 1445(a) only if both of the following are true:
(1) The transferor is a foreign person; and
(2) The transferee is acquiring a U.S. real property interest.
Thus, paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section provide rules under which a
transferee of property can ascertain that he has no duty to withhold
because one or the other of the two key elements is missing. Under
paragraph (b), a transferee may determine that no withholding is
required because the transferor is not a foreign person. Under paragraph
(c), a transferee may determine that no withholding is required because
the property acquired is not a U.S. real property interest. Finally,
paragraph (d) of this section provides rules concerning exceptions to
the withholding requirement.
(b) Transferor not a foreign person--(1) In general. No withholding
is required under section 1445 if the transferor of a U.S. real property
interest is not a foreign person. Therefore, paragraph (b)(2) of this
section provides rules pursuant to which the transferor can provide a
certification of non-foreign status to inform the transferee that
withholding is not required. A transferee that obtains such a
certification must retain
[[Page 167]]
that document for five years, as provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this
section. Except to the extent provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this
section, the obtaining of this certification excuses the transferee from
any liability otherwise imposed by section 1445 and Sec. 1.1445-1(e).
However, section 1445 and the rules of this section do not impose any
obligation upon a transferee to obtain a certification from the
transferor, thus, a transferee may instead rely upon other means to
ascertain the non-foreign status of the transferor. If, however, the
transferee relies upon other means and the transferor was, in fact, a
foreign person, then the transferee is subject to the liability imposed
by section 1445 and Sec. 1.1445-1(e).
A transferee is in no event required to rely upon other means to
ascertain the non-foreign status of the transferor and may demand a
certification of non-foreign status. If the certification is not
provided, the transferee may withhold tax under section 1445 and will be
considered, for purposes of sections 1461 through 1463, to have been
required to withhold such tax.
(2) Transferor's certification of non-foreign status--(i) In
general. A transferee of a U.S. real property interest is not required
to withhold under section 1445(a) if, prior to or at the time of the
transfer, the transferor furnishes to the transferee a certification
that--
(A) States that the transferor is not a foreign person.
(B) Sets forth the transferor's name, identifying number and home
address (in the case of an individual) or office address (in the case of
an entity), and
(C) Is signed under penalties of perjury.
In general, a foreign person is a nonresident alien individual, foreign
corporation, foreign partnership, foreign trust, or foreign estate, but
not a resident alien individual. In this regard, see Sec. 1.897-1(k).
However, a foreign corporation that has made a valid election under
section 897(i) is generally not treated as a foreign person for purposes
of section 1445. In this regard, see Sec. 1.1445-7. Pursuant to Sec.
1.897-1(p), an individual's identifying number is the individual's
Social Security number and any other person's identifying number is its
U.S. employer identification number. A certification pursuant to this
paragraph (b) must be vertified as true and signed under penalties of
perjury by a responsible officer in the case of a corporation, by a
general partner in the case of a partnership, and by a trustee,
executor, or equivalent fiduciary in the case of a trust or estate. No
particular form is needed for a certification pursuant to this paragraph
(b), nor is any particular language required, so long as the document
meets the requirements of this paragraph (b)(2)(i). Samples of
acceptable certifications are provided in paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this
section.
(ii) Foreign corporation that ``has made election under section
897(i). A foreign corporation that has made a valid election under
section 897(i) to be treated as a domestic corporation for purposes of
section 897 may provide a certification of non-foreign status pursuant
to this paragraph (b)(2). However, an electing foreign corporation must
attach to such certification a copy of the acknowledgment of the
election provided to the corporation by the Internal Revenue Service
pursuant to Sec. 1.897-3(d)(4).
An acknowledgment is valid for this purpose only if it states that the
information required by Sec. 1.897-3 has been determined to be
complete.
(iii) Disregarded entities. A disregarded entity may not certify
that it is the transferor of a U.S. real property interest, as the
disregarded entity is not the transferor for U.S. tax purposes,
including sections 897 and 1445. Rather, the owner of the disregarded
entity is treated as the transferor of property and must provide a
certificate of non-foreign status to avoid withholding under section
1445. A disregarded entity for these purposes means an entity that is
disregarded as an entity separate from its owner under Sec. 301.7701-3
of this chapter, a qualified REIT subsidiary as defined in section
856(i), or a qualified subchapter S subsidiary under section
1361(b)(3)(B). Any domestic entity must include in its certification of
non-foreign status with respect to the transfer a certification that it
is not a disregarded entity. This paragraph (b)(2)(iii) and the sample
certification provided in paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(B) of this section (to
[[Page 168]]
the extent it addresses disregarded entities) is applicable for
dispositions occurring September 4, 2003.
(iv) Sample certifications--(A) Individual transferor.
``Section 1445 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that a
transferee (buyer) of a U.S. real property interest must withhold tax if
the transferor (seller) is a foreign person. To inform the transferee
(buyer) that withholding of tax is not required upon my disposition of a
U.S. real property interest, I, [name of transferor], hereby certify the
following:
1. I am not a nonresident alien for purposes of U.S. income
taxation;
2. My U.S. taxpayer identifying number [Social Security number] is
--------; and
3. My home address is:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
I understand that this certification may be disclosed to the
Internal Revenue Service by the transferee and that any false statement
I have made here could be punished by fine, imprisonment, or both.
Under penalties of perjury I declare that I have examined this
certification and to the best of my knowledge and belief it is true,
correct, and complete. [Signature and Date]''
(B) Entity transferor.
``Section 1445 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that a
transferee of a U.S. real property interest must withhold tax if the
transferor is a foreign person. For U.S. tax purposes (including section
1445), the owner of a disregarded entity (which has legal title to a
U.S. real property interest under local law) will be the transferor of
the property and not the disregarded entity. To inform the transferee
that withholding of tax is not required upon the disposition of a U.S.
real property interest by [name of transferor] , the undersigned hereby
certifies the following on behalf of [name of the transferor]:
1. [Name of transferor] is not a foreign corporation, foreign
partnership, foreign trust, or foreign estate (as those terms are
defined in the Internal Revenue Code and Income Tax Regulations);
2. [Name of transferor] is not a disregarded entity as defined in
Sec. 1.1445-2(b)(2)(iii);
3. [Name of transferor]'s U.S. employer identification number is --
----; and
4. [Name of transferor]'s office address is --------------.
[Name of transferor] understands that this certification may be
disclosed to the Internal Revenue Service by transferee and that any
false statement contained herein could be punished by fine,
imprisonment, or both.
Under penalties of perjury I declare that I have examined this
certification and to the best of my knowledge and belief it is true,
correct, and complete, and I further declare that I have authority to
sign this document on behalf of [name of transferor].
[Signature(s) and date]
[Title(s)]''
(3) Transferee must retain certification. If a transferee obtains a
transferor's certification pursuant to the rules of this paragraph (b),
then the transferee must retain that certification until the end of the
fifth taxable year following the taxable year in which the transfer
takes place. The transferee must retain the certification, and make it
avaliable to the Internal Revenue Service when requested in accordance
with the requirements of section 6001 and regulations thereunder.
(4) Reliance upon certification not permitted--(i) In general. A
transferee may not rely upon a transferor's certification pursuant to
this paragraph (b) under the circumstances set forth in either
subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this paragraph (b)(4). In either of those
circumstances, a transferee's withholding obligation shall apply as if a
certification had never been obtained, and the transferee is fully
liable pursuant to section 1445 and Sec. 1.1445-1(e) for any failure to
withhold.
(ii) Failure to attach IRS acknowledgment of election. A transferee
that knows that the transferor is a foreign corporation may not rely
upon a certification of non-foreign status provided by the corporation
on the basis of election under section 897(i), unless there is attached
to the certification a copy of the acknowledgment by the Internal
Revenue Service of the corporation's election, as required by paragraph
(b)(2)(ii) of this section.
(iii) Knowledge of falsity. A transferee is not entitled to rely
upon a transferor's certification if prior to or at the time of the
transfer the transferee either--
(A) Has actual knowledge that the transferor's certification is
false; or
(B) Receives a notice that the certification is false from a
transferor's or transferee's agent, pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-4.
(iv) Belated notice of false certification. If after the date of the
transfer a transferee receives a notice that a certification is false,
then that transferee is entitled to rely upon the certification
[[Page 169]]
only with respect to consideration that was paid prior to receipt for
the notice. Such a transferee is required to withhold a full 10 percent
of the amount realized from the consideration that remains to be paid to
the transferor if possible. Thus, if 10 percent or more of the amount
reailzed remains to be paid to the transferor then the transferee is
required to withhold and pay over the full 10 percent. The transferee
must do so by withholding and paying over the entire amount of each
successive payment of consideration to the transferor until the full 10
percent of the amount realized has been withheld and paid over. Amounts
so withheld must be reported and paid over by the 20th day following the
date on which each such payment of consideration is made. A transferee
that is subject to the rules of this paragraph (b)(4)(iv) may not obtain
a withholding certificate pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-3, but must instead
withhold and pay over the amounts required by this paragraph.
(c) Transferred property not a U.S. real property interest--(1) In
general. No withholding is required under section 1445 if the transferee
acquires only property that is not a U.S. real property interest. As
defined in section 897(c) and Sec. 1.897-1(c), a U.S. real property
interest includes certain interests in U.S. corporations, as well as
direct interests in real property and certain associated personal
property. This paragraph (c) provides rules pursuant to which a person
acquiring an interest in a U.S. corporation may determine that
withholding is not required because that interest is not a U.S. real
property interest. To determine whether an interest in tangible property
constitutes a U.S. real property interest the acquisition of which would
be subject to withholding, see Sec. 1.897-1 (b) and (c).
(2) Interests in publicly traded entities. No withholding is
required under section 1445(a) upon the acquisition of an interest in a
domestic corporation if any class of stock of the corporation is
regularly traded on an established securities market.
This exemption shall apply if the disposition is incident to an initial
public offering of stock pursuant to a registration statement filed with
the Securities and Exchange Commission. Similarly, no withholding is
required under section 1445(a) upon the acquisition of an interest in a
publicly traded partnership or trust. However, the rule of this
paragraph (c)(2) shall not apply to the acquisition, from a single
transferor in a single (or related transferors (as defined in Sec.
1.897-1(i)) transaction (or related transactions), of an interest
described in Sec. 1.897-1(c)(2)(iii)(B) (relating to substantial
amounts of non-publicly traded interests in publicly traded
corporations) or to similar interests in publicly traded partnerships or
trusts. The person making an acquisition described in the preceding
sentence must otherwise determine whether withholding is required,
pursuant to section 1445 and the regulations thereunder. Transactions
shall be deemed to be related if they are undertaken within 90 days of
one another or if it can otherwise be shown that they were undertaken in
pursuance of a prearranged plan.
(3) Transferee receives statement that interest in corporation is
not a U.S. real property interest--(i) In general. No withholding is
required under section 1445(a) upon the acquisition of an interest in a
domestic corporation, if the tranferor provides the transferee with a
copy of a statement, issued by the corporation pursuant to Sec. 1.897-
2(h), certifying that the interest is not a U.S. real property interest.
In general, a corporation may issue such a statement only if the
corporation was not a U.S. real property holding corporation at any time
during the previous five years (or the period in which the interest was
held by its present holder, if shorter) or if interests in the
corporation ceased to be United States real property interests under
section 897(c)(1)(B). (A corporation may not provide such a statement
based on its determination that the interest in question is an interest
solely as a creditor). See Sec. 1.897-2 (f) and (h). The corporation
may provide such a statement directly to the transferee at the
transferor's request. The transferor must request such a statement prior
to the transfer, and shall, to the extent possible, specify the
anticipated date of the transfer. A corporation's statement may be
relied upon for purposes of this
[[Page 170]]
paragraph (c)(3) only if the statement is dated not more than 30 days
prior to the date of the transfer. A transferee may also rely upon a
corporation's statement that is voluntarily provided by the corporation
in response to a request from the transferee, if that statement
otherwise complies with the requirements of this paragraph (c)(3) and
Sec. 1.897-2(h).
(ii) Reliance on statement not permitted. A transferee is not
entitled to rely upon a statement that a corporation is not a U.S. real
property holding corporation if, prior to or at the time of the
transfer, the transferee either--
(A) Has actual knowledge that the statement is false, or
(B) Receives a notice that the statement is false from a
transferor's or transferee's agent, pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-4.
Such a transferee's withholding obligations shall apply as if a
statement had never been given, and such a transferee may be held fully
liable pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-1(e) for any failure to withhold.
(iii) Belated notice of false statement. If after the date of the
transfer, a transferee receives notice that a statement provided under
Sec. 1.1445-2(c)(3)(i) (that an interest in a corporation is not a U.S.
real property interest) is false, then such transferee may rely on the
statement only with respect to consideration that was paid prior to the
receipt of the notice.
Such a transferee is required to withhold a full 10 percent of the
amount realized from the consideration that remains to be paid to the
transferor, if possible. Thus, if 10 percent or more of the amount
realized remains to be paid to the transferor, then the transferee is
required to withhold and pay over the full 10 percent. The transferee
must do so by withholding and paying over the entire amount of each
successive payment of consideration to the transferor, until the full 10
percent of the amount realized has been withheld and paid over. Amounts
so withheld must be reported and paid over by the 20th day following the
date on which each such payment of consideration is made. A transferee
that is subject to the rules of this Sec. 1.1445-2(c)(3)(iii) may not
obtain a withholding certificate pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-3, but must
instead withhold and pay over the amounts required by this paragraph.
(d) Exceptions to requirement of withholding--(1) Purchase of
residence for $300,000 or less. No withholding is required under section
1445(a) if one or more individual transferees acquire a U.S. real
property interest for use as a residence and the amount realized on the
transaction is $300,000 or less. For purposes of this section, a U.S.
real property interest is acquired for use as a residence if on the date
of the transfer the transferee (or transferees) has definite plans to
reside at the property for at least 50 percent of the number of days
that the property is used by any person during each of the first two 12-
month periods following the date of the transfer. The number of days
that the property will be vacant is not taken into account in
determining the number of days such property is used by any person. A
transferee shall be considered to reside at a property on any day on
which a member of the transferee's family, as defined in section
267(c)(4), resides at the property. No form or other document need be
filed with the Internal Revenue Service to establish a transferee's
entitlement to rely upon the exception provided by this paragraph
(d)(1). A transferee who fails to withhold in reliance upon this
exception, but who does not in fact reside at the property for the
minimum number of days set forth above, shall be liable for the failure
to withhold (if the transferor was a foreign person and did not pay the
full U.S. tax due on any gain recognized upon the transfer). However, if
the transferee establishes that the failure to reside the minimum number
of days was caused by a change in circumstances that could not
reasonably have been anticipated at the time of the transfer, then the
transferee shall not be liable for the failure to withhold.
The exception provided by paragraph (d)(1) does not apply in any case
where the transferee is other than an individual even if the property is
acquired for or on behalf of an individual who will use the property as
a residence. However, this exception applies regardless of the
organizational structure of the transferor (i.e., regardless of
[[Page 171]]
whether the transferor is an individual, partnership, trust,
corporation, etc.).
(2) Coordination with nonrecognition provisions--(i) In general. A
transferee shall not be required to withhold under section 1445(a) with
respect to the transfer of a U.S. real property interest if--
(A) The transferor notifies the transferee, in the manner described
in paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section, that by reason of the
operation of a nonrecognition provision of the Internal Revenue Code or
the provisions of any United States treaty the transferor is not
required to recognize any gain or loss with respect to the transfer, and
(B) By the 20th day after the date of the transfer the transferee
provides a copy of the transferor's notice to the Director, Philadelphia
Service Center, at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10),
together with a cover letter setting forth the name, identifying number,
and home address (in the case of an individual) or office address (in
the case of an entity) of the transferee providing the notice to the
Service. The rule of this paragraph (d)(2)(i) is subject to the
exceptions set forth in paragraph (d)(2)(ii). For purposes of this
paragraph (d)(2) a nonrecognition provision is any provision of the
Internal Revenue Code for not recognizing gain or loss.
(ii) Exceptions. A transferee may not rely upon the rule of
paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, and must therefore withhold under
section 1445(a) with respect to the transfer of a U.S. real property
interest, if either:
(A) The transferor qualifies for nonrecognition treatment with
respect to part, but not all, of the gain realized by the transferor
upon the transfer, or
(B) The transferee knows or has reason to know that the transferor
is not entitled to the nonrecognition treatment claimed by the
transferor.
In either of the above circumstances the transferee or transferor may
request a withholding certificate from the Internal Revenue Service
pursuant to the rules of Sec. 1.1445-3.
(iii) Contents of the notice. No particular form is required for a
transferor's notice to a transferee that the transferor is not required
to recognize gain or loss with respect to a transfer. The notice must be
verified as true and signed under penalties of perjury by the
transferor, by a responsible officer in the case of a corporation, by a
general partner in the case of a partnership, and by a trustee or
equivalent fiduciary in the case of a trust or estate. The following
information must be set forth in paragraphs labeled to correspond with
the designation set forth as follows--
(A) A statement that the document submitted constitutes a notice of
a nonrecognition transaction or a treaty provision pursuant to the
requirements of Sec. 1.1445-2(d)(2);
(B) The name, identifying number, and home address (in the case of
an individual) or office address (in the case of an entity) of the
transferor submitting the notice;
(C) A statement that the transferor is not required to recognize any
gain or loss with respect to the transfer;
(D) A brief description of the transfer; and
(E) A brief summary of the law and facts supporting the claim that
recognition of gain or loss is not required with respect to the
transfer.
(iv) No notice allowed. The provisions of this paragraph (d)(2) do
not apply to exclusions from income under section 121, to simultaneous
like-kind exchanges under section 1031 that do not qualify for
nonrecognition treatment in their entirety (see paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(A)
of this section), and to non-simultaneous like-kind exchanges under
section 1031 where the transferee cannot determine that the exchange has
been completed and all the conditions for nonrecognition have been
satisfied at the time it is otherwise required to pay the section 1445
withholding tax and file the withholding tax return (Form 8288, ``U.S.
Withholding Tax Return for Dispositions by Foreign Persons of U.S. Real
Property Interests''). In these cases, the transferee is excused from
withholding only upon the timely application for and receipt of a
withholding certificate under Sec. 1.1445-3 (see Sec. 1.1445-3(b)(5)
and (6) for specific rules applicable to transactions under sections 121
and 1031). This paragraph (d)(2)(iv) is applicable for dispositions and
exchanges occurring September 4, 2003.
[[Page 172]]
(3) Special procedural rules applicable to foreclosures--(i) Amount
to be withheld--(A) foreclosures. A transferee that acquires a U.S. real
property interest pursuant to a repossession or foreclosure on such
property under a mortgage, security agreement, deed of trust or other
instrument securing a debt must withhold tax under section 1445(a) equal
to 10 percent of the amount realized on such sale. Such amount must be
reported and paid over to the Service under the general rules of Sec.
1.1445-1. However, if the transferee complies with the notice
requirements of Sec. 1.1445-2(d)(3) (ii) and (iii), such transferee may
report and pay over to the Service on or before the 20th day following
the final determination by a court or trustee with jurisdiction over the
foreclosure action, the lesser of:
(1) The amount otherwise required to be withheld under section
1445(a), or
(2) The ``alternative amount'' as defined in the succeeding
sentence. The alternative amount is the entire amount, if any,
determined by a court or trustee with jurisdiction over the matter, that
accrues to the debtor/transferor out of the amount realized from the
foreclosure sale. The amount of any mortgage, lien, or other security
agreement secured by the property, that is terminated, assumed by
another person, or otherwise extinguished (as to the debtor/transferor)
shall not be treated as an amount that accrues to the debtor/transferor
for purposes of this Sec. 1.1445-2(d)(3)(i)(A). If the alternative
amount is zero, no withholding is required. Any difference between the
amount withheld at the time of the foreclosure sale and the amount to be
reported and paid over to the Service must be transferred to the court
or trustee with jurisdiction over the foreclosure action. Amounts
withheld, if any, are to be reported and paid to the Service by using
Forms 8288 and 8288-A in conformity with Sec. 1.1445-1(d).
(B) Deeds in lieu of foreclosures. A transferee of a U.S. real
property interest pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure must
withhold tax equal to 10 percent of the amount realized by the debtor/
transferor on the transfer. However, no withholding is required if:
(1) The transferee is the only person with a security interest in
the property,
(2) No cash or other property (other than incidental fees incurred
with respect to the transfer) is paid, directly or indirectly, to any
person with respect to the transfer, and
(3) The notice requirement of Sec. 1.1445-2(d)(3) are satisfied.
The amount withheld, if any, must be reported and paid over to the
Service not later than the 20th day following the date of transfer. In a
case where withholding would otherwise be required, a withholding
certificate may be requested in accordance with Sec. 1.1445-3.
(ii) Notice to the court or trustee in a foreclosure action--(A)
Notice on day of purchase. A transferee in a foreclosure sale that
chooses to use the special rules applicable to foreclosures must provide
notice to the court or trustee with jurisdiction over the foreclosure
action on the day the property is transferred with respect to such
transferee's withholding obligation. No particular form is necessary but
the notice must set forth the transferee's name, home address in the
case of an individual, office address in the case of an entity, a brief
description of the property, the date of the transfer, the amount
realized on the sale of the foreclosed property and the amount withheld
under section 1445(a).
(B) Notice whether amount withheld or alternative amount is reported
and paid over to the Service. A purchaser/transferee in a foreclosure
that chooses to use the special rules applicable to foreclosures must
provide notice to the court or trustee with jurisdiction over the
foreclosure action regarding whether the amount withheld or the
alternative amount will be (or has been) reported and paid over to the
Service. The notice should set forth all the information required by the
preceding paragraph (d)(3)(ii)(A), the amount withheld or alternative
amount that will be (or has been) reported and paid over to the Service,
and the amount that will be (or has been) paid over to the court or
trustee.
(iii) Notice to the Service--(A) General rule. A transferee that in
reliance upon
[[Page 173]]
the rules of this paragraph (d)(3) withholds an alternative amount (or
does not withhold because the alternative amount is zero) must, on or
before the 20th day following the final determination by a court or
trustee in a foreclosure action or on or before the 20th day following
the date of the transfer with respect to a transfer pursuant to a deed
in lieu of foreclosure, provide notice thereof to the Assistant
Commissioner (International) at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-
1(g)(10). (The filing of such a notice shall not relieve a creditor of
any obligation it may have to file a notice pursuant to section 6050J
and the regulations thereunder.) No particular form is required but the
following information must be set forth in paragraphs labelled to
correspond with the numbers set forth below.
(1) A statement that the notice constitutes a notice of foreclosure
action or transfer pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure under Sec.
1.1445-2(d)(3).
(2) The name, identifying number, and home address (in the case of
an individual) or office address (in the case of an entity) of the
purchaser/transferee.
(3) The name, identifying number, and home address (in the case of
an individual) or office address (in the case of an entity) of the
debor/transferor.
(4) In a foreclosure action, the date of the final determination by
a court or trustee regarding the distribution of the amount realized
from the foreclosure sale. In a transfer pursuant to a deed in lieu of
foreclosure, the date the property is transferred to the purchaser/
transferee.
(5) A brief description of the property.
(6) The amount realized from the foreclosure sale or with respect to
the transfer pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure.
(7) The alternative amount.
(B) Special rule for lenders required to file Form 1099-A where the
alternative amount is zero. A person required under section 6050J to
file Form 1099-A does not have to comply with the notice requirement of
Sec. 1.1445-2(d)(3)(iii)(A) if the alternative amount is zero. In such
case, the filing of the Form 1099-A will be deemed to satisfy the notice
requirments of Sec. 1.1445-2(d)(3)(iii)(A).
(iv) Requirements not applicable. A transferee is not required to
withhold tax or provide notice pursuant to the rules of this paragraph
(d)(3) if no substantive withholding liability applies to the transfer
of the property by the debtor/transferor. For example, if the debtor/
transferor provides the transferee with a certification of non-foreign
status pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section, then no substantive
withholding liability would exist with respect to the acquisition of the
property from the debtor transferor. In such a case, no withholding of
tax or notice to the Internal Revenue Service is required of the
transferee with respect to the repossession or foreclosure.
(v) Anti-abuse rule. If a U.S. real property interest is transferred
in foreclosure or pursuant to a deed in lieu of foreclosure for a
principal purpose of avoiding the requirements of section 1445(a), then
the provisions of this paragraph (d)(3) shall not apply to the transfer
and the transferee shall be fully liable for any failure to withhold
with respect to the transfer. A principal purpose to avoid section
1445(a) will be presumed (subject to rebuttal on the basis of all
relevant facts and circumstances) if:
(A) The transferee acquires property in which it, or a related
party, has a security interest;
(B) The security interest did not arise in connection with the
debtor/transferor's or a related party's or predecessor in interest's
acquisition, improvement, or maintenance of the property; and
(C) The total amount of all debts secured by the property exceeds 90
percent of the fair market value of the property.
(4) Installment payments. A transferee of a U.S. real property
interest is not required to withhold under section 1445 when making
installment payments on an obligation arising out of a dispositions that
took place before January 1, 1985. With respect to disposition that take
place after December 31, 1984, the transferee shall be required to
satisfy
[[Page 174]]
its entire withholding obligation within the time specified in Sec.
1.1445-1(c) regardless of the amount actually paid by the transferee.
Thereafter, no withholding is required upon further installment payments
on an obligation arising out of the transfer. A transferee that is
unable to satisfy its entire withholding obligation within the time
specified in Sec. 1.1445-1(c) may request a withholding certificate
pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-3.
(5) Acquisitions by governmental bodies. No withholding of tax is
required under section 1445 with respect to any acquisition of property
by the United States, a state or possession of the United States, a
political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia.
(6) [Reserved]
(7) Withholding certificate obtained by transferee or transferor. No
withholding is required under section 1445(a) if the transferee is
provided with a withholding cerfiticate that so specifies. Either the
transferor or the transferee may seek a withholding certificate from the
Internal Revenue Service, pursuant to the provisions of Sec. 1.1445-3.
(8) Amount realized by transferor is zero. If the amount realized by
transferor on a transfer of a U.S. real property interest is zero, no
withholding is required.
(e) Effective date for taxpayer identification numbers. The
requirement in paragraphs (d)(2)(i)(B), (d)(2)(iii)(B), and
(d)(3)(iii)(A)(2) and (3) of this section that taxpayer identification
numbers be provided (in all cases) is applicable for dispositions of
U.S. real property interests occurring after November 3, 2003.
[T.D. 8113, 51 FR 46633, Dec. 24, 1986; 52 FR 3917, Feb. 6, 1987; as
amended at T.D. 8198, 53 FR 16230, May 5, 1988; T.D. 9082, 68 FR 46084,
Aug. 5, 2003]
Sec. 1.1445-3 Adjustments to amount required to be withheld pursuant
to withholding certificate.
(a) In general. Withholding under section 1445(a) may be reduced or
eliminated pursuant to a withholding certificate issued by the Internal
Revenue Service in accordance with the rules of this section. A
withholding certificate may be issued by the Service in cases where
reduced withholding is appropriate (see paragraph (c) of this section),
where the transferor is exempt from U.S. tax (see paragraph (d) of this
section), or where an agreement for the payment of tax is entered into
with the Service (see paragraph (e) of this section). A withholding
certificate that is obtained prior to a transfer notifies the transferee
that no withholding is required. A withholding certificate that is
obtained after a transfer has been made may authorize a normal refund or
an early refund pursuant to paragraph (g) of this section. Either a
transferee or transferor may apply for a withholding certificate. The
Internal Revenue Service will act upon an application for a withholding
certificate not later than the 90th day after it is received. Solely for
this purpose (i.e., determining the day upon which the 90-day period
commences), an application is received by the Service on the date that
all information necessary for the Service to make a determination is
provided by the applicant. In no event, however, will a withholding
certificate be issued without the transferor's identifying number. (For
rules regarding whether an application for a withholding certificate has
been timely submitted, see Sec. 1.445-1(c)(2).) The Service may deny a
request for a withholding certificate where, after due notice, an
applicant fails to provide information necessary for the Service to make
a determination. The Service will act upon an application for an early
refund not later than the 90th day after it is received. An application
for an early refund must either (1) include a copy of a withholding
certificate issued by the Service with respect to the transaction or,
(2) be combined with an application for a withholding certificate. Where
an application for an early refund is combined with an application for a
withholding certificate, the Service will act upon both applications not
later than the 90th day after receipt. In the case of an application for
a certificate based on non-conforming secuirty under paragraph (e)(3)(v)
of this section, and in unusually complicated cases, the Service may be
unable to provide a final withholding certificate by the 90th day. In
such a case the Service will notify the applicant, by the 45th day after
receipt
[[Page 175]]
of the application, that additional processing time will be necessary.
The Service's notice may request additional information or explanation
concerning particular aspects of the application, and will provide a
target date for final action (contingent upon the application's timely
submission of any requested information). A withholding certificate
issued pursuant to the provisions of this section serves to fulfill the
requirements of section 1445(b)(4) concerning qualifying statements,
section 1445(c)(1) concerning the transferor's maximum tax liability, or
section 1445(c)(2) concerning the Secretary's authority to prescribe
reduced withholding.
(b) Applications for withholding certificates--(1) In general. An
application for a withholding certificate must be submitted to the
Director, Philadelphia Service Center, at the address provided in Sec.
1.1445-1(g)(10). An application for a withholding certificate must be
signed by a responsible officer in the case of a corporation, by a
general partner in the case of a partnership, by a trustee, executor, or
equivalent fiduciary in the case of a trust or estate, and in the case
of an individual by the individual himself. A duly authorized agent may
sign the application but the application must contain a valid power of
attorney authorizing the agent to sign the application on behalf of the
applicant. The person signing the application must verify under
penalties of perjury that all representations made in connection with
the application are true, correct, and complete to his knowledge and
belief. No particular form is required for an application, but the
application must set forth the information described in paragraphs (b),
(2), (3), and (4), and to the extent applicable, paragraph (b)(5) or (6)
of this section.
(2) Parties to the transaction. The application must set forth the
name, address, and identifying number of the person submitting the
application (specifying whether that person is the transferee or
transferor), and the name, address, and identifying number of other
parties to the transaction (specifying whether each such party is a
transferee or transferor). The Service will deny the application if
complete information, including the identifying numbers of all the
parties, is not provided. Thus, for example, the applicant should
determine if an identifying number exists for each party, and, if none
exists for a particular party, the applicant should notify the
particular party of the obligation to get an identifying number before
the application can be submitted to the Service. The address provided in
the case of an individual must be that individual's home address, and
the address provided in the case of an entity must be that entity's
office address. A mailing address may be provided in addition to, but
not in lieu of, a home address or office address.
(3) Real property interest to be transferred. The application must
set forth information concerning the U.S. real property interest with
respect to which the withholding certificate is sought, including the
type of interest, the contract price, and, in the case of an interest in
real property, its location and general description, or in the case of
an interest in a U.S. real property holding corporation, the class or
type and amount of the interest.
(4) Basis for certificate--(i) Reduced withholding. If a withholding
certificate is sought on the basis of a claim that reduced withholding
in appropriate, the application must include:
(A) A calculation of the maximum tax that may be imposed on the
disposition in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Such
calculation must be accompanied by a copy of the relevant contract and
depreciation schedules or other evidence that confirms the contract
price and adjusted basis of the property. If no depreciation schedules
are provided, the application must state the nature of the use of the
property and why depreciation was not allowable. Evidence that supports
any claimed adjustment to the maximum tax on the disposition must also
be provided;
(B) A calculation of the transferor's unsatisfied withholding
liability, or evidence supporting the claim that no such liability
exists, in accordance with paragraph (c)(3) of this section; and
(C) In the case of a request for a special reduction of withholding
pursuant
[[Page 176]]
to paragraph (c)(4) of this section, a statement of law and facts in
support of the request.
(ii) Exemption. If a withholding certificate is sought on the basis
of the transferor's exemption from U.S. tax, the application must set
forth a brief statement of the law and facts that support the claimed
exemption. In this regard, see paragraph (d) of this section.
(iii) Agreement. If a withholding certificate is sought on the basis
of an agreement for the payment of tax, the application must include a
signed copy of the agreement proposed by the applicant and a copy of the
security instrument (if any) proposed by the applicant. In this regard,
see paragraph (e) of this section.
(5) Special rule for exclusions from income under section 121. A
withholding certificate may be sought on the basis of a section 121
exclusion as a reduction in the amount of tax due under paragraph
(c)(2)(v) of this section. The application must include information
establishing that the transferor, who is a nonresident alien individual
at the time of the sale (and is therefore subject to sections 897 and
1445) is entitled to claim the benefits of section 121. For example, a
claim for reduced withholding as a result of section 121 must include
information that the transferor occupied the U.S. real property interest
as his or her personal residence for the required period of time.
(6) Special rule for like-kind exchanges under Section 1031. A
withholding certificate may be requested with respect to a like-kind
exchange under section 1031 as a transaction subject to a nonrecognition
provision under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section. The application
must include information substantiating the requirements of section
1031. The IRS may require additional information during the course of
the application process to determine that the requirements of section
1031 are satisfied. In the case of a deferred like-kind exchange, the
withholding agent is excused from reporting and paying the withholding
tax to the IRS within 20 days after the transfer only if an application
for a withholding certificate is submitted prior to or on the date of
transfer. See Sec. 1.1445-1(c)(2) for rules concerning delayed
reporting and payment where an application for a withholding certificate
has been submitted to the IRS prior to or on the date of transfer.
(c) Adjustment of amount required to be withheld--(1) In general.
The Internal Revenue Service may issue a withholding certificate that
excuses withholding or that permits the transferee to withhold an
adjusted amount reflecting the transferor's maximum tax liability. The
transferor's maximum tax liability is the sum of--
(i) The maximum amount which could be imposed as tax under section
871 or 882 upon the transferor's disposition of the subject real
property interest, as determined under paragraph (c)(2) of this section,
and
(ii) The transferor's unsatisfied withholding liability with respect
to the subject real property interest, as determined under paragraph
(c)(3) of this section.
In addition, the Internal Revenue Service may issue a withholding
certificate that permits the transferee to withhold a reduced amount if
the Service determines pursuant to paragraph (c)(4) of this section that
reduced withholding will not jeopardize the collection of tax.
(2) Maximum tax imposed on disposition. The first element of the
transferor's maximum tax liability is the maximum amount which the
transferor could be required to pay as tax upon the disposition of the
subject real property interest. In the case of an individual transferor
that amount will generally be the contract price of the property minus
its adjusted basis, multiplied by the maximum individual income tax rate
applicable to long term capital gain. In the case of a corporate
transferor, that amount will generally be the contract price of the
property minus its adjusted basis, multiplied by the maximum corporate
income tax rate applicable to long term capital gain. However, that
amount must be adjusted to take into account the following:
(i) Any reduction of tax to which the transferor is entitled under
the provisions of a U.S. income tax treaty;
[[Page 177]]
(ii) The effect of any nonrecognition provision that is applicable
to the transaction;
(iii) Any losses realized and recognized upon the previous
disposition of U.S. real property interests during the taxable year;
(iv) Any amount that is required to be treated as ordinary income;
and
(v) Any other factor that may increase or reduce the tax upon the
disposition.
(3) Transferor's unsatisfied withholding liability--(i) In general.
The second element of the transferor's maximum tax liability is the
transferor's unsatisfied withholding liability. That liability is the
amount of any tax that the transferor was required to but did not
withhold and pay over under section 1445 upon the acquisition of the
subject U.S. real property interest or a predecessor interest. The
transferor's unsatisfied withholding liability is included in the
calculation of maximum tax liability so that such prior withholding
liability can be satisfied by the transferee's withholding upon the
current transfer. Alternatively, the transferor's unsatisfied
withholding liability may be disregarded for purposes of calculating the
maximum tax liability, if either--
(A) Such prior withholding liability is fully satisfied by a payment
that is made with the application submitted pursuant to this section; or
(B) An agreement is entered into for the payment of that liability
pursuant to the rules of paragraph (e) of this section.
Because section 1445 only requires withholding after December 31, 1984,
no transferor's unsatisfied withholding liability can exist unless the
transferor acquired the subject or predecessor real property interest
after that date. For purposes of this paragraph (c), a predecessor
interest is one that was exchanged for the subject U.S. real property
interest in a transaction in which the transferor was not required to
recognize the full amount of the gain or loss realized upon the
transfer.
(ii) Evidence that no unsatisfied withholding liability exists. For
purposes of paragraph (b)(4)(i)(B) of this section (concerning
information that must be submitted with an application for a withholding
certificate), evidence that the transferor has no unsatisfied
withholding liability includes any one of the following documents:
(A) Evidence that the transferor acquired the subject or predecessor
real property interest prior to January 1, 1985;
(B) A copy of the Form 8288 that was filed by the transferor, and
proof of payment of the amount shown due thereon, with respect to the
transferor's acquisition of the subject or predecessor real property
interest;
(C) A copy of a withholding certificate with respect to the
transferor's acquisition of the subject or predecessor real property
interest, plus a copy of Form 8288 and proof of payment with respect to
any withholding required under that certificate;
(D) A copy of the non-foreign certification furnished by the person
from whom the subject or predecessor U.S. real property interest was
acquired, executed at the time of that acquisition;
(E) Evidence that the transferor purchased the subject or
predecessor real property for $300,000 or less, and a statement signed
by the transferor under penalties of perjury, that the transferor
purchased the property for use as a residence within the meaning of
Sec. 1.1445-2(d)(1);
(F) Evidence that the person from whom the transferor acquired the
subject or predecessor U.S. real property interest fully paid any tax
imposed on that transaction pursuant to section 897.
(G) A copy of a notice of nonrecognition treatment provided to the
transferor pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-2(d)(2) by person from whom the
transferor acquired the subject or predecessor U.S. real property
interest; and
(H) A statement, signed by the transferor under penalties of
perjury, setting forth the facts and circumstances that supported the
transferor's conclusion that no withholding was required under section
1445(a) with respect to the transferor's acquisition of the subject or
predecessor real property interest.
(4) Special reduction of amount required to be withheld. The
Internal Revenue Service may, in its discretion, issue a withholding
certificate that permits
[[Page 178]]
the transferee to withhold a reduced amount based upon a determination
that reduced withholding will not jeopardize the collection of tax. A
transferor that requests a withholding certificate pursuant to this
paragraph (c)(4) is required pursuant to paragraph (b)(4)(i)(C) of this
section to submit a statement of law and facts in support of the
request. That statement must explain why the transferor is unable to
enter into an agreement for the payment of tax pursuant to paragraph (e)
of this section.
(d) Transferor's exemption from U.S. tax--(1) In general. The
Internal Revenue Service will issue a withholding certificate that
excuses all withholding by a transferee if it is established that:
(i) The transferor's gain from the disposition of the subject U.S.
real property interest will be exempt from U.S. tax, and
(ii) The transferor has no unsatisfied withholding liability.
For the available exemptions, see paragraph (d)(2) of this section. The
transferor's unsatisfied withholding liability shall be determined in
accordance with the provisions of paragraph (c)(3) of this section. A
transferor that is entitled to a reduction of (rather than an exemption
from) U.S. tax may obtain a withholding certificate to that effect
pursuant to the provisions of paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) Available exemptions. A transferor's gain from the disposition
of a U.S. real property interest may be exempt from U.S. tax because
either:
(i) The transferor is an integral part or controlled entity of a
foreign government and the disposition of the subject property is not a
commercial activity, as determined pursuant to section 892 and the
regulations thereunder; or
(ii) The transferor is entitled to the benefits of an income tax
treaty that provides for such an exemption (subject to the limitations
imposed by section 1125(c) of Pub. L. 96-499, which, in general,
overrides such benefits as of January 1, 1985).
(e) Agreement for the payment of tax--(1) In general. The Internal
Revenue Service will issue a withholding certificate that excuses
withholding or that permits a transferee to withhold a reduced amount,
if either the transferee or the transferor enters into an agreement for
the payment of tax pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph (e). An
agreement for the payment of tax is a contract between the Service and
any other person that consists of two necessary elements. Those elements
are--
(i) A contract between the Service and the other person, setting
forth in detail the rights and obligations of each; and
(ii) A security instrument or other form of security acceptable to
the Director, Foreign Operations District.
(2) Contents of agreement--(i) In general. An agreement for the
payment of tax must cover an amount described in subdivision (ii) or
(iii) of this paragraph (e)(2). The agreement may either provide
adequate security for the payment of the chosen amount in accordance
with paragraph (e)(3) of this section, or provide for the payment of
that amount through a combination of security and withholding of tax by
the transferee.
(ii) Tax that would otherwise be withheld. An agreement for the
payment of tax may cover the amount of tax that would otherwise be
required to be withheld pursuant to section 1445(a). In addition to the
amount computed pursuant to section 1445(a), the applicant must agree to
pay interest upon that amount, at the rate established under section
6621, with respect to the period between the date on which the tax
imposed by section 1445(a) would otherwise be due (i.e., the 20th day
after the date of transfer) and the date on which the transferor's
payment of tax with respect to the disposition will be due under the
agreement. The amount of interest agreed upon must be paid by the
applicant regardless of whether or not the Service is required to draw
upon any security provided pursuant to the agreement. The interest may
be paid either with the return or by the Service drawing upon the
security.
(iii) Maximum tax liability. An agreement for the payment of tax may
cover the transferor's maximum tax liability, determined in accordance
with paragraph (c) of this section. The agreement must also provide for
the payment of an additional amount equal to 25 percent of the amount
determined
[[Page 179]]
under paragraph (c) of this section. This additional amount secures the
interest and penalties that would accrue between the date of a failure
to file a return and pay tax with respect to the disposition, and the
date on which the Service collects upon that liability pursuant to the
agreement. Such additional amount will only be collected if the Service
finds it necessary to draw upon any security provided due to the
transferor's failure to file a return and pay tax with respect to the
relevant disposition.
(3) Major types of security--(i) In general. The following are the
major types of security acceptable to the Service. Further details with
respect to the terms and conditions of each type may be specified by
Revenue Procedure.
(ii) Bond with surety or guarantor. The Service may accept as
security with respect to a transferor's tax liability a bond that is
executed with a satisfactory surety or guarantor. Only the following
persons may act as surety or guarantor for this purpose
(A) A surety company holding a certificate of authority from the
Secretary as an acceptable surety on Federal bonds, as listed in
Treasury Department Circular No. 570, published annually in the Federal
Register on the first working day of July;
(B) A person that is engaged within or without the United States in
the conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business under the
principles of Sec. 1.864-4(c)(5), and that is subject to U.S. or
foreign local or national regulation of such business, if that person is
otherwise acceptable to the Service; and
(C) A person that is engaged within or without the United States in
the conduct of an insurance business that is subject to U.S. or foreign
local or national regulation, if that person is otherwise acceptable to
the Service.
(iii) Bond with collateral. The Service may accept as security with
respect to a transferor's tax liability a bond that is secured by
acceptable collateral. All collateral must be deposited with a
responsible financial institution acting as escrow agent, or, in the
Service's discretion, with the Service. Only the following types of
collateral are acceptable:
(A) Bonds, notes, or other public debt obligations of the United
States, in accordance with the rules of 31 CFR part 225; and
(B) A certified cashier's, or treasurer's check, drawn on an entity
acceptable to the Service that is engaged within or without the United
States in the conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business under
the principles of Sec. 1.864-4(c)(5) and that is subject to U.S. or
foreign local or national regulation of such business.
(iv) Letter of credit. The Service may accept as security with
respect to a transferor's tax liability an irrevocable letter of credit.
The Service may accept a letter of credit issued by an entity acceptable
to the Service that is engaged within or without the United States in
the conduct of a banking, financing, or similar business under the
principles of Sec. 1.864-4(c)(5) and that is subject to U.S. or foreign
local or national regulation of such business. However, the Director
will accept a letter of credit from an entity that is not engaged in
trade or business in the United States only if such letter may be drawn
on an advising bank within the United States.
(v) Guarantees and other non-conforming security--(A) Guarantee. The
Service may in its discretion accept as security with respect to a
transferor's tax liability the applicant's guarantee that it will pay
such liability. The Service will in general accept such a guarantee only
from a corporation, foreign or domestic, any class of stock of which is
regularly traded on an established securities market on the date of the
transfer.
(B) Other forms of security. The Service may in unusual
circumstances and at its discretion accept any form of security that if
finds to be adequate. An application for a withholding certificate that
proposes a form of security that does not conform with any of the
preferred types set forth in paragraph (e)(3) (ii) through (iv) of this
section or any relevant Revenue Procedure must include:
(1) A detailed statement of the facts and circumstances supporting
the use of the proposed form of security, and
[[Page 180]]
(2) A memorandum of law concerning the validity and enforceability
of the proposed form of security.
(4) Terms of security instrument. Any security instrument that is
furnished pursuant to this section must provide that--
(i) The amount of each deposit of estimated tax that will be
required with respect to the gain realized on the subject disposition
may be collected by levy upon the security as of the date following the
date on which each such deposit is due (unless such deposit is timely
made);
(ii) The entire amount of the liability may be collected by levy
upon the security at any time during the nine months following the date
on which the payment of tax with respect to the subject disposition is
due, subject to release of the security upon the full payment of the tax
and any interest and penalties due. If the transferor requests an
extension of time to file a return with respect to the disposition, then
the Director may require that the term of the security instrument be
extended until the date that is nine months after the filing deadline as
extended.
(f) Amendments to application for withholding certificate--(1) In
general. An applicant for a withholding certificate may amend an
otherwise complete application by submitting an amending statement to
the Director, Philadelphia Service Center, at the address provided in
Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10). The amending statement shall provide the
information required by Sec. 1.1445-3(f)(3) and must be signed and
accompanied by a penalties of perjury statement in accordance with Sec.
1.1445-3(b)(1).
(2) Extension of time for the Service to process requests for
withholding certificates--(i) In general. If an amending statement is
submitted, the time in which the Internal Revenue Service must act upon
the amended application shall be extended by 30 days.
(ii) Substantial amendments. If an amending statement is submitted
and the Service finds that the statement substantially amends the facts
of the underlying application or substantially alters the terms of the
withholding certificate as requested in the initial application, the
time within which the Service must act upon the amended application
shall be extended by 60 days. The applicant shall be so notified.
(iii) Amending statement received after the requested withholding
certificate has been signed by the Director, Philadelphia Service
Center. If an amending statement is received after the withholding
certificate, drafted in response to the underlying application, has been
signed by the Director, Philadelphia Service Center or his delegate and
prior to the day such certificate is mailed to the applicant, the time
in which the Service must act upon the amended application shall be
extended by 90 days. The applicant will be so notified.
(3) Information required to be submitted. No particular form is
required for an amending statement but the statement must provide the
following information:
(i) Identification of applicant. The amending statement must set
forth the name, address and identifying number of the person submitting
the amending statement (specifying whether that person is the transferee
or transferor).
(ii) Date of underlying application. The amending statement must set
forth the date of the underlying application for a withholding
certificate.
(iii) Real property interest to be (or that has been) transferred.
The amending statement must set forth a brief description of the real
property interest with respect to which the underlying application for a
withholding certificate was submitted.
(iv) Amending information. The amending statement must fully set
forth the basis for the amendment including any modification of the
facts supporting the application for a withholding certificate and any
change sought in the terms of the withholding certificate.
(g) Early refund of overwithheld amounts. If a transferor receives a
withholding certificate pursuant to this section, and an amount greater
than that specified in the certificate was withheld by the transferee,
then pursuant to the rules of this paragraph (g) the transferor may
apply for a refund (without interest) of the excess amount
[[Page 181]]
prior to the date on which the transferor's tax return is due (without
extensions). (Any interest payable on refunds issued after the filing of
a tax return shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of
section 6611 and regulations thereunder.) An application for an early
refund must be addressed to the Director, Philadelphia Service Center,
at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10). No particular form is
required for the application, but the following information must be set
forth in separate paragraphs numbered to correspond with the number
given below:
(1) Name, address, and identifying number of the transferor seeking
the refund;
(2) Amount required to be withheld pursuant to the withholding
certificate issued by Internal Revenue Service;
(3) Amount withheld by the transferee (attach a copy of Form 8288-A
stamped by IRS pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-1(c));
(4) Amount to be refunded to the transferor. An application for an
early refund cannot be processed unless the required copy of Form 8288-A
(or substantial evidence of the amount withheld in the case of a failure
to receive Form 8288-A as provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(f)(3)) is attached
to the application. If an application for a withholding certificate
based upon the transferor's maximum tax liability is submitted after the
transfer takes place, then that application may be combined with an
application for an early refund. The Service will act upon a claim for
refund within the time limits set forth in paragraph (a) of this
section.
(h) Effective date for taxpayer identification numbers. The
requirement in paragraphs (b)(2), (f)(3)(i), and (g)(1) of this section
that taxpayer identification numbers be provided (in all cases) is
applicable for dispositions of U.S. real property interests occurring
after November 3, 2003.
[T.D. 8113, 51 FR 46637, Dec. 24, 1986; 52 FR 3796, Feb. 6, 1987; T.D.
9082, 68 FR 46085, Aug. 5, 2003]
Sec. 1.1445-4 Liability of agents.
(a) Duty to provide notice of false certification or statement to
transferee. A transferee's or transferor's agent must provide notice to
the transferee if either--
(1) The transferee is furnished with a non-U.S. real property
interest statement pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-2(c)(3) and the agent knows
that the statement is false; or
(2) The transferee is furnished with a non-foreign certification
pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-2(b)(2) and either (i) the agent knows that the
certification is false, or (ii) the agent represents a transferor that
is a foreign corporation. An agent that represents a transferor that is
a foreign corporation is not required to provide notice to the
transferee if the foreign corporation provided a non-foreign
certification to the transferee prior to such agent's employment and the
agent does not know that the corporation did so.
(b) Duty to provide notice of false certification or statement to
entity or fiduciary. A transferee's or transferor's agent must provide
notice to an entity or fiduciary that plans to carry out a transaction
described in section 1445(e) (1), (2), (3), or (4) if either--
(1) The entity or fiduciary is furnished with a non-U.S. real
property interest statement pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(4)(iii) and
the agent knows that such statement is false; or
(2) The entity or fiduciary is furnished with a non-foreign
certification pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(3) (ii) and either (i) the
agent knows that such certification is false, or (ii) the agent
represents a foreign corporation that made such a certification.
(c) Procedural requirements--(1) Notice to transferee, entity, or
fiduciary. An agent who is required by this section to provide notice
must do so in writing as soon as possible after learning of the false
certification or statement, but not later than the date of the transfer
(prior to the transferee's payment of consideration). If an agent first
learns of a false certification or statement after the date of the
transfer, notice must be given by the third day following that
discovery. The notice must state that the certification or statement is
false and may not be relied upon. The notice must also explain the
possible consequences to the recipient of a failure to withhold. The
notice need not disclose the information on
[[Page 182]]
which the agent's statement is based. The following is an example of an
acceptable notice.``This is to notify you that you may be required to
withhold tax in connection with (describe transaction). You have been
provided with a certification of non-foreign status (or a non-U.S. real
property interest statement) in connection with that transaction. I have
learned that that document is false. Therefore, you may not rely upon it
as a basis for failing to withhold under section 1445 of the Internal
Revenue Code. Section 1445 provides that any person who acquires a U.S.
real property interest from a foreign person must withhold a tax equal
to 10 percent of the total purchase price. (The term `U.S. real property
interest' includes real property, stock in U.S. corporations whose
assets are primarily real property, and some personal property
associated with realty.) Any person who is required to withhold but
fails to do so can be held liable for the tax. Thus, if you do not
withhold the 10 percent tax from the total that you pay on this
transaction you could be required to pay the tax yourself, if what you
are acquiring is a U.S. real property interest and the transferor is a
foreign person. Tax that is withheld must be promptly paid over to the
IRS using Form 8288. For further information see sections 897 and 1445
of the Internal Revenue Code and the related regulations.''
(2) Notice to be filed with IRS. An agent who is required by
paragraph (a) or (b) of this section to provide notice to a transferee,
entity, or fiduciary must furnish a copy of that notice to the Internal
Revenue Service by the date on which the notice is required to be given
to the transferee, entity, or fiduciary. The copy of the notice must be
delivered to the Director, Philadelphia Service Center at the address
provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10) and must be accompanied by a cover
letter stating that the copy is being filed pursuant to the requirements
of this Sec. 1.1445-4(c)(2).
(d) Effect on recipient. A transferee, entity, or fiduciary that
receives a notice pursuant to this section prior to the date of the
transfer from any agent of the transferor or transferee may not rely
upon the subject certification or statement for purposes of excusing
withholding pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-2 or Sec. 1.1445-5. Therefore, the
recipient of a notice may be held liable for any failure to deduct and
withhold tax under section 1445 as if such certification or statement
had never been given. For special rules concerning the effect of the
receipt of a notice after the date of the transfer, see Sec. Sec.
1.1445-2(b)(4)(iv) and 1.1445-5 (c), (d) and (e).
(e) Failure to provide notice. Any agent who is required to provide
notice but who fails to do so in the manner required by paragraph (a) or
(b) of this section shall be held liable for the tax that the recipient
of the notice would have been required to withhold under section 1445 if
such notice had been given. However, an agent's liability under this
paragraph (e) is limited to the amount of compensation that that agent
derives from the transaction. In addition, an agent who assists in the
preparation of, or fails to disclose knowledge of, a false certification
or statement may be liable for civil or criminal penalties.
(f) Definition of transferor's or transferee's agent--(1) In
general. For purposes of this section, the terms ``transferor's agent''
and ``transferee's agent'' means any person who represents the
transferor or transferee (respectively)--
(i) In any negotiation with another person (or another person's
agent) relating to the transaction; or
(ii) In settling the transaction.
(2) Transactions subject to section 1445(e). In the case of
transactions subject section 1445(e), the following definitions apply.
(i) The term ``transferor's agent'' means any person that represents
or advises an entity or fiduciary with respect to the planning,
arrangement, or consummation by the entity of a transaction described in
section 1445(e) (1), (2), (3), or (4).
(ii) The term ``transferee's agent'' means any person that
represents or advises the holder of an interest in an entity with
respect to the planning, arrangement or consummation by the entity of a
transaction described in section 1445(e) (1), (2), (3), or (4).
(3) Exclusion of settlement officers and clerical personnel. For
purposes of this section, a person shall not be treated
[[Page 183]]
as a transferor's agent or transferee's agent with respect to any
transaction solely because such person performs one or more of the
following activities.
(i) The receipt and disbursement of any portion of the consideration
for the transaction;
(ii) The recording of any document in connection with the
transaction;
(iii) Typing, copying, and other clerical tasks;
(iv) The obtaining of title insurance reports and reports concerning
the condition of the real property that is the subject of the
transaction; or
(v) The transmission or delivery of documents between the parties.
(4) Exclusion for governing body of a condominium association and
the board of directors of a cooperative housing corporation. The members
of a board, committee or other governing body of a condominium
association and the board of directors and officers of a cooperative
housing corporation will not be deemed agents of the transferor or
transferee if such individuals function exclusively in their capacity as
representatives of such association or corporation with respect to the
transaction. In addition, the managing agent of a cooperative housing
corporation or condominium association will not be deemed to be an agent
of the transferee or transferor if such person functions exclusively in
its capacity as a managing agent. If a person's activities include
advising the transferee or transferor with respect to the transfer, this
exclusion shall not apply.
[T.D. 8113, 51 FR 46641, Dec. 24, 1986; 52 FR 3796, 3917, Feb. 6, 1987;
T.D. 9082, 68 FR 46086, Aug. 5, 2003]
Sec. 1.1445-5 Special rules concerning distributions and other
transactions by corporations, partnerships, trusts, and estates.
(a) Purpose and scope. This section provides special rules
concerning the withholding that is required under section 1445(e) upon
distributions and other transactions involving domestic or foreign
corporations, partnerships, trusts, and estates. Paragraph (b) of this
section provides rules that apply generally to the various withholding
requirements set forth in this section. Under section 1445(e)(1) and
paragraph (c) of this section, a domestic partnership or the fiduciary
of a domestic trust or estate is required to withhold tax upon the
entity's disposition of a U.S. real property interest if any foreign
persons are partners or beneficiaries of the entity. Paragraph (d)
provides rules concerning the requirement of section 1445(e)(2) that a
foreign corporation withhold tax upon its distribution of a U.S. real
property interest to its interest-holders. Finally, under section
1445(e)(3) and paragraph (e) of this section a domestic U.S. real
property holding corporation is required to withhold tax upon certain
distributions to interest-holders that are foreign persons. Paragraphs
(f) and (g) of this section are reserved to provide rules concerning
transactions involving interests in partnerships, trusts, and estates
that will be subject to withholding pursuant to sections 1445(e) (4) and
(5).
(b) Rules of general application--(1) Double withholding not
required. If tax is required to be withheld with respect to a transfer
of property in accordance with the rules of this section, then no
additional tax is required to be withheld by the transferee of the
property with respect to that transfer pursuant to the general rules of
section 1445(a) and Sec. 1.1445-1. For rules coordinating the
withholding under section 1441 (or section 1442 or 1443) and under
section 1445 on distributions from a corporation, see Sec. 1.1441-
3(b)(4). If a transfer of a U.S. real property interest described in
section 1445(e) is exempt from withholding under the rules of this
section, then no withholding is required under the general rules of
section 1445(a) and Sec. 1.1445-1.
(2) Coordination with nonrecognition provisions--(i) In general.
Withholding shall not be required under the rules of this section with
respect to a transfer described in section 1445(e) of a U.S. real
property interest if--
(A) By reason of the operation of a nonrecognition provision of the
Internal Revenue Code or the provisions of any treaty of the United
States no gain or loss is required to be recognized by the foreign
person with respect to which withholding would otherwise be required;
and
[[Page 184]]
(B) The entity or fiduciary that is otherwise required to withhold
complies with the notice requirements of paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this
section. The entity or fiduciary must determine whether gain or loss is
required to be recognized pursuant to the rules of section 897 and the
applicable nonrecognition provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. An
entity or fiduciary may obtain a withholding certificate from the
Internal Revenue Service that confirms the applicability of a
nonrecognition provision, but is not required to do so. For purposes of
this paragraph (b)(2), a nonrecognition provision is any provision of
the Internal Revenue Code for not recognizing gain or loss. If
nonrecognition treatment is available only with respect to part of the
gain realized on a transfer, the exemption from withholding provided by
this paragraph (b)(2) shall not apply. In such cases a withholding
certificate may be sought pursuant to the provisions of Sec. 1.1445-6.
(ii) Notice of nonrecognition transfer. An entity or fiduciary that
fails to withhold tax with respect to a transfer in reliance upon the
rules of this paragraph (b)(2) must by the 20th day after the date of
the transfer deliver a notice thereof to the Director, Philadelphia
Service Center, at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10). No
particular form is required for a notice of transfer, but the following
information must be set forth in paragraphs labelled to correspond with
the letter set forth below:
(A) A statement that the document submitted constitutes a notice of
a nonrecognition transfer pursuant to the requirements of Sec. 1.1445-
5(b)(2)(ii);
(B) The name, office address, and identifying number of the entity
of fiduciary submitting the notice;
(C) The name, identifying number, and home address (in the case of
an individual) or office address (in the case of an entity) of each
foreign person with respect to which withholding would otherwise be
required;
(D) A brief description of the transfer; and
(E) A brief statement of the law and facts supporting the claim that
recognition of gain or loss is not required with respect to the
transfer.
(3) Interest-holder not a foreign person--(i) In general. Pursuant
to the provisions of paragraphs (c) and (e) of this section, an entity
or fiduciary is required to withhold with respect to certain transfers
of property if a holder of an interest in the entity is a foreign
person. For purposes of determining whether a holder of an interest is a
foreign person, and entity or fiduciary may rely upon a certification of
nonforeign status provided by that person in accordance with paragraph
(b)(3)(ii) of this section. Except to the extent provided in paragraph
(b)(3)(iii) of this section, such a certification excuses the entity or
fiduciary from any liability otherwise imposed pursuant to section
1445(e) and regulations thereunder. However, no obligation is imposed
upon an entity or fiduciary to obtain certifications from interest-
holders; an entity or fiduciary may instead rely upon other means to
ascertain the nonforeign status of an interest-holder. If the entity or
fiduciary does rely upon other means but the interest-holder proves, in
fact, to be a foreign person, then the entity or fiduciary is subject to
any liability imposed pursuant to section 1445 and regulations
thereunder.
An entity or fiduciary is not required to rely upon other means to
ascertain the non-foreign status of an interest-holder and may demand a
certification of non-foreign status. If the certification is not
provided, the entity or fiduciary may withhold tax under section 1445
and will be considered, for purposes of sections 1461 through 1463, to
have been required to withhold such tax.
(ii) Interest-holder's certification of non-foreign status--(A) In
general. For purposes of this section, an entity or fiduciary may treat
any holder of an interest in the entity as a U.S. person if that
interest-holder furnishes to the entity or fiduciary a certification
stating that the interest-holder is not a foreign person, in accordance
with the provisions of paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(B) of this section. In
general, a foreign person is a nonresident alien individual, foreign
corporation, foreign partnership, foreign trust, or foreign estate, but
not a resident alien individual. In this regard, see Sec. 1.897-1(k).
[[Page 185]]
(B) Procedural rules. An interest-holder's certification of non-
foreign status must--
(1) State that the interest-holder is not a foreign person;
(2) Set forth the interest-holder's name, identifying number, home
address (in the case of an individual), or office address (in the case
of an entity), and place of incorporation (in the case of a
corporation); and
(3) Be signed under penalties of perjury.
Pursuant to Sec. 1.897-1(p), an individual's identifying number is the
individual's Social Security number and any other person's identifying
number is its U.S. employer identification number. The certification
must be signed by a responsible officer in the case of a corporation, by
a general partner in the case of a partnership, and by a trustee,
executor, or equivalent fiduciary in the case of a trust or estate. No
particular form is needed for a certification pursuant to this paragraph
(b)(3)(ii)(B), nor is any particular language required, so long as the
document meets the requirements of this paragraph. Samples of acceptable
certifications are provided in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(D) of this section.
An entity may rely upon a certification pursuant to this paragraph
(b)(3)(ii)(B) for a period of two calendar years following the close of
the calendar year in which the certification was given.
If an interest holder becomes a foreign person within the period
described in the preceding sentence, the interest-holder must notify the
entity prior to any further dispositions or distributions and upon
receipt of such notice (or any other notification of the foreign status
of the interest-holder) the entity may no longer rely upon the prior
certification. An entity that obtains and relies upon a certification
must retain that certification with its books and records for a period
of three calendar years following the close of the last calendar year in
which the entity relied upon the certification.
(C) Foreign corporation that has made an election under section
897(i). A foreign corporation that has made a valid election under
section 897(i) to be treated as a domestic corporation for purposes of
section 897 may provide a certification of non-foreign status pursuant
to this paragraph (b)(3)(ii). However, an electing foreign corporation
must attach to such certification a copy of the acknowledgment of the
election provided to the corporation by the Internal Revenue Service
pursuant to Sec. 1.897-3(d)(4).
An acknowledgment is valid for this purpose only if it states that the
information required by Sec. 1.897-3 has been determined to be
complete.
(D) Sample certifications--(1) Individual interest-holder.
``Under section 1445(e) of the Internal Revenue Code, a corporation,
partnership, trust or estate must withhold tax with respect to certain
transfers of property if a holder of an interest in the entity is a
foreign person. To inform (name of entity) that no withholding is
required with respect to my interest in it, I, (name of interest-
holder), hereby certify the following:
1. I am not a nonresident alien for purposes of U.S. income
taxation;
2. My U.S. taxpayer identifying number (Social Security number) is
--------; and
3. My home address is
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
I agree to inform [name of entity] promptly if I become a nonresident
alien at any time during the three years immediately following the date
of this notice.
I understand that this certification may be disclosed to the
Internal Revenue Service by (name of entity) and that any false
statement I have made here could be punished by fine, imprisonment, or
both.
Under penalties of perjury I declare that I have examined this
certification and to the best of my knowledge and belief it is true,
correct, and complete.
[Signature and date]''
(2) Entity interest-holder. ``Under section 1445(e) of the Internal
Revenue Code, a corporation, partnership, trust, or estate must withhold
tax with respect to certain transfers of property if a holder of an
interest in the entity is a foreign person. To inform [name of entity]
that no withholding is required with respect to [name of interest-
holder]'s interest in it, the undersigned hereby certifies the following
on behalf of [name of interest-holder]:
1. [Name of interest-holder] is not a foreign corporation, foreign
partnership, foreign trust, or foreign estate (as those terms are
defined in the Internal Revenue Code and Income Tax Regulations);
2. [Name of interest-holder]'s U.S. employer identification number
is --------; and
[[Page 186]]
3. [Name of interest-holder]'s office address is
________________________________________________________________________
and place of incorporation (if applicable) is
________________________________________________________________________
[Name of interest holder] agrees to inform [name of entity] if it
becomes a foreign person at any time during the three year period
immediately following the date of this notice.
[Name of interest-holder] understands that this certification may be
disclosed to the Internal Revenue Service by [name of entity] and that
any false statement contained herein could be punished by fine,
imprisonment, or both.
Under penalties of perjury I declare that I have examined this
certification and to the best of my knowledge and belief it is true,
correct, and complete, and I further declare that I have authority to
sign this document on behalf of [name of interest-holder].
[Signature and date]
[Title ]''
(iii) Reliance upon certification not permitted. An entity or
fiduciary may not rely upon an interest-holder's certification of non-
foreign status if, prior to or at the time of the transfer with respect
to which withholding would be required, the entity or fiduciary either--
(A) Has actual knowledge that the certification is false;
(B) Has received a notice that the certification is false from a
transferor's or transferee's agent, pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-4; or
(C) Has received from a corporation that it knows to be a foreign
corporation a certification that does not have attached to it a copy of
the IRS acknowledgment of the corporation's election under section
897(i), as required by paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C) of this section. Such an
entity's or fiduciary's withholding obligations shall apply as if a
statement had never been given, and such an entity or fiduciary may be
held fully liable pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-1(e) for any failure to
withhold. For special rules concerning an entity's belated receipt of a
notice concerning a false certification, see paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) and
(e)(2)(iii) of this section.
(4) Property transferred not a U.S. real property interest--(i) In
general. Pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this
section, an entity or fiduciary is required to withhold with respect to
certain transfers of property, if the property transferred is a U.S.
real property interest. (In addition, taxable distributions of U.S. real
property interests by domestic or foreign partnerships, trusts, and
estates will be subject to withholding pursuant to section 1445(e)(4)
and paragraph (f) of this section after publication of a Treasury
decision under sections 897 (e)(2) and (g). As defined in section 897(c)
and Sec. 1.897-1(c), a U.S. real property interest includes certain
interests in U.S. corporations, as well as direct interests in real
property and certain associated personal property. This paragraph (b)(4)
provides rules pursuant to which an entity (or fiduciary thereof) that
transfers an interest in a U.S. corporation may determine that
withholding is not required because the interest transferred is not a
U.S. real property interest. To determine whether an interest in
tangible property constitutes a U.S. real property interest the transfer
of which would be subject to withholding, see Sec. 1.897-1 (b) and (c).
(ii) Interests in publicly traded entities. Withholding is not
required under paragraph (c) or (d) of this section upon an entity's
transfer of an interest in a domestic corporation if any class of stock
of the corporation is regularly traded on an established securities
market. This exemption shall apply to a disposition incident to an
initial public offering of stock pursuant to a registration statement
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Similarly, no withholding is required under paragraph (c) or (d) of this
section upon an entity's transfer of an interest in a publicly traded
partnership or trust. However, the rule of this paragraph (b)(4)(ii)
shall not apply to the transfer, to a single transferee (or related
transferees as defined in Sec. 1.897-1(i)) in a single transaction (or
related transactions), of an interest described in Sec. 1.897-
1(c)(2)(iii)(B) (relating to substantial amounts of non-publicly traded
interests in publicly traded corporations) or of similar interests in
publicly traded partnerships or trusts. The entity making a transfer
described in the preceding sentence must otherwise determine whether
withholding is required, pursuant to section 1445(e) and the regulations
thereunder. Transactions shall be deemed to be related if they are
undertaken within 90 days of
[[Page 187]]
one another or if it can otherwise be shown that they were undertaken in
pursuance of a prearranged plan.
(iii) Corporation's statement that interest is not a U.S. real
property interest. (A) In general. No withholding is required under
paragraph (c) or (d) of this section upon an entity's transfer of an
interest in a domestic corporation if, prior to the transfer, the entity
or fiduciary obtains a statement, issued by the corporation pursuant to
Sec. 1.897-2(h), certifying that the interest is not a U.S. real
property interest. In general, a corporation may issue such a statement
only if the corporation was not a U.S. real property holding corporation
at any time during the previous five years (or the period in which the
interest was held by its present holder, if shorter) or if interests in
the corporation ceased to be United States real property interests under
section 897(c)(1)(B). (A corporation may not provide such a statement
based on its determination that the interest in question is an interest
solely as a creditor.) See Sec. 1.897-2 (f) and (h). A corporation's
statement may be relied upon for purposes of this paragraph (b)(4)(iii)
only if the statement is dated not more than 30 days prior to the date
of the transfer.
(B) Reliance on statement not permitted. An entity or fiduciary is
not entitled to rely upon a statement that an interest in a corporation
is not a U.S. real property interest, if, prior to or at the time of the
transfer, the entity or fiduciary either--
(1) Has actual knowledge that the statement is false, or
(2) Receives a notice that the statement is false from a
transferor's or transferee's agent, pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-4.
Such an entity's or fiduciary's withholding obligations shall apply as
if a statement had never been given, and such an entity or fiduciary may
be held fully liable pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-1(e) for any failure to
withhold. For special rules concerning an entity's belated receipt of a
notice concerning a false statement, see paragraphs (c)(2)(iii) and
(d)(2)(i) of this section.
(5) Reporting and paying over of withheld amounts--(i) In General.
An entity or fiduciary must report and pay over to the Internal Revenue
Service any tax withheld pursuant to section 1445(e) and this section by
the 20th day after the date of the transfer (as defined in Sec. 1.1445-
1(g)(8). Forms 8288 and 8288-A are used for this purpose and must be
filed at the location as provided in the instructions to Forms 8288 and
8288-A. The contents of Forms 8288 and 8288-A are described in Sec.
1.1445-1(d). Pursuant to section 7502 and regulations thereunder, the
timely mailing of Forms 8288 and 8288-A by U.S. mail will be treated as
their timely filing. Form 8288-A will be stamped by the Internal Revenue
Service to show receipt, and a stamped copy will be mailed by the
Service to the interest holder if the Form 8288 is complete, including
the transferor's identifying number, at the address shown on the form,
for the interest-holder's use. See paragraph (b)(7) of this section. If
an application for a withholding certificate with respect to a transfer
of a U.S. real property interest was submitted to the Internal Revenue
Service on the day of or at any time prior to the transfer, the entity
or fiduciary must withold the amount required under section 1445(e) and
the rules of this section. However, the amount withheld, or a lesser
amount as determined by the Service, need not be reported and paid over
to the Service until the 20th day following the Service's final
determination. For this purpose, the Service's final determination
occurs on the day when the withholding certificate is mailed to the
applicant by the Service or when a notification denying the request for
a withholding certificate is mailed to the applicant by the Service. An
application is submitted to the Service on the day it is actually
received by the Service at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10)
or, under the rules of section 7502, on the day it is mailed to the
Service at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10). For rules
concerning the issuance of withholding certificates, see Sec. 1.1445-6.
(ii) Anti-abuse rule. An entity or fiduciary that in reliance upon
the rules of this paragraph (b)(5)(ii) fails to report and pay over
amounts withheld by the 20th day following the date of the transfer,
shall be subject to the payment of interest and penalties if the
relevant application for a withholding
[[Page 188]]
certificate (or an amendment of the application for a withholding
certificate) was submitted for a principle purpose of delaying the
payment to the IRS of the amount withheld. Interest and penalties shall
be assessed on the amount that is ultimately paid over, with respect to
the period between the 20th day after the date of the transfer and the
date on which payment is made.
(6) Liability upon failure to withhold. For rules regarding
liability upon failure to withhold under section 1445(e) and this Sec.
1.1445-5, see Sec. 1.1445-1(e).
(7) Effect of withholding by entity or fiduciary upon interest
holder. The withholding of tax under section 1445(e) does not excuse a
foreign person that is subject to U.S. tax by reason of the operation of
section 897 from filing a U.S. tax return. Thus, Form 1040NR. 1041. or
1120F, as appropriate must be filed and any tax due must be paid, by the
filing date otherwise applicable to such person (or any extension
thereof). The tax withheld with respect to the foreign person under
section 1445(e) (as shown on Form 8288-A) shall be credited against the
amount of income tax as computed in such return, but only if the stamped
copy of Form 8288-A provided to the entity or fiduciary (under paragraph
(b)(5) of this section) is attached to the return or substantial
evidence of the amount of tax withheld is attached to the return in
accordance with the succeeding sentence. If a stamped copy of Form 8288-
A has not been provided to the interest-holder by the Service, the
interest-holder may establish the amount of tax withheld by the entity
or fiduciary by attaching to its return substantial evidence of such
amount. Such an interest-holder must attach to its return a statement
which supplies all of the information required by Sec. 1.1445-1(d)(2).
If the amount withheld under section 1445(e) constitutes less than the
full amount of the foreign person's U.S. tax liability for that taxable
year, then a payment of estimated tax may be required to be made
pursuant to section 6154 or 6654 prior to the filing of the income tax
return for the year. Alternatively, if the amount withheld under section
1445(e) exceeds the foreign person's maximum tax liability with respect
to the transaction (as reflected in a withholding certificate issued by
the Internal Revenue Service pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-6), then the
foreign person may seek an early refund of the excess pursuant to Sec.
1.1445-6(g). A foreign person that takes gain into account in accordance
with the provisions of section 453 shall not be entitled to a refund to
the amount withheld, unless a withholding certificate providing for such
a refund is obtained pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-6. If an entity or
fiduciary withholds tax under section 1445(e) with respect to a
beneficial owner of an interest who is not a foreign person, such
beneficial owner may credit the amount of any tax withheld against his
income tax liability in accordance with the provisions of this Sec.
1.1445-5(b)(7) or apply for an early refund under Sec. 1.1445-6(g).
(8) Effective dates--(i) Partnership, trust, and estate dispositions
of U.S. real property interests. The provisions of section 1445(e)(1)
and paragraph (c) of this section, requiring withholding upon certain
dispositions of U.S. real property interests by domestic partnerships,
trusts, and estates, shall apply to any disposition on or after January
1, 1985.
(ii) Certain distributions by foreign corporations. The provisions
of section 1445(e)(2) and paragraph (d) of this section, requiring
withholding upon distributions of U.S. real property interests by
foreign corporations shall apply to distributions made on or after
January 1, 1985.
(iii) Distributions by certain domestic corporations to foreign
shareholders. The provisions of section 1445(e)(3) and paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, requiring withholding upon distributions in redemption
of stock under section 302(a) or liquidating distributions under Part II
of subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code by U.S. real property
holding corporations to foreign shareholders, shall apply to
distributions made on or after January 1, 1985. The provisions of
section 1445(e)(3) and paragraph (e)(1) of this section requiring
withholding on distributions under section 301 by U.S. real property
holding corporations to foreign shareholders shall apply to
distributions made after August 20, 1996. The provisions of paragraph
(e) of this section
[[Page 189]]
providing for the coordination of withholding between sections 1445 and
1441 (or 1442 or 1443) for distributions under section 301 by U.S. real
property holding corporations to foreign shareholders apply to
distributions after December 31, 2000 (see Sec. 1.1441-3(c)(4) and
(h)).
(iv) Taxable distributions by domestic or foreign partnerships,
trusts, and estates. The provisions of section 1445(e)(4), requiring
withholding upon certain taxable distributions by domestic or foreign
partnerships, trusts, and estates, shall apply to distributions made on
or after the effective date of a Treasury decision under section 897
(e)(2)(B)(ii) and (g).
(v) [Reserved]
(vi) Tiered Partnerships. No withholding is required upon the
disposition of a U.S. real property interest by a partnership which is
directly owned, in whole or in part, by another domestic partnership
(but only to the extent that the amount realized is attributable to the
partnership interest of that other partnership) until the effective date
of a Treasury Decision published under section 1445(e) providing rules
governing this matter.
(c) Dispositions of U.S. real property interests by domestic
partnerships, trusts, and estates--(1) Withholding required--(i) In
general. If a domestic partnership, trust, or estate disposes of a U.S.
real property interest and any partner, beneficiary, or owner of the
entity is a foreign person, then the partnership or the trustee,
executor, or equivalent fiduciary of the trust or estate must withhold
tax with respect to each such foreign person in accordance with the
provisions of subdivision (ii), (iii), or (iv), of this paragraph (c)(1)
(as applicable). The withholding obligation imposed by this paragraph
(c) applies to the fiduciary of a trust even if the grantor of the trust
or another person is treated as the owner of the trust or any portion
thereof for purposes of the Internal Revenue Code. Thus, the withholding
obligation imposed by this paragraph (c) applies to the trustee of a
land trust or similar arrangement, even if such a trustee is not
ordinarily treated under the applicable provisions of local law as a
true fiduciary.
(ii) Disposition by partnership. A partnership must withhold a tax
equal to 35 percent (or the highest rate specified in section
1445(e)(1)) of each foreign partner's distributive share of the gain
realized by the partnership upon the disposition of each U.S. real
property interest. Such distributive share of the gain must be
determined pursuant to the principles of section 704 and the regulations
thereunder. For the rules applicable to partnerships, interests in which
are regularly traded on an established securities market, see Sec.
1.1445-8.
(iii) Disposition by trust or estate--(A) In general. A trustee,
fiduciary, executor or equivalent fiduciary (hereafter collectively
referred to as the fiduciary) of a trust or estate having one or more
foreign beneficiaries must withhold tax in accordance with the rules of
this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(1)(iii). Such a fiduciary must establish a U.S.
real property interest account and must enter in such account all gains
and losses realized during the taxable year of the trust or estate from
dispositions of U.S. real property interests. The fiduciary must
withhold 35 percent (or the highest rate specified in section
1445(e)(1)) of any distribution to a foreign beneficiary that is
attributable to the balance in the U.S. real property interest account
on the day of the distribution. A distribution from a trust or estate to
a beneficiary (domestic or foreign) shall, solely for purposes of
section 1445(e)(1), be deemed to be attributable first to any balance in
the U.S. real property interest account and then to other amounts.
However, a distribution that occurs prior to the transfer of a U.S. real
property interest in a taxable year or at any other time when the amount
contained in the U.S. real property interest account is zero, is not
subject to withholding under this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(1)(iii). The U.S.
real property interest account is reduced by the amount distributed to
all beneficiaries (domestic and foreign) attributable to such account
during the taxable year of the trust or estate. Any ending balance of
the U.S. real property interest account not distributed by the close of
the taxable year of the trust or estate is cancelled and is not carried
over (or carried back) to any
[[Page 190]]
other year. Thus, the beginning balance of such account in any taxable
year of the trust or estate is always zero. For rules applicable to
grantor trusts see Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(1)(iv). For rules applicable to
trusts, interests in which are regularly traded on an established
securities market and real estate investment trusts, see Sec. 1.1445-8.
(B) Example.The following example illustrates the rules of paragraph
(c)(1)(iii)(A) of this section.
On January 1, 1994, A establishes a domestic trust (which has as its
taxable year, the calendar year) for the benefit of B, a nonresident
alien, and C, a U.S. citizen. The trust is not a trust subject to
sections 671 through 679. Under the terms of the trust, the trustee, T,
is given discretion to distribute income and corpus of the trust to
provide for the reasonable needs of B and C. During the trust's 1994 tax
year, T disposes of three parcels of vacant land located in the United
States. The following chart illustrates the computation of the amount
subject to withholding under section 1445 with respect to distributions
made by T to B and C during 1994.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gains or Section 1445 U.S. real
Date Parcel sold (loss) Distributions Distributions to B withholding 35% property interest
realized to C (before withholding) rate account
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1/01/94............................ ...................... .............. ............. ..................... ................. -0-
3/01/94............................ Parcel 1.............. 140,000 ............. ..................... ................. 140,000
3/05/94............................ ...................... .............. 5,000 10,000 3,500 125,000
3/15/94............................ ...................... .............. 10,000 5,000 1,750 110,000
5/01/94............................ Parcel 2.............. 300,000 ............. ..................... ................. 410,000
5/15/94............................ Parcel 3.............. (50,000) ............. ..................... ................. 360,000
12/01/94............................ ...................... .............. 170,000 170,000 59,500 20,000
1/01/95............................ ...................... .............. ............. ..................... ................. -0-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iv) Disposition by grantor trust. The trustee or equivalent
fiduciary of a trust that is subject to the provisions of subpart E of
part 1 of subchapter J (sections 671 through 679) must withhold a tax
equal to 35 percent (or the highest rate specified in section
1445(e)(1)) of the gain realized from each disposition of a U.S. real
property interest to the extent such gain is allocable to a portion of
the trust treated as owned by a foreign person under subpart E of part 1
of subchapter J.
(2) Withholding not required under paragraph (c)--(i) [Reserved]
(ii) Interest-holder not a foreign person--(A) In general. A
domestic partnership, trust, or estate that disposes of a U.S. real
property interest shall not be required to withhold with respect to any
partner or beneficiary that it determines, pursuant to the rules of
paragraph (b)(3) of this section, not to be a foreign person.
(B) Belated notice of false certification. If after the date of the
transfer a partnership or fiduciary learns that a partner's or
beneficiary's certification of non-foreign status is false, then that
partnership or fiduciary shall be required to withhold, with respect to
the foreign partner or beneficiary that gave the false certification,
the lessor of--
(1) The amount otherwise required to be withheld under the rules of
this paragraph (c), or
(2) An amount equal to that partner's or beneficiary's remaining
interests in the income or assets of the partnership, trust, or estate.
Amounts so withheld must be reported and paid over by the 60th day
following the date on which the partnership or fiduciary learns that the
certification is false. For rules concerning the notifications of false
certifications that may be required to be given to partnerships and
fiduciaries, see Sec. 1.1445-4(b).
(iii) Property disposed of not a U.S. real property interest--(A) In
general. No withholding is required under this paragraph (c) if a
domestic partnership, trust, or estate that disposes of property
determines pursuant to the rules of paragraph (b)(4) of this section
that the property disposed of is not a U.S. real property interest.
(B) Belated notice of false statement. If after the date of the
transfer a partnership or fiduciary learns that a corporation's
statement (that an interest in the corporation is not a U.S. real
property interest) is false, then that partnership or fiduciary shall be
required
[[Page 191]]
to withhold, with respect to each foreign partner or beneficiary, the
lesser of--
(1) The amount otherwise required to be withheld under the rules of
this paragraph (c), or
(2) An amount equal to that partner's or beneficiary's remaining
interests in the income or assets of the parnership, trust, or estate.
Amounts so withheld must be reported and paid over by the 60th day
following the date on which the partnership or fiduciary learns that the
statement is false. For rules concerning the notifications of false
statements that may be required to be given to partnerships or
fiduciaries, see Sec. 1.1445-4(b).
(iv) Withholding certificate. No withholding is required under this
paragraph (c) with respect to the transfer of a U.S. real property
interest if the Internal Revenue Service issues a withholding
certificate that so provides. For rules concerning the issuance of
withholding certificates, see Sec. 1.1445-6.
(v) Nonrecognition transactions. For special rules concerning
transactions entitled to nonrecognition of gain or loss, see paragraph
(b)(2) of this section.
(3) Large partnerships or trusts--(i) In general. If a partnership
or trust has more than 100 partners or beneficiaries, then the
partnership or fiduciary of the trust may elect to withhold in
accordance with the provisions of this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3) in lieu of
withholding in the manner required by Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(1). However, the
rules of this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3) shall not apply to any partnership or
trust interests in which are regularly traded on an established
securities market except as described in Sec. 1.1445-8(c)(1). The rules
of this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3) shall not apply to any real estate
investment trust. See Sec. 1445-8.
(ii) Amount to be withheld. A partnership or trust electing to
withhold under this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3) shall withhold from each
distribution to a foreign person an amount equal to 35 percent (or the
highest rate specified in section 1445(e)(1)) of the amount attributable
to section 1445(e)(1) transfers.
(iii) Amounts attributable to section 1445(e)(1) transfers. A
distribution is attributable to section 1445(e)(1) transfers to the
extent of the partner's or beneficiary's proportionate share of the
current balance of the entity's section 1445(e)(1) account. A
distribution from a partnership or trust that has made an election under
this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3) shall be deemed first to be attributable to a
section 1445(e)(1) transfer to the extent of the balance in the section
1445(e)(1) account. An entity's section 1445(e)(1) account shall be
equal to--
(A) The total amount of net gain realized by the entity upon all
transfers of U.S. real property interests carried out by the entity
after the date of its election under this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3); minus
(B) The total amount of all distributions by the entity to domestic
and foreign distributees from such account.
(iv) Special rules for entities that make recurring sales of growing
crops and timber. An entity that makes an election under Sec. 1.1445-
5(c)(3) and that makes recurring sales of growing crops and timber may
further elect to determine the amount subject to withholding under the
rules of this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3)(iv). Such an entity must withhold
from each distribution to a foreign partner or beneficiary an amount
equal to 10 percent of such partner's or beneficiary's proportionate
share of the current balance of the entity's gross section 1445(e)(1)
account. An entity's gross section 1445(e)(1) account equals--
(A) The total amount realized by the entity upon all transfers of
U.S. real property interests carried out by the entity after the date of
its election under this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3)(iv); minus
(B) The total amount of all distributions to domestic and foreign
distributees from such account.
An entity that elects to compute the amount subject to withholding under
this Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3)(iv), shall make such election in accordance
with Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3)(vi) and shall be subject to the provisions
otherwise applicable under Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3).
(v) Procedural rules. An election under paragraph (c)(3) may be made
by filing a notice thereof with the Director, Philadelphia Service
Center, at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10). The notice
must be submitted by a general partner (in the case of a partnership) or
the trustee or equivalent fiduciary (in the case of a trust). The notice
must
[[Page 192]]
set forth the name, office address, and identifying number of the
partnership or fiduciary making the election, and, in the case of a
partnership, must include the name, office address, and identifying
number of the general partner submitting the election. An election under
this paragraph (c)(3) may be revoked only with the consent of the
Internal Revenue Service. Consent of the Service may be requested by
filing an application to revoke the election with the Director,
Philadelphia Service Center at the address stated above. This
application must include all information provided to the Service with
the election notice and must provide an explanation of the reasons for
revoking the election. The application to revoke an election must also
specify the amount remaining to be distributed in the section 1445(e)(1)
account or the gross section 1445(e)(1) account.
An entity that ceases to qualify under section 1.1445-5(c)(3) because
such entity does not have more than 100 partners or beneficiaries may
revoke its election only with the consent of the Internal Revenue
Service.
(d) Distributions of U.S. real property interests by foreign
corporations--(1) In general. A foreign corporation that distributes a
U.S. real property interest must deduct and withhold a tax equal to 35
percent (or the rate specified in section 1445(e)(2)) of the amount of
gain recognized by the corporation on the distribution. The amount of
gain required to be recognized by the corporation must be determined
pursuant to the rules of section 897 and any other applicable section.
For special rules concerning the applicability of a nonrecognition
provision to a distribution, see paragraph (b)(2) of this section. The
withholding liability imposed by this paragraph (d) applies to the same
taxpayer that owes the related substantive income tax liability pursuant
to the operation of section 897. Only one such liability will be
assessed and collected from a foreign corporation, but separate
penalties for failures to comply with the two requirements will be
asserted.
(2) Withholding not required--(i) Property distributed not a U.S.
real property interest--(A) In general. No withholding is required under
this paragraph (d) if a foreign corporation that distributes property
determines pursuant to the rules of paragraph (b)(3) of this section
that the property distributed is not a U.S. real property interest.
(B) Belated notice of false statement. If after the date of a
distribution described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section a foreign
corporation learns that another corporation's statement (that an
interest in that other corporation is not a U.S. real property interest)
is false, then the foreign corporation may not rely upon that statement
for any purpose. Such a foreign corporation's withholding obligations
under this paragraph (d) shall apply if a statement had never been
given, and such a corporation may be held fully liable pursuant to Sec.
1.1445-5(b)(5) for any failure to withhold. Amounts withheld pursuant to
the rule of this paragraph (d)(2)(i)(B) must be reported and paid over
by the 60th day following the date on which the foreign corporation
learns that the statement is false. No penalties or interest will be
assessed for failures to withhold prior to that date. For rules
concerning the notifications of false statements that may be required to
be given to foreign corporations, see Sec. 1.1445-4(b).
(ii) Withholding certificate. No withholding is required under this
paragraph (d) with respect to a foreign corporation's distribution of a
U.S. real property interest if the distributing corporation obtains a
withholding certificate from the Internal Revenue Service that so
provides. For rules concerning the issuance of withholding certificates,
see Sec. 1.1445-6.
(e) Distributions to foreign persons by U.S. real property holding
corporations--(1) In general. A domestic corporation that distributes
any property to a foreign person that holds an interest in the
corporation must deduct and withhold a tax equal to 10 percent of the
fair market value of the property distributed to the foreign person,
if--
(i) The foreign person's interest in the corporation constitutes a
U.S. real property interest under the provisions of section 897 and
regulations thereunder; and
(ii) There is a distribution of property in redemption of stock
treated as an exchange under section 302(a), in
[[Page 193]]
liquidation of the corporation pursuant to the provisions of Part II of
subchapter C of the Internal Revenue Code (sections 331 through section
346), or with respect to stock under section 301 that is not made out of
earnings and profits of the corporation.
(2) Coordination rules for Section 301 distributions. If a domestic
corporation makes a distribution of property under section 301 to a
foreign person whose interest in such corporation constitutes a U.S.
real property interest under the provisions of section 897 and the
regulations thereunder, then see Sec. 1.1441-3(c)(4) for rules
coordinating withholding obligations under sections 1445 and 1441 (or
1442 or 1443)).
(3) Withholding not required--(i) Foreign person's interest not a
U.S. real property interest. Withholding is required under this
paragraph (e) only with respect to distributions to foreign persons
holding interests in the corporation that constitute U.S. real property
interests. In general, a foreign person's interest in a domestic
corporation constitutes a U.S. real property interest if the corporation
was a U.S real property holding corporation at any time during the
shorter of (A) the period in which the foreign person held the interest
or (B) the previous five years (but not earlier than June 19, 1980). See
section 897(c) and Sec. Sec. 1.897-1(c) and 1.897-2 (b) and (h).
However, an interest in such a corporation ceases to be a U.S. real
property interest after all of the U.S. real property interests held by
the corporation itself are disposed of in transactions on which gain or
loss is recognized. See section 897(c)(1)(B) and Sec. 1.897-2(f)(2).
Thus, if a U.S. real property holding corporation in the process of
liquidation does not elect section 337 nonrecognition treatment upon its
sale of all U.S. real property interests held by the corporation, and
recognizes gain or loss upon such sales, interests in that corporation
cease to be U.S. real property interests. Therefore, no withholding
would be required with respect to that corporation's subsequent
liquidating distribution to a foreign shareholder of property other than
a U.S. real property interest.
(ii) Nonrecognition transactions. For special rules concerning the
applicability of a nonrecognition provision to a distribution described
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, see paragraph (b)(2) of this
section.
(iii) Interest-holder not a foreign person--(A) In general. A
domestic corporation shall not be required to withhold under this
paragraph (e) with respect to a distribution of property to any
distributee that it determines, pursuant to the rules of paragraph
(b)(3) of this section, not to be a foreign person.
(B) Belated notice of false certification. If after the date of a
distribution described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section a domestic
corporation learns that an interest-holder's certification of non-
foreign status is false, then the corporation may rely upon that
certification only if the person providing the false certification holds
(or held) less than 10 percent of the value of the outstanding stock of
the corporation. With respect to less than 10 percent interest-holders,
no withholding is required under this paragraph (e) upon receipt of a
belated notice of false certification. With respect to 10 percent or
greater interest-holders, the corporation's withholding obligations
under this paragraph (e) shall apply as if a certification had never
been given, and such a corporation may be held fully liable pursuant to
Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(6) for any failure to withhold as of the date
specified in this Sec. 1.1445-5(e)(3)(iii)(B). Amounts withheld
pursuant to the rule of this paragraph (e)(3)(iii)(B) must be reported
and paid over by the 60th day following the date on which the
corporation learns that the certification is false. No penalties or
interest for failures to withhold will be assessed prior to that date.
For rules concerning the notifications of false certifications that may
be required to be given to U.S. real property holding corporations, see
Sec. 1.1445-4(b).
(iv) Withholding certificate. No withholding, or reduced
withholding, is required under this paragraph (e) with respect to a
domestic corporation's distribution of property if the distributing
corporation obtains a withholding certificate from the Internal Revenue
Service that so provides. For rules concerning the issuance of
withholding certificates, see Sec. 1.1445-6.
[[Page 194]]
(f) Taxable distributions by domestic or foreign partnerships,
trusts, or estates. [Reserved]
(g) Dispositions of interests in partnerships, trusts, and estates.
[Reserved]
(h) Effective date for taxpayer identification numbers. The
requirement in paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(B) and (C) of this section that
taxpayer identification numbers be provided (in all cases) is applicable
for dispositions of U.S. real property interests occurring after
November 3, 2003.
[T.D. 8113, 51 FR 46642, Dec. 24, 1986; 52 FR 3796, 3917, Feb. 6, 1987,
as amended at T.D. 8198, 53 FR 16230, May 5, 1988; T.D. 8321, 55 FR
50553, Dec. 7, 1990; T.D. 8647, 60 FR 66076, Dec. 21, 1995; 61 FR 7157,
Feb. 26, 1996; T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53467, Oct. 14, 1997; T.D. 9082, 68 FR
46086, Aug. 5, 2003]
Sec. 1.1445-6 Adjustments pursuant to withholding certificate of
amount required to be withheld under section 1445(e).
(a) Withholding certificate for purposes of section 1445(e)--(1) In
general. Pursuant to the provisions of Sec. 1.1445-5 (c)(2)(iv),
(d)(2)(ii), and (e)(2)(iv), withholding under section 1445(e) may be
reduced or eliminated pursuant to a withholding certificate issued by
the Internal Revenue Service in accordance with the rules of this Sec.
1.1445-6. A withholding certificate may be issued in cases where
adjusted withholding is appropriate (e.g., because of the applicability
of a nonrecognition provision--see paragraph (c) of this section), where
the relevant taxpayers are exempt from U.S. tax (see paragraph (d) of
this section), or where an agreement for the payment of tax is entered
into with the Service (see paragraph (e) of this section). A withholding
certificate that is obtained prior to a transfer allows the entity or
fiduciary to withhold a reduced amount or excuses withholding entirely.
A withholding certificate that is obtained after a transfer has been
made may authorize a normal refund or an early refund pursuant to
paragraph (g) of this section. The Internal Revenue Service will act
upon an application for a withholding certificate not later than the
90th day after it is received. (The Service may deny a request for a
withholding certificate where, after due notice, an applicant fails to
provide the information necessary to make a determination.) Solely for
this purpose (i.e., determining the day upon which the 90 day period
commences), an application is received by the Service on the date when
all information necessary for the Service to make a determination is
provided by the applicant. In no event, however, will a withholding
certificate be issued without the transferor's identifying number. (For
rules regarding whether an application has been timely submitted, see
Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(5)). The Internal Revenue Service will act upon an
application for an early refund not later than the 90th day after it is
received. An application for an early refund must either (i) include a
copy of a withholding certificate issued by the Service with respect to
the transaction, or (ii) be combined with an application for a
withholding certificate. Where an application for an early refund is
combined with an application for a withholding certificate, the Service
will act upon both applications not later than the 90th day after
receipt. Either an entity, a fiduciary, or a relevant taxpayer (as
defined in paragraph (a)(2) of this section) may apply for a withholding
certificate. An entity or fiduciary may apply for a withholding
certificate with respect to all or less than all relevant taxpayers. For
special rules concerning the issuance of a withholding certificate to a
foreign corporation that has made an election under section 897(i), see
Sec. 1.1445-7(d).
(2) Relevant taxpayer. For purposes of this section, the term
``relevant taxpayer'' means any foreign person that will bear
substantive income tax liability by reason of the operation of section
897 with respect to a transaction upon which withholding is required
under section 1445(e).
(b) Applications for withholding certificates--(1) In general. An
application for a withholding certificate pursuant to this Sec. 1.1445-
6 must be submitted in the manner provided in Sec. 1.1445-3 (b).
However, in lieu of the information required to be submitted pursuant to
Sec. 1.1445-3(b)(4), the applicant must provide the information
required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section. In addition, the
information required by paragraph (b)(3) of this section must be
submitted with the application.
[[Page 195]]
(2) Basis for certificate--(i) Adjusted withholding. If a
withholding certificate is sought on the basis of a claim that adjusted
withholding is appropriate, the application must include a calculation,
in accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, of the maximum tax
that may be imposed on each relevant taxpayer with respect to which
adjusted withholding is sought. The application must also include all
evidence necessary to substantiate the claimed calculation, such as
records of adjustments to basis or appraisals of fair market value.
(ii) Exemption. If a withholding certificate is sought on the basis
of a relevant taxpayer's exemption from U.S. tax, the application must
set forth a brief statement of the law and facts that support the
claimed exemption. See paragraph (d) of this section.
(iii) Agreement. If a withholding certificate is sought on the basis
of an agreement for the payment of tax, the application must include a
copy of the agreement proposed by the applicant and a copy of the
security instrument (if any) proposed by the applicant. In this regard,
see paragraph (e) of this section.
(3) Relevant taxpayers. An application for withholding certificate
pursuant to this section must include all of the following information:
the name, identifying number, and home address (in the case of an
individual) or office address (in the case of an entity) of each
relevant taxpayer with respect to which adjusted withholding is sought.
(c) Adjustment of amount required to be withheld. The Internal
Revenue Service may issue a withhold certificate that excuses
withholding or that permits an entity or fiduciary to withhold an
adjusted amount reflecting the relevant taxpayers' maximum tax
liability. A relevant taxpayer's maximum tax liability is the maximum
amount which that taxpayer could be required to pay as tax by reason of
the transaction upon which withholding is required. In the case of an
individual taxpayer that amount will generally be the gain realized by
the individual, multiplied by the maximum individual income tax rate
applicable to long term capital gain. In the case of a corporate
taxpayer, that amount will generally be the gain realized by the
corporation, multiplied by the maximum corporate income tax rate
applicable to long term capital gain. However, that amount must be
adjusted to take into account the following:
(1) Any reduction of tax to which the relevant taxpayer is entitled
under the provisions of a U.S. income tax treaty;
(2) The effect of any nonrecognition provision that is applicable to
the transaction;
(3) Any losses previously realized and recognized by the relevant
taxpayer during the taxable year by reason of the operation of section
897;
(4) Any amount realized upon the subject transfer by the relevant
taxpayer that is required to be treated as ordinary income under any
provision of the Code; and
(5) Any other factor that may increase or reduce the tax upon the
transaction.
(d) Relevant taxpayer's exemption from U.S. tax--(1) In general. The
Internal Revenue Service will issue a withholding certificate that
excuses withholding by an entity or fiduciary if it is established that
a relevant taxpayer's income from the transaction will be exempt from
U.S. tax. For the available exemptions, see paragraph (d)(2) of this
section. If a relevant taxpayer is entitled to a reduction of (rather
than an exemption from) U.S. tax, then the entity or fiduciary may
obtain a withholding certificate to that effect pursuant to the
provisions of paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) Available exemptions. A relevant taxpayer's income from a
transaction with respect to which withholding is required under section
1445(e) may be exempt from U.S. tax because either:
(i) The relevant taxpayer is an integral part or controlled entity
of a foreign government and the subject income is exempt from U.S. tax
pursuant to section 892 and the regulations thereunder; or
(ii) The relevant taxpayer is entitled to the benefits of an income
tax treaty that provides for such an exemption (subject to the
limitations imposed by section 1125(c) of Pub. L. 96-499, which, in
general overrides such benefits as of January 1, 1985).
[[Page 196]]
(e) Agreement for the payment of tax--(1) In general. The Internal
Revenue Service will issue a withholding certificate that excuses
withholding or that permits an entity or fiduciary to withhold a reduced
amount, if the entity, fiduciary, or a relevant taxpayer enters into an
agreement for the payment of tax pursuant to the provisions of this
paragraph (e). An agreement for the payment of tax is a contract between
the Service and the entity, fiduciary, or relevant taxpayer that
consists of two necessary elements. Those elements are--
(i) A contract between the Service and the other person, setting
forth in detail the rights and obligations of each; and
(ii) A security instrument or other form of security acceptable to
the Assistant Commissioner (International).
(2) Contents of agreement--(i) In general. An agreement for the
payment of tax must cover an amount described in subdivision (ii) or
(iii) of this paragraph (e)(2). The agreement may either provide
adequate security for the payment of the chosen amount with respect to
the relevant taxpayer in accordance with paragraph (e)(3) of this
section or provide for the payment of that amount through a combination
of security and withholding of tax by the entity or fiduciary.
(ii) Tax that would otherwise be withheld. An agreement for the
payment of tax may cover the amount of tax that would otherwise be
required to be withheld with respect to the relevant taxpayer pursuant
to section 1445(e). In addition to the amount computed pursuant to
section 1445(e), the applicant must agree to pay interest upon that
amount, at the rate established under section 6621, with respect to the
period between the date on which withholding tax under section 1445(e)
would otherwise be due and the date on which the relevant taxpayer's
payment of tax with respect to the disposition will be due. The amount
of interest agreed upon must be paid by the applicant regardless of
whether or not the Service is required to draw upon any security
provided pursuant to the agreement. The interest may be paid either with
the return or by the Service drawing upon the security.
(iii) Maximum tax liability. An agreement for the payment of tax may
cover the relevant taxpayer's maximum tax liability, determined in
accordance with paragraph (c) of this section. The agreement must also
provide for the payment of an additional amount equal to 25 percent of
the amount determined under paragraph (c) of this section. This
additional amount secures the interest and penalties that would accrue
between the date of the relevant taxpayer's failure to file a return and
pay tax with respect to the disposition, and the date of which the
Service collects upon that liability pursuant to the agreement.
(iv) Allocation of payment. An agreement for the payment of tax
pursuant to this section must set forth an allocation of the payment
provided for by the agreement among the relevant taxpayers with respect
to which the withholding certificate is sought. In the case of an
agreement that covers an amount described in subdivision (ii) of this
paragraph (e)(2), such allocation must be based upon the amount that
would otherwise be required to be withheld with respect to each relevant
taxpayer. In the case of an agreement that covers an amount described in
subdivision (iii) of this paragraph (e)(2), such allocation must be
based upon each relevant taxpayer's maximum tax liability.
(3) Major types of security. The major types of security that are
acceptable to the Internal Revenue Service for purposes of this section
are described in Sec. 1.1445-3(e)(3).
(4) Terms of security instrument. Any security instrument that is
furnished pursuant to this section must contain the terms described in
Sec. 1.1445-3(e)(4).
(f) Amendments to application for withholding certificates--(1) In
general. An applicant for a withholding certificate may amend an
otherwise complete application by submitting an amending statement to
the Director, Philadelphia Service Center at the address provided in
Sec. 1.1445-1(g)(10). The amending statement shall provide the
information required by Sec. 1.1445-6(f)(3) and must be signed and
accompanied by a penalties of perjury statement in accordance with Sec.
1.1445-6(b).
[[Page 197]]
(2) Extension of time for the Service to process requests for
withholding certificates--(i) In general. If an amending statement is
submitted, the time in which the Internal Revenue Service must act upon
the amended application shall be extended by 30 days.
(ii) Substantial amendments. If an amending statement is submitted
and the Service finds that the statement substantially amends to the
facts of the underlying application or substantially alters the terms of
the withholding certificate as requested in the initial application, the
time within which the Service must act upon the amended application
shall be extended by 60 days. The applicant shall be so notified.
(iii) Amending statement received after the requested withholding
certificate has been signed by the Director, Philadelphia Service
Center. If an amending statement is received after the withholding
certificate, drafted in response to the underlying application, has been
signed by the Director, Philadelphia Service Center or his delegate and
prior to the day such certificate is mailed to the applicant, the time
in which the Service must act upon the amended application shall be
extended by 90 days.
(3) Information required to be submitted. No particular form is
required for an amending statement but the statement must provide the
following information:
(i) Identification of applicant. The amending statement must set
forth the name, address, and identifying number of the person submitting
the amending statement.
(ii) Date of application. The amending statement must set forth the
date of the underlying application for a withholding certificate.
(iii) Real property interest to be (or that has been) transferred.
The amending statement must set forth a brief description of the real
property interest with respect to which the underlying application for a
withholding certificate was submitted.
(iv) Amending information. The amending statement must fully set
forth the basis for the amendment including any modification of the
facts supporting the application for a withholding certificate and any
change sought in the terms of the withholding certificate.
(g) Early refund of overwithheld amounts. If the Internal Revenue
Service issues a withholding certificate pursuant to this section, and
an amount greater than that specified in the certificate was withheld by
the entity or fiduciary, then pursuant to the rules of this paragraph
(g) a relevant taxpayer may apply for an early refund of a proportionate
share of the excess amount (without interest) prior to the date on which
the relevant taxpayer's return is due (without extensions). An
application for an early refund must be addressed to the Director,
Philadelphia Service Center, at the address provided in Sec. 1.1445-
1(g)(10). No particular form is required for the application, but the
following information must be set forth in separate paragraphs numbered
to correspond with the numbers given below:
(1) Name, address, and identifying number of the relevant taxpayer
seeking the refund;
(2) Amount required to be withheld pursuant to withholding
certificate;
(3) Amount withheld by entity or fiduciary (attach a copy of Form
8288-A stamped by IRS pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(4) or provide
substantial evidence of the amount withheld in the case of a failure to
receive Form 8288-A, as provided in Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(7)); and
(4) Amount to be refunded to the relevant taxpayer.
An application for an early refund cannot be processed unless the
required copy of Form 8288-A or substantial evidence of the amount
withheld in the case of a failure to receive Form 8288-A (as provided in
Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(7)) is attached to the application. If an application
for a withholding certificate is submitted after the transfer takes
place, then that application may be combined with an application for an
early refund. The Service will act upon a claim for refund within the
time limits set forth in Sec. 1.1445-6(a)(1).
(h) Effective date for taxpayer identification numbers. The
requirement in paragraphs (b)(3), (f)(3)(i), and (g)(1) of this section
that taxpayer identification numbers be provided (in all cases) is
applicable for dispositions of U.S.
[[Page 198]]
real property interests occurring after November 3, 2003.
[T.D. 8113, 51 FR 46648, Dec. 24, 1986; 52 FR 3796, 3917, Feb. 6, 1987;
T.D. 9082, 68 FR 46086, Aug. 5, 2003]
Sec. 1.1445-7 Treatment of foreign corporation that has made an election
under section 897(i) to be treated as a domestic corporation.
(a) In general. Pursuant to section 897(i) a foreign corporation may
elect to be treated as a domestic corporation for purposes of sections
897 and 6039C. A foreign corporation that has made such an election
shall also be treated as a domestic corporation for purposes of the
withholding required under section 1445, in accordance with the
provisions of this section.
(b) Withholding under section 1445(a)--(1) Dispositions by
corporation. A foreign corporation that has made an election under
section 897(i) may provide a transferee with a certification of non-
foreign status in connection with the corporation's disposition of a
U.S. real property interest. However, in accordance with the provisions
of Sec. Sec. 1.1445-2(b)(2)(ii) and 1.1445-5(b)(3)(ii)(C), such an
electing foreign corporation must attach to such certification a copy of
the acknowledgment of the election provided to the corporation by the
Internal Revenue Service pursuant to Sec. 1.897-3(d)(4) which states
that the information required by Sec. 1.897-3 has been determined to be
complete.
(2) Dispositions of interests in corporation. Dispositions of
interests in electing foreign corporations shall be subject to the
withholding requirements of section 1445(a) and the rules of Sec. Sec.
1.1445-1 through 1.1445-4. Therefore, if a foreign person disposes of an
interest in such a corporation, and that interest is a U.S. real
property interest under the provisions of section 897 and regulations
thereunder, then the transferee is required to withhold under section
1445(a).
(c) Withholding under section 1445(e). Because a foreign corporation
that has made an election under section 897(i) is treated as a domestic
corporation for purposes of determining withholding obligations under
section 1445, such a corporation is not subject to the requirement of
section 1445(e)(2) that a foreign corporation withhold at the corporate
capital gain rate from the gain recognized upon the distribution of a
U.S. real property interest. Such a corporation is subject to the
provisions of section 1445(e)(3). Thus, if interests in an electing
corporation constitute U.S. real property interests, then the
corporation is required to withhold with respect to the non-dividend
distribution of any property to an interest-holder that is a foreign
person. See Sec. 1.1445-5(e). Dividend distributions (distributions
that are described in section 301) shall be treated as provided in
sections 897(f), 1441 and 1442. In addition, if interests in an electing
foreign corporation do not constitute U.S. real property interests, then
distributions by such corporation shall be treated as provided in
sections 897(f) (if applicable), 1441 and 1442.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number
545-0902)
[T.D. 8113, 51 FR 46650, Dec. 24, 1986; 52 FR 3796, Feb. 6, 1987]
Sec. 1.1445-8 Special rules regarding publicly traded partnerships,
publicly traded trusts and real estate investment trusts (REITs).
(a) Entities to which this section applies. The rules of this
section apply to--
(1) Any partnership or trust, interests in which are regularly
traded on an established securities market (regardless of the number of
its partners or beneficiaries), and
(2) Any REIT (regardless of the form of its organization).
For purposes of paragraph (a)(1) of this section, the rules of section
1445 (e)(1) and this section shall not apply to a publicly traded
partnership (as defined in section 7704) which is treated as a
corporation under section 7704(a), or to those entities that are
classified as ``associations'' and taxed as corporations. See Sec.
301.7701-2.
(b) Obligation to withhold--(1) In general. An entity described in
paragraph (a) of this section is not required to withhold under the
provisions of Sec. 1.1445-5(c), which states the withholding
requirements of domestic partnerships, trusts and estates upon the
disposition of U.S. real property interests. Except as otherwise
provided in
[[Page 199]]
this paragraph (b), an entity described in paragraph (a) of this section
shall be liable to withhold tax upon the distribution of any amount
attributable to the disposition of a U.S. real property interest, with
respect to each holder of an interest in the entity that is a foreign
person. The amount to be withhold is described in paragraph (c) of this
section.
(2) Publicly traded partnerships. Publicly traded partnerships which
comply with the withholding procedures under section 1446 will be deemed
to have satisfied their withholding obligations under this paragraph
(b).
(3) Special rule for certain distributions to nominees. In the case
of a person that--
(i) Is a nominee (as defined in paragraph (d) of this section),
(ii) Receives a distribution attributable to the disposition of a
U.S. real property interest directly from an entity described in
paragraph (a) of this section or indirectly from such entity through a
nominee,
(iii) Receives the distribution for payment to any foreign person,
or the account of any foreign person, and
(iv) Receives a qualified notice pursuant to paragraph (f) of this
section,
then the obligation to withhold in accordance with the general rules of
section 1445(e)(1) and this paragraph (b) shall be imposed solely on
that person to the extent of the amount specified by the qualified
notice. A person obligated to withhold by reason of this paragraph
(b)(3) is referred to as a withholding agent.
(4) Person designated to act for withholding agent. The rules stated
in Sec. 1.1441-7(b) (1) and (2) regarding a person designated to act
for a withholding agent shall apply for purposes of this section.
(5) Effect of withholding exemption granted under Sec. 1.1441-4(f).
A letter issued by a district director under the provisions of Sec.
1.1441-4(f), which exempts a person from withholding under section 1441
or section 1442, shall also exempt that person from withholding under
this paragraph (b), if--
(i) The letter identifies another person as the withholding agent
for purposes of section 1441 or 1442, and
(ii) Such other person enters into a written agreement, with the
district director who issued the letter, to be the withholding agent for
purposes of this paragraph (b).
The exemption granted, and the corresponding withholding obligation
imposed, by this paragraph (b)(5) shall apply with respect to the first
distribution made after execution of the agreement described in the
preceding sentence and shall continue to apply to all distributions made
during the period in which the exemption granted under Sec. 1.1441-4(f)
is in effect.
(6) Payment other than in money. The rule stated in Sec. 1.1441-
7(c) regarding payment other than in money shall apply for purposes of
this section.
(c) Amount to be withheld--(1) Distribution from a publicly traded
partnership or publicly traded trust. The amount to be withheld under
this section with respect to a distribution by a publicly traded
partnership or publicly traded trust shall be computed in the manner
described in Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3) (ii) and (iii), subject to the rules
of this section.
(2) REITs--(i) In general. The amount to be withheld with respect to
a distribution by a REIT, under this section shall be equal to 35
percent (or the highest rate specified in section 1445(e)(1)) of the
amount described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section.
(ii) Amount subject to withholding--(A) In general. Except as
otherwise provided in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(C) of this section, the
amount subject to withholding is the amount of any distribution,
determined with respect to each share or certificate of beneficial
interest, designated by a REIT as a capital gain dividend, multiplied by
the number of shares or certificates of beneficial interest owned by the
foreign person. Solely for purposes of this paragraph, the largest
amount of any distribution occurring after March 7, 1991 that could be
designated as a capital gain dividend under section 857(b)(3)(C) shall
be deemed to have been designated by a REIT as a capital gain dividend
regardless of the amount actually designated.
(B) Distribution attributable to net short-term capital gain from
the disposition of a U.S. real property interest. [Reserved]
[[Page 200]]
(C) Designation of prior distribution as capital gain dividend. If a
REIT makes an actual designation of a prior distribution, in whole or in
part, as a capital gain dividend, such prior distribution shall not be
subject to withholding under this section. Rather, a REIT must
characterize and treat as a capital gain dividend distribution (solely
for purposes of section 1445(e)(1)) each distribution, determined with
respect to each share or certificate of beneficial interest, made on the
day of, or any time subsequent to, such designation as a capital gain
dividend until such characterized amounts equal the amount of the prior
distribution designated as a capital gain dividend. The provisions of
this paragraph shall not be applicable in any taxable year in which the
REIT adopts a formal or informal resolution or plan of complete
liquidation.
(iii) Example. The following example illustrates the rules of
paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(C) of this section.
In the first quarter of 1988, XYZ REIT makes a dividend distribution
of $2X. In the second quarter of 1988, XYZ sells real property,
recognizing a long term capital gain of $15X, and makes a dividend
distribution of $5X. In the third quarter of 1988, XYZ makes a
distribution of $3X. In the fourth quarter of 1988, XYZ sells real
property recognizing a long term capital loss of $2X. Within 30 days
after the close of the taxable year, XYZ designates a capital gain
dividend for the year of $13X. It subsequently makes a fourth quarter
distribution of $7X. Since XYZ has made an actual designation of prior
distributions during the taxable year as capital gain dividends,
withholding on those prior distributions will not be required. However,
the REIT must characterize, solely for purposes of section 1445(e)(1), a
total amount of $13X of dividend distributions as capital gain
dividends. Therefore, the fourth quarter dividend distribution of $7X
must be characterized as a capital gain dividend subject to withholding
under this section. In addition, XYZ will be required to characterize an
additional $6X of subsequent dividend distributions as capital gain
dividends.
(d) Definition of nominee. For purposes of this section, the term
``nominee'' means a domestic person that holds an interest in an entity
described in paragraph (a) of this section on behalf of another domestic
or foreign person.
(e) Determination of non-foreign status by withholding agent. A
withholding agent may rely on a certificate of non-foreign status
pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-2(b) or on the statements and address provided
to it on Form W-9 or a form that is substantailly similar to such form,
to determine whether an interest holder is a domestic person. Reliance
on these documents will excuse the withholding agent from liability
imposed under section 1445(e)(1) in the absence of actual knowledge that
the interest holder is a foreign person. A withholding agent may also
employ other means to determine the status of an interest holder, but,
if the agent relies on such other means and the interest holder proves,
in fact, to be a foreign person, then the withholding agent is subject
to any liability imposed pursuant to section 1445 and the regulations
thereunder for failure to withhold.
(f) Qualified notice. A qualified notice for purposes of paragraph
(b)(3)(iv) of this section is a notice given by a partnership, trust or
REIT regarding a distribution that is attributable to the disposition of
a U.S. real property interest in accordance with the notice requirements
with respect to dividends described in 17 CFR 240.10b-17(b) (1) or (3)
issued pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. 78a et
seq. In the case of a REIT, a qualified notice is only a notice of a
distribution, all or any portion of which the REIT actually designates,
or characterizes in accordance with paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(C) of this
section, as a capital gain dividend in accordance with 17 CFR 240.10b-
17(b) (1) or (3), with respect to each share or certificate of
beneficial interest. A deemed designation under paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(A)
of this section may not be the subject of a qualified notice under this
paragraph (f). A person described in paragraph (b)(3) of this section
shall be treated as receiving a qualified notice at the time such notice
is published in accordance wtih 17 CFR 240.10b-17(b) (1) or (3).
(g) Reporting and paying over withheld amounts. With respect to an
amount withheld under this section, a withholding agent is not required
to conform to the requirements of Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(5) but is required
to report and pay over to the Internal Revenue Service any amount
required to be withheld pursuant to the rules and procedures of
[[Page 201]]
section 1461, the regulations thereunder and Sec. 1.6302-2. Forms 1042
and 1042S are to be used for this purpose.
(h) Early refund procedure not available. The early refund procedure
set forth in Sec. 1.1445-6(g) shall not apply to amounts withheld under
the rules of this section. For adjustment of over-withheld amounts, see
Sec. 1.1461.4.
(i) Liability upon failure to withhold. For rules regarding
liability upon failure to withhold under Sec. 1445(e) and this section,
see Sec. 1.1445-1(e).
[T.D. 8321, 55 FR 50553, Dec. 7, 1990; 56 FR 4542, Feb. 5, 1991, as
amended by T.D. 8647, 60 FR 66077, Dec. 21, 1995]
Sec. 1.1445-10T Special rule for Foreign governments (temporary).
(a) This section provides a temporary regulation that, if and when
adopted as a final regulation will add a new paragraph (d)(6) to Sec.
1.1445-2. Paragraph (b) of this section would then appear as paragraph
(d)(6) of Sec. 1.1445-2.
(b) Foreign government--(1) As transferor. A foreign government is
subject to U.S. taxation under section 897 on the disposition of a U.S.
real property interest except to the extent specifically otherwise
provided in the regulations issued under section 892. A foreign
government that disposes of a U.S. real property interest that is not
subject to taxation as specifically provided by the regulations under
section 892 may present a notice of nonrecognition treatment pursuant to
paragraph (d)(2) of this section that specifically cites the provision
of such regulation, and thereby avoids withholding by the transferee of
the property. A foreign government that disposes of a U.S. real property
interest or the transferee of the property may obtain a withholding
certificate from the Internal Revenue Service that confirms the
applicability of section 892, but neither is required to do so. Rules
concerning the issuance of withholding certificates are provided in
Sec. 1.1445-3.
(2) As transferee. A foreign government or international
organization that acquires a U.S. real property interest is fully
subject to section 1445 and the regulations thereunder. Therefore, such
an entity is required to withhold tax upon the acquisition of a U.S.
real property interest from a foreign person.
(c) Effective date. The rules of this section shall be effective for
transfers, exchanges, distributions and other dispositions occuring on
or after June 6, 1988.
[T.D. 8198, 53 FR 16230, May 5, 1988]
Sec. 1.1445-11T Special rules requiring withholding under
Sec. 1.1445-5 (temporary).
(a) Purpose and scope. This section provides temporary regulations
that, if and when adopted as a final regulation will add certain new
paragraphs within Sec. 1.1445-5 (b) and (c). The paragraphs of this
section would then appear as set forth below. Paragraph (b) of this
section would then appear as paragraph (b)(8)(v) of Sec. 1.1445-5.
Paragraph (c) of this section would then appear as paragraph (c)(2)(i)
of Sec. 1.1445-5. Paragraph (d) of this section would then appear as
paragraph (g) of Sec. 1.1445-5.
(b) Dispositions of interests in partnerships, trusts, and estates.
The provisions of section 1445(e)(5), requiring withholding upon certain
dispositions of interests in partnerships, trusts, and estates, that own
directly or indirectly a U.S. real property interest shall apply to
dispositions on or after the effective date of a later Treasury decision
under section 897(g) of the Code except in the case of dispositions of
interests in partnerships in which fifty percent of the value of the
gross assets consist of U.S. real property interests and ninety percent
or more of the value of the gross assets consist of U.S. real property
interests plus any cash or cash equivalents. The provisions of section
1445(e)(5), shall apply, however, to dispositions after June 6, 1988, of
interests in partnerships in which fifty percent or more of the value of
the gross assets consist of U.S. real property interests, and ninety
percent or more of the value of the gross assets consist of U.S. real
property interests plus any cash or cash equivalents. See paragraph (d)
of this section.
(c) Transactions covered elsewhere. No withholding is required under
this paragraph (c) with respect to the distribution of a U.S. real
property interest by a partnership, trust, or estate. Such distributions
shall be subject to
[[Page 202]]
withholding under section 1445(e)(4) and paragraph (f) of this Sec.
1.1445-5 on the effective date of a later Treasury decision published
under section 897(g) of the Code. No withholding is required at this
time for distributions described in the preceding sentence. See
paragraph (b)(8)(iv) of this Sec. 1.1445-5. No withholding is required
under this paragraph with respect to the disposition of an interest in a
trust, estate, or partnership except in the case of a partnership in
which fifty percent or more of the value of the gross assets consist of
U.S. real property interests, and ninety percent or more of the value of
the gross assets consist of U.S. real property interests plus any cash
or cash equivalents. See paragraph (b)(8)(v) of Sec. 1.1445-5.
Withholding shall be required as provided in section 1445(e)(5) and
paragraph (g) of this section with respect to the disposition after June
6, 1988, of an interest in a partnership in which fifty percent or more
of the value of the gross assets consist of U.S. real property
interests, and ninety percent or more of the value of the gross assets
consist of U.S. real property interests plus any cash or cash
equivalents.
(d) Dispositions of interests in partnerships, trusts or estates--
(1) Withholding required on disposition of certain partnership
interests. Withholding is required under section 1445(e)(5) and this
paragraph with respect to the disposition by a foreign partner of an
interest in a domestic or foreign partnership in which fifty percent or
more of the value of the gross assets consist of U.S. real property
interests, and ninety percent or more of the value of the gross assets
consist of U.S. real property interests plus any cash or cash
equivalents. For purposes of this paragraph cash equivalents mean any
asset readily convertible into cash (whether or not denominated in U.S.
dollars), including, but not limited to, bank accounts, certificates of
deposit, money market accounts, commercial paper, U.S. and foreign
treasury obligations and bonds, corporate obligations and bonds,
precious metals or commodities, and publicly traded instruments. The
taxpayer on filing an income tax return for the year of the disposition
may demonstrate the extent to which the gain on the disposition of the
interest is not attributable to U.S. real property interests. A taxpayer
is also permitted by Sec. 1.1445-3 to apply for a withholding
certificate in instances where reduced withholding is approporiate.
(2) Withholding not required--(i) Transferee receives statement that
interest in partnership is not described in paragraph (d)(1). No
withholding is required under paragraph (d)(1) of this section upon the
disposition of a partnership interest otherwise described in that
paragraph if the transferee is provided a statement, issued by the
partnership and signed by a general partner under penalties of perjury
no earlier than 30 days before the transfer, certifying that fifty
percent or more of the value of the gross assets does not consist of
U.S. real property interests, or that ninety percent or more of the
value of the gross assets of the partnership does not consist of U.S.
real property interests plus cash or cash equivalents.
(ii) Reliance on statement not permitted. A transferee is not
entitled to rely upon a statement described in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of
this section if, prior to or at the time of the transfer, the transferee
either--
(A) Has actual knowledge that the statement is false, or
(B) Receives a notice, pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-4.
Such a transferee's withholding obligations shall apply as if the
statement had never been given, and such a transferee may be held fully
liable pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-1(e) for any failure to withhold.
(iii) Belated notice of false statement. If, after the date of the
transfer, a transferee receives notice that a statement provided under
paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section is false, then such transferee may
rely on the statement only with respect to consideration that was paid
prior to the receipt of the notice. Such a transferee is required to
withhold a full 10 percent of the amount realized from the consideration
that remains to be paid to the transferor. Thus, if 10 percent or more
of the amount realized remains to be paid to the transferor, then the
transferee is required to withhold and pay over the full 10 percent. The
transferee must do
[[Page 203]]
so by withholding and paying over the entire amount of each successive
payment of consideration to the transferor, until the full 10 percent of
the amount realized has been withheld and paid over. Amounts so withheld
must be reported and paid over by the 20th day following the date on
which each such payment of consideration is made. A transferee that is
subject to the rules of this Sec. 1.1445-10T(d)(2)(iii) may not obtain
a withholding certificate pursuant to Sec. 1.1445-3, but must instead
withhold and pay over the amounts required by this paragraph.
(e) Effective date. The rules of this section are effective for
transactions after June 6, 1988.
[T.D. 8198, 53 FR 16231, May 5, 1988]
Sec. 1.1446-0 Table of contents.
This section lists the captions contained in Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1
through 1.1446-7.
Sec. 1.1446-1 Withholding tax on foreign partners' share of effectively
connected taxable income.
(a) In general.
(b) Steps in determining 1446 tax obligation.
(c) Determining whether a partnership has a foreign partner.
(1) In general.
(2) Submission of Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, W-8EXP, and W-9.
(i) In general.
(ii) Withholding certificate applicable to each type of partner.
(A) U.S. person.
(B) Nonresident alien.
(C) Foreign partnership.
(D) Disregarded entities.
(E) Domestic and foreign grantor trusts.
(F) Nominees.
(G) Foreign governments, foreign tax-exempt organizations and other
foreign persons.
(H) Foreign corporations, certain foreign trusts, and foreign estates.
(iii) Effect of Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, W-8EXP, W-9, and
statement.
(A) Partnership reliance on withholding certificate.
(B) Reason to know.
(C) Subsequent knowledge and impact on penalties.
(iv) Requirements for certificates to be valid.
(A) When period of validity expires.
(B) Required information for Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, and W-8EXP.
(v) Partner must provide new withholding certificate when there is a
change in circumstances.
(vi) Partnership must retain withholding certificates.
(3) Presumptions in the absence of valid Form W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY, Form
W-8ECI, Form W-8EXP, Form W-9, or statement.
(4) Consequences when partnership knows or has reason to know that Form
W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY, Form W-8ECI, Form W-8EXP, or Form W-9 is incorrect
or unreliable and does not withhold.
(5) Acceptable substitute form.
Sec. 1.1446-2 Determining a partnership's effectively connected taxable
income allocable to foreign partners under section 704.
(a) In general.
(b) Computation.
(1) In general.
(2) Income and gain rules.
(i) Application of the principles of section 864.
(ii) Income treated as effectively connected.
(iii) Exempt income.
(3) Deductions and losses.
(i) Oil and gas interests.
(ii) Charitable contributions.
(iii) Net operating losses and other suspended or carried losses.
(iv) Interest deductions.
(v) Limitation on capital losses.
(vi) Other deductions.
(vii) Limitations on deductions.
(4) Other rules.
(i) Exclusion of items allocated to U.S. partners.
(ii) Partnership credits.
(5) Examples.
Sec. 1.1446-3 Time and manner of calculating and paying over the 1446
tax.
(a) In general.
(1) Calculating 1446 tax.
(2) Applicable percentage.
(i) In general.
(ii) Special types of income or gain.
(b) Installment payments.
(1) In general.
(2) Calculation.
(i) General application of the principles of section 6655.
(ii) Annualization methods.
(iii) Partner's estimated tax payments.
(iv) Partner whose interest terminates during the partnership's taxable
year.
(v) Exceptions and modifications to the application of the principles
under section 6655.
(A) Inapplicability of special rules for large corporations.
(B) Inapplicability of special rules regarding early refunds.
(C) Period of underpayment.
(D) Other taxes.
(E) 1446 tax treated as tax under section 11.
(F) Application of section 6655(f).
(G) Application of section 6655(i).
[[Page 204]]
(H) Current year tax safe harbor.
(I) Prior year tax safe harbor.
(3) 1446 tax safe harbor.
(i) In general.
(ii) Permission to change to standard annualization method.
(c) Coordination with other withholding rules.
(1) Fixed or determinable, annual or periodical income.
(2) Real property gains.
(i) Domestic partnerships.
(ii) Foreign partnerships.
(3) Coordination with section 1443.
(d) Reporting and crediting the 1446 tax.
(1) Reporting 1446 tax.
(i) Reporting of installment tax payments and notification to partners
of installment tax payments.
(ii) Payment due dates.
(iii) Annual return and notification to partners.
(iv) Information provided to beneficiaries of foreign trusts and
estates.
(v) Attachments required of foreign trusts and estates.
(vi) Attachments required of beneficiaries of foreign trusts and
estates.
(vii) Information provided to beneficiaries of foreign trusts and
estates that are partners in certain publicly traded partnerships.
(2) Crediting 1446 tax against a partner's U.S. tax liability.
(i) In general.
(ii) Substantiation for purposes of claiming the credit under section
33.
(iii) Special rules for apportioning the tax credit under section 33.
(A) Foreign trusts and estates.
(B) Use of domestic trusts to circumvent section 1446.
(iv) Refunds to withholding agent.
(v) 1446 tax treated as cash distribution to partners.
(vi) Examples.
(e) Liability of partnership for failure to withhold.
(1) In general.
(2) Proof that tax liability has been satisfied and deemed payment of
1446 tax.
(3) Liability for interest, penalties, and additions to the tax.
(i) Partnership.
(ii) Foreign partner.
(4) Examples.
(f) Effect of withholding on partner.
Sec. 1.1446-4 Publicly traded partnerships.
(a) In general.
(b) Definitions.
(1) Publicly traded partnership.
(2) Applicable percentage.
(3) Nominee.
(4) Qualified notice.
(c) Paying and reporting 1446 tax.
(d) Rules for designation of nominees to withhold tax under section
1446.
(e) Determining foreign status of partners.
(f) Distributions subject to withholding.
(1) In general.
(2) In-kind distributions.
(3) Ordering rule relating to distributions.
(4) Coordination with section 1445(e)(1).
Sec. 1.1446-5 Tiered partnership structures.
(a) In general.
(b) Reporting requirements.
(1) In general.
(2) Publicly traded partnerships.
(c) Look through rules for foreign upper-tier partnerships.
(d) Publicly traded partnerships.
(1) Upper-tier publicly traded partnership.
(2) Lower-tier publicly traded partnership.
(e) Election by a domestic upper-tier partnership to apply look through
rules.
(1) In general.
(2) Information required for valid election statement.
(3) Consent of lower-tier partnership.
(f) Examples.
Sec. 1.1446-6 Special rules to reduce a partnership's 1446 tax with
respect to a foreign partner's allocable share of effectively connected
taxable income.
(a) In general.
(1) Purpose and scope.
(2) Reasonable reliance on a certificate.
(b) Foreign partners to whom this section applies.
(1) In general.
(2) Definitions.
(i) U.S. income tax return.
(ii) Timely-filed.
(iii) Qualifying U.S. income tax return.
(3) Special rules.
(c) Reduction of 1446 tax with respect to a foreign partner.
(1) General rules.
(i) Certified deductions and losses.
(A) Deductions and losses from the partnership.
(B) Deductions and loss from other sources.
(C) Limit on the consideration of a partner's net operating loss
deduction.
(D) Limitation on losses subject to certain partner level limitations.
(E) Certification of deductions and losses to other partnerships.
(F) Partner level use of deductions and losses certified to a
partnership.
(ii) De minimis certificate for nonresident alien individual partners.
(A) In general.
(B) Requirements for exception.
(iii) Consideration of certain current year state and local taxes.
(2) Form and time of certification.
(i) Form of certification.
(ii) Time of certification provided to partnership.
A) First certificate submitted for a partnership's taxable year.
[[Page 205]]
(B) Updated certificates and status updates.
(1) Preceding year tax returns not yet filed.
(2) Other circumstances requiring an updated certificate.
(3) Form and content of updated certificate.
(4) Partnership consideration of an updated certificate.
(3) Notification to partnership when a partner's certificate cannot be
relied upon.
(4) Partner to receive copy of notice.
(5) Notification to partnership when no foreign partner's certificate
can be relied upon.
(6) Partnership notification to partner regarding use of deductions and
losses.
(7) Partner's certificate valid only for partnership taxable year for
which submitted.
(d) Effect of certificate of deductions and losses on partner and
partnership.
(1) Effect on partner.
(i) No effect on liability for income tax of foreign partner.
(ii) No effect on partner's estimated tax obligations.
(iii) No effect on partner's obligation to file U.S. income tax return.
(2) Effect on partnership.
(i) Reasonable reliance to relieve partnership from addition to tax
under section 6665.
(ii) Continuing liability for withholding tax under section 1461 and for
applicable interest and penalties.
(A) In general.
(B) Certificate defective because of amount or character of deductions
and losses.
(3) Partnership level rules and requirements.
(i) Filing requirement.
(ii) Reasonable cause for failure to timely file a valid certificate and
computation.
(A) Determining reasonable cause.
(B) Notification.
(e) Examples.
(f) Effective/Applicability date.
(g) Transition rule.
Sec. 1.1446-7 Effective/Applicability date..
[T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28717, May 18, 2005, as amended by T.D. 9394, 73 FR
23074, Apr. 29, 2008]
Sec. 1.1446-1 Withholding tax on foreign partners' share of effectively
connected taxable income.
(a) In general. If a domestic or foreign partnership has effectively
connected taxable income (ECTI) as computed under Sec. 1.1446-2 for any
partnership tax year, and any portion of such taxable income is
allocable under section 704 to a foreign partner, then the partnership
must pay a withholding tax under section 1446 (1446 tax) at the time and
in the manner prescribed in this section, and Sec. Sec. 1.1446-2
through 1.1446-6.
(b) Steps in determining 1446 tax obligation. In general, a
partnership determines its 1446 tax as follows. The partnership
determines whether it has any foreign partners in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section. If the partnership does not have any
foreign partners (including any person presumed to be foreign under
paragraph (c) of this section and any domestic trust treated as foreign
under Sec. 1.1446-3(d)) during its taxable year, it generally will not
have a 1446 tax obligation. If the partnership has one or more foreign
partners, it then determines under Sec. 1.1446-2 whether it has ECTI
any portion of which is allocable under section 704 to one or more of
the foreign partners. If the partnership has ECTI allocable under
section 704 to one or more of its foreign partners, the partnership
computes its 1446 tax, pays over 1446 tax, and reports the amount paid
in accordance with the rules in Sec. 1.1446-3. For special rules
applicable to publicly traded partnerships, see Sec. 1.1446-4. For
special rules applicable to tiered partnership structures, see Sec.
1.1446-5. For special rules that may apply in determining the amount of
1446 tax due with respect to a partner, see Sec. 1.1446-6.
(c) Determining whether a partnership has a foreign partner--(1) In
general. Except as otherwise provided in this section, Sec. 1.1446-3,
and Sec. 1.1446-5, only a partnership that has at least one foreign
partner during the partnership's taxable year can have a 1446 tax
liability. Generally, the term foreign partner means any partner of the
partnership that is not a U.S. person within the meaning of section
7701(a)(30). Thus, a partner of the partnership is generally a foreign
partner if the partner is a nonresident alien, foreign partnership (see
Sec. 1.1446-5 for rules that allow a lower-tier partnership to look
through an upper-tier foreign partnership to the partners of such
partnership for purposes of computing its 1446 tax), foreign corporation
(which includes a foreign government pursuant to section 892(a)(3)),
foreign estate or trust (see paragraph (c)(2) of this section for rules
that instruct a partnership to consider the grantor or other owner of a
trust under subpart E of
[[Page 206]]
subchapter J as the partner for purposes of computing the partnership's
1446 tax), as those terms are defined under section 7701 and the
regulations thereunder, or a foreign organization described in section
501(c), or other foreign person. A person also is a foreign partner if
the person is presumed to be a foreign person under paragraph (c)(3) of
this section. For purposes of this section, a partner that is treated as
a U.S. person for all income tax purposes (by election or otherwise, see
e.g., sections 953(d) and 1504(d)) will not be a foreign partner,
provided the partner has provided the partnership a valid Form W-9,
``Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification,'' or the
partnership uses other means to determine that the partner is not a
foreign partner (see paragraph (c)(3) of this section). A partner that
is treated as a U.S. person only for certain specified purposes is
considered a foreign partner for purposes of section 1446, and a
partnership must pay 1446 tax on the portion of ECTI allocable to that
partner. For example, a partnership must generally pay 1446 tax on ECTI
allocable to a foreign corporate partner that has made an election under
section 897(i).
(2) Submission of Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, W-8EXP, and W-9--(i)
In general. Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph (c)(2) or
paragraph (c)(3) of this section, a partnership must generally determine
whether a partner is a foreign partner, and the partner's tax
classification (e.g., corporate or non-corporate), by obtaining a
withholding certificate from the partner that is a Form W-8BEN,
``Certificate of Foreign Status of Beneficial Owner for United States
Tax Withholding,'' Form W-8IMY, ``Certificate of Foreign Intermediary,
Flow-Through Entity, or Certain U.S. Branches for United States Tax
Withholding,'' Form W-8ECI, ``Certificate of Foreign Person's Claim for
Exemption from Withholding on Income Effectively Connected With the
Conduct of a Trade or Business in the United States,'' Form W-8EXP,
``Certificate of Foreign Government or other Foreign Organization for
United States Tax Withholding,'' or a Form W-9, as applicable, or an
acceptable substitute form permitted under paragraph (c)(5) of this
section. Generally, a foreign partner that is a nonresident alien, a
foreign estate or trust (other than a grantor trust described in this
paragraph (c)(2)), a foreign corporation, or a foreign government should
provide a valid Form W-8BEN.
(ii) Withholding certificate applicable to each type of partner. A
partner that submits a valid Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN) for purposes
of section 1441 or 1442 will generally satisfy the documentation
requirements of this section provided that the submission of such form
is not inconsistent with the rules of this paragraph (c)(2) or paragraph
(c)(3) of this section. The following rules shall apply for purposes of
this section.
(A) U.S. person. A partner that is a U.S. person (other than a
grantor trust described in this paragraph (c)(2)), including a domestic
partnership and domestic simple or complex trust (including an estate),
shall provide a valid Form W-9.
(B) Nonresident alien. A Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN) submitted by a
nonresident alien for purposes of withholding under section 1441 will
generally be accepted for purposes of section 1446. If no such form is
submitted for purposes of section 1441, such nonresident alien shall
submit Form W-8BEN for purposes of section 1446.
(C) Foreign partnership. A partner that is a foreign partnership
generally shall provide a valid Form W-8IMY for purposes of section
1446. See Sec. 1.1446-5 (permitting a lower-tier partnership to look
through an upper-tier foreign partnership in certain circumstances when
computing 1446 tax).
(D) Disregarded entities. An entity that is disregarded as an entity
separate from its owner under Sec. 301.7701-3 of this chapter (whether
domestic or foreign) shall not submit a Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN) or
Form W-9. Instead, the owner of such entity for Federal tax purposes
shall submit appropriate documentation to comply with this section. See
Sec. Sec. 301.7701-1 through 301.7701-3 of this chapter for determining
the U.S. Federal tax classification of a partner.
(E) Domestic and foreign grantor trusts. To the extent that a
grantor or other
[[Page 207]]
person is treated as the owner of any portion of a trust under subpart E
of subchapter J of the Internal Revenue Code, such trust shall provide
documentation under this paragraph (c)(2) to identify the trust as a
grantor trust and provide documentation on behalf of the grantor or
other person treated as the owner of all or a portion of such trust as
required by this paragraph (c)(2). If such trust is a foreign trust, the
trust shall submit Form W-8IMY to the partnership identifying itself as
a foreign grantor trust and shall provide such documentation (e.g.,
Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, W-8EXP, or W-9) and information pertaining
to its grantor or other owner to the partnership that permits the
partnership to reliably associate (within the meaning of Sec. 1.1441-
1(b)(2)(vii)) such portion of the trust's allocable share of partnership
ECTI with the grantor or other person that is the owner of such portion
of the trust. If such trust is a domestic trust, the trust shall furnish
the partnership a statement under penalty of perjury that the trust is,
in whole or in part, a domestic grantor trust and such statement shall
identify that portion of the trust that is treated as owned by a grantor
or another person under subpart E of subchapter J of the Internal
Revenue Code. The trust shall also provide such documentation and
information (e.g., Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, W-8EXP, or W-9)
pertaining to its grantor or other owner(s) to the partnership that
permits the partnership to reliably associate (within the meaning of
Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)) such portion of the trust's allocable share
of partnership ECTI with the grantor or other person that is the owner
of such portion of the trust.
(F) Nominees. Where a nominee holds an interest in a partnership on
behalf of another person, the beneficial owner of the partnership
interest, not the nominee, shall submit a Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN)
or Form W-9 to the partnership or nominee that is the withholding agent.
(G) Foreign governments, foreign tax-exempt organizations and other
foreign persons. A Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8EXP) submitted by a partner
that is a foreign government, foreign tax-exempt organization, or other
foreign person for purposes of withholding under Sec. Sec. 1441 through
1443 will also operate to establish the foreign status of such partner
under this section. However, except as set forth in Sec. 1.1446-3(c)(3)
(regarding certain tax-exempt organizations described in section
501(c)), the submission of Form W-8EXP will have no effect on whether
there is a 1446 tax due with respect to such partner's allocable share
of partnership ECTI. For example, a partnership must still pay 1446 tax
with respect to a foreign government partner's allocable share of ECTI
because such partner is treated as a foreign corporation under section
892(a)(3). If no Form W-8 is submitted for purposes of withholding under
sections 1441 through 1443, then such government, tax-exempt
organization, or person must generally submit Form W-8BEN.
(H) Foreign corporations, certain foreign trusts, and foreign
estates. Consistent with the rules of this paragraph (c)(2) and
paragraph (c)(3) of this section, a foreign corporation, a foreign trust
(other than a foreign grantor trust described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(E)
of this section), or a foreign estate may generally submit any
appropriate Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN) to the partnership to establish
its foreign status for purposes of section 1446.
(iii) Effect of Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, W-8EXP, W-9, and
statement--(A) Partnership reliance on withholding certificate. In
general, for purposes of this section, a partnership may rely on a valid
Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN) or Form W-9, or statement described in this
paragraph (c)(2) from a partner, beneficial owner, or grantor trust to
determine whether that person, beneficial owner, or the owner of a
grantor trust, is a non-foreign or foreign partner for purposes of
computing 1446 tax, and if such person is a foreign partner, to
determine whether or not such person is a corporation for U.S. tax
purposes. The rules of paragraph (c)(3) of this section shall apply to a
partnership that receives a Form W-8IMY from a foreign grantor trust or
a statement described in this paragraph (c)(2) from a domestic grantor
trust, but does not receive a Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN) or Form W-9
identifying such
[[Page 208]]
grantor or other person. Further, a partnership may not rely on a Form
W-8 or Form W-9, or statement described in this paragraph (c)(2), and
such form or statement is therefore not valid for any installment period
or Form 8804 filing date during which the partnership has actual
knowledge or has reason to know that any information on the withholding
certificate or statement is incorrect or unreliable and, if based on
such knowledge or reason to know, the partnership should pay 1446 tax in
an amount greater than would be the case if it relied on the certificate
or statement.
(B) Reason to know. A partnership has reason to know that
information on a withholding certificate or statement is incorrect or
unreliable if its knowledge of relevant facts or statements contained on
the form or other documentation is such that a reasonably prudent person
in the position of the withholding agent would question the claims made.
See Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(viii) and 1.1441-7(b)(1) and (2).
(C) Subsequent knowledge and impact on penalties. If the partnership
does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that a Form W-8BEN,
Form W-8IMY, Form W-8ECI, Form W-8EXP, Form W-9, or statement received
from a partner, beneficial owner, or grantor trust contains incorrect or
unreliable information, but it subsequently determines that the
certificate or statement contains incorrect or unreliable information,
and, based on such knowledge the partnership should pay 1446 tax in an
amount greater than would be the case if it relied on the certificate or
statement, then the partnership will not be subject to penalties for its
failure to pay the 1446 tax in reliance on such certificate or statement
for any installment payment date prior to the date that the
determination is made. See Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1(c)(4) and 1.1446-3
concerning penalties for failure to pay the withholding tax when a
partnership knows or has reason to know that a withholding certificate
or statement is incorrect or unreliable.
(iv) Requirements for certificates to be valid. Except as otherwise
provided in this paragraph (c), for purposes of this section, the
validity of a Form W-9 shall be determined under section 3406 and Sec.
31.3406(h)-3(e) of this chapter which establish when such form may be
reasonably relied upon. A Form W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY, Form W-8ECI, or Form
W-8EXP is only valid for purposes of this section if its validity period
has not expired, the partner submitting the form has signed it under
penalties of perjury, and it contains all the required information.
(A) When period of validity expires. For purposes of this section, a
Form W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY, Form W-8ECI, or Form W-8EXP submitted by a
partner shall be valid until the end of the period of validity
determined for such form under Sec. 1.1441-1(e). With respect to a
foreign partnership submitting Form W-8IMY, the period of validity of
such form shall be determined under Sec. 1.1441-1(e) as if such foreign
partnership submitted the form required of a nonwithholding foreign
partnership. See Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii).
(B) Required information for Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, and W-
8EXP. Forms W-8BEN, W-8IMY, W-8ECI, and W-8EXP submitted under this
section must contain the partner's name, permanent address and Taxpayer
Identification Number (TIN), the country under the laws of which the
partner is formed, incorporated or governed (if the person is not an
individual), the classification of the partner for U.S. Federal tax
purposes (e.g., partnership, corporation), and any other information
required to be submitted by the forms or instructions for such form, as
applicable.
(v) Partner must provide new withholding certificate when there is a
change in circumstances. The principles of Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(ii)(D)
shall apply when a change in circumstances has occurred (including
situations where the status of a U.S. person changes) that requires a
partner to provide a new withholding certificate.
(vi) Partnership must retain withholding certificates. A partnership
or nominee who has responsibility for paying 1446 tax under this section
or Sec. 1.1446-4 must retain each withholding certificate, statement,
and other information received from its direct and indirect partners for
as long as it may be relevant to the determination of the withholding
agent's 1446 tax liability
[[Page 209]]
under section 1461 and the regulations thereunder.
(3) Presumptions in the absence of valid Form W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY,
Form W-8ECI, Form W-8EXP, Form W-9, or statement. Except as otherwise
provided in this paragraph (c)(3), a partnership that does not receive a
valid Form W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY, Form W-8ECI, Form W-8EXP, Form W-9, or
statement required by paragraph (c)(2) of this section from a partner,
beneficial owner, or grantor trust, or a partnership that receives a
withholding certificate or statement but has actual knowledge or reason
to know that the information on the certificate or statement is
incorrect or unreliable, must presume that the partner is a foreign
person. Except as provided in Sec. 1.1446-3(a)(2) and Sec. 1.1446-
5(c)(2), a partnership that knows that a partner is an individual shall
treat the partner as a nonresident alien. Except as provided in Sec.
1.1446-3(a)(2) and Sec. 1.1446-5(c)(2), a partnership that knows that a
partner is an entity shall treat the partner as a corporation if the
entity is a corporation as defined in Sec. 301.7701-2(b)(8) of this
chapter. See Sec. 1.1446-3(a)(2) which prohibits a partnership in
certain circumstances from considering preferential tax rates in
computing its 1446 tax when the presumption and rules of this paragraph
(c)(3) apply. In all other cases, the partnership shall treat the
partner as either a nonresident alien or a foreign corporation,
whichever classification results in a higher 1446 tax being due, and
shall pay the 1446 tax in accordance with this presumption. Except as
provided in Sec. 1.1446-5(c)(2), the presumption set forth in this
paragraph (c)(3) that a partner is a foreign person shall not apply to
the extent that the partnership relies on other means to ascertain the
non-foreign status of a partner and the partnership is correct in its
determination that such partner is a U.S. person. A partnership is in no
event required to rely upon other means to determine the non-foreign
status of a partner and may demand that a partner furnish an acceptable
certificate under this section. If a certificate is not provided in such
circumstances, the partnership may presume that the partner is a foreign
partner, and for purposes of sections 1461 through 1463, will be
considered to have been required to pay 1446 tax on such partner's
allocable share of partnership ECTI.
(4) Consequences when partnership knows or has reason to know that
Form W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY, Form W-8ECI, Form W-8EXP, or Form W-9 is
incorrect or unreliable and does not withhold. If a partnership has
actual knowledge or has reason to know that a Form W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY,
Form W-8ECI, Form W-8EXP, Form W-9, or statement required by paragraph
(c)(2) of this section submitted by a partner, beneficial owner, or
grantor trust contains incorrect or unreliable information (either
because the certificate or statement when given to the partnership
contained incorrect information or because there has been a change in
facts that makes information on the certificate or statement incorrect),
and the partnership pays less than the full amount of 1446 tax due on
ECTI allocable to that partner, the partnership shall be fully liable
under section 1461 and Sec. 1.1461-3 (Sec. 1.1461-1 for publicly
traded partnerships subject to Sec. 1.1446-4) and Sec. 1.1446-3, and
for all applicable penalties and interest, for any failure to pay the
1446 tax for the period during which the partnership has such knowledge
or reason to know that the certificate contained incorrect or unreliable
information and for all subsequent installment periods. If a partner,
beneficial owner, or grantor trust submits a new valid Form W-8BEN, Form
W-8IMY, Form W-8ECI, Form W-8EXP, Form W-9, or statement, as applicable,
the partnership may rely on that documentation when paying 1446 tax (or
any installment of such tax) for any payment date that has not passed at
the time such form is received.
(5) Acceptable substitute form. A partnership or withholding agent
responsible for paying 1446 tax (or any installment of such tax) may
substitute its own form for the official version of Form W-8 (e.g., Form
W-8BEN) that is recognized under this section to ascertain the identity
of its partners, provided such form is consistent with Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(4)(vi). All references under this section or Sec. Sec. 1.1446-2
through 1.1446-6 to a Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN, Form W-8IMY, Form W-
8ECI,
[[Page 210]]
Form W-8EXP) shall include the acceptable substitute form recognized
under this paragraph (c)(5).
[T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28717, May 18, 2005, as amended by T.D. 9394, 73 FR
23074, Apr. 29, 2008]
Sec. 1.1446-2 Determining a partnership's effectively connected taxable
income allocable to foreign partners under section 704.
(a) In general. A partnership's effectively connected taxable income
(ECTI) is generally the partnership's taxable income as computed under
section 703, with adjustments as provided in section 1446(c) and this
section, and computed with consideration of only those partnership items
which are effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected)
with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States. For
purposes of determining the section 1446 withholding tax (1446 tax) or
any installment of such tax under Sec. 1.1446-3, partnership ECTI
allocable under section 704 to foreign partners is the sum of the
allocable shares of ECTI of each of the partnership's foreign partners
as determined under paragraph (b) of this section. See Sec. 1.1446-6
(special rules permitting the partnership to consider partner-level
deductions and losses to reduce the partnership's 1446 tax). The
calculation of partnership ECTI allocable to foreign partners as set
forth in paragraph (b) of this section and the partnership's withholding
tax obligation are partnership-level computations solely for purposes of
determining the 1446 tax. Therefore, any deduction that is not taken
into account in calculating a partner's allocable share of partnership
ECTI (e.g., percentage depletion), but which is a deduction that under
U.S. tax law the foreign partner is otherwise entitled to claim, can
still be claimed by the foreign partner when computing its U.S. tax
liability and filing its U.S. income tax return, subject to any
restriction or limitation that otherwise may apply.
(b) Computation--(1) In general. A foreign partner's allocable share
of partnership ECTI for the partnership's taxable year that is allocable
under section 704 to a particular foreign partner is equal to that
foreign partner's distributive share of partnership gross income and
gain for the partnership's taxable year that is effectively connected
and properly allocable to the partner under section 704 and the
regulations thereunder, reduced by the foreign partner's distributive
share of partnership deductions for the partnership taxable year that
are connected with such income under section 873(a) or 882(c) and
properly allocable to the partner under section 704 and the regulations
thereunder, in each case, after application of the rules of this
section. See Sec. 1.1446-6 (special rules permitting the partnership to
consider partner-level deductions and losses to reduce the partnership's
1446 tax). For these purposes, a foreign partner's distributive share of
effectively connected gross income and gain and the deductions connected
with such income shall be computed by considering allocations that are
respected under the rules of section 704 and Sec. 1.704-1(b)(1),
including special allocations in the partnership agreement (as defined
in Sec. 1.704-1(b)(2)(ii)(h)), and adjustments to the basis of
partnership property described in section 743 pursuant to an election by
the partnership under section 754 (see Sec. 1.743-1(j)). The character
of effectively connected partnership items (capital versus ordinary)
shall be separately considered only to the extent set forth in paragraph
(b)(3)(v) of this section and, when applicable, sections 1.1446-
3(a)(2)(consideration of preferential rates when computing 1446 tax) and
section 1.1446-6 (special rules permitting the partnership to consider
partner-level deductions and losses to reduce the partnership's 1446
tax).
(2) Income and gain rules. For purposes of computing a foreign
partner's allocable share of partnership ECTI under this paragraph (b),
the following rules shall apply with respect to partnership income and
gain.
(i) Application of the principles of section 864. The determination
of whether a partnership's items of gross income are effectively
connected shall be made by applying the principles of section 864 and
the regulations thereunder.
(ii) Income treated as effectively connected. A partnership's items
of gross income that are effectively connected include any income that
is treated as
[[Page 211]]
effectively connected income, including partnership income subject to a
partner's election under section 871(d) or section 882(d), any
partnership income treated as effectively connected with the conduct of
a U.S. trade or business pursuant to section 897, and any other items of
partnership income treated as effectively connected under another
provision of the Internal Revenue Code, without regard to whether those
amounts are taxable to the partner. A partner that makes the election
under section 871(d) or section 882(d) shall furnish to the partnership
a statement that indicates that such election has been made. See Sec.
1.871-10(d)(3). If a partnership receives a valid Form W-8ECI from a
partner, the partner is deemed, for purposes of section 1446, to have
effectively connected income subject to withholding under section 1446
to the extent of the items identified on the form.
(iii) Exempt income. A foreign partner's allocable share of
partnership ECTI does not include income or gain exempt from U.S. tax by
reason of a provision of the Internal Revenue Code. A foreign partner's
allocable share of partnership ECTI also does not include income or gain
exempt from U.S. tax by operation of any U.S. income tax treaty or
reciprocal agreement. In the case of income excluded by reason of a
treaty provision, such income must be derived by a resident of an
applicable treaty jurisdiction, the resident must be the beneficial
owner of the item, and all other requirements for benefits under the
treaty must be satisfied. The partnership must have received from the
partner a valid withholding certificate, that is, Form W-8BEN (see Sec.
1.1446-1(c)(2)(iii) regarding when a Form W-8BEN is valid for purposes
of this section), containing the information necessary to support the
claim for treaty benefits required in the forms and instructions. In
addition, for purposes of this section, the withholding certificate must
contain the beneficial owner's taxpayer identification number.
(3) Deductions and losses. For purposes of computing a foreign
partner's allocable share of partnership ECTI under this paragraph (b),
the following rules shall apply with respect to deductions and losses.
(i) Oil and gas interests. The deduction for depletion with respect
to oil and gas wells shall be allowed, but the amount of such deduction
shall be determined without regard to sections 613 and 613A.
(ii) Charitable contributions. The deduction for charitable
contributions provided in section 170 shall not be allowed.
(iii) Net operating losses and other suspended or carried losses.
Except as provided in Sec. 1.1446-6, the net operating loss deduction
of any foreign partner provided in section 172 shall not be taken into
account. Further, except as provided in Sec. 1.1446-6, the partnership
shall not take into account any suspended losses (e.g., losses in excess
of a partner's basis in the partnership, see section 704(d)) or any
capital loss carrybacks or carryovers available to a foreign partner.
(iv) Interest deductions. The rules of this paragraph (b)(3)(iv)
shall apply for purposes of determining the amount of interest expense
that is allocable to income which is (or is treated as) effectively
connected with the conduct of a trade or business for purposes of
calculating a foreign partner's allocable share of partnership ECTI. In
the case of a non-corporate foreign partner, the rules of Sec. 1.861-
9T(e)(7) shall apply. In the case of a corporate foreign partner, the
rules of Sec. 1.882-5 shall apply by treating the partnership as a
foreign corporation and using the partner's pro-rata share of the
partnership's assets and liabilities for these purposes. For these
purposes, the rules governing elections under Sec. 1.882-5(a)(7) shall
be made at the partnership level.
(v) Limitation on capital losses. Losses from the sale or exchange
of capital assets allocable under section 704 to a partner shall be
allowed only to the extent of gains from the sale or exchange of capital
assets allocable under section 704 to such partner.
(vi) Other deductions. No deduction shall be allowed for personal
exemptions provided in section 151 or the additional itemized deductions
for individuals provided in part VII of subchapter B of the Internal
Revenue Code (section 211 and following).
[[Page 212]]
(vii) Limitations on deductions. Except as provided in Sec. 1.1446-
6 and this paragraph (b)(3), any limitations on losses or deductions
that apply at the partner level when determining ECTI allocable to a
foreign partner shall not be taken into account.
(4) Other rules--(i) Exclusion of items allocated to U.S. partners.
Except as provided in Sec. 1.1446-5(e), in computing partnership ECTI,
the partnership shall not take into account any item of income, gain,
loss, or deduction to the extent allocable to any partner that is not a
foreign partner, as that term is defined in Sec. 1.1446-1(c).
(ii) Partnership credits. See Sec. 1.1446-3(a) providing that the
1446 tax is computed without regard to a partner's distributive share of
the partnership's tax credits.
(5) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of
this section. In considering the examples, disregard the potential
application of Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2)(v)(F) (relating to the de minimis
exception to paying 1446 tax). The examples are as follows:
Example 1. Limitation on capital losses. PRS partnership has two
equal partners, A and B. A is a nonresident alien and B is a U.S.
citizen. A provides PRS with a valid Form W-8BEN, and B provides PRS
with a valid Form W-9. PRS has the following annualized tax items for
the relevant installment period, all of which are effectively connected
with its U.S. trade or business and are allocated equally between A and
B: $100 of long-term capital gain, $400 of long-term capital loss, $300
of ordinary income, and $100 of ordinary deductions. Assume that these
allocations are respected under section 704(b) and the regulations
thereunder. Accordingly, A's allocable share of PRS's effectively
connected items includes $50 of long-term capital gain, $200 of long-
term capital loss, $150 of ordinary income, and $50 of ordinary
deductions. In determining A's allocable share of partnership ECTI, the
amount of the long-term capital loss that may be taken into account
pursuant to paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section is limited to A's
allocable share of gain from the sale or exchange of capital assets.
Accordingly, A's share of partnership ECTI allocable under section 704
pursuant to Sec. 1.1446-2 is $100 ($150 of ordinary income less $50 of
ordinary deductions, plus $50 of capital gain less $50 of capital loss).
Example 2. Limitation on capital losses--special allocations. PRS
partnership has two equal partners, A and B. A and B are both
nonresident aliens. A and B each provide PRS with a valid Form W-8BEN.
PRS has the following annualized tax items for the relevant installment
period, all of which are effectively connected with its U.S. trade or
business: $200 of long-term capital gain, $200 of long-term capital
loss, and $400 of ordinary income. A and B have equal shares in the
ordinary income, however, pursuant to the partnership agreement, capital
gains and losses are subject to special allocations. The long-term
capital gain is allocable to A, and the long-term capital loss is
allocable to B. Assume that these allocations are respected under
section 704(b) and the regulations thereunder. Pursuant to paragraph
(b)(3)(v) of this section, A's allocable share of partnership ECTI under
Sec. 1.1446-2 is $400 (consisting of $200 of ordinary income and $200
of long-term capital gain), and B's allocable share of partnership ECTI
is $200 (consisting of $200 of ordinary income).
Example 3. Withholding tax obligation where partner has net
operating losses. PRS partnership has two equal partners, FC, a foreign
corporation, and DC, a domestic corporation. FC and DC provide a valid
Form W-8BEN and Form W-9, respectively, to PRS. Both FC and PRS are on a
calendar taxable year. PRS is engaged in the conduct of a trade or
business in the United States and for its first installment period
during its taxable year has $100 of annualized ECTI that is allocable to
FC. As of the beginning of the taxable year, FC had an unused
effectively connected net operating loss carryover in the amount of
$300. FC's net operating loss carryover is not taken into account in
determining FC's allocable share of partnership ECTI under Sec. 1.1446-
2 and, absent the application of Sec. 1.1446-6 (permitting a foreign
partner to certify deductions and losses reasonably expected to be
available to reduce the partner's U.S. income tax liability on the
effectively connected income or gain allocable from the partnership), is
not considered in computing the 1446 tax installment payment due on
behalf of FC. Accordingly, PRS must pay 1446 tax with respect to the
$100 of ECTI allocable to FC.
[T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28717, May 18, 2005, as amended by T.D. 9394, 73 FR
23074, Apr. 29, 2008]
Sec. 1.1446-3 Time and manner of calculating and paying over the 1446 tax.
(a) In general--(1) Calculating 1446 tax. This section provides
rules for calculating, reporting, and paying over the section 1446
withholding tax (1446 tax). A partnership's 1446 tax equals the amount
determined under this section and shall be paid in installments during
the partnership's taxable year (see paragraph (d)(1) of this section for
installment payment due dates), with
[[Page 213]]
any remaining tax due paid with the partnership's annual return required
to be filed pursuant to paragraph (d) of this section. For these
purposes, a partnership shall not take into account either a partner's
liability for any other tax imposed under any other provision of the
Internal Revenue Code (e.g., section 55 or 884) or a partner's
distributive share of the partnership's tax credits when determining the
amount of the partnership's 1446 tax.
(2) Applicable percentage--(i) In general. Except as provided in
this paragraph (a)(2), in the case of a foreign partner that is a
corporation for U.S. tax purposes, the applicable percentage is the
highest rate of tax specified in section 11(b)(1) for such taxable year.
Except as provided in this paragraph (a)(2) and Sec. 1.1446-5, in the
case of a foreign partner that is not a corporation for U.S. tax
purposes (e.g., a partnership, individual, trust or estate), the
applicable percentage is the highest rate of tax specified in section 1.
(ii) Special types of income or gain. Except as otherwise provided,
a partnership is permitted to consider as the applicable percentage
under this paragraph (a)(2) the highest rate of tax applicable to a
particular type of income or gain allocable to a partner (e.g., long-
term capital gain allocable to a non-corporate partner, unrecaptured
section 1250 gain, collectibles gain under section 1(h)), to the extent
of a partner's allocable share of such income or gain. Consideration of
the highest rate of tax applicable to a particular type of income or
gain under the previous sentence shall be made without regard to the
amount of such partner's income. A partnership is not permitted to
consider the highest rate of tax applicable to a particular type of
income or gain under this paragraph (a)(2)(ii) if the application of the
preferential rate depends upon the corporate or non-corporate status of
the person reporting the income or gain and, either no documentation has
been provided to the partnership under Sec. 1.1446-1 to establish the
corporate or non-corporate status of the partner required to pay tax on
the income or gain, or the partnership is otherwise required to compute
and pay 1446 tax on such portion of the income or gain using the highest
applicable percentage under section 1446(b). See e.g., Sec. Sec.
1.1446-1(c)(3) (presumption of foreign status in the absence of
documentation) and 1.1446-5(c)(2) (requirement to pay 1446 tax at higher
of rates in section 1446(b) where a lower-tier partnership cannot
reliably associate income with a partner of the upper-tier partnership).
(b) Installment payments--(1) In general. Except as provided in
Sec. 1.1446-4 for certain publicly traded partnerships, a partnership
must pay its 1446 tax by making installment payments of the 1446 tax
based on the amount of partnership effectively connected taxable income
(ECTI) allocable under section 704 to its foreign partners, without
regard to whether the partnership makes any distributions to its
partners during the partnership's taxable year. The amount of the
installment payments is determined in accordance with this paragraph
(b), and the tax must be paid at the times set forth in paragraph (d) of
this section. Subject to paragraphs (b)(2)(v) and (b)(3)(ii) of this
section, in computing its first installment of 1446 tax for a taxable
year, a partnership must decide whether it will pay its 1446 tax for the
entire taxable year by using the safe harbor set forth in paragraph
(b)(3)(i) of this section, or by using one of several annualization
methods available under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section for
computing partnership ECTI allocable to foreign partners. In the case of
a partnership's underpayment of an installment of 1446 tax, the
partnership shall be subject to an addition to the tax equal to the
amount determined under section 6655, as modified by this section, as if
such partnership were a corporation, as well as any other applicable
interest and penalties. See Sec. 1.1446-3(f). Section 6425 (permitting
an adjustment for an overpayment of estimated tax by a corporation)
shall not apply to a partnership's payment of its 1446 tax.
(2) Calculation--(i) Application of the principles of section 6655--
(A) In general. Installment payments of 1446 tax required during the
partnership's taxable year are based upon partnership ECTI for the
portion of the partnership taxable year to which the payments relate,
and, except as set forth in this paragraph (b)(2) or paragraph (b)(3) of
[[Page 214]]
this section, shall be calculated using the principles of section 6655.
The principles of section 6655, except as otherwise provided in Sec.
1.6655-2, are applied to annualize the partnership's items of
effectively connected income, gain, loss, and deduction to determine
each foreign partner's allocable share of partnership ECTI. Each foreign
partner's allocable share of partnership ECTI is then multiplied by the
relevant applicable percentage for the type of income allocable to the
foreign partner under paragraph (a)(2) of this section. The respective
1446 tax amounts are then added for each foreign partner to yield an
annualized 1446 tax with respect to such partner. The installment of
1446 tax due with respect to a foreign partner equals the excess of the
section 6655(e)(2)(B)(ii) percentage of the annualized 1446 tax for that
partner (or, if applicable, the adjusted seasonal amount) for the
relevant installment period, over the aggregate amount of 1446 tax
installment payments previously paid with respect to that partner during
the partnership's taxable year. The partnership's total 1446 tax
installment payment equals the sum of the installment payments due for
such period on behalf of all the partnership's foreign partners.
(ii) Annualization methods. A partnership that decides to annualize
its income for the taxable year shall use one of the annualization
methods set forth in section 6655(e) and the regulations thereunder, and
as described in the forms and instructions for Form 8804, ``Annual
Return for Partnership Withholding Tax (Section 1446),'' Form 8805,
``Foreign Partner's Information Statement of Section 1446 Withholding
Tax,'' and Form 8813, ``Partnership Withholding Tax Payment Voucher.''
(iii) Partner's estimated tax payments. In computing its installment
payments of 1446 tax, a partnership may not take into account a
partner's estimated tax payments.
(iv) Partner whose interest terminates during the partnership's
taxable year. If a partner's interest in the partnership terminates
prior to the end of the partnership's taxable year, the partnership
shall take into account the income that is allocable to the partner for
the portion of the partnership taxable year that the person was a
partner.
(v) Exceptions and modifications to the application of the
principles under section 6655. To the extent not otherwise modified in
Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-7 or inconsistent with those rules,
the principles of section 6655 apply to the calculation of the
installment payments of 1446 tax made by a partnership as set forth in
this paragraph (b)(2)(v).
(A) Inapplicability of special rules for large corporations. The
principles of section 6655(d)(2), concerning large corporations (as
defined in section 6655(g)(2)), shall not apply.
(B) Inapplicability of special rules regarding early refunds. The
principles of section 6655(h), applicable to amounts excessively
credited or refunded under section 6425, shall not apply. See paragraph
(b)(1) of this section providing that section 6425 shall not apply for
purposes of the 1446 tax. This paragraph (b)(2)(v)(B) shall apply to
1446 tax paid by a partnership or nominee, as well as to amounts that a
partner is deemed to have paid for estimated tax purposes by reason of
the partnership's or nominee's 1446 tax payments under Sec. 1.1446-
3(d)(1)(i).
(C) Period of underpayment. The period of the underpayment set forth
in section 6655(b)(2) shall end on the earlier of the 15th day of the
4th month following the close of the partnership's taxable year (or, in
the case of a partnership described in Sec. 1.6081-5(a)(1) of this
chapter, the 15th day of the 6th month following the close of the
partnership's taxable year), or with respect to any portion of the
underpayment, the date on which such portion is paid.
(D) Other taxes. Section 6655 shall be applied without regard to any
references to alternative minimum taxable income and modified
alternative minimum taxable income.
(E) 1446 tax treated as tax under section 11. The principles of
section 6655(g)(1) shall be applied to treat the 1446 tax as a tax
imposed by section 11, and any partnership required to pay such tax
shall be treated as a corporation.
(F) Application of section 6655(f). A partnership subject to section
1446 shall apply section 6655(f) after aggregating the 1446 tax due (or
any installment of such tax) for all its foreign
[[Page 215]]
partners. See Sec. 1.1446-6(c)(1)(ii) for an exception to this rule
when a nonresident alien partner certifies to the partnership that the
partnership investment is the nonresident alien partner's only activity
giving rise to effectively connected items.
(G) Application of section 6655(i). If a partnership has a taxable
year of less than 12 months, the partnership is required to pay 1446 tax
(including installments of such tax) in accordance with this section
Sec. 1.1446-3, if the partnership has ECTI allocable under section 704
to foreign partners. In such a case, the partnership shall adjust its
installment payments of 1446 tax in a reasonable manner (e.g., the
annualized amounts of ECTI estimated to be allocable to a foreign
partner, and the section 6655(e)(2)(B)(ii) percentage to be applied to
each installment) to account for the short-taxable year. However, if the
partnership's taxable year is a period of less than 4 months, the
partnership shall not be required to make installment payments of 1446
tax, but will only be required to file Forms 8804 and 8805 in accordance
with this section Sec. 1.1446-3, and report and pay the appropriate
1446 tax for the short-taxable year.
(H) Current year tax safe harbor. The safe harbor set forth in
section 6655(d)(1)(B)(i) shall apply to a partnership subject to section
1446.
(I) Prior year tax safe harbor. The safe harbor set forth in section
6655(d)(1)(B)(ii) shall not apply and instead the safe harbor set forth
in paragraph (b)(3) of this section applies.
(3) 1446 tax safe harbor--(i) In general. The addition to tax under
section 6655 shall not apply to a partnership with respect to a current
installment of 1446 tax if--
(A) The average of the amount of the current installment and prior
installments during the taxable year is at least 25 percent of the total
1446 tax (without regard to Sec. 1.1446-6) for the prior taxable year;
(B) The prior taxable year consisted of twelve months;
(C) The partnership timely files (including extensions) an
information return under section 6031 for the prior year; and
(D) The amount of ECTI for the prior taxable year is not less than
50 percent of the ECTI shown on the annual return of section 1446
withholding tax that is (or will be) timely filed for the current year.
(ii) Permission to change to standard annualization method. Except
as otherwise provided in this paragraph (b)(3)(ii), if a partnership
decides to pay its 1446 tax for the first installment period based upon
the safe harbor method set forth in paragraph (b)(3)(i), the partnership
must use the safe harbor method for each installment payment made during
the partnership's taxable year. Notwithstanding the previous sentence,
if a partnership paying over 1446 tax during the taxable year pursuant
to this paragraph (b)(3) determines during an installment period (based
upon the standard option annualization method set forth in section
6655(e) and the regulations thereunder, as modified by the forms and
instructions to Forms 8804, 8805, and 8813) that it will not qualify for
the safe harbor in this paragraph (b)(3) because the prior year's ECTI
will not meet the 50-percent threshold in paragraph (b)(3)(i)(D) of this
section, then the partnership is permitted, without being subject to the
addition to the tax under section 6655 (as applied through this
section), to pay over its 1446 tax for the period in which such
determination is made, and all subsequent installment periods during the
taxable year, using the standard option annualization method. A change
pursuant to this paragraph shall be disclosed in a statement attached to
the Form 8804 the partnership files for the taxable year and shall
include information to allow the IRS to determine whether the change was
appropriate.
(c) Coordination with other withholding rules--(1) Fixed or
determinable, annual or periodical income. Fixed or determinable, annual
or periodical income subject to tax under section 871(a) or section 881
is not subject to withholding under section 1446, and such income is
subject to the withholding requirements of sections 1441 and 1442 and
the regulations thereunder.
[[Page 216]]
(2) Real property gains--(i) Domestic partnerships. Except as
otherwise provided in this paragraph (c)(2), a domestic partnership that
is otherwise subject to the withholding requirements of sections 1445
and 1446 will be subject to the payment and reporting requirements of
section 1446 only and not section 1445(e)(1) and the regulations
thereunder, with respect to partnership gain from the disposition of a
U.S. real property interest (as defined in section 897(c)). A
partnership that has complied with the requirements of section 1446 will
be deemed to satisfy the withholding requirements of section 1445 and
the regulations thereunder. However, a domestic partnership that would
otherwise be exempt from section 1445 withholding by operation of a
nonrecognition provision must continue to comply with the requirements
of Sec. 1.1445-5(b)(2). In the event that amounts are withheld under
section 1445(e) at the time of the disposition of a U.S. real property
interest, such amounts may be credited against the partnership's 1446
tax. A partnership that fails to comply fully with the requirements of
section 1446 pursuant to this paragraph (c)(2) shall be liable for any
unpaid 1446 tax and subject to any applicable addition to the tax,
interest, and penalties under section 1446. See Sec. 1.1446-4(f)(4) for
rules coordinating the withholding liability of publicly traded
partnerships under sections 1445 and 1446.
(ii) Foreign partnerships. A foreign partnership that is subject to
withholding under section 1445(a) during its taxable year may credit the
amount withheld under section 1445(a) against its section 1446 tax
liability for that taxable year only to the extent such amount is
allocable to foreign partners.
(3) Coordination with section 1443. A partnership that has ECTI
allocable under section 704 to a foreign organization described in
section 501(c) shall be required to pay 1446 tax on such ECTI only to
the extent such ECTI is includible under section 512 and section 513 in
computing the organization's unrelated business taxable income. The
certificate procedure available under Sec. 1.1441-9(b)(1) by which a
partner may set forth the amounts it believes will and will not be
includible in its computation of unrelated business taxable income under
section 512 and section 513 shall also apply to a partner in a
partnership subject to section 1446. Such certificate shall be made by a
partner in the same manner as under Sec. 1.1441-9(b)(2). A partnership
that determines that the partner's certificate as to certain partnership
items is unreliable or lacking must presume, consistent with Sec.
1.1441-9(b)(3) (regarding amounts includible under section 512 in
computing the organization's unrelated business taxable income), that
such partnership items would be includible in computing the partner's
UBTI.
(d) Reporting and crediting the 1446 tax--(1) Reporting 1446 tax.
This paragraph (d) sets forth the rules for reporting and crediting the
1446 tax paid by a partnership. To the extent that 1446 tax is paid on
ECTI allocable to a domestic trust (including a grantor or other person
treated as an owner of a portion of such trust) or a grantor or other
person treated as the owner of a portion of a foreign trust, the rules
of this paragraph (d) applicable to a foreign trust or its beneficiaries
shall be applied to such domestic or foreign trust and its beneficiaries
or owners, as applicable, so that appropriate credit for the 1446 tax
may be claimed by the trust, beneficiary, grantor, or other person.
(i) Reporting of installment tax payments and notification to
partners of installment tax payments. Each partnership required to make
an installment payment of 1446 tax must file Form 8813, ``Partnership
Withholding Tax Payment Voucher (Section 1446),'' in accordance with the
instructions to that form. Form 8813 is generally used to transmit an
installment payment of 1446 tax to the IRS with respect to partnership
ECTI estimated to be allocated to foreign partners. However, see Sec.
1.1446-6(d)(3) (relating to circumstances where a partnership must file
Form 8813 when no payment is required under section 1446). Except as
provided in this section, a partnership must notify each foreign partner
of the 1446 tax paid on the partner's behalf when the partnership makes
an installment payment of 1446 tax. The notice
[[Page 217]]
required to be given to a foreign partner under the previous sentence
must be provided within 10 days of the installment payment due date, or,
if paid later, the date such installment payment is made. A foreign
partner generally may credit an installment of 1446 tax paid by the
partnership on the partner's behalf against the partner's estimated tax
that the partner must pay during the partner's own taxable year. See
Sec. 1.1446-5(b) (relating to tiered partnership structures). However,
a foreign partner may not obtain an early refund of such amounts under
the estimated tax rules. See Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2)(v)(B). See paragraph
(d)(2) of this section for the amount of 1446 tax a partner may credit
against its U.S. income tax liability. No particular form is required
for a partnership's notification to a foreign partner, but each
notification must include the partnership's name, the partnership's
Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), the partnership's address, the
partner's name, the partner's TIN, the partner's address, the annualized
ECTI estimated to be allocated to the foreign partner (or prior year's
safe harbor amount, if applicable), and the amount of tax paid on behalf
of the partner for both the current and any prior installment periods
during the partnership's taxable year. Notwithstanding any other
provision of this paragraph (d), a withholding agent is not required to
notify a partner of an installment of 1446 tax paid on the partner's
behalf, unless requested by the partner, if--
(A) The partnership's agent responsible for providing notice
pursuant to this paragraph is the same person that acts as an agent of
the foreign partner for purposes of filing the partner's U.S. Federal
income tax return for the partner's taxable year that includes the
installment payment date; or
(B) The partnership has at least 500 foreign partners and the total
1446 tax that the partnership determines will be required to be paid for
the partnership taxable year on behalf of such partner (based on
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) or (3) of this section) with respect to the
partner's allocable share of ECTI is less than $1,000.
(ii) Payment due dates. The 1446 tax is calculated based on
partnership ECTI allocable under section 704 to foreign partners during
the partnership's taxable year, as determined under section 706.
Installment payments of the 1446 tax generally must be made during the
partnership's taxable year in which such income is derived. A
partnership must pay to the Internal Revenue Service a portion of its
estimated annual 1446 tax in installments on or before the 15th day of
the fourth, sixth, ninth, and twelfth months of the partnership's
taxable year as provided in section 6655. Any additional amount
determined to be due is to be paid with the filing of the annual return
of tax required under paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section and clearly
designated as for the prior taxable year. Form 8813 should not be
submitted for a payment made under the preceding sentence.
(iii) Annual return and notification to partners. Every partnership
(except a publicly traded partnership subject to Sec. 1.1446-4) that
has effectively connected gross income for the partnership's taxable
year allocable under section 704 to one or more of its foreign partners
(or is treated as having paid 1446 tax under Sec. 1.1446-5(b)), must
file Form 8804, ``Annual Return for Partnership Withholding Tax (Section
1446).'' Additionally, every partnership that is required to file Form
8804 also must file Form 8805, ``Foreign Partner's Information Statement
of Section 1446 Withholding Tax,'' for each of its foreign partners on
whose behalf it paid 1446 tax, and furnish Form 8804 and the Forms 8805
to the Internal Revenue Service and the respective Form 8805 to each of
its partners. Notwithstanding the previous sentence, a partnership that
considers a foreign partner's certificate under Sec. 1.1446-6 when
computing its 1446 tax on Form 8804 is required to furnish such partner
and the Internal Revenue Service a Form 8805, even if the form submitted
to the partner shows no payment of 1446 tax on behalf of the partner.
Forms 8804 and 8805 are separate from Form 1065, ``U.S. Return of
Partnership Income,'' and the attachments thereto, and are not to be
filed as part of the partnership's Form 1065. A partnership must
generally file Forms 8804 and 8805 on or before the due date for filing
the partnership's Form 1065. See Sec. 1.6031(a)-1(c)
[[Page 218]]
for rules concerning the due date of a partnership's Form 1065. However,
with respect to partnerships described in Sec. 1.6081-5(a)(1), Forms
8804 and 8805 are not due until the 15th day of the sixth month
following the close of the partnership's taxable year.
(iv) Information provided to beneficiaries of foreign trusts and
estates. A foreign trust or estate that is a partner in a partnership
subject to withholding under section 1446 shall be provided Form 8805 by
the partnership. The foreign trust or estate must provide to each of its
beneficiaries a copy of the Form 8805 furnished by the partnership. In
addition, the foreign trust or estate must provide a statement for each
of its beneficiaries to inform each beneficiary of the amount of the
credit that may be claimed under section 33 (as determined under this
section) for the 1446 tax paid by the partnership. Until an official
Internal Revenue Service form is available, the statement from a foreign
trust or estate that is described in this paragraph (d)(1)(iv) shall
contain the following information--
(A) Name, address, and TIN of the foreign trust or estate;
(B) Name, address, and TIN of the partnership;
(C) The amount of the partnership's ECTI allocated to the foreign
trust or estate for the partnership taxable year (as shown on the Form
8805 provided to the trust or estate);
(D) The amount of 1446 tax paid by the partnership on behalf of the
foreign trust or estate (as shown on Form 8805 to the trust or estate);
(E) Name, address, and TIN of the beneficiary of the foreign trust
or estate;
(F) The amount of the partnership's ECTI allocated to the trust or
estate for purposes of section 1446 that is to be included in the
beneficiary's gross income; and
(G) The amount of 1446 tax paid by the partnership on behalf of the
foreign trust or estate that the beneficiary is entitled to claim on its
return as a credit under section 33.
(v) Attachments required of foreign trusts and estates. The
statement furnished to each foreign beneficiary under this paragraph
(d)(1) must also be attached to the foreign trust or estate's U.S.
Federal income tax return filed for the taxable year that includes the
installment periods to which the statement relates.
(vi) Attachments required of beneficiaries of foreign trusts and
estates. The beneficiary of the foreign trust or estate must attach the
statement provided by the trust or estate pursuant to paragraph
(d)(1)(iv) of this section, along with a copy of the Form 8805 furnished
by the partnership to such trust or estate, to its U.S. income tax
return for the year in which it claims a credit for the 1446 tax. See
Sec. 1.1446-3(d)(2)(ii) for additional rules regarding a partner or
beneficial owner claiming a credit for the 1446 tax.
(vii) Information provided to beneficiaries of foreign trusts and
estates that are partners in certain publicly traded partnerships. A
statement similar to the statement required by paragraph (d)(1)(iv) of
this section shall be provided by trusts or estates that hold interests
in publicly traded partnerships subject to Sec. 1.1446-4.
(2) Crediting 1446 tax against a partner's U.S. tax liability--(i)
In general. A partnership's payment of 1446 tax on the portion of ECTI
allocable to a foreign partner generally relates to the partner's U.S.
income tax liability for the partner's taxable year in which the partner
is subject to U.S. tax on that income. Subject to paragraphs (d)(2)(ii)
and (iii) of this section, a partner may claim as a credit under section
33 the 1446 tax paid by the partnership with respect to ECTI allocable
to that partner. The partner may not claim an early refund of these
amounts under the estimated tax rules. See paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this
section regarding a partner's ability to credit an installment of 1446
tax paid on the partner's behalf against the partner's estimated tax
payments due for the taxable year. See also Sec. 1.1446-5(b) (relating
to tiered partnership structures).
(ii) Substantiation for purposes of claiming the credit under
section 33. A partner may credit the amount paid under section 1446 with
respect to such partner against its U.S. income tax liability only if it
attaches proof of payment to its U.S. income tax return for the
partner's taxable year in which the
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items comprising such partner's allocable share of partnership ECTI are
included in the partner's income. Except as provided in the next
sentence, proof of payment consists of a copy of the Form 8805 the
partnership provides to the partner (or in the case of a beneficiary of
a foreign trust or estate, the statement required under paragraph
(d)(1)(iv) or (vii) of this section to be provided by such trust or
estate and a copy of the related Form 8805 furnished to such trust or
estate), but only if the name and TIN on the Form 8805 (or the statement
provided by a foreign trust or estate) match the name and TIN on the
partner's U.S. tax return, and such form (or statement) identifies the
partner (or beneficiary) as the person entitled to the credit under
section 33. In the case of a partner of a publicly traded partnership
that is subject to withholding on distributions under Sec. 1.1446-4,
proof of payment consists of a copy of the Form 1042-S, ``Foreign
Person's U.S. Source Income Subject to Withholding,'' provided to the
partner by the partnership.
(iii) Special rules for apportioning the tax credit under section
33--(A) Foreign trusts and estates. Section 1446 tax paid on the portion
of ECTI allocable under section 704 to a foreign trust or estate that
the foreign trust or estate may claim as a credit under section 33 shall
bear the same ratio to the total 1446 tax paid on behalf of the trust or
estate as the total ECTI allocable to such trust or estate and not
distributed (or treated as distributed) to the beneficiaries of such
trust or estate, and, accordingly not deducted under section 651 or
section 661 in calculating the trust or estate's taxable income, bears
to the total ECTI allocable to such trust or estate. The 1446 tax that a
foreign trust or estate is not entitled to claim as a credit under this
paragraph (d)(2) may be claimed as a credit by the beneficiary of such
trust or estate that includes the partnership ECTI allocated to the
trust or estate in gross income under section 652 or section 662
(whether distributed or deemed to be distributed and with the same
character as effectively connected income as in the hands of the trust
or estate). In the case of a foreign trust or estate with multiple
beneficiaries, each beneficiary may claim a portion of the 1446 tax that
may be claimed by all beneficiaries under the previous sentence as a
credit in the same proportion as the amount of ECTI included in such
beneficiary's gross income bears to the total amount of ECTI included by
all beneficiaries. The trust or estate must provide each beneficiary
with a copy of the Form 8805 provided to it by the partnership and
prepare the statement required by paragraph (d)(1)(iv) of this section.
(B) Use of domestic trusts to circumvent section 1446. This
paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(B) shall apply if a partnership knows or has
reason to know that a foreign person holds its interest in the
partnership through a domestic trust, and such domestic trust was formed
or availed of with a principal purpose of avoiding the 1446 tax. The use
of a domestic trust may have a principal purpose of avoiding the 1446
tax even though the tax avoidance purpose is outweighed by other
purposes when taken together. In such case, a partnership is required to
pay 1446 tax under this paragraph as if the domestic trust was a foreign
trust for purposes of section 1446 and the regulations thereunder.
Accordingly, all applicable additions to the tax, interest, and
penalties shall apply to the partnership for its failure to pay 1446 tax
under this paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(B), commencing with the installment
period during which the partnership knows or has reason to know that
this paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(B) applies. A publicly traded partnership
within the meaning of Sec. 1.1446-4 (or a nominee required to pay 1446
tax under Sec. 1.1446-4) will not be considered to know or have reason
to know a domestic trust is being used to avoid the 1446 tax under this
paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(B), provided the interest held in such entity by
the domestic trust is publicly traded.
(iv) Refunds to withholding agent. A withholding agent (i.e., the
partnership) may obtain a refund of the 1446 tax paid (or deemed paid
under Sec. 1.1446-5(b)) to the extent of the excess of the amount paid
to the Internal Revenue Service by the partnership, over the
partnership's section 1446 tax liability as determined by the sum of the
total
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tax creditable to each partner indicated on all Forms 8805 for the
taxable year. If a partnership issues Form 8805 to a partner, then the
partnership may not claim a refund for any amount of tax shown on that
form as paid on behalf of the partner. If a partnership incorrectly
withholds upon a United States person under section 1446 of the Internal
Revenue Code and issues a Form 8805 to that person, the partnership may
not file for a refund of the amount incorrectly withheld. Instead, the
United States person may file for a refund of that amount on its annual
return. For rules concerning refunds to withholding agents who pay 1446
tax on distributions of effectively connected income or gain under Sec.
1.1446-4 (i.e., publicly traded partnerships or nominees), see Sec.
1.1464-1.
(v) 1446 tax treated as cash distribution to partners. Except as
otherwise provided in this paragraph (d)(2)(v), a partnership's payment
of 1446 tax on behalf of a foreign partner is treated under section
1446(d) and this section as a deemed distribution of money to the
partner on the earliest of the day on which the partnership paid the
tax, the last day of the partnership's taxable year for which the amount
was paid, or the last day on which the partner owned an interest in the
partnership during the taxable year for which the tax was paid. However,
a deemed distribution of money under section 1446(d) resulting from a
partnership's installment payment of 1446 tax on behalf of a partner is
treated as an advance or drawing of money under Sec. 1.731-1(a)(1)(ii)
to the extent of the partner's distributive share of income for the
partnership taxable year. The rule treating a deemed distribution as an
advance or drawing of money under this paragraph (d)(2)(v) applies only
for purposes of determining the tax results of the deemed distribution
to the partner under sections 705, 731, and 733, and does not affect the
date that the partnership is considered to have paid any installment of
1446 tax for purposes of section 6655 (as applied through this section)
or the date a foreign partner is deemed to have paid estimated tax by
reason of such installment payment. See paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this
section (permitting a partner to credit 1446 tax paid on the partner's
behalf against the partner's estimated tax obligation). An amount
treated as an advance or drawing of money is taken into account at the
end of the partnership taxable year or the last day during the
partnership's taxable year on which the partner owned an interest in the
partnership. Any 1446 tax paid after the close of the partnership's
taxable year, including amounts paid with the filing of Form 8804, that
are on account of partnership ECTI allocated to partners for the prior
taxable year shall be treated under section 1446(d) and this section as
a distribution from the partnership on the earlier of the last day of
the partnership's prior taxable year for which the tax is paid, or the
last day in such prior taxable year on which such foreign partner held
an interest in the partnership.
(vi) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of
this section. In considering the examples, disregard the potential
application of paragraph (b)(2)(v)(F) of this section (relating to the
de minimis exception to paying 1446 tax). The examples are as follows:
Example 1. Simple trust that reports entire amount of ECTI. PRS is a
partnership that has two partners, FT, a foreign trust, and A, a U.S.
person. FT is a simple trust under section 651. FT and A each provide
PRS with a valid Form W-8BEN and Form W-9, respectively. FT has one
beneficiary, NRA, a nonresident alien. PRS and FT each maintain a
calendar taxable year. PRS estimated for each installment period during
the partnership's taxable year that FT would be allocated $100 of ECTI
for the taxable year, and that all such ECTI would be ordinary in
character. Assume that the allocation of the $100 would be respected
under section 704(b) and the regulations thereunder. PRS pays
installments of 1446 tax based upon its estimates and timely pays a
total of $35 of 1446 tax over the course of the partnership's taxable
year ($100 ECTI x .35). Assume that PRS' estimates of ECTI allocable to
FT during the taxable year equal the actual amount of ECTI allocable to
FT for the taxable year. Assume also that FT's only income for the
taxable year is the $100 of income from PRS, and that, pursuant to the
terms of the trust's governing instrument and local law, the $100 of
ECTI is not included in FT's fiduciary accounting income and the deemed
distribution of the $35 withholding tax paid under paragraph (d)(2)(v)
of this section is
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not included in FT's fiduciary accounting income. Accordingly, the $100
of ECTI is not income required to be distributed by FT, and FT may not
claim a deduction under section 651 for this amount. FT must report the
$100 of ECTI in its gross income and may claim a credit under section 33
as determined under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section of $35 for the
1446 tax paid by PRS. NRA is not required to include any of the ECTI in
gross income and accordingly may not claim a credit for any amount of
the $35 of 1446 tax PRS paid.
Example 2. Simple trust that distributes a portion of ECTI to the
beneficiary. Assume the same facts as in Example 1, except that PRS
distributes $60 to FT, which FT includes in its fiduciary accounting
income under local law. FT will report the $100 of ECTI in its gross
income and may claim a deduction for the $60 required to be distributed
under section 651(a) to NRA. Pursuant to paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this
section, FT may claim a $14 credit under section 33 for the 1446 tax PRS
paid ($40/$100 multiplied by $35). NRA is required to include the $60 of
the ECTI in gross income under section 652 (as ECTI) and may claim a $21
credit under section 33 for the 1446 tax PRS paid ($35 less $14 or $60/
$100 multiplied by $35).
Example 3. Complex trust that distributes entire ECTI to the
beneficiary. Assume the same facts as in Example 1, except that FT is a
complex trust under section 661. PRS distributes $60 to FT, which FT
includes in its fiduciary accounting income. FT distributes the $60 of
fiduciary accounting income to NRA and also properly distributes an
additional $40 to NRA from FT's principal. FT will report the $100 of
ECTI in its gross income and may deduct the $60 required to be
distributed to NRA under section 661(a)(1) and may deduct the $40
distributed to NRA under section 661(a)(2). Pursuant to paragraph
(d)(2)(iii) of this section, FT may not claim a credit under section 33
for any of the $35 of 1446 tax paid by PRS. NRA is required to include
$100 of the ECTI in gross income under section 662 (as ECTI) and may
claim a $35 credit under section 33 for the 1446 tax paid by PRS ($35
less $0).
(e) Liability of partnership for failure to withhold--(1) In
general. Every partnership required to pay 1446 tax is made liable for
that tax by section 1461. Therefore, a partnership that is required to
pay 1446 tax but fails to do so, or pays less than the amount required
under this section, is liable under section 1461 for the payment of the
tax required to be withheld under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code
and the regulations thereunder unless, and to the extent, the
partnership can demonstrate pursuant to paragraph (e)(2) of this
section, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner or his delegate, that a
foreign partner has paid the full amount of tax required to be paid by
such partner to the Internal Revenue Service. See paragraph (e)(3) of
this section and section 1463 regarding a partnership's liability for
penalties and interest even though a foreign partner has satisfied the
underlying tax liability. See also Sec. 1.1461-3 for applicable
penalties when a partnership fails to pay 1446 tax. See paragraph (b) of
this section for an addition to the tax under section 6655 when there is
an underpayment of 1446 tax.
(2) Proof that tax liability has been satisfied and deemed payment
of 1446 tax. Proof of payment of tax may be established for purposes of
paragraph (e)(1) of this section consistent with Sec. 1.1445-1(e)(3).
Under that standard, a partnership must provide sufficient information
to the IRS to determine that the partner's tax liability was satisfied
or established to be zero in accordance with the rules of this section.
Under this section, a partnership's liability for 1446 tax shall be
deemed to have been satisfied (deemed payment), to the extent of the
1446 tax due with respect to the ECTI allocable to a foreign partner, on
the later of the date that such partner is considered to have paid all
tax that is required to be shown on such partner's U.S. income tax
return under section 6513(a) and (b)(2) (prescribing the date tax is
considered paid for purposes of sections 6511(b)(2), (c), and 6512), or
the last date for payment of the 1446 tax without extensions (the
unextended due date for Form 8804). The deemed payment rule of this
paragraph (e)(2) shall apply for purposes sections of 1446, 1461, and
1463, and any additions to the tax, interest, or penalties potentially
applicable to such partnership under section 1446, including sections
6601, 6651, and 6655. Any deemed payment of 1446 tax under this
paragraph (e)(2) shall not be treated as a deemed distribution under
section 1446(d) and this section.
(3) Liability for interest, penalties, and additions to the tax--(i)
Partnership. Notwithstanding paragraph (e)(2) of this section, a
partnership that fails to
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pay 1446 tax is not relieved from liability under section 6655 (as
applied through this section) or for interest under section 6601, when
applicable. See Sec. 1.1463-1. Such liability may exist even if there
is no underlying tax liability due from a foreign partner on its
allocable share of partnership ECTI. The addition to the tax under
section 6655 or the interest charge under section 6601 that is required
by those sections shall be imposed as set forth in those sections, as
modified by this section. The section 6601 interest charge shall accrue
beginning on the last date prescribed for payment of the 1446 tax due
under section 1461 (which is the due date, without extensions, for
filing Form 8804). The section 6601 interest charge shall stop accruing
on the 1446 tax liability on the date, and to the extent, that the
unpaid tax liability under section 1446 is satisfied (or is deemed
satisfied under this paragraph (e)). Further, a partnership's liability
under section 6655 (as applied through this section) for any underpaid
installment payment shall accrue beginning on the relevant installment
payment date, and shall stop accruing on the earlier of the date (and to
the extent) that the 1446 tax liability is actually satisfied or the
date prescribed in paragraph (b)(2)(v)(C) of this section. See paragraph
(e)(4) of this section for examples illustrating that a partner's
payment of estimated tax has no effect on the partnership's calculation
of its addition to the tax under section 6655 and this section. See
Sec. 1.1461-3 for a list of the additions to tax, interest, and
penalties that may apply to a partnership that fails to comply with
section 1446. See Sec. 1.1446-6(d)(2)(i) for exceptions to the
application of the addition to the tax under section 6655 (as applied
through this section) when a partnership reasonably relies on a foreign
partner's certificate to reduce 1446 tax.
(ii) Foreign partner. A foreign partner is permitted to reduce any
addition to the tax under section 6654 or section 6655 by the amount of
any section 6655 addition to the tax paid by the partnership with
respect to the partnership's failure to pay adequate installment
payments of the 1446 tax on ECTI allocable to the foreign partner.
(4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of
this section. In considering the examples, disregard the potential
application of paragraph (b)(2)(v)(F) of this section (relating to the
de minimis exception to paying 1446 tax). Further, in each of the
examples where a partnership is deemed to have paid 1446 tax with
respect to ECTI allocable to a partner, it is assumed that the
partnership has presented to the IRS the appropriate information under
paragraph (e)(2) of this section for the IRS to conclude that the deemed
payment is appropriate. The examples are as follows:
Example 1. Foreign partnership fails to pay 1446 tax and sole
foreign partner fails to pay all tax required to be shown on partner's
U.S. income tax return. (i) PRS is a foreign partnership engaged in a
trade or business in the United States and has two equal partners, A, a
U.S. person, and B, a nonresident alien. PRS is described in Sec.
1.6081-5(a) (PRS keeps its books and records outside the United States
and Puerto Rico) and, therefore, is required to file Form 8804 by the
15th day of the 6th month following the close of its taxable year. Both
partners and PRS are calendar year taxpayers. PRS has received a valid
Form W-9 and W-8BEN from A and B, respectively, but has not received any
other documents or certificates. B is engaged in multiple trades or
businesses (including the PRS partnership) that give rise to effectively
connected income. PRS will use an acceptable annualization method under
this section for computing its 1446 tax.
(ii) In PRS's first year of operations (Year 1), PRS estimates for
each installment period described in Sec. 1.1446-3 that B will be
allocated $100 of ordinary ECTI for the taxable year. Therefore, for
each installment period PRS is required to pay one fourth of the tax on
the annualized ECTI allocable to B, or $8.75 (.25 x ($100 x .35)). PRS
fails to make any installment payments. PRS's operations actually result
in $100 of ECTI allocated to B. Therefore, PRS was required to have paid
1446 tax of $35 on or before the due date, without extensions, for
filing its Form 8804 which is June 15, Year 2 (the last date prescribed
for payment of the 1446 tax). PRS does not file Forms 8804 or 8805.
(iii) B pays estimated taxes and makes the following payments on the
following dates: June 15, Year 1--$20, September 15, Year 1--$15, and
January 15, Year 2--$10. B's total estimated tax payments equal $45. B
files its U.S. Federal income tax return timely on June 15, Year 2, and
reports all effectively connected income required to be shown on its
return. Assume that B's total correct tax liability as shown on the
return is $50. B does
[[Page 223]]
not make a payment with its return and so B still owes $5 to the
Internal Revenue Service (excluding any interest, penalties, and
additions to the tax that may apply). Assume that B is not subject to an
addition to the tax under section 6654.
(iv) Under the rules of paragraph (e)(2) of this section, for
purposes of sections 1446, 1461, and 1463, PRS is not considered to have
paid any 1446 tax because B has not paid all of B's U.S. income tax
liability.
(v) Further, under the principles of section 6655 and the rules of
Sec. 1.1446-3(e), a partner's estimated tax payments will not affect
the calculation of a partnership's addition to the tax. Accordingly, PRS
will be liable under the principles of section 6655 and Sec. 1.1446-3
for failing to withhold for each installment payment. The addition to
the tax will accrue beginning with the due date of each installment
payment on the $8.75 underpayment for each respective installment period
and will continue to accrue until June 15, Year 2 (the date prescribed
in paragraph (b)(2)(v)(C) of this section).
(vi) Further, beginning on June 15, Year 2 (the last date prescribed
for payment of 1446 tax without extensions), PRS will be liable for
interest under section 6601 with respect to the unpaid 1446 tax, $35.
This interest will stop accruing on the earlier of the date that the
1446 tax is paid by PRS or is deemed paid under paragraph (e)(2) of this
section by reason of B's payment of its full tax liability.
(vii) Further, beginning on June 15, Year 2 (the due date for filing
Form 8804), PRS will be liable for the addition to the tax under section
6651(a)(1) for failing to file Form 8804. This addition to the tax
accrues on the amount required to be shown as the 1446 tax liability on
Form 8804, $35. This addition to the tax will accrue at the rate of 5
percent per month until the date that PRS files Form 8804 for Year 1, or
the maximum accrual of the penalty (25 percent of the tax required to be
shown on the return) under that section has been reached.
(viii) PRS may be liable for other penalties and additions to the
tax for its failure to withhold or to furnish statements to its foreign
partner B. See Sec. 1.1461-3 for a list of the penalties that may
apply.
Example 2. Foreign partnership fails to pay 1446 tax but sole
foreign partner pays all tax required to be shown on the partner's U.S.
income tax return. The facts are the same as Example 1, except that B
pays $5 with the filing of B's return and has therefore paid all tax
required to be shown on B's return within the meaning of paragraph
(e)(2) of this section.
(i) For purposes of sections 1446, 1461, and 1463, PRS is deemed to
have paid its 1446 tax liability under paragraph (e)(2) of this section
as of the later of the date that B is considered to have paid its tax
under section 6513(a) and (b)(2) (June 15, Year 2) and the last date for
PRS to pay its 1446 tax without extensions (also June 15, Year 2).
Therefore, PRS is deemed to have paid all of its 1446 tax liability as
of June 15, Year 2. PRS has no continuing liability for 1446 tax under
section 1461, however, additions to the tax, interest, and penalties may
apply.
(ii) For purposes of section 6655 and Sec. 1.1446-3, under
paragraph (e)(2) PRS is deemed to have paid its 1446 tax on June 15,
Year 2. Even if B had fully paid its tax liability as of March 15, Year
2, the rule in paragraph (e)(2) of this section would not deem PRS to
have paid its 1446 tax until June 15, Year 2. As a result, B's estimated
tax payments will have no effect on PRS's calculation of its addition to
the tax. The addition to the tax under 6655 and Sec. 1.1446-3 shall
begin to accrue on each installment date with respect to the underpaid
installment ($8.75), and will stop accruing on June 15, Year 2, the date
prescribed in paragraph (b)(2)(v)(C) of this section.
(iii) Because PRS is deemed to have paid its full 1446 tax liability
as of June 15, Year 2 (the last date prescribed for payment of 1446 tax
without extensions), PRS is not subject to an interest charge under
section 6601, or a failure to file penalty under section 6651 (see
section 6651(b)(1)).
(iv) PRS may be liable for other penalties and additions to the tax
for its failure to withhold or to furnish statements to its foreign
partner B. See Sec. 1.1461-3 for a list of the penalties that may
apply.
(v) If PRS had several foreign partners, PRS would conduct the same
analysis as set forth above with respect to each partner. That is, under
paragraph (e) of this section, PRS may be deemed to have paid 1446 tax
with respect to the ECTI allocable to some but not all of its foreign
partners.
Example 3. Domestic partnership fails to pay 1446 tax but sole
foreign partner fully pays all tax required to be shown on partner's
U.S. income tax return. The facts are the same as Example 2, except that
PRS is a domestic partnership whose last date prescribed for paying 1446
tax without extensions (i.e., generally the unextended due date for Form
8804) is April 15, Year 2.
(i) For purposes of sections 1446, 1461, and 1463, PRS is deemed to
have paid its 1446 tax liability on the later of the date that B is
considered to have paid tax under section 6513(a) and (b)(2) (June 15,
Year 2) and the last date for paying 1446 tax without extensions (i.e.,
the unextended due date for Form 8804, April 15, Year 2). Accordingly,
PRS is not considered to have fully paid its 1446 tax liability until
June 15, Year 2. PRS has no continuing liability for 1446 tax under
section 1461, however, additions to the tax, interest, and penalties may
apply.
(ii) For purposes of section 6655 and Sec. 1.1446-3, PRS is subject
to an underpayment addition to the tax that accrues on the same amount
as in Example 1 and Example 2 because PRS is not deemed to have paid
1446
[[Page 224]]
tax under paragraph (e)(2) of this section until June 15, Year 2. The
addition to the tax will stop accruing on the date prescribed in
paragraph (b)(2)(v)(C) of this section (i.e., April 15, Year 2, the due
date, without extensions, for filing Form 8804).
(iii) For purposes of section 6601, as of the last date prescribed
for paying 1446 tax without extensions (April 15, Year 2), PRS has not
paid or been deemed to have paid any 1446 tax. Accordingly, the interest
charge under section 6601 shall begin to accrue on April 15, Year 2, and
shall accrue until the 1446 liability is paid or deemed to have been
paid. In this case, the interest charge will accrue until June 15, Year
2, the date that PRS is deemed to have paid its 1446 tax under paragraph
(e)(2) of this section.
(iv) For purposes of section 6651(a)(1), as of April 15, Year 2,
PRS's amount required to be shown as tax on its Form 8804 is $35. This
amount cannot be reduced under section 6651(b)(1) because PRS is not
deemed to have paid 1446 tax under paragraph (e)(2) of this section
until June 15, Year 2, a date falling after the last date for PRS to pay
its 1446 tax, April 15, Year 2. Accordingly, the failure to file penalty
will begin to accrue on April 15, Year 2 (filing due date for Form
8804), and shall stop accruing on the earlier of the date that PRS files
Form 8804 or the maximum accrual of the penalty (25 percent of the
amount required to be shown as tax on the return) is reached.
(v) PRS may be liable for other penalties and additions to the tax
for its failure to withhold or to furnish statements to its foreign
partner B. See Sec. 1.1461-3 for a list of the penalties that may
apply.
(f) Effect of withholding on partner. The payment of the 1446 tax by
a partnership does not excuse a foreign partner to which a portion of
ECTI is allocable from filing a U.S. tax or informational return, as
appropriate, with respect to that income. Information concerning
installment payments of 1446 tax paid during the partnership's taxable
year on behalf of a foreign partner shall be provided to such foreign
partner in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section and such
information may be taken into account by the foreign partner when
computing the partner's estimated tax liability during the taxable year.
Form 1040NR, ``U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return,'' Form 1065,
``U.S. Return of Partnership Income,'' Form 1120F, ``U.S. Income Tax
Return of a Foreign Corporation,'' or such other return as appropriate,
must be filed by the partner, and any tax due must be paid, by the
filing deadline (including extensions) generally applicable to such
person. Pursuant to paragraph (d) of this section, a partner may
generally claim a credit under section 33 for its share of any 1446 tax
paid by the partnership against the amount of income tax (or 1446 tax in
the case of tiers of partnerships) as computed in such partner's return.
See Sec. 1.1446-3(e)(3)(ii) for rules permitting a partner to reduce
its addition to tax under section 6654 or section 6655.
[T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28717, May 18, 2005, as amended by T.D. 9394, 73 FR
23074, Apr. 29, 2008]
Sec. 1.1446-4 Publicly traded partnerships.
(a) In general. This section sets forth rules for applying the
section 1446 withholding tax (1446 tax) to publicly traded partnerships.
A publicly traded partnership (as defined in paragraph (b) of this
section) that has effectively connected gross income, gain or loss must
pay 1446 tax by withholding from distributions to a foreign partner.
Publicly traded partnerships that withhold on distributions must pay
over and report any 1446 tax as provided in paragraph (c) of this
section, and generally are not to pay over and report the 1446 tax under
the rules in Sec. 1.1446-3. The amount of the withholding tax on
distributions, other than distributions excluded under paragraph (f) of
this section, that are made during any partnership taxable year, equals
the applicable percentage (defined in paragraph (b)(2) of this section)
of such distributions. For penalties and additions to the tax for
failure to comply with this section, see Sec. Sec. 1.1461-1 and 1.1461-
3.
(b) Definitions--(1) Publicly traded partnership. For purposes of
this section, the term publicly traded partnership has the same meaning
as in section 7704 (including the regulations thereunder), but does not
include a publicly traded partnership treated as a corporation under
that section.
(2) Applicable percentage. For purposes of this section, applicable
percentage shall have the meaning as set forth in Sec. 1.1446-3(a)(2),
except that the partnership or nominee required to pay 1446 tax may not
consider a preferential
[[Page 225]]
rate in computing the 1446 tax due with respect to a partner.
(3) Nominee. For purposes of this section, the term nominee means a
domestic person that holds an interest in a publicly traded partnership
on behalf of a foreign person.
(4) Qualified notice. For purposes of this section, a qualified
notice is a notice given by a publicly traded partnership regarding a
distribution that is attributable to effectively connected income, gain
or loss of the partnership, and in accordance with the notice
requirements with respect to dividends described in 17 CFR 240.10b-
17(b)(1) or (3) issued pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
(15 U.S.C. 78a). See paragraph (d) of this section regarding when a
nominee is considered to have received a qualified notice.
(c) Paying and reporting 1446 tax. The withholding tax required
under this section is to be paid pursuant to the rules and procedures of
section 1461, Sec. Sec. 1.1461-1, 1.1461-2, and 1.6302-2, as
supplemented by the rules of this section. However, the reimbursement
and set-off procedures set forth in Sec. 1.1461-2 shall not apply. A
withholding agent under this section must use Form 1042, ``Annual
Withholding Tax Return for U.S. Source Income of Foreign Persons,'' and
Form 1042-S, ``Foreign Person's U.S. Source Income Subject to
Withholding,'' to report withholding from distributions under this
section. See Sec. 1.1461-1(b). Further, a withholding agent under this
section may obtain a refund for 1446 tax paid in accordance with section
1464 and the regulations thereunder. See Sec. 1.1446-3(d)(1)(iv) and
(vii) (relating to a foreign trust or estate that holds an interest in a
publicly traded partnership) and Sec. 1.1446-5(d) (relating to a
publicly traded partnership that is part of a tiered partnership
structure) for additional guidance.
(d) Rules for designation of nominees to withhold tax under section
1446. A nominee that receives a distribution from a publicly traded
partnership subject to withholding under this section, and which is to
be paid to (or for the account of) any foreign person, may be treated as
a withholding agent under this section. A nominee is treated as a
withholding agent under this section only to the extent of the amount
specified in the qualified notice (as defined in paragraph (b)(4) of
this section) received by the nominee. A nominee is treated as receiving
a qualified notice at the time such notice is published in accordance
with 17 CFR 240.10b-17(b)(1) or (3). Where a nominee is designated as a
withholding agent with respect to a foreign partner of the partnership,
the obligation to withhold on distributions to such foreign partner in
accordance with the rules of this section shall be imposed solely on the
nominee. A nominee responsible for withholding under the rules of this
section shall be subject to liability under sections 1461 and 6655, as
well as all applicable penalties and interest, as if such nominee was a
partnership responsible for withholding under this section.
(e) Determining foreign status of partners. The rules of Sec.
1.1446-1 shall apply in determining whether a partner of a publicly
traded partnership is a foreign partner for purposes of the 1446 tax. A
partnership or nominee obligated to withhold under this section shall be
entitled to rely on any of the forms acceptable under Sec. 1.1446-1
received from persons on whose behalf it holds interests in the
partnership to the same extent a partnership is entitled to rely on such
forms under those rules.
(f) Distributions subject to withholding--(1) In general. Except as
provided in this paragraph (f)(1), a publicly traded partnership must
withhold at the applicable percentage with respect to any actual
distribution made to a foreign partner. The amount of a distribution
subject to 1446 tax includes the amount of any 1446 tax required to be
withheld on the distribution. In the case of a partnership (upper-tier
partnership) that receives a partnership distribution from another
partnership in which it is a partner (lower-tier partnership) (i.e., a
tiered structure described in Sec. 1.1446-5), any 1446 tax that was
paid by the lower-tier partnership may be credited by the upper-tier
partnership and shall be treated as a distribution under section 1446.
For example, a foreign publicly traded partnership, UTP, owns an
interest in domestic publicly traded partnership, LTP. LTP makes a
distribution subject to section 1446 of $100 to UTP during its taxable
year beginning
[[Page 226]]
January 1, 2005, and withholds 35 percent (the highest rate in section
1)($35) of that distribution under section 1446. UTP receives a net
distribution of $65 which it immediately redistributes to its partners.
UTP has a liability to pay 35 percent of the total actual and deemed
distribution it makes to its foreign partners as a section 1446
withholding tax. UTP may credit the $35 withheld by LTP against this
liability as if it were paid by UTP. See Sec. 1.1462-1(b) and Sec.
1.1446-5(b)(1). When UTP distributes the $65 it actually receives from
LTP to its partners, UTP is treated for purposes of section 1446 as if
it made a distribution of $100 to its partners ($65 actual distribution
and $35 deemed distribution). UTP's partners (U.S. and foreign) may
claim a credit against their U.S. income tax liability for their
allocable share of the $35 of 1446 tax paid on their behalf.
(2) In-kind distributions. If a publicly traded partnership
distributes property other than money, the partnership shall not release
the property until it has funds sufficient to enable the partnership to
pay over in money the required 1446 tax.
(3) Ordering rule relating to distributions. Distributions from
publicly traded partnerships are deemed to be paid out of the following
types of income in the order indicated--
(i) Amounts attributable to income described in section 1441 or 1442
that are not effectively connected, without regard to whether such
amounts are subject to withholding because of a treaty or statutory
exemption;
(ii) Amounts effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business,
but not subject to withholding under section 1446 (e.g., amounts exempt
by treaty);
(iii) Amounts subject to withholding under section 1446; and
(iv) Amounts not listed in paragraphs (f)(3)(i) through (iii) of
this section.
(4) Coordination with section 1445(e)(1). Except as otherwise
provided in this section, a publicly traded partnership that complies
with the requirements of withholding under section 1446 and this section
will be deemed to have satisfied the requirements of section 1445(e)(1)
and the regulations thereunder. Notwithstanding the excluded amounts set
forth in paragraph (f)(3) of this section, distributions subject to
withholding at the applicable percentage shall include the following--
(i) Amounts subject to withholding under section 1445(e)(1) upon
distribution pursuant to an election under Sec. 1.1445-5(c)(3) of the
regulations; and
(ii) Amounts not subject to withholding under section 1445 because
the distributee is a partnership or is a foreign corporation that has
made an election under section 897(i).
[T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28717, May 18, 2005]
Sec. 1.1446-5 Tiered partnership structures.
(a) In general. The rules of this section shall apply in cases where
a partnership (lower-tier partnership) that has effectively connected
taxable income (ECTI), has a partner that is a partnership (upper-tier
partnership). Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, if an
upper-tier domestic partnership directly owns an interest in a lower-
tier partnership, the lower-tier partnership is not required to pay the
section 1446 withholding tax (1446 tax) with respect to the upper-tier
partnership's allocable share of net income, regardless of whether the
upper-tier domestic partnership's partners are foreign. Paragraph (b) of
this section prescribes the reporting requirements for upper-tier and
lower-tier partnerships subject to section 1446. Paragraph (c) of this
section prescribes rules requiring a lower-tier partnership to look
through an upper-tier foreign partnership to a partner of such upper-
tier partnership to the extent it has sufficient documentation to
determine the status of such partner and determine such partner's
indirect share of the lower-tier partnership's effectively connected
taxable income (ECTI). Paragraph (d) of this section prescribes rules
applicable to a publicly traded partnership in a tiered partnership
structure. Paragraph (e) of this section prescribes rules permitting a
domestic upper-tier partnership to elect to apply the look through rules
of paragraph (c) of this section. Paragraph (f) of this section sets
forth examples illustrating the rules of this section.
(b) Reporting requirements--(1) In general. Notwithstanding
paragraph (c) of this section, to the extent that an
[[Page 227]]
upper-tier partnership that is a foreign partnership is a partner in a
lower-tier partnership, and the lower-tier partnership has paid 1446 tax
(including installment payments of such tax) with respect to ECTI
allocable to the upper-tier partnership, the lower-tier partnership
shall comply with Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-3 and provide the
upper-tier partnership notice of such payments and a copy of the
statements and forms filed with respect to the upper-tier partnership's
interest in the lower-tier partnership (e.g., Form 8805, ``Foreign
Partner's Information Statement of Section 1446 Withholding Tax''). The
upper-tier partnership may treat the 1446 tax (or any installment of
such tax) paid by the lower-tier partnership on its behalf as a credit
against its liability to pay 1446 tax (or any installment of such tax),
as if the upper-tier partnership actually paid over the amounts at the
time that the amounts were paid by the lower-tier partnership. See Sec.
1.1462-1(b) and Sec. 1.1446-3(d). To the extent required in Sec.
1.1446-3(d)(1)(iii), the upper-tier partnership will file Form 8804,
``Annual Return for Partnership Withholding Tax (Section 1446),'' and
Form 8805, ``Foreign Partner's Information Statement of Section 1446
Withholding Tax,'' for each of its foreign partners with respect to its
1446 tax obligation. To the extent the upper-tier partnership does not
claim a refund of the 1446 tax it paid (or is considered to have paid),
the upper-tier partnership will pass the credit for the 1446 tax paid to
its partners on the Forms 8805 it issues. See Sec. 1.1446-3(d). The
rules of this paragraph (b) shall apply to an upper-tier and lower-tier
partnership to the extent that an election has been made and consented
to under paragraph (e) of this section.
(2) Publicly traded partnerships. In the case of an upper-tier
foreign partnership that is a publicly traded partnership, the rules of
Sec. 1.1446-4(c) shall apply. See also paragraph (d) of this section.
(c) Look through rules for foreign upper-tier partnerships. For
purposes of computing the 1446 tax obligation of a lower-tier
partnership, if an upper-tier foreign partnership owns an interest in
the lower-tier partnership, the upper-tier partnership's allocable share
of ECTI from the lower-tier partnership shall be treated as allocable to
a partner of the upper-tier partnership, to the extent of such partner's
indirect share of such ECTI (as if such partner were a direct partner in
the lower-tier partnership), if--
(1) The upper-tier foreign partnership furnishes the lower-tier
partnership a valid Form W-8IMY, ``Certificate of Foreign Intermediary,
Flow Through Entity, or Certain U.S. Branches for United States Tax
Withholding,'' indicating that it is a look-through foreign partnership
for purposes of section 1446; and
(2) The lower-tier partnership can reliably associate (within the
meaning of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)) effectively connected partnership
items allocable to the upper-tier partnership (and indirectly to such
partner) with a Form W-8 (e.g., Form W-8BEN), Form W-9, ``Request for
Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification,'' or other form
acceptable under Sec. 1.1446-1, establishing the status of such partner
provided by the upper-tier partnership. The lower-tier partnership
required to pay 1446 tax must be able to provide the information
necessary for the IRS to determine the chain of ownership, allocation of
effectively connected items at each partnership level, as well as to the
ultimate beneficial owner of the effectively connected items, and
whether the amount of 1446 tax paid was appropriate. This information
should permit each partnership in the tiered structure and the IRS to
reliably associate any effectively connected items allocable to such
upper-tier partnership, as well as to the ultimate beneficial owner of
the effectively connected items. The principles of Sec. 1.1441-
1(b)(2)(vii) shall apply to determine whether a lower-tier partnership
can reliably associate effectively connected partnership items allocable
to the upper-tier partnership with a partner of the upper-tier
partnership. To the extent the lower-tier partnership receives a valid
Form W-8IMY from the upper-tier partnership but cannot reliably
associate a portion of the upper-tier partnership's allocable share of
effectively connected partnership items
[[Page 228]]
with a partner of such upper-tier partnership, then the lower-tier
partnership shall pay 1446 tax on such portion at the higher of the
applicable percentages in section 1446(b). See Sec. 1.1446-3(a)(2) for
the treatment of any income or gain potentially subject to a
preferential rate. If a lower-tier partnership has not received a valid
Form W-8IMY from the upper-tier partnership, the lower-tier partnership
shall withhold on the upper-tier partnership's entire allocable share of
ECTI at the higher of the applicable percentages in section 1446(b). The
look through regime set forth in this paragraph (c) is for purposes of
computing the lower-tier partnership's 1446 tax obligation only and does
not alter the persons considered to be partners in the lower-tier
partnership for partnership reporting purposes (e.g., issuing Form 8805,
Schedule K-1).
(d) Publicly traded partnerships--(1) Upper-tier publicly traded
partnership. The rules set forth in paragraph (c) shall not apply to
look through an upper-tier partnership whose interests are publicly
traded (as defined in Sec. 1.1446-4(b)(1)).
(2) Lower-tier publicly traded partnership. The look through rules
of paragraph (c) of this section shall apply, if the requirements of
that paragraph are met, to a lower-tier partnership that is a publicly
traded partnership within the meaning of Sec. 1.1446-4(b)(1) only if
the upper-tier partnership is not described in paragraph (d)(1) of this
section. For example, a lower-tier publicly traded partnership (or
nominee) shall look through an upper-tier foreign partnership (or
domestic partnership to the extent an election is made and consented to
under paragraph (e) of this section) when computing its 1446 tax
liability, provided the upper-tier partnership is not a publicly traded
partnership and the appropriate documentation needed to satisfy the
standards set forth in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii) and paragraph (c) of
this section have been furnished.
(e) Election by a domestic upper-tier partnership to apply look
through rules--(1) In general. Subject to the rules of this paragraph
(e), a domestic partnership that is a partner in a lower-tier
partnership may elect to apply the rules of this section 1.1446-5 and
have the lower-tier partnership look through such upper-tier partnership
to the partners of such domestic partnership for purposes of computing
the lower-tier partnership's 1446 tax liability. A domestic partnership
shall make this election by attaching to the Form W-9 submitted to the
lower-tier partnership, a written statement and information (described
in paragraph (e)(2) of this section) that identifies the upper-tier
partnership as a domestic partnership and that states that such
partnership is making the election under this paragraph (e). This
paragraph (e)(1) shall not apply to a publicly traded partnership
described in Sec. 1.1446-4(b)(1). See paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
(2) Information required for valid election statement. In addition
to the requirements of paragraphs (e)(1) and (3) of this section, the
election statement submitted under this paragraph (e)(2) is not valid
and cannot be accepted by the lower-tier partnership pursuant to
paragraph (e)(3) of this section unless the upper-tier partnership
attaches valid documentation pursuant to Sec. 1.1446-1 (e.g., Form W-
8BEN) with respect to one or more of its foreign partners. The
information and documentation submitted with the election must comply
with the rules of this section to permit the lower-tier partnership to
reliably associate (within the meaning of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)) at
least a portion of the upper-tier partnership's allocable share of ECTI
with one or more foreign partners of the upper-tier partnership. The
election statement must identify the upper-tier partnership by name,
address, and TIN, and specify the percentage interest the domestic
partnership holds in the lower-tier partnership. The statement may also
include such information the upper-tier partnership deems necessary to
enable the lower-tier partnership to apply the provisions of this
section. If at any time the upper-tier partnership determines that the
information or documentation previously provided to the lower-tier
partnership is no longer correct, the upper-tier partnership shall
update such information and documentation. Except as provided in
paragraph (e)(3) of this section, an election that is effective under
this paragraph (e) shall apply for
[[Page 229]]
subsequent taxable years until such upper-tier partnership revokes the
election in writing. A revocation under this section shall be effective
for any installment due date arising more than 15 days subsequent to the
date that the lower-tier partnership receives such revocation.
(3) Consent of lower-tier partnership. An election made under this
paragraph (e) is not effective until the lower-tier partnership consents
in writing to the upper-tier partnership that it agrees to apply the
provisions of this section. A lower-tier partnership may not consent to
an election submitted under this paragraph (e) for any installment date
or Form 8804 filing date arising within 15 days of the lower-tier
partnership's receipt of such election. The lower-tier partnership's
written consent must specify the extent to which it will look through
the upper-tier partnership in computing its 1446 tax (or any installment
of such tax). To the extent that the lower-tier partnership does not
consent to an election to apply the look through provisions of paragraph
(c) of this section, the lower-tier partnership shall consider such
portion of the upper-tier partnership's allocable share of ECTI as
allocable to a domestic person for purposes of computing its 1446 tax
obligation. A lower-tier partnership that has consented to an election
under this paragraph (e) may revoke or modify its consent, in writing,
at any time.
(f) Examples. The following examples illustrate the provisions of
this section. In considering the examples, disregard the potential
application of Sec. 1.l446-3(b)(2)(v)(F) (relating to the de minimis
exception to paying 1446 tax). The examples are as follows:
Example 1. Sufficient documentation--tiered partnership structure.
(i) Nonresident alien (NRA) and foreign corporation (FC) are partners in
PRS, a foreign partnership, and share profits and losses in PRS 70 and
30 percent, respectively. All of PRS's partnership items are allocated
based upon each partner's respective ownership interest and it is
assumed that these allocations are respected under section 704(b) and
the regulations thereunder. NRA and FC each furnish PRS with a valid
Form W-8BEN establishing themselves as a foreign individual and foreign
corporation, respectively. PRS holds a 40 percent interest in the
profits, losses and capital of LTP, a lower-tier partnership. NRA holds
the remaining 60 percent interest in profits, losses and capital of LTP.
All of LTP's partnership items are allocated based upon each partner's
respective ownership interest and it is assumed that these allocations
are respected under section 704(b) and the regulations thereunder. LTP
has $100 of annualized ECTI for the relevant installment period. All of
this income is ordinary income and there is no potential application of
a preferential rate applicable percentage under Sec. 1.1446-3(a)(2).
Further, Sec. 1.1446-6 does not apply. PRS has no income other than the
income allocated from LTP. PRS provides LTP with a valid Form W-8IMY
indicating that it is a foreign partnership and attaches the valid Form
W-8BENs executed by NRA and FC, as well as a statement describing the
allocation of PRS's effectively connected items among its partners. The
information that PRS submits to LTP is sufficient to permit LTP to
reliably associate (within the meaning of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii))
PRS's allocable share of effectively connected items with NRA and FC
pursuant to this section. Further, NRA provides a valid Form W-8BEN to
LTP.
(ii) LTP must pay 1446 tax on the $60 allocable to its direct
partner NRA using the applicable percentage for non-corporate partners
(the highest rate in section 1).
(iii) With respect to the effectively connected partnership items
that LTP can reliably associate with NRA through PRS (70 percent of
PRS's 40 percent allocable share ($40), or $28), LTP will pay 1446 tax
on NRA's allocable share of LTP's ECTI (as determined by looking through
PRS) using the applicable percentage for non-corporate partners (the
highest rate in section 1).
(iv) With respect to the effectively connected partnership items
that LTP can reliably associate with FC through PRS (30 percent of PRS's
40 percent allocable share ($40), or $12), LTP will pay 1446 tax on FC's
allocable share of LTP's ECTI (as determined by looking through PRS)
using the applicable percentage for corporate partners (the highest rate
in section 11).
(v) LTP's payment of the 1446 tax is treated as a distribution to
NRA and PRS, its direct partners, that those partners may credit against
their respective tax obligations. PRS will report its 1446 tax
obligation with respect to its direct foreign partners, NRA and FC, on
the Form 8804 and Forms 8805 that it files with the Internal Revenue
Service pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section and will credit the
amount withheld by LTP on its Form 8804. This credit will satisfy PRS's
1446 tax liability as reported on the Form 8804 it files because PRS's
only income is from LTP, and LTP paid 1446 tax with respect to all of
PRS's allocable share in LTP by looking through to PRS's partners NRA
and FC. Further, PRS will pass along the credit for the 1446 tax
withheld by LTP to its
[[Page 230]]
partners, NRA and FC on the Form 8805 issued to each partner. The credit
passed to each partner on Form 8805 will be treated as a distribution to
the respective partners under section 1446(d).
Example 2. Insufficient documentation--tiered partnership structure.
(i) LTP is a domestic partnership that has two equal partners A and PRS.
A is a nonresident alien and PRS is a foreign partnership that has two
equal foreign partners, C and D. Neither A nor PRS provides LTP with a
valid Form W-8 or Form W-9. Neither C nor D provides PRS with a valid
Form W-8 or Form W-9. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1446-1(c)(3), LTP must presume
that PRS is a foreign person subject to withholding under section 1446
at the higher of the highest rate under section 1 or section 11(b)(1).
LTP has also not received any documentation with respect to A. LTP must
presume that A is a foreign person, and, if LTP knows that A is an
individual, compute and pay 1446 tax, subject to Sec. 1.1446-3(a)(2),
based on that knowledge.
(ii) Assume a change of facts where C provides a form W-8 (e.g.,
Form W-8BEN) to PRS, and PRS in turn, furnishes that form to LTP along
with its Form W-8IMY, and information regarding how effectively
connected items are allocated to C and D. Based upon the additional
facts, LTP can reliably associate one-half of PRS's allocable share of
ECTI with documentation related with C. Therefore, under paragraph
(c)(2) of this section, LTP will look through PRS to C when computing
its 1446 tax to the extent of C's indirect share and will not look
through with respect to the remainder of PRS's allocable share (D's
indirect share).
[T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28717, May 18, 2005, as amended by T.D. 9394, 73 FR
23074, Apr. 29, 2008]
Sec. 1.1446-6 Special rules to reduce a partnership's 1446 tax with
respect to a foreign partner's allocable share of effectively connected
taxable income.
(a) In general--(1) Purpose and scope. This section provides rules
regarding when a partnership required to pay withholding tax under
section 1446 (1446 tax), or an installment of 1446 tax, may consider
certain partner-level deductions and losses in computing its 1446 tax
obligation under Sec. 1.1446-3, or otherwise not pay a de minimis
amount of 1446 tax due with respect to a nonresident alien individual
partner. A partnership determines the applicability of the rules of this
section on a partner-by-partner basis for each installment period and
when completing its Form 8804, ``Annual Return for Partnership
Withholding Tax (Section 1446),'' and paying 1446 tax for the
partnership taxable year. Except with respect to certain state and local
taxes paid by the partnership on behalf of the partner, to apply the
rules of this section with respect to a foreign partner, the partnership
must receive a certificate from such partner for each partnership
taxable year. Paragraph (b) of this section identifies the foreign
partners to which this section applies. Paragraph (c) of this section
identifies the deductions and losses that a foreign partner may certify
to the partnership as well as the state and local taxes paid by the
partnership on behalf of the foreign partner that can be taken into
account without a certification, and establishes an exception that
permits a partnership to not pay a de minimis amount of 1446 tax with
respect to a nonresident alien partner. Paragraph (c) of this section
also sets forth the requirements for a valid certificate. Paragraphs
(a)(2) and (d) of this section establish when a partnership may rely on
and consider a foreign partner's certificate in computing its 1446 tax,
and the effects of relying on such a certificate. Paragraph (d) of this
section also describes the effects of a partnership relying on a
certificate (including an updated certificate) and the reporting
requirements of a partnership with respect to a certificate. Paragraph
(e) of this section sets forth examples that illustrate the rules of
this section. Paragraph (f) of this section provides the Effective/
Applicability date. Paragraph (g) of this section provides a transition
rule.
(2) Reasonable reliance on a certificate. Subject to Sec. 1.1446-2
and the rules of this section, a partnership receiving a certificate
(including an updated certificate or status update under paragraph
(c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section) of deductions and losses from a partner
provided in accordance with the provisions of this section may
reasonably rely on such certificate (to the extent of the certified
deductions and losses or other
[[Page 231]]
representations set forth in the certificate) until such time that it
has actual knowledge or reason to know that the certificate is defective
or that the time for receiving an updated certificate or status update
from the partner under paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section has
expired. For this purpose, a partnership shall be considered to have
actual knowledge or reason to know that a certificate is defective upon
receipt of written notification from the IRS under paragraph (c)(3) or
(c)(5) of this section.
(b) Foreign partner to whom this section applies--(1) In general.
Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a
foreign partner to whom this section applies is a foreign partner that
meets the requirements of this paragraph (b)(1).
(i) The partner has provided valid documentation to the partnership
to which a certificate is submitted under this section in accordance
with Sec. 1.1446-1.
(ii) If the partner's current taxable year is the first taxable year
in which the partner submits a certificate to any partnership, the
partner has filed (or will file) a qualifying U.S. income tax return for
each of its three taxable years ending before the end of the
partnership's taxable year for which the partner is submitting a
certificate (regardless of whether it was a partner in that partnership
during each of these years). A qualifying U.S. income tax return for a
taxable year that is prior to the first taxable year the partner submits
a certificate to any partnership is a U.S. income tax return filed
within the time specified in paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section.
(iii) If the current taxable year of the partner is not the first
taxable year in which the partner submits a certificate to any
partnership, the partner met the requirements in paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of
this section for the first taxable year in which it submitted a
certificate to any partnership and has filed (or will file) a qualifying
U.S. income tax return for its first taxable year in which it submitted
a certificate to any partnership and each subsequent taxable year ending
before the beginning of the current taxable year (regardless of whether
it was a partner in any partnership during each of those years). A
qualifying U.S. income tax return for a taxable year that is prior to
the taxable year the partner submits a certificate to any partnership is
a U.S. income tax return filed within the time specified in paragraph
(b)(2)(iii) of this section.
(iv) The partner files a qualifying U.S. income tax return (within
the meaning of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section) for its taxable
year in which a certificate is provided to any partnership.
(2) Definitions--(i) U.S. income tax return. A U.S. income tax
return means a Form 1040NR, ``U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax
Return,'' in the case of a nonresident alien individual and a Form
1120F, ``U.S. Income Tax Return of a Foreign Corporation,'' in the case
of a foreign corporation.
(ii) Timely-filed. Only for purposes of this section, a U.S. income
tax return shall be considered timely-filed if the return is filed on or
before the due date set forth in section 6072(c), plus any extension of
time to file such return granted under section 6081.
(iii) Qualifying U.S. income tax return. A U.S. income tax return
shall constitute a qualifying U.S. income tax return if the return
reports income or gain that is effectively connected with a U.S. trade
or business or deductions or losses properly allocated and apportioned
to such activities and if the return is described in paragraph
(b)(2)(iii)(A), (B), or (C) of this section. A protective return
described in Sec. 1.874-1(b)(6) or Sec. 1.882-4(a)(3)(vi) is not a
qualifying U.S. income tax return for purposes of this section.
(A) A U.S. income tax return for a partner's preceding taxable year
in which it did not submit a certificate to any partnership (but not
including a taxable year following the first taxable year in which the
partner submitted a certificate to any partnership), with a due date as
set forth in section 6072(c), not including any extensions of time to
file, which falls before the beginning of the current partnership
taxable year for which the certificate is provided is described in this
paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) if the return is filed and all amounts due with
respect to such return (including interest, penalties,
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and additions to tax, if any) are paid on or before the earlier of--
(1) The date that is one year after the due date set forth in
section 6072(c) for such return, not including any extensions of time to
file; or
(2) The date on which the certificate for the current partnership
taxable year is submitted to the partnership.
(B) A U.S. income tax return for a partner's preceding taxable year
in which it did not submit a certificate to any partnership (but not
including a taxable year following the first taxable year in which the
partner submitted a certificate to any partnership), with a due date as
set forth in section 6072(c), not including any extensions of time to
file, which falls within the current partnership taxable year for which
the certificate is provided is described in this paragraph
(b)(2)(iii)(B) if the return is timely-filed and all amounts due with
respect to such return are timely paid.
(C) A U.S. income tax return for a taxable year in which the partner
submits a certificate to any partnership and for a taxable year
following the first taxable year in which the partner submits a
certificate to any partnership is described in this paragraph
(b)(2)(iii)(C) if the return is timely-filed and all amounts due with
such return are timely paid with respect to such return.
(3) Special rules--(i) In the case of a partnership (upper-tier
partnership) that is a partner in another partnership (lower-tier
partnership)--
(A) The rules of this section may apply to reduce or eliminate the
1446 tax (or any installment of such tax) of the lower-tier partnership
with respect to a foreign partner of the upper-tier partnership only to
the extent the provisions of Sec. 1.1446-5 apply to look through the
upper-tier partnership to the foreign partner of such upper-tier
partnership and the certificate described in paragraph (c) of this
section is provided by such foreign partner to the upper-tier
partnership and, in turn, provided to the lower-tier partnership with
other appropriate documentation (see Sec. 1.1446-5(c) and (e));
(B) An upper-tier partnership that submits a certificate of
deductions and losses or a de minimis certificate to a lower-tier
partnership may not submit that certificate to another lower-tier
partnership;
(C) An upper-tier partnership that relies on a certificate submitted
to it by a foreign partner under this section for computing its 1446 tax
due on effectively connected taxable income (ECTI) allocable to that
partner (other than ECTI allocable to it from a lower-tier partnership)
may not submit that certificate to any lower-tier partnership; and
(D) In addition to any other information required by this section, a
lower-tier partnership must submit with a Form 8813, ``Partnership
Withholding Tax Payment Voucher (Section 1446),'' and Form 8805,
``Foreign Partner's Information Statement of Section 1446 Withholding
Tax,'' for which it relies on a certificate from an upper-tier
partnership to reduce the 1446 tax due with respect to a foreign partner
of the upper-tier partnership, sufficient information so that the IRS
may reliably associate the ECTI and the certificate of deductions and
losses with the partner in the upper-tier partnership submitting the
certificate, including the name, taxpayer identification number (TIN)
and allocation of effectively connected items at each partnership tier,
as well as to the ultimate upper-tier partner submitting the
certificate.
(ii) This section shall not apply to a partner that is a foreign
estate or its beneficiaries.
(iii) This section shall not apply to a partner that is a trust or
to its beneficiaries, except to the extent that such trust is owned by a
grantor or other person under subpart E of subchapter J of the Internal
Revenue Code, the documentation requirements of Sec. 1.1446-1 have been
met by the grantor or other owner of such trust, and the certificate
described in paragraph (c) of this section is provided by the grantor or
other owner of such trust to the partnership.
(iv) This section shall not apply to a partner in a publicly-traded
partnership subject to Sec. 1.1446-4.
(c) Reduction of 1446 tax with respect to a foreign partner--(1)
General rules. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section a foreign
partner to whom this section applies may certify to a partnership for a
partnership taxable year that it has
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certain deductions (other than charitable deductions) and losses
properly allocated and apportioned to gross income that is effectively
connected (or treated as effectively connected) with the conduct of the
partner's trade or business in the United States, and that the partner
reasonably expects those deductions and losses to be available and
claimed on the partner's U.S. income tax return to be filed for that
taxable year. Under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, a nonresident
alien individual partner to whom this section applies may also certify
to a partnership for a partnership taxable year that its only investment
or activity giving rise to effectively connected items for the
partnership's taxable year that ends with or within the partner's
taxable year is (and will be) the partner's investment in the
partnership. A certificate submitted by a foreign partner to a
partnership under this section must be in accordance with the form and
requirements set forth in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section. Under
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section, a partnership may take into
account certain state and local taxes withheld by the partnership on
behalf of the partner.
(i) Certified deductions and losses--(A) Deductions and losses from
the partnership. Under this paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A), a partner may
certify to a partnership for a partnership taxable year deductions
(other than charitable deductions) and losses properly allocated and
apportioned to gross income which is effectively connected (or treated
as effectively connected) with the conduct of the partner's trade or
business in the United States, that are reported on a Form 1065
(Schedule K-1), ``Partner's Share of Income, Credits, Deductions,
etc.,'' issued (or to be issued) to the partner by the partnership for a
prior partnership taxable year, that are (or will be) reported on a
qualifying U.S. income tax return for a partner's taxable year that ends
before the installment due date or the close of the partnership taxable
year for which the partner is certifying such deductions and losses, and
that the partner reasonably expects to be available and claimed on a
qualifying U.S. income tax return for the partner's taxable year ending
with or after the close of the partnership taxable year. A partner that
has a loss reported on a Form 1065 (Schedule K-1) issued (or to be
issued) to the partner by the partnership for a prior partnership
taxable year, but that is not (and will not be) reported on a qualifying
U.S. income tax return for a prior taxable year of the partner because
the loss is suspended under section 704(d) may also certify such
suspended loss to the partnership under this paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A).
(B) Deductions and losses from other sources. Under this paragraph
(c)(1)(i)(B), a foreign partner may certify to a partnership for a
partnership taxable year deductions (other than charitable deductions)
and losses properly allocated and apportioned to gross income that is
effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected) with the
conduct of the partner's trade or business in the United States and that
are from sources other than the partnership to whom the certificate is
submitted if the deductions and losses are (or will be) reported on a
qualifying U.S. income tax return of the partner for a taxable year that
ends before the installment due date or the close of the partnership
taxable year for which the partner is certifying the deductions and
losses and the partner reasonably expects the deductions and losses to
be available and claimed on the qualifying U.S. income tax return filed
for its taxable year ending with or after the close of the partnership
taxable year. Any deductions and losses certified under this paragraph
(c)(1)(i)(B) that are allocated to the partner from another partnership
must be reported on a Form 1065 (Schedule K-1) issued (or to be issued)
to the partner by such other partnership. However, the partner may not
certify any deduction or loss allocated to it from another partnership
that is suspended under section 704(d).
(C) Limit on the consideration of a partner's net operating loss
deduction. A partnership may not consider a net operating loss deduction
(as determined under section 172) certified by the partner under this
paragraph (c)(1)(i) in an amount greater than the percentage limitation,
if any, provided in section 56(a)(4) and (d) multiplied by the partner's
allocable share of ECTI from the
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partnership reduced by all other certified deductions and losses whether
or not taken into account by the partnership, as well as deductions
considered under paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section.
(D) Limitation on losses subject to certain partner level
limitations. Pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, a partner
must identify any certified losses or deductions that are subject to
special limitations at the partner level (for example, sections 465 and
469) and provide information to the partnership that will allow the
partnership to take the special limitations into account. For example,
where a partner certifies a loss to the partnership that is a passive
activity loss under section 469, the partner shall identify the
activities the partnership conducts that the partner expects will be
passive activities. The partnership shall then ensure that these
limitations are taken into account when determining the 1446 tax due
with respect to the partner.
(E) Certification of deductions and losses to other partnerships.
Deductions and losses certified to a partnership for a taxable year of
the partnership may not be certified for the taxable year of another
partnership that begins or ends with or within the taxable year of the
partnership to which the deductions and losses were certified.
(F) Partner level use of deductions and losses certified to a
partnership. Any deductions and losses certified to a partnership for a
taxable year of the partner and considered by the partnership in
computing its section 1446 tax due may not be considered by that partner
for the same taxable year in computing the amount of its required
installments under section 6654(d) or 6655(d) on income unrelated to the
partnership to which the partner has submitted the certificate.
(ii) De minimis certificate for nonresident alien individual
partners--(A) In general. Under this paragraph (c)(1)(ii), a nonresident
alien individual partner to whom this section applies and that satisfies
the requirements of paragraph (c)(1)(ii)(B) of this section may certify
to a partnership that its only activity giving rise to effectively
connected income, gain, deduction, or loss for the partnership's taxable
year that ends with or within the partner's taxable year is (and will
be) the partner's investment in the partnership. A partnership that
receives a certificate from a nonresident alien partner under this
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) and that may reasonably rely on such certificate is
not required to pay 1446 tax (or any installment of such tax) with
respect to such partner if the partnership estimates that the annualized
(or, in the case of a partnership completing its Form 8804, the actual)
1446 tax otherwise due with respect to such partner is less than $1,000,
without taking into account any deductions or losses certified by the
partner to the partnership under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section or
any amounts under paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section.
(B) Requirements for exception. The requirements of this paragraph
(c)(1)(ii)(B) are met if the nonresident individual alien partner's only
activity giving rise to effectively connected income, gain, deduction,
or loss for the partnership taxable year that ends with or within the
partner's taxable year is (and will be) the partner's investment in the
partnership. For this purpose, if the partner has (or has reason to
expect to have) income or gain described in section 864(c)(6), such
income or gain shall be considered derived from a separate investment
activity. A certificate submitted by a nonresident alien individual
partner under this paragraph (c)(1)(ii) is valid even if such
certificate does not certify deductions and losses to partnership under
this section. A nonresident alien individual partner that submits a
certificate to a partnership under this paragraph (c)(1)(ii) must notify
the partnership in writing and revoke such certificate within 10 days of
the date that the partner invests or otherwise engages in another
activity that may give rise to effectively connected income, gain,
deduction, or loss for the partner's taxable year. For example, while an
investment in a U.S. real property interest (as defined in section
897(c)) would not give rise to an activity requiring a notification
(unless an election is in effect under section 871(d)), the disposition
of the U.S. real property interest would give rise to an activity
requiring a notification.
[[Page 235]]
(iii) Consideration of certain current year state and local taxes.
In addition to any deductions and losses certified by a foreign partner
to a partnership under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, the
partnership may consider as a deduction of such partner 90-percent of
any state and local income taxes withheld and remitted by the
partnership on behalf of such partner with respect to the partner's
allocable share of partnership ECTI. The partnership may consider the
amount of state and local taxes of the foreign partner determined under
this paragraph (c)(1)(iii) regardless of whether the foreign partner
submits a certificate to the partnership under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or
(ii) of this section.
(2) Form and time of certification--(i) Form of certification. A
partner's certification to a partnership under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or
(iii) of this section shall be made using Form 8804-C, ``Certificate Of
Partner-Level Items to Reduce Section 1446 Withholding'' in accordance
with the instructions of the form and the rules of this section.
(ii) Time for certification provided to partnership--(A) First
certificate submitted for a partnership's taxable year. Provided the
other requirements of this section are met, a partnership may only rely
on the first certificate received from a foreign partner for any 1446
tax installment due or Form 8804 filing due (without regard to
extensions) on or after the date on which the certificate is received.
See Sec. 1.1446-3 for 1446 tax installment due dates. See also
paragraph (e) of this section for examples illustrating the rules of
this paragraph (c)(2).
(B) Updated certificates and status updates--(1) Preceding year tax
returns not yet filed. If a foreign partner's U.S. income tax return for
a preceding taxable year has not been filed as of the time the partner
submits to the partnership its first certificate under this paragraph
(c), the certificate shall specify this fact and set forth the filing
due date for such return set forth in section 6072(c), plus any
extension of time to file such return granted under section 6081 and the
regulations under section 6081. The partner shall also submit an updated
certificate to the partnership in accordance with this paragraph (c)
within 10 days of the date the partner files its U.S. income tax return
for any such taxable year. In addition, prior to the partnership's final
1446 tax installment due date the partner shall provide to the
partnership, under penalties of perjury, a status update regarding any
U.S. income tax return for the prior taxable year that has not (or will
not) be filed as of the final installment due date. The status update
must identify the due date, set forth in section 6072(c), plus any
extension of time to file such return granted under section 6081 and the
regulations under section 6081, for any un-filed return identified in
the first certificate and state whether the first certificate submitted
may continue to be considered by the partnership. If the partnership
does not receive an updated certificate or a status update from the
partner prior to the partnership's final installment due date, the
partnership shall disregard the partner's certificate when computing the
1446 tax due with respect to that partner for the final installment
period and when completing its Form 8804 for the taxable year. In
addition, the foreign partner shall not be permitted to submit an
additional or substitute certificate for the disregarded certificate.
See Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2)(i) for computation requirements for installment
payments of 1446 tax when a partnership receives, or fails to receive,
an updated certificate or status update. See also paragraph (e)(2)
Examples 4 and 8 of this section. Notwithstanding this paragraph
(c)(2)(ii)(B)(1), a partner that can meet the requirements of this
section for a subsequent partnership taxable year may submit a
certificate to the partnership under this section for such taxable year.
(2) Other circumstances requiring an updated certificate. If at any
time during the partnership taxable year the partner determines that its
most recent certificate furnished to the partnership for such taxable
year is incorrect, then the partner shall submit to the partnership an
updated certificate in accordance with this paragraph (c) within 10 days
of such determination. For example, if the partner determines that the
amount or character of the
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certified deductions or losses is incorrect, the partner shall submit an
updated certificate to the partnership. See Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2)(i) for
computation requirements for installment payments of 1446 tax when a
partnership receives an updated certificate.
(3) Form and content of updated certificate. The updated certificate
required by this paragraph (c)(2)(ii) must be provided using the form
and instructions identified in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. The
updated certificate must indicate that it is an updated certificate
filed in accordance with this paragraph (c)(2)(ii). The partner is not
required to attach to the updated certificate a copy of the certificate
that is being updated (superseded certificate).
(4) Partnership consideration of an updated certificate. A
partnership may consider an updated certificate, that meets the
requirements of this paragraph (c), that is received prior to an
installment due date in the same partnership taxable year for which the
superseded certificate was provided, or prior to the due date of its
Form 8804 (without regard to extensions) to be filed for the year the
superseded certificate was provided. A partnership must consider an
updated certificate that meets all the requirements of this paragraph
(c) if it would increase the amount of 1446 tax the partnership would
pay by the next installment due date, if any, or the due date of its
Form 8804. An updated certificate considered by the partnership under
this paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B)(4) supersedes all prior certificates
submitted by the foreign partner for the same partnership taxable year,
beginning with the installment period or Form 8804 filing date for which
the partnership considers the updated certificate. See paragraph (e)(2)
Example 4 of this section.
(3) Notification to partnership when a partner's certificate cannot
be relied upon. If the IRS determines, in its discretion based on all
the facts and circumstances, that a foreign partner's certificate is
defective (or that it lacks information sufficient to make this
determination after providing written request for such information to
the partnership), the IRS shall notify the partnership of such
determination in writing. Upon receipt of such written notification, the
partnership shall not rely on any certificate submitted by that foreign
partner for the partnership taxable year to which the defective
certificate relates (or any subsequent partnership taxable year), until
the IRS provides written notification to the partnership revoking or
modifying the original written notification. For purposes of this
section, a foreign partner's certificate of deductions and losses shall
be defective if--
(i) The partner is not described in paragraph (b) of this section;
(ii) Any deductions or losses set forth in such certificate are not
described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section;
(iii) The timing requirements under paragraph (c)(2) of this section
for submitting an original certificate, an updated certificate or a
status update to the partnership are not met;
(iv) The certificate does not include all of the information
required by paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section;
(v) Any representation made on the certificate is incorrect;
(vi) The actual amount of deductions and losses available to the
partner is less than the amount of deductions and losses certified to
the partnership for the partnership taxable year and considered by the
partnership in determining its 1446 tax due; or
(vii) There is a failure to comply with any other provision of this
section.
(4) Partner to receive copy of notice. If the IRS notifies a
partnership under paragraph (c)(3) of this section that a certificate of
a foreign partner is defective, the IRS shall send a copy of such notice
to the partner's address as shown on the certificate. The partnership
shall also promptly furnish a copy of the IRS notice to such partner.
(5) Notification to partnership when no foreign partner's
certificate can be relied upon. If the IRS determines, in its discretion
based on all the facts and circumstances, that there would be a
substantial reduction in section 1446 tax as a result of the submission
of one or more defective certificates or that a substantial portion of
all certificates being submitted by partners to the partnership and by
the partnership to
[[Page 237]]
the IRS are defective (or lack information sufficient to make this
determination), then the IRS shall notify the partnership of such
determination in writing. Upon receipt of such written notification, the
partnership shall not rely on any certificate submitted by any partner
for the partnership taxable year to which the notice relates or any
subsequent partnership taxable year, until the IRS provides written
notification to the partnership revoking or modifying the original
notice.
(6) Partnership notification to partner regarding use of deductions
and losses. Unless Sec. 1.1446-3(d)(1)(i)(A) or (B) applies (relating
to waiver of notice of tax paid during the partnership taxable year), a
partnership must notify each foreign partner of the amount of such
partner's certified deductions and losses and state and local taxes, if
any, taken into account under this paragraph (c) in determining the 1446
tax due with respect to such partner for each installment period or Form
8804 filing date, as applicable.
(7) Partner's certificate valid only for partnership taxable year
for which submitted. A partnership that receives a certificate from a
partnership under this paragraph (c) shall consider such certificate
only for the partnership taxable year for which the certificate is
submitted, as set forth on the certificate.
(d) Effect of certificate of deductions and losses on partners and
partnership--(1) Effect on partner--(i) No effect on liability for
income tax of foreign partner. A foreign partner that certifies
deductions and losses to a partnership under this section is not
relieved of liability for income tax on its allocable share of ECTI from
the partnership. Further, the submission of a certificate under this
section does not constitute an acceptance by the IRS of the amount or
character of the deductions or losses certified therein.
(ii) No effect on partner's estimated tax obligations. A foreign
partner that certifies deductions and losses to a partnership under this
section is not relieved of any estimated tax obligation otherwise
applicable to such partner with respect to income or gain allocated to
such partner from the partnership.
(iii) No effect on partner's obligation to file U.S. income tax
return. The submission of a certificate under paragraph (c) of this
section does not relieve the foreign partner from its obligation to file
a U.S. income tax return even if as a result of the partnership
considering the certificate the partner would have no additional tax due
with such return. See also Sec. 1.1446-3(f).
(2) Effect on partnership--(i) Reasonable reliance to relieve
partnership from addition to tax under section 6655. A partnership that
has reasonably relied on a certificate received from a foreign partner
and complied with the filing requirements of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this
section, shall not be liable for any addition to tax under section 6655
(as applied through Sec. 1.1446-3) for any period during which the
partnership reasonably relied on such certificate, even if such
certificate is later determined to be defective or the partner submits
an updated certificate under paragraph (c)(2) of this section that
increases the 1446 tax due with respect to such partner.
(ii) Continuing liability for withholding tax under section 1461 and
for applicable interest and penalties--(A) In general. Except as
otherwise provided in this section, a partnership that has reasonably
relied on a certificate received from a foreign partner and complied
with the filing requirements of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, is
not relieved from liability for the 1446 tax (or any installment of such
tax) under section 1461, any additions to the tax, interest or
penalties. However, the partnership may be relieved of additions to the
tax or penalties in certain circumstances. See Sec. Sec. 301.6651-1(c)
and 301.6724-1 of this chapter. Further, see Sec. 1.1446-3(e) which
deems a partnership to have paid 1446 tax with respect to ECTI allocable
to a partner in certain circumstances. See also paragraph (e)(2) Example
5 of this section.
(B) Certificate defective because of amount or character of
deductions and losses. If a certificate is determined to be defective
because the actual amount of deductions and losses available to the
partner is less than the amount reflected on the certificate (other than
when it is determined that the partner certified the same deduction or
loss to
[[Page 238]]
more than one partnership), or because the character of the certified
deductions and losses is erroneous, the partnership shall be liable for
1446 tax under section 1461 (or any installment of such tax) with
respect to such partner to the extent the partnership considered an
amount of certified deductions and losses greater than the amount
actually available to the partner and permitted to be used under
Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 and this section, or to the extent
that the proper character of the certified deductions and losses results
in a greater amount of 1446 tax due with respect to such partner. See
paragraph (e)(2) Example 6 of this section.
(3) Partnership level rules and requirements--(i) Filing
requirement. A partnership that relies in whole or in part on a
certificate received from a partner under this section in computing its
1446 tax due with respect to such partner must still file Form 8813 or
Form 8804 and 8805, whichever is applicable, for the period for which
the certificate is considered, even if as a result of relying on the
certificate no 1446 tax (or an installment of such tax) is due with
respect to such foreign partner. See generally Sec. 1.1446-3(d)(1).
Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph (d)(3)(i), the
partnership must attach a copy of the foreign partner's certificate, and
the computation of the 1446 tax due with respect to such partner, to
both the Form 8813 and Form 8805 filed with the IRS for any installment
period or year for which such certificate is considered in computing the
partnership's 1446 tax. See Sec. 1.1446-3(d)(1)(iii) requiring the
partnership to furnish Form 8805 to the IRS and such foreign partner
even if no 1446 tax is paid on behalf of the partner. The partnership
must include in that computation the amount of state and local taxes
described in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section taken into account in
computing the 1446 tax due with respect to that partner. The partnership
must also attach a computation of the 1446 tax due with respect to a
partner for whom only state and local taxes described in paragraph
(c)(1)(iii) are taken into account. For an installment period other than
the first installment period for which the partnership considers a
foreign partner's certificate or updated certificate, the partnership
may, instead of attaching any partner's certificate, attach to Form 8813
a list containing the name, TIN, the amount of certified deductions and
losses, and the amount of state and local taxes the partnership may
consider under paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section for each foreign
partner whose certificate was relied upon. For purposes of the preceding
sentence, if the partnership is relying on a certificate received under
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, instead of providing the amounts
described in the prior sentence, it should attach a statement to Form
8813 which provides that, relying on that certificate, no 1446 tax is
due with respect to that partner.
(ii) Reasonable cause for failure to timely file a valid certificate
and computation. This paragraph (d)(3)(ii) provides the sole source of
relief for a partnership that fails to timely file a valid certificate
or attach a computation of 1446 tax as required under paragraph
(d)(3)(i) of this section. To permit the partnership to reasonably rely
on such certificate, the partnership shall be considered to have
satisfied the requirements of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section if the
partnership demonstrates that such failure was due to reasonable cause
and not willful neglect and if once the partnership becomes aware of the
failure, the partnership attaches the certificate and computation, as
well as a written statement setting forth the reasons for the failure to
comply with the requirements of paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section, to
an amended Form 8813 or amended Forms 8804 and 8805 for the relevant
period. All such submissions should be sent to the address provided in
the instructions to Form 8804-C.
(A) Determining reasonable cause. In determining whether the
partnership has reasonable cause, the Director shall consider whether
the partnership acted reasonably and in good faith considering all the
facts and circumstances.
(B) Notification. If the IRS has notified, as provided in paragraph
(c)(3) of this section, the partnership that the certificate is
defective or that no foreign partner's certificate may be relied
[[Page 239]]
upon, as provided in paragraph (c)(5) of this section, the partnership
will be deemed not to have acted reasonably and in good faith.
Otherwise, the Director shall notify the partnership in writing within
120 days of the amended filing if it is determined that the failure to
comply was not due to reasonable cause, or if additional time will be
needed to make such determination. If the Director fails to notify the
partnership within 120 days of the amended filing, the partnership shall
be considered to have demonstrated to the Director that such failure was
due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect.
(e) Examples. (1) The rules of this section are illustrated by the
examples in paragraph (e)(2) of this section. Except as otherwise
provided, in each example assume:
(i) Section 1.1446-3(b)(2)(v)(F) (relating to the de minimis
exception to paying 1446 tax) does not apply;
(ii) Paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section (relating to a nonresident
alien individual partner whose sole investment generating effectively
connected income or gain is the partnership) does not apply;
(iii) All income and losses are ordinary;
(iv) For purposes of applying paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this
section, the percentage limitation under section 56(a)(4) and (d) is 90
percent;
(v) Any loss is not a passive activity loss within the meaning of
section 469;
(vi) The partnership uses an acceptable annualization method under
Sec. 1.1446-3;
(vii) NRA is a nonresident alien individual who maintains a calendar
taxable year for U.S. tax purpose;
(viii) B and C are U.S. individuals who maintain a calendar taxable
year; and
(ix) Any partnership maintains a calendar taxable year.
(2) The examples are as follows:
Example 1. Qualifying U.S. income tax return. (i) NRA and B form a
partnership (PRS) in year 4 to conduct a trade or business in the United
States. NRA and B provide PRS appropriate documentation under Sec.
1.1446-1 to establish their status for purposes of section 1446. NRA
submits a certificate to PRS (using Form 8804-C) on March 20, year 4, to
be considered by PRS in determining its 1446 tax due with respect to NRA
for the first installment period in the year 4. The Form 8804-C states
that NRA reasonably expects to have an effectively connected net
operating loss of $5,000 available to offset its allocable share of ECTI
from PRS in year 4. Prior to year 4, NRA had not submitted a certificate
to a partnership under this section. NRA filed (or will file) its year 1
U.S. income tax return on March 11, year 3; its year 2 U.S. income tax
return on February 12, year 4; its year 3 U.S. income tax return on
April 13, year 4; and its year 4 U.S. income tax return on May 14, year
5. NRA paid or (will pay) all amounts due with respect to the returns
(including interest, penalties, and additions to tax, if any) by the
date they are filed. NRA's years 1 though 3 U.S. income tax returns
report income or gain effectively connected with a U.S. trade or
business or deductions or losses properly allocated and apportioned to
such activities.
(ii) To be eligible to submit a certificate of deductions and losses
to PRS under this section, NRA must satisfy the requirements of
paragraph (b)(1) of this section. In accordance with Sec. 1.1446-1, NRA
provided valid documentation to PRS to establish its status for purposes
of section 1446. NRA's year 1 U.S. income tax return is a qualifying
U.S. income tax return because it reported income or gain effectively
connected with a U.S. trade or business or deductions or losses properly
allocated and apportioned to such activities and is described under
paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) of this section. Although NRA filed its year 1
return after the due date of the return (determined under section
6072(c) without regard to any extension of time to file) the return was
filed on March 11, year 3, which was on or before the earlier of June
15, year 3, the date one year after its section 6072(c) due date without
regard to any extension of time to file, and March 20, year 4, the date
on which NRA submitted the certificate to PRS. NRA's year 2 U.S. income
tax return is a qualifying U.S. income tax return because it reported
income or gain effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business or
deductions or losses properly allocated and apportioned to such
activities and is described under paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(A) of this
section. Although NRA filed its year 2 return after the due date of the
return (determined under section 6072(c) without regard to any extension
of time to file) the return was filed on February 12, year 4, which was
on or before the earlier of June 15, year 4, the date one year after its
section 6072(c) due date without regard to any extension of time to
file, and March 20, year 4, the date on which NRA submitted the
certificate to PRS. NRA's year 3 U.S. income tax return is a qualifying
U.S. income tax return because it reported income or gain effectively
connected with a U.S. trade or business or deductions or losses properly
allocated and apportioned to such activities and is described
[[Page 240]]
under paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(B) of this section. Because NRA filed its
year 3 U.S. income tax return on April 13, year 4, the return will be
considered timely-filed under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, as
the due date under section 6072(c) was June 15, year 4. NRA's year 4
U.S. income tax return is a qualifying U.S. income tax return because it
reported income or gain effectively connected with a U.S. trade or
business or deductions or losses properly allocated and apportioned to
such activities and is described under paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(C) of this
section. Because NRA filed its year 4 U.S. income tax return on May 14,
year 5, the return will be considered timely-filed under paragraph
(b)(2)(ii) of this section. Accordingly, NRA meets the conditions of
paragraph (b)(1) of this section and is eligible to provide a
certificate of deductions and losses to PRS for year 4.
Example 2. Subsequent year qualifying U.S. income tax return. (i)
Assume the same facts as in Example 1. Further, NRA and C form a second
partnership (XYZ) in year 7 to conduct a trade or business in the United
States. NRA and C provide XYZ appropriate documentation under Sec.
1.1446-1 to establish their status for purposes of section 1446. NRA did
not submit a certificate under this section to any partnership for years
5 and 6. NRA submits a certificate to XYZ (using Form 8804-C) on April
10, year 7, to be considered by XYZ in determining its 1446 tax due with
respect to NRA for its first installment period in year 7. The
certificate states that NRA reasonably expects to have an effectively
connected net operating loss of $8,000 available to offset its allocable
share of ECTI from XYZ in year 7. Further, the certificate contains all
of the necessary representations required under this section. NRA will
file its U.S. income tax return for year 5 on March 25, year 7, (after
its section 6072(c) due date and any extension of time to file that
could have been granted under section 6081), its U.S. income tax return
for year 6 on April 26, year 7; and its U.S. income tax return for year
7 on May 27, year 8. NRA will pay all amounts due with the returns
(including interest, penalties, and additions to tax, if any) by the
dates they are filed. NRA's years 5, 6, and 7 U.S. income tax returns
will report income or gain that is effectively connected with a U.S.
trade or business or deductions or losses properly allocated and
apportioned to such activities.
(ii) To be eligible to submit a certificate of deductions and losses
to XYZ under this section, NRA must satisfy the requirements of
paragraph (b)(1) of this section. NRA provided valid documentation to
XYZ in accordance with Sec. 1.1446-1. As described in Example 1, NRA's
year 4 U.S. income tax return is a qualifying U.S. income tax return
because it will report income or gain effectively connected with a U.S.
trade or business and is described under paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(C) of
this section. Although NRA's year 5 U.S. income tax return reports
income or gain effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business or
deductions or losses properly allocated and apportioned to such
activities it is not a qualifying U.S. income tax return under paragraph
(b)(2)(iii) of this section. Because NRA submitted a certificate to PRS
in year 4, to constitute a qualifying U.S. income tax return the year 5
U.S. income tax return must be timely-filed and all amounts due with
such return must be timely paid. See paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(C) of this
section. However, NRA will not file its U.S. income tax return for year
5 until March 25, year 7, (after its section 6072(c) due date and any
extension of time to file that could have been granted under section
6081). Because the year 5 tax return is not a qualifying U.S. income tax
return under paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section, NRA does not satisfy
the requirements of paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section and, therefore,
may not submit a certificate of deductions and losses to XYZ under this
section in year 7.
Example 3. General application of the rules of this section. NRA and
B form a partnership (PRS) to conduct a trade or business in the United
States. NRA and B are equal partners under the partnership agreement.
NRA and B provide PRS appropriate documentation under Sec. 1.1446-1 to
establish their status for purposes of section 1446. Prior to the
formation of PRS, NRA had not invested in or engaged in the conduct of a
U.S. trade or business. PRS incurs a $1,500 effectively connected net
operating loss in years 1 and 2. The loss incurred in each is allocated
equally between NRA and B. NRA has filed a qualifying U.S. income tax
return (within the meaning of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section) for
years 1 and 2 that report its allocable share of effective connected net
operating loss allocated to it from PRS, as reported on the Form 1065
(Schedule K-1) issued to NRA for each year.
(i) In year 3, NRA may not submit a certificate to PRS under
paragraph (c) because it will not have filed qualifying U.S. income tax
returns for the preceding three years. In year 3, PRS has ECTI of $1,000
that is allocated equally between NRA and B. PRS satisfies its 1446 tax
obligation with respect to NRA for year 3.
(ii) In year 4, PRS estimates that it will have ECTI of $4,000,
which will be allocated equally between NRA and B. On or before April
15th of year 4 (the first installment due date), NRA submits a
certificate to PRS under this section (using Form 8804-C) certifying
that it reasonably expects to have an effectively connected net
operating loss of $1,000 ($750 loss in both years 1 and 2, less $500 of
income in year 3) available to offset its allocable share of ECTI from
PRS in year 4. As of the date the certificate is submitted,
[[Page 241]]
NRA has received the Form 1065 (Schedule K-1) from PRS for year 3 but
has not yet filed its U.S. income tax return for year 3.
(iii) With respect to year 4, and based upon paragraph (b)(1) of
this section, NRA can include year 3 (NRA's preceding taxable year) as
one of the preceding three years that it has filed or will file
qualifying U.S. income tax returns (within the meaning of paragraph
(b)(2)(iii) of this section). Therefore, provided PRS has, in accordance
with paragraph (a)(2) of this section, no actual knowledge or reason to
know the certificate is defective, PRS may reasonably rely on NRA's
certificate. Accordingly, PRS may consider NRA's certificate to reduce
the 1446 tax that would otherwise be required to be paid on NRA's
behalf. Specifically, subject to paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section,
the $1,000 of net losses that have been reported on Forms 1065 (Schedule
K-1) issued to NRA that are available to reduce NRA's U.S. income tax on
NRA's allocable share of effectively connected income or gain allocable
from PRS may be used to reduce the $2,000 of ECTI estimated to be
allocable to NRA. As a result, PRS must pay 1446 tax on only $1,100 of
NRA's allocable share of partnership ECTI for the first installment
period in year 5 ($2,000-($1,000 x .90)). PRS must pay 1446 tax of
$96.25 for its first installment period with respect to the ECTI
allocable to NRA ($1,100 (net ECTI after considering certified losses) x
.35 (withholding tax rate) x .25 (section 6655(e)(2)(B) percentage for
the first installment period)). See Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2). Pursuant to
paragraph (d)(3) of this section, PRS must attach NRA's certificate and
PRS's computation of its 1446 tax obligation with respect to NRA to its
Form 8813, ``Partnership Withholding Tax Payment Voucher (Section
1446),'' filed for the first installment period. Under paragraph
(c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section, NRA is required to provide an updated
certificate on or before the 10th day after NRA files its U.S. income
tax return for year 3, even if the updated certificate results in no
change to the amount of deductions and losses reported on the superseded
certificate.
(iv) The results are the same if NRA had not yet received a Form
1065 (Schedule K-1) from PRS for year 3. See paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of
this section.
Example 4. Updated certificate submitted for losses. On January 1,
year 8, NRA and B form a partnership (PRS) to conduct a trade or
business in the United States. NRA and B are equal partners in PRS. NRA
and B provide PRS appropriate documentation under Sec. 1.1446-1 to
establish their status for purposes of section 1446. During years 1
through 7 NRA held an interest in another partnership (XYZ) that
conducted a trade or business in the United States. NRA timely-filed
(within the meaning of paragraph (b)(2) of this section) U.S. income tax
returns for years 1 through 6 reporting its allocable share of ECTI (or
loss) from XYZ (and timely paid all tax shown on such returns). NRA
files its U.S. income tax return for year 7 on June 9, year 8 (and
timely pays all tax due with such return). Therefore, NRA has filed
qualifying U.S. income tax returns (within the meaning of paragraph
(b)(2)(iii) of this section) for years 1 through 7. During years 1
through 7, NRA's only investment generating effectively connected items
was its interest in XYZ. The XYZ partnership liquidated and ceased doing
business on December 31, year 7.
(i) On or before April 15, year 8, PRS receives from NRA a valid
certificate under this section using Form 8804-C in which NRA certifies
that it reasonably expects to have available effectively connected net
operating losses in the amount of $5,000. Among other statements made in
accordance with paragraph (c) of this section, NRA represents that it
has not yet filed its year 7 U.S. income tax return, but will timely
file such return (and timely pay all tax due with such return). For its
first installment period in year 8, PRS estimates that it will earn
taxable income of $10,000 for the year which will be allocated equally
to NRA and B (NRA's allocable share of PRS's ECTI is $5,000).
(ii) Provided PRS has, in accordance with paragraph (a)(2) of this
section, no actual knowledge or reason to know the certificate is
defective, PRS may reasonably rely on NRA's certificate when computing
its 1446 tax obligation for the first installment period. PRS is limited
under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section and PRS may only consider
$4,500 ($5,000 x .90) of the certified net operating loss. After
consideration of the certified loss, PRS owes 1446 tax in the amount of
$43.75 for the first installment period ($5,000 estimated allocable ECTI
less $4,500 (certified loss as limited under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C)) x
.35 (1446 tax applicable percentage) x .25 (section 6655(e)(2)(B)
percentage for the first installment period)). See Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2).
Pursuant to paragraph (d)(3) of this section, PRS must attach a copy of
NRA's certificate and the computation of 1446 tax due with respect to
NRA to the Form 8813 filed with respect to NRA.
(iii) PRS's estimate of ECTI allocable to NRA for the second
installment period remains unchanged from the first installment period.
On June 10, year 8, NRA provides PRS an updated certificate reporting
that NRA now reasonably expects to have an effectively connected net
operating loss of $4,000 available to offset its allocable share of ECTI
from PRS in year 4. NRA provided the updated certificate within 10 days
of filing its U.S. income tax return for the year 7 taxable year, as
required by paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section. Provided the
updated certificate is otherwise valid, PRS may rely on the updated
certificate for the second installment period (due date June 15,
[[Page 242]]
year 8). Even if the updated certificate were not valid, PRS could no
longer rely on the original certificate.
(iv) Under paragraph (d) of this section, PRS is not relieved from
liability for the 1446 tax due with respect to NRA under section 1461 if
it relies on a certificate determined to be defective, or if it receives
an updated certificate reporting an amount of deductions and losses less
than the amount reported on the superseded certificate. Under the
principles of section 6655 (as applied through Sec. 1.1446-3), PRS is
required to have paid 50-percent of the annualized 1446 tax due with
respect to NRA on or before the due date of the second installment
period (section 6655(e)(2)(B) percentage for the second installment
period). Under paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section, because NRA's
updated certificate is valid for the second installment period, if PRS
considers a certificate for that period it must consider the updated
certificate. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section, PRS can only
consider $3,600 ($4,000 x .90) of NRA's updated effectively connected
net operating loss. Assuming PRS considers NRA's updated certificate for
the second installment period, PRS must have paid a total of $245 of
1446 tax with respect to the ECTI estimated to be allocable to NRA as of
the second installment due date ($1,400 ($5,000 ECTI less $3,600 net
operating loss deduction) x .35 (withholding tax rate) x .50 (section
6655(e)(2)(B) percentage for the second installment period)). After
considering PRS's payment of 1446 tax for the first installment period,
PRS is required to pay $201.25 for the second installment period ($245
less previous payment of $43.75). See Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2). Further, if
PRS considers NRA's updated certificate for the second installment
period, when PRS files Form 8813 it must attach the updated certificate
along with PRS's computation of 1446 tax due with respect to NRA.
(v) Under paragraph (d) of this section, PRS is not liable for the
addition to the tax under section 6655 (as applied through Sec. 1.1446-
3) for the first installment period because PRS reasonably relied on
NRA's certificate of losses for that period.
(vi) Assume that PRS's estimate of its ECTI allocable to NRA for the
third and fourth installment periods is the same as for the first and
second installment periods. Assume PRS may reasonably rely on NRA's
updated certificate in calculating its payment of 1446 tax for the third
and fourth installment periods. The third installment of 1446 tax would
be $122.50 (($5,000 - $3,600) x .35 x .75 = $367.50 - $245 (total
previous payments)). The fourth installment of 1446 tax would be $122.50
(($5,000 - $3,600) x .35 x 1.00 = $490 - $367.50 (total previous
payments)). See Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2). PRS must attach to each Form 8813
a computation of the 1446 tax due with respect to NRA that takes into
account the amount of effectively connected net operating loss reported
on NRA's updated certificate.
(vii) Because NRA's certified net operating loss has not changed for
the third and fourth installments, in lieu of attaching NRA's
certificate, PRS may attach a statement containing NRA's name, TIN, and
the certified net operating loss amount. However, PRS must attach NRA's
certificate and a computation of the 1446 tax due with respect to NRA
that takes into account NRA's certified net operating loss to the Form
8805 filed with respect to NRA. See paragraph (d)(3) of this section.
Example 5. IRS determines in subsequent taxable year that partner's
certificate is defective because partner failed to timely file a U.S.
income tax return. NRA and B form a partnership (PRS) in year 1 to
conduct a trade or business in the United States. NRA and B provide PRS
appropriate documentation under Sec. 1.1446-1 to establish their status
for purposes of section 1446. In year 4, NRA timely submits a
certificate under this section (using Form 8804-C) to be considered by
PRS for its first installment period. The certificate reports that NRA
reasonably expects to have an effectively connected net operating loss
of $5,000 available to offset its allocable share of ECTI from PRS in
year 4. Further, the certificate contains all of the necessary
representations required under this section. PRS estimates for each
installment period that NRA's allocable share of ECTI will be $5,000 for
the taxable year. PRS's actual operating results for the year result in
$5,000 of ECTI allocable to NRA.
(i) PRS reasonably relies on (within the meaning of paragraph (a)(2)
of this section) NRA's certificate when computing each installment
payment during year 4 and the 1446 tax due on Form 8804 and
appropriately considers the limitation in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this
section. As a result, PRS paid $175 of 1446 tax on behalf of NRA for the
taxable year ($5,000 of ECTI less $4,500 net operating loss deduction x
.35 applicable percentage). As required under paragraph (d) of this
section, PRS attached the certificate to the Form 8813 for the first
installment period and the Form 8805 for year 4. Because NRA did not
submit an updated certificate to PRS in year 4, PRS attached to the
Forms 8813 for the second, third and fourth installment periods a
statement containing NRA's name, TIN, and the certified net operating
loss as well as the computation of 1446 tax due with respect to NRA
reflecting the amount of net operating loss considered.
(ii) In year 5, NRA timely submits to PRS a certificate under this
section to be considered for the first installment period. The
certificate represents that NRA reasonably expects to have an
effectively connected net operating loss of $5,000 available to offset
its allocable share of ECTI from PRS in year 5.
[[Page 243]]
For the first installment period, PRS estimates that NRA's allocable
share of partnership ECTI is $5,000. PRS reasonably relies on the
certificate for the first installment period and determines that it is
required to make a 1446 tax installment payment of $43.75 ($5,000
allocable ECTI less $4,500 (certified net operating loss as limited
under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section) x .35 (1446 tax applicable
percentage) x .25 (section 6655(e)(2)(B) percentage for the first
installment period)). See Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2). PRS makes the
installment payment with the Form 8813 filed for the first installment
period, and complies with paragraph (d)(3) of this section by attaching
NRA's certificate and the computation of 1446 tax due with respect to
NRA to the Form 8813.
(iii) The IRS provides written notification to PRS on June 1, year
5, (pursuant to paragraph (c)(3) of this section) that the certificate
received from NRA in year 4 is defective because NRA failed to file a
qualifying U.S. income tax return (within the meaning of paragraph
(b)(2)(iii) of this section) for one of the preceding taxable years as
required under paragraph (b)(1) of this section. The notice further
states that PRS is not to rely on any certificate received from NRA in
year 5.
(iv) Under paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, because the
certificate submitted by NRA in year was determined to be defective for
a reason other than the amount or character of the certified deductions
and losses, under section 1461 PRS is fully liable for the 1446 tax due
with respect to NRA's allocable share of ECTI year 4 without regard to
the certificate. The total 1446 tax due for year 4 without regard to the
certificate is $1,750 ($5,000 ECTI x .35) and PRS paid $175 of 1446 tax
in year 4. Therefore, PRS owes $1,575 of 1446 tax. However, PRS may be
deemed to have paid the outstanding 1446 tax due if NRA paid all of its
U.S. tax due in year 4. See Sec. 1.1446-3(e).
(v) However, because PRS did not have actual knowledge or reason to
know that the certificate NRA submitted in year 4 was defective, PRS
reasonably relied on the certificate for purposes of paragraph (d)(2) of
this section. Therefore, PRS is not liable for an addition to the tax
with respect to its underpayment of 1446 tax under the principles of
section 6655 (as applied through Sec. 1.1446-3) for any installment
period in year 4.
(vi) However, PRS is generally liable for interest under section
6601 and for the failure to pay addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2)
on the $1,575 of 1446 tax due for year 4 for the period from April 15,
year 5 (last date prescribed for payment of 1446 tax) to the date PRS
pays the 1446 tax or is deemed to have paid the 1446 tax under Sec.
1.1446-3(e).
(vii) With respect to the year 5, PRS reasonably relied on NRA's
certificate when computing its first installment payment (due on April
15, year 5). Therefore, in accordance with paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this
section, PRS will not be liable for an addition to the tax under the
principles of section 6655 (as applied through Sec. 1.1446-3) for the
first installment period. However, because the IRS provided written
notification to PRS on June 1, year 5, to disregard any certificate
received from NRA for year 5, PRS may not rely on any certificate
received from NRA certificate (or any new certificate provided by NRA)
when it computes its second installment payment in year 5. PRS is not
permitted to consider any certificate submitted by NRA until the IRS
provides written notification to PRS revoking or modifying the original
notice. PRS's second installment payment in year 5 must include the
additional amount of 1446 tax it would have paid for the first
installment period without regard to the certificate received from NRA.
Example 6. IRS determines in subsequent taxable year that partner's
certificate is defective because partner's actual losses are less than
amount certified and considered by the partnership. Assume the same
facts as in Example 5, except that the IRS determines that NRA's
certificate submitted in year 4 is defective because the actual
effectively connected net operating loss available to NRA for year 4 was
$1,000 rather than the $5,000 certified.
(i) Under paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, PRS is not relieved
from its liability for 1446 tax under section 1461 when it relies on a
certificate of losses from a foreign partner that is later determined to
be defective. However, when the IRS determines that a partner's
certificate is defective because of the amount of the certified
deductions and losses, the partnership is liable for the 1446 tax,
interest, additions to tax, and penalties to the extent the amount of
certified deductions and losses taken into account when computing 1446
tax (or, unless there was reasonable reliance on the certificate, any
installment of such tax) is greater than the actual amount of available
deductions and losses. Here, PRS considered the certified deductions and
losses in the amount of $4,500. The IRS subsequently determined that NRA
only had $1,000 of actual losses, only $900 of which were permitted to
be considered under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(C) of this section. Accordingly,
PRS is liable for the 1446 tax due with respect to the portion of the
overstated losses that it considered when computing its 1446 tax. The
remaining 1446 tax due for year 4 is $1,260 ($3,600 ($4,500 less $900)
of excess losses considered x .35). However, PRS may be deemed to have
paid the $1,260 of 1446 tax under Sec. 1.1446-3(e) if NRA has paid all
of NRA's U.S. income tax.
(ii) If PRS had considered only $900 (or a lesser amount) of NRA's
certified net operating loss when computing and paying its 1446 tax
during year 4 then, under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section, PRS
would not be
[[Page 244]]
liable for 1446 tax because it did not consider a net operating loss
greater than the amount actually available to NRA.
Example 7. Partner with different taxable year than partnership. PRS
partnership has two equal partners, FC, a foreign corporation, and DC, a
domestic corporation. PRS conducts a trade or business in the United
States and generates effectively connected income. FC maintains a June
30 fiscal taxable year end, while DC and PRS maintain a calendar taxable
year end. FC and DC provide a valid Form W-8BEN and Form W-9,
respectively, to PRS. FC and DC are the only persons that have ever been
partners in PRS. For its year 1 through year 3 taxable years, PRS issued
Forms 1065 (Schedule K-1) reporting in the aggregate $100 of net loss to
each partner. For its year 4 taxable year, PRS issued Forms 1065
(Schedule K-1) to its partners reporting $150 of loss to each partner.
All of the losses reported on the Forms 1065 (Schedule K-1) are
effectively connected to PRS's and FC's trade or business in the United
States.
(i) Assume that FC submits a valid certificate under this section
certifying losses to the partnership for the partnership's year 5
taxable year. Further, assume that FC's only source of effectively
connected income, gain, deduction, or loss is the activity of PRS.
(ii) For PRS's first installment period in year 5, FC may only
certify deductions and losses under this section in the amount of $100
(the losses as reported on the Forms 1065 (Schedule K-1) issued for
PRS's year 1 through 3 taxable years). Under section 706, the taxable
income of a partner shall include the income, gain, loss, deduction, or
credit of the partnership for the partnership taxable year ending within
or with the taxable year of the partner. PRS's year 4 calendar taxable
year ends during FC's fiscal taxable year ending June 30, year 5.
Therefore, under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, as of April 15, year
5 (the last date FC may submit its first certificate under paragraph (c)
of this section to have it considered for PRS's first installment due
date of April 15, year 5), FC's allocable share of the PRS losses for
years 1 through 3 are the only losses that FC can represent have been or
will be reported on an FC U.S. income tax return filed for a taxable
year ending prior to such installment due date.
(iii) The result in paragraph (ii) of this Example 7 is the same for
the year 5 second installment period, the due date of which is June 15,
year 5.
(iv) FC may submit an updated certificate under this section after
June 30, year 5, which includes the $150 loss for year 4. PRS may
consider such an updated certificate for its third installment period
(due date September 15, year 5), provided the updated certificate is
received by the due date for such installment in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section.
Example 8. Failure to provide status update with respect to prior
year unfiled returns. FC, a foreign corporation, and DC, a domestic
corporation, form a partnership (PRS) to conduct a trade or business in
the United States. FC and DC provide PRS appropriate documentation under
Sec. 1.1446-1 to establish their status for purposes of section 1446.
FC and DC are equal partners in PRS, and all partnership items are
allocated equally between FC and DC.
(i) In the current taxable year FC submits a certificate under this
section using Form 8804-C prior to PRS's first installment due date. FC
represents that it has filed or will file a qualifying U.S. income tax
return (within the meaning of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section) in
each of the preceding three taxable years. FC specifies that it has not
filed its U.S. income tax return for the immediately preceding taxable
year. FC also represents that it will timely file its U.S. income tax
return for the partnership taxable year during which the certificate is
considered (and will timely pay all tax due with such return). Assume
all other requirements under paragraph (c) of this section are met for
FC's certificate to be valid.
(ii) Provided that PRS does not possess actual knowledge or reason
to know that FC's certificate is defective under paragraph (a)(2) of
this section, PRS may reasonably rely on FC's certificate for its first,
second, and third installment payments.
(iii) If FC does not submit to PRS either an updated certificate or
a status update as required by paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of this
section by December 15th (PRS's final installment due date), PRS must
disregard FC's certificate when computing its fourth installment payment
of 1446 tax and when completing its Form 8804 for the taxable year.
PRS's payment of 1446 tax for its fourth installment period must include
the additional amount of 1446 tax it would have paid in the first,
second and third installment periods had it not considered FC's
certificate. Further, even if the status update is provided by December
15th, PRS may only rely on the certificate if the status update does not
contradict the original certificate and such update indicates that the
immediately preceding year's return will be timely filed. Finally, even
if the status update is provided by December 15th, FC must also submit
an updated certificate to the partnership in accordance with paragraph
(c) of this section within 10 days of the date FC timely files its U.S.
income tax return for the preceding taxable year.
Example 9. Partnership consideration of certified deductions and
losses or de minimis certificate. For purposes of this example assume
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section may apply. On January 1, year 4,
NRA and B form a
[[Page 245]]
partnership (PRS) to conduct a trade or business in the United States.
NRA and B are equal partners in PRS and all partnership items are shared
equally. NRA and B provide PRS appropriate documentation under Sec.
1.1446-1 to establish their status for purposes of section 1446. During
years 1 through 3, NRA's only activity generating effectively connected
items was an interest in partnership XYZ. XYZ allocated NRA a loss for
all three years. NRA filed qualifying U.S. income tax returns (within
the meaning of paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this section) reporting its
allocable share of losses from XYZ in years 1 through 3. The XYZ
partnership dissolved on December 31, year 3.
(i) In year 4, NRA's only activity giving rise to effectively
connected income, gain, deduction, or loss is its interest in PRS. NRA
submits to PRS a valid certificate (using Form 8804-C) certifying under
paragraph (c)(1)(i) its effectively connected net operating losses from
years 1 through 3 and under (c)(1)(ii) of this section that its only
activity giving rise to effectively connected income, gain, deduction,
or loss for the PRS taxable year that ends with or within its taxable
year is (and will be) its investment in PRS.
(ii) During year 4, PRS allocates ECTI to NRA. If the 1446 tax
otherwise due on the annualized amount allocated to NRA is less than
$1,000, determined without regard to any deductions and losses certified
by NRA under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, PRS may consider the
certificate received from NRA under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section
and not pay 1446 tax (or any installment of such tax) with respect to
NRA. Alternatively, PRS may consider the deductions and losses certified
by NRA under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section.
(iii) Regardless of whether PRS considers NRA's certification under
paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (c)(1)(ii) of this section in computing its 1446
tax due with respect to NRA, PRS must file Form 8813 for all installment
periods as well as a Form 8805 for NRA with its Form 8804. If PRS
considers NRA's certification under paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (c)(1)(ii) of
this section, PRS must attach to each Form 8813, as well as to the Form
8805, a computation of the 1446 tax with respect to NRA that takes into
account its consideration of NRA's certificate. In addition, PRS must
attach NRA's certificate to the Form 8813 for the first installment
period it considers the certificate, as well as to the Form 8805. For
all subsequent installment periods, PRS may attach a statement
containing NRA's name, and TIN. If PRS is relying on NRA's certified
losses under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, the statement must
indicate the amount of losses and deductions NRA certified. If PRS is
relying on NRA's certification under paragraph (c)(ii) of this section,
the statement must indicate that it is relying on NRA meeting the
requirements under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section and the 1446 tax
on the annualized amount allocated to NRA is less than $1,000. See
paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section.
Example 10. Application of transition rule. NRA and B form a
partnership (PRS) on January 1, 2004, to conduct a trade or business in
the United States. NRA and B are equal partners in PRS and all
partnership items are shared equally. NRA and B provide PRS appropriate
documentation under Sec. 1.1446-1 to establish their status for
purposes of section 1446. For its 2004 through 2007 tax years, PRS
issued Forms 1065 (Schedule K-1) to NRA and B reporting a $1,000 net
loss from its U.S. trade or business to each partner for each year (for
an aggregate loss of $4,000 per partner). During the 2004 through 2007
tax years, NRA's only activity generating effectively connected items
was its investment in PRS.
(i) On February 10, 2008, NRA submitted a certificate to PRS,
reporting its aggregate $4,000 effectively connected loss to PRS, that
met the requirements of Sec. 1.1446-6T(c) (See 26 CFR Part 1, revised
as of April 1, 2007), as in effect before January 1, 2008. The
certificate stated that NRA had timely filed its U.S. income tax returns
for the 2004, 2005 and 2006 tax years, and that it would timely file a
U.S. income tax return for its 2007 tax year. For the first and second
installments period in 2008, PRS estimates that it will earn ECTI of
$10,000.
(ii) Because the certificate submitted by NRA to PRS on February 10,
2008, met the requirements of Sec. 1.1446-6T (See 26 CFR Part 1,
revised as of April 1, 2007), as in effect before January 1, 2008, PRS
may consider such certificate when computing its 1446 tax due for the
first and second installment period even if the certificate does not
meet all the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section.
(iii) NRA timely files its U.S. income tax return for the 2007 tax
year on July 24, 2008. In accordance with paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(B)(1) of
this section, within 10 days of filing such return NRA prepares an
updated certificate to be submitted to PRS certifying that it reasonably
expects to have only $3,500 of losses available to reduce its allocable
share of ECTI from PRS. Because the updated certificate will be
submitted after July 28, 2008, to be valid the updated certificate must
meet the requirements of paragraph (c) this section.
(f) Effective/Applicability date. Except as otherwise provided in
this paragraph (f), the rules of this section are applicable for
partnership taxable years beginning after December 31, 2007. The rules
of paragraphs (b)(3)(i)(B) through (D) shall apply to partnership
taxable years beginning after July 28, 2008.
(g) Transition rule. A certificate that met the requirements of
Sec. 1.1446-6T(c)
[[Page 246]]
(See 26 CFR Part 1, revised as of April 1, 2007), as in effect before
January 1, 2008, submitted on or before July 28, 2008 by a partner that
met the requirements of Sec. 1.1446-6T(b) (See 26 CFR Part 1, revised
as of April 1, 2007), as in effect before January 1, 2008, shall not be
considered defective because it does not meet the requirements of this
section. However, any certificate (including any updated certificates
and status updates) submitted, or required to be submitted, under
paragraph (c) of this section after July 28, 2008, must meet the
requirements of this section. See paragraph (e)(2) Example 10 of this
section.
[T.D 9394, 73 FR 23085, Apr. 29, 2008, as amended at 74 FR 14931, Apr.
2, 2009]
Sec. 1.1446-7 Effective/Applicability date..
Sections 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 shall apply to partnership
taxable years beginning after May 18, 2005. However, a partnership may
elect to apply all of the provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through
1.1446-5 to partnership taxable years beginning after December 31, 2004.
A partnership shall make the election under this section by complying
with the provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through Sec. 1.1446-5 and
attaching a statement to the Form 8804 or Form 1042 annual return, filed
for the taxable year in which the regulation provisions first apply,
that indicates that the partnership is making the election under this
section. The revisions to Sec. Sec. 1.1446-3(b)(2), 1.1446-
3(b)(3)(i)(A) and 1.1446-5(c)(2) contained in the final regulations
published in 2008 apply to partnership taxable years beginning after
December 31, 2007. See Sec. 1.1446-6(f) and (g) for the Effective/
Applicability date and Transition rule for Sec. 1.1446-6.
[T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28717, May 18, 2005, as amended by T.D. 9394, 73 FR
23085, Apr. 29, 2008]
TAX-FREE COVENANT BONDS
Sec. 1.1451-1 Tax-free covenant bonds issued before January 1, 1934.
(a) Rates of withholding--(1) Rate of 2 percent. Withholding of a
tax equal to 2 percent is required in the case of interest upon bonds or
other corporate obligations containing a tax-free covenant and issued
before January 1, 1934, paid to an individual, a fiduciary, or a
partnership, whether resident or nonresident, or to a nonresident
foreign corporation, regardless of whether the liability assumed by the
obligor is less than, equal to, or greater than 2 percent.
(2) Rate of 30 percent. Notwithstanding subparagraph (1) of this
paragraph, if the liability assumed by the obligor does not exceed 2
percent of the interest, withholding is required at the rate of 30
percent in the case of payments to a nonresident alien individual, a
nonresident partnership composed in whole or in part of nonresident
aliens, a nonresident foreign corporation, or an owner who is unknown to
the withholding agent.
(3) Obligations of resident payers. The rates of withholding
specified in subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this paragraph are applicable
to interest on such tax-free covenant bonds issued by a domestic
corporation or by a resident foreign corporation.
(4) Obligations of nonresident payers. A nonresident foreign
corporation having a fiscal or paying agent in the United States is
required to withhold a tax of 2 percent in the case of interest upon its
tax-free covenant bonds issued before January 1, 1934, which is paid to
an individual or fiduciary who is a citizen or resident of the United
States, to a partnership any member of which is a citizen or resident,
or to an unknown owner.
(5) Interest from sources without the United States. Withholding is
not required under section 1451 in the case of interest upon bonds or
other corporate obligations issued before January 1, 1934, and
containing a tax-free covenant if the interest is not to be treated as
income from sources within the United States and the payments are made
to a nonresident alien, a partnership composed wholly of nonresident
aliens, or a nonresident foreign corporation.
(6) Tax treaties. The rates of tax to be withheld in accordance with
this paragraph shall be reduced as may be provided by treaty with any
country. See section 894 and Sec. 1.1441-6 relating to income subject
to a reduced rate of, or an exemption from, income tax pursuant to an
income tax convention.
[[Page 247]]
(b) Date of issue. The withholding provisions of section 1451 are
applicable only to bonds, mortgages, or deeds of trust, or other similar
obligations of a corporation which were issued before January 1, 1934,
and which contain a tax-free covenant. For the purpose of section 1451,
bonds, mortgages, or deeds of trust, or other similar obligations of a
corporation, are issued when delivered. If a broker or other person acts
as selling agent of the obligor, the obligation is issued when delivered
by the agent to the purchaser. If a broker or other person purchases the
obligation outright for the purpose of holding or reselling it, the
obligation is issued when delivered to such broker or other person.
(c) Extended maturity date. In cases where on or after January 1,
1934, the maturity date of bonds or other obligations of a corporation
is extended, the bonds or other obligations shall be considered to have
been issued on or after January 1, 1934. The interest on such
obligations is not subject to the withholding provisions of section 1451
but falls within the class of interest described in section 1441. See
paragraph (c)(5)(iii) of Sec. 1.1441-3.
(d) Covenant in trust deed. Bonds issued under a trust deed
containing a tax-free covenant are treated as if they contain such a
covenant. If neither the bonds nor the trust deeds given by the obligor
to secure them contained a tax-free covenant, but the original trust
deeds were modified before January 1, 1934, by supplemental agreements
containing a tax-free covenant executed by the obligor corporation and
the trustee, the bonds issued before January 1, 1934, are subject to the
provisions of section 1451, provided appropriate authority existed for
the modification of the trust deeds in this manner. The authority must
have been contained in the original trust deeds or actually secured from
the bondholders.
(e) Notation showing date of issue. In order that the date of issue
of bonds, mortgages, deeds of trust, or other similar corporate
obligations containing a tax-free covenant may be readily determined by
the owner for the purpose of preparing the ownership certificates
required by Sec. 1.1461-1, the issuing or debtor corporation shall
indicate the date of issue by an appropriate notation, or use the phrase
``issued on or after January 1, 1934,'' on each such obligation or in a
statement accompanying the delivery of the obligation.
(f) Effect of withholding on income taxes of bondholder and issuing
corporation--(1) Federal tax. In the case of corporate bonds or other
corporate obligations issued before January 1, 1934, and containing a
tax-free covenant, the corporation paying a Federal tax, or any part of
it, for someone else pursuant to its agreement is not entitled to deduct
such payment from its gross income on any ground; nor shall the tax so
paid be included in the gross income of the bondholder. The amount of
the tax so paid may, nevertheless, be claimed by the bondholder in
accordance with paragraph (a) of Sec. 1.1462-1 as a credit against the
total amount of income tax due. See also section 32. The tax so paid by
the corporation upon tax-free covenant bond interest payable to a
domestic or resident fiduciary and allocable to any nonresident alien
beneficiary under section 652 or 662 is allowable, pro rata, as a credit
against:
(i) The tax required to be withheld by the fiduciary in accordance
with paragraph (f) of Sec. 1.1441-3 from the income of the beneficiary,
and
(ii) The total income tax computed in the return of the beneficiary,
as indicated in paragraph (a) of Sec. 1.1462-1.
(2) State taxes. In the case of corporate bonds or other obligations
containing an appropriate tax-free covenant, the corporation paying for
someone else, pursuant to its agreement, a State tax or any tax other
than a Federal tax may deduct such payment as interest paid on
indebtedness.
(g) Alien resident of Puerto Rico. For purposes of this section the
term ``nonresident alien individual'' includes an alien resident of
Puerto Rico.
(h) Other rules for withholding of tax under section 1451. The rules
for withholding stated in paragraphs (c) (2) and (3), (f), and (g) of
Sec. 1.1441-3 shall also apply for purposes of withholding the tax
under this section.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12076, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7157, 36 FR
25228, Dec. 30, 1971]
[[Page 248]]
Sec. 1.1451-2 Exemptions from withholding under section 1451.
(a) Claiming personal exemptions. Withholding under Sec. 1.1451-1
from interest on bonds or other obligations of corporations issued
before January 1, 1934, and containing a tax-free covenant shall not be
required if there is filed with the withholding agent when presenting
coupons for payment, or not later than February 1 of the following year,
an ownership certificate on Form 1000 stating:
(1) In the case of a citizen or resident of the United States, that
his taxable income does not exceed his deductions for personal
exemptions allowed under section 151; or
(2) In the case of an estate or trust the fiduciary of which is a
citizen or resident of the United States, that its taxable income does
not exceed the deduction for the personal exemption allowed under
section 642(b).
(b) Claiming residence in United States. To claim residence in the
United States for purposes of section 1451, see Sec. 1.1441-5.
(c) Other exemptions. The exemptions allowed by paragraphs (d) and
(h) of Sec. 1.1441-4 shall also apply for purposes of section 1451.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12077, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 6908, 31 FR
16774, Dec. 31, 1966]
APPLICATION OF WITHHOLDING PROVISIONS
Sec. 1.1461-1 Payment and returns of tax withheld.
(a) Payment of withheld tax--(1) Deposits of tax. Every withholding
agent who withholds tax pursuant to chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue
Code (Code) and the regulations under such chapter shall deposit such
amount of tax with an authorized financial institution as provided in
Sec. 1.6302-2(a). If for any reason the total amount of tax required to
be returned for any calendar year pursuant to paragraph (b) of this
section has not been deposited pursuant to Sec. 1.6302-2, the
withholding agent shall pay the balance of tax due for such year at such
place as the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) shall specify. The tax shall
be paid when filing the return required under paragraph (b)(1) of this
section for such year, unless the IRS specifies otherwise. With respect
to withholding under section 1446, this section shall only apply to
publicly traded partnerships. See Sec. 1.1461-3 for penalties
applicable to partnerships that fail to withhold under section 1446 on
effectively connected taxable income allocable to foreign partners. The
previous two sentences shall apply to partnership taxable years
beginning after May 18, 2005, or such earlier time as the regulations
under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply by reason of an
election under Sec. 1.1446-7.
(2) Penalties for failure to pay tax. For penalties and additions to
the tax for failure to timely pay the tax required to be withheld under
chapter 3 of the Code, see sections 6656, 6672, and 7202 and the
regulations under those sections.
(b) Income tax return--(1) General rule. A withholding agent shall
make an income tax return on Form 1042 (or such other form as the IRS
may prescribe) for income paid during the preceding calendar year that
the withholding agent is required to report on an information return on
Form 1042-S (or such other form as the IRS may prescribe) under
paragraph (c)(1) of this section. See section 6011 and Sec. 1.6011-
1(c). The withholding agent must file the return on or before March 15
of the calendar year following the year in which the income was paid.
The return must show the aggregate amount of income paid and tax
withheld required to be reported on all the Forms 1042-S for the
preceding calendar year by the withholding agent, in addition to such
information as is required by the form and accompanying instructions.
Withholding certificates or other statements or information provided to
a withholding agent are not required to be attached to the return. A
return must be filed under this paragraph (b)(1) even though no tax was
required to be withheld during the preceding calendar year. The
withholding agent must retain a copy of Form 1042 for the applicable
statute of limitations on assessments and collection with respect to the
amounts required to be reported on the Form 1042. See section 6501 and
[[Page 249]]
the regulations thereunder for the applicable statute of limitations.
Adjustments to the total amount of tax withheld, as described in Sec.
1.1461-2, shall be stated on the return as prescribed by the form and
accompanying instructions.
(2) Amended returns. An amended return may be filed on a Form 1042
or such other form as the IRS may prescribe. An amended return must
include such information as the form or accompanying instructions shall
require, including, with respect to any information that has changed
from the time of the filing of the return, the information that was
shown on the original return and the corrected information.
(c) Information returns--(1) Filing requirement--(i) In general. A
withholding agent (other than an individual who is not acting in the
course of a trade or business with respect to a payment) must make an
information return on Form 1042-S (or such other form as the IRS may
prescribe) to report the amounts subject to reporting, as defined in
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, that were paid during the preceding
calendar year. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, any person that
withholds or is required to withhold an amount under sections 1441,
1442, 1443, or Sec. 1.1446-4(a) (applicable to publicly traded
partnerships required to pay tax under section 1446 on distributions)
must file a Form 1042-S, ``Foreign Person's U.S. Source Income Subject
to Withholding,'' for the payment withheld upon whether or not that
person is engaged in a trade or business and whether or not the payment
is an amount subject to reporting. The reference in the previous
sentence to withholding under Sec. 1.1446-4 shall apply to partnership
taxable years beginning after May 18, 2005, or such earlier time as the
regulations under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply by reason
of an election under Sec. 1.1446-7. A Form 1042-S shall be prepared for
each recipient of an amount subject to reporting. The Form 1042-S shall
be prepared in such manner as the form and accompanying instructions
prescribe. One copy of the Form 1042-S shall be filed with the IRS on or
before March 15 of the calendar year following the year in which the
amount subject to reporting was paid. It shall be filed with a
transmittal form as provided in the instructions to the Form 1042-S and
to the transmittal form. Withholding certificates, documentary evidence,
or other statements or documentation provided to a withholding agent are
not required to be attached to the form. Another copy of the Form 1042-S
must be furnished to the recipient for whom the form is prepared (or any
other person, as required under this paragraph (c) or the instructions
to the form) on or before March 15 of the calendar year following the
year in which the amount subject to reporting was paid. The withholding
agent must retain a copy of each Form 1042-S for the statute of
limitations on assessment and collection applicable to the Form 1042 to
which the Form 1042-S relates.
(ii) Recipient--(A) Defined. For purposes of this section, the term
recipient means--
(1) A beneficial owner as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(6), including
a foreign estate or a foreign complex trust, as defined in Sec. 1.1441-
1(c)(25);
(2) A qualified intermediary as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(5)(ii);
(3) A withholding foreign partnership as defined in Sec. 1.1441-
5(c)(2) or a withholding foreign trust under Sec. 1.1441-5(e)(5)(v);
(4) An authorized foreign agent as defined in Sec. 1.1441-7(c);
(5) A U.S. branch that is treated as a U.S. person under Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv)(A);
(6) A nonwithholding foreign partnership or a foreign simple trust
as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(24), but only to the extent the income
is (or is treated as) effectively connected with the conduct of a trade
or business in the United States by such entity;
(7) A payee, as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2) that is presumed to
be a foreign person under the presumption rules of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3);
1.1441-5(d) or (e)(6), or 1.6049-5(d); and
(8) A partner receiving a distribution from a publicly traded
partnership subject to withholding under section 1446 and Sec. 1.1446-4
on distributions of effectively connected income. This paragraph
(c)(1)(ii)(A)(8) shall apply to partnership taxable years beginning
after May 18, 2005, or such earlier time
[[Page 250]]
as the regulations under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply by
reason of an election under Sec. 1.1446-7.
(9) Any other person as required on Form 1042-S or the instructions
to the form.
(B) Persons that are not recipients. A recipient does not include--
(1) A nonqualified intermediary;
(2) A payment to a wholly-owned entity that is disregarded under
Sec. 301.7701-2(c)(2) of this chapter as an entity separate from its
owner;
(3) A flow-through entity, as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(23) (to
the extent it is receiving amounts subject to reporting other than
income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in
the United States); and
(4) A U.S. branch described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv) that is not
treated as a U.S. person under that section.
(2) Amounts subject to reporting--(i) In general. Subject to the
exceptions described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, amounts
subject to reporting on Form 1042-S are amounts paid to a foreign payee
or partner (including persons presumed to be foreign) that are amounts
subject to withholding as defined in Sec. 1.1441-2(a) or Sec. 1.1446-
4(a) (addressing publicly traded partnerships required to pay
withholding tax under section 1446 on distributions of effectively
connected income). The reference in the previous sentence to withholding
under Sec. 1.1446-4 shall apply to partnership taxable years beginning
after May 18, 2005, or such earlier time as the regulations under
Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply by reason of an election
under Sec. 1.1446-7. Amounts subject to reporting include amounts
subject to withholding even if no amount is deducted and withheld from
the payment because of a treaty or Internal Revenue Code exception to
taxation or because an amount withheld was reimbursed to the payee under
the adjustment procedures of Sec. 1.1461-2. In addition, amounts
subject to reporting include any amounts paid to a foreign payee on
which a withholding agent withheld an amount (either under chapter 3 of
the Internal Revenue Code or section 3406) whether or not the amount is
subject to withholding. Amounts subject to reporting include, but are
not limited to, the following items--
(A) The entire amount of a corporate distribution (whether actual or
deemed) irrespective of any estimate of the portion of the distribution
that represents a taxable dividend;
(B) Interest, including the portion of a notional principal contract
payment that is characterized as interest. Interest shall also be
reported on Form 1042-S if it is bank deposit interest paid to
nonresident alien individuals as required under Sec. 1.6049-8;
(C) Rents;
(D) Royalties;
(E) Compensation for dependent and independent personal services
performed in the United States;
(F) Annuities;
(G) Pension distributions and other deferred income;
(H) Gambling winnings that are not exempt from tax under section
871(j);
(I) Income from the cancellation of indebtedness unless the
withholding agent is unrelated to the debtor and does not have knowledge
of the facts that give rise to the payment (see Sec. 1.1441-2(d));
(J) Amounts that are (or are presumed to be) effectively connected
with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States (including
deposit interest as defined in sections 871(i)(2)(A) and 881(d)) even if
no withholding certificate is required to be furnished by the payee or
beneficial owner. In the case of amounts paid on a notional principal
contract described in Sec. 1.1441-4(a)(3) that are presumed to be
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States, the amount required to be reported is limited to the
amount of cash paid from the notional principal contract;
(K) Scholarship, fellowship, or grant income and compensation for
personal services that is not excludible from gross income under section
117 (whether or not the taxable scholarship, fellowship, grant income,
or compensation for personal services is exempt from tax under an income
tax treaty) paid to foreign students, trainees, teachers, or
researchers;
(L) Amounts paid to foreign governments, international
organizations, or
[[Page 251]]
the Bank for International Settlements, whether or not documentation
must be provided; and
(M) Original issue discount paid on the redemption of an OID
obligation. The amount to be reported is the amount of OID includible in
the gross income of the holder of the obligation, if known, or, if not
known, the total amount of original issue discount determined as if the
holder held the obligation from its original issuance. A withholding
agent may determine the total amount of OID by using the most recently
published ``List of Original Issue Discount Instruments,'' (Publication
1212, available from the IRS Forms Distribution Centers).
(ii) Exceptions to reporting. The amounts listed in this paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) are not required to be reported on Form 1042-S--
(A) Interest (including original issue discount) that is deposit
interest under sections 871(i)(2)(A) and 881(d) and that is not
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States, unless reporting is required under Sec. 1.6049-8
(regarding payments to certain foreign residents) or is interest that is
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States;
(B) Interest or original issue discount on certain short-term
obligations, described in section 871(g)(1)(B) or 881(a)(3);
(C) Interest paid on obligations sold between interest payment dates
and the portion of the purchase price of an OID obligation that is sold
or exchanged in a transaction other than a redemption, unless the sale
or exchange is part of a plan, the principal purpose of which is to
avoid tax and the withholding agent has actual knowledge or reason to
know of such plan (see Sec. 1.1441-2(a)(5) and (6));
(D) Any item required to be reported on a Form W-2, including an
item required to be shown on Form W-2 solely by reason of Sec. 1.6041-2
(relating to return of information for payments to employees) or Sec.
1.6052-1 (relating to information regarding payment of wages in the form
of group-term life insurance);
(E) Any item required to be reported on Form 1099, and such other
forms as are prescribed pursuant to the information reporting provisions
of sections 6041 through 6050P and the regulations under those sections;
(F) Amounts paid on a notional principal contract described in Sec.
1.1441-4(a)(3)(i) that are not effectively connected with the conduct of
a trade or business in the United States (or not treated as effectively
connected pursuant to Sec. 1.1441-4(a)(3)(ii));
(G) Amounts required to be reported on Form 8288 (U.S. Withholding
Tax Return for Dispositions by Foreign Persons of U.S. Real Property
Interests) or Form 8804 (Annual Return for Partnership Withholding Tax
(section 1446)). A withholding agent that must report a distribution
partly on a Form 8288 or 8804 and partly on a Form 1042-S may elect to
report the entire amount on a Form 8288 or 8804;
(H) Interest (including original issue discount) paid with respect
to foreign-targeted registered obligations described in Sec. 1.871-
14(e)(2) to the extent the documentation requirements described in Sec.
1.871-14(e)(3) and (4) are required to be satisfied (taking into account
the provisions of Sec. 1.871-14(e)(4)(ii), if applicable;
(I) Interest on a foreign targeted bearer obligation (see Sec. Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(4)(i) and 1.1441-2(a));
(J) Gain described in section 301(c)(3); and
(K) Amounts described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(4)(xviii) (dealing with
certain amounts paid by the U.S. government).
(3) Required information. The information required to be furnished
under this paragraph (c)(3) shall be based upon the information provided
by or on behalf of the recipient of an amount subject to reporting (as
corrected and supplemented based on the withholding agent's actual
knowledge) or the presumption rules of Sec. Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3),
1.1441-4(a), 1.1441-5(d) and (e), 1.1441-9(b)(3), 1.1446-1(c)(3) (as
applied to publicly traded partnerships required to pay tax under
section 1446 on distributions of effectively connected income) or
1.6049-5(d). The reference in the previous sentence to presumption rules
applicable to withholding under section 1446 shall apply to partnership
taxable years beginning after May 18, 2005, or such earlier time as the
regulations
[[Page 252]]
under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply by reason of an
election under Sec. 1.1446-7. The Form 1042-S must include the
following information, if applicable--
(i) The name, address, and taxpayer identifying number of the
withholding agent;
(ii) A description of each category of income paid based on the
income codes provided on the form (e.g., interest, dividends, royalties,
etc.) and the aggregate amount in each category expressed in U.S.
dollars;
(iii) The rate of withholding applied or the basis for exempting the
payment from withholding (based on exemption codes provided on the
form);
(iv) The name and address of the recipient;
(v) The name and address of any nonqualified intermediary, flow-
through entity, or U.S. branch as described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv)
(other than a branch that is treated as a U.S. person) to which the
payment was made;
(vi) The taxpayer identifying number of the recipient if required
under Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(4)(vii) or if actually known to the withholding
agent making the return;
(vii) The taxpayer identifying number of a nonqualified intermediary
or flow-through entity (to the extent it is not a recipient) or other
flow-through entity to the extent it is known to the withholding agent;
(viii) The country (based on the country codes provided on the form)
of the recipient and of any nonqualified intermediary or flow-through
entity the name of which appears on the form; and
(ix) Such information as the form or the instructions may require in
addition to, or in lieu of, information required under this paragraph
(c)(3).
(4) Method of reporting--(i) Payments by U.S. withholding agents to
recipients. A withholding agent that is a U.S. person (other than a
foreign branch of a U.S. person that is a qualified intermediary as
defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(5)(ii)) and that makes payments of amounts
subject to reporting on Form 1042-S must file a separate Form 1042-S for
each recipient who receives such amount. For purposes of this paragraph
(c)(4), a U.S. person includes a U.S. branch described in Sec. 1.1441-
1(e)(2)(iv)(A) or (E) that agrees to be treated as a U.S. person. Except
as may otherwise be required on Form 1042-S or the instructions to the
form, only payments for which the income code, exemption code,
withholding rate and recipient code are the same may be reported on a
single Form 1042-S. See paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section for
reporting of payments made to a person that is not a recipient.
(A) Payments to beneficial owners. If a U.S. withholding agent makes
a payment directly to a beneficial owner it must complete Form 1042-S
treating the beneficial owner as the recipient. Under the grace period
rule of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(iv), a U.S. withholding agent may, under
certain circumstances, treat a payee as a foreign person while the
withholding agent awaits a valid withholding certificate. A U.S.
withholding agent who relies on the grace period rule to treat a payee
as a foreign person must file a Form 1042-S to report all payments on
Form 1042-S during the period that person was presumed to be foreign
even if that person is later determined to be a U.S. person based on
appropriate documentation or is presumed to be a U.S. person after the
grace period ends. In the case of joint owners, a withholding agent may
provide a single Form 1042-S made out to the owner whose status the U.S.
withholding agent relied upon to determine the applicable rate of
withholding. If, however, any one of the owners requests its own Form
1042-S, the withholding agent must furnish a Form 1042-S to the person
who requests it. If more than one Form 1042-S is issued for a single
payment, the aggregate amount paid and tax withheld that is reported on
all Forms 1042-S cannot exceed the total amounts paid to joint owners
and the tax withheld thereon.
(B) Payments to a qualified intermediary, a withholding foreign
partnership, or a withholding foreign trust. A U.S. withholding agent
that makes payments to a qualified intermediary (whether or not the
qualified intermediary assumes primary withholding responsibility), a
withholding foreign partnership, or a withholding foreign trust shall
complete Forms 1042-S treating the qualified intermediary or
[[Page 253]]
withholding foreign partnership as the recipient. The U.S. withholding
agent must complete a separate Form 1042-S for each withholding rate
pool. A withholding rate pool is a payment of a single type of income
(determined by the income codes on Form 1042-S) that is subject to a
single rate of withholding. A qualified intermediary that does not
assume primary withholding responsibility on all payments it receives
provides information regarding the proportions of income subject to a
particular withholding rate to the withholding agent on a withholding
statement associated with a qualified intermediary withholding
certificate. A qualified intermediary may provide a U.S. withholding
agent with information regarding withholding rate pools for U.S. non-
exempt recipients (as defined under Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(21)). Amounts paid
with respect to such withholding rate pools must be reported on Form
1099 completed for each U.S. non-exempt recipient to the extent they are
subject to Form 1099 reporting. These amounts must not be reported on
Form 1042-S. In addition, the qualified intermediary may provide the
U.S. withholding agent information regarding withholding rate pools for
U.S. persons that are exempt recipients as defined under Sec. 1.1441-
1(c)(20). If such information is provided, a U.S. withholding agent
should not report such withholding rate pools on Form 1042-S.
(C) Amounts paid to U.S. branches treated as U.S. persons. A U.S.
withholding agent making a payment to a U.S. branch of a foreign person
described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv) shall complete Form 1042-S as
follows--
(1) If the branch has provided the U.S. withholding agent with a
withholding certificate that evidences its agreement with the
withholding agent to be treated as a U.S. person, the U.S. withholding
agent files Forms 1042-S treating the U.S. branch as the recipient;
(2) If the branch has provided the U.S. withholding agent with a
withholding certificate that transmits information regarding beneficial
owners, qualified intermediaries, withholding foreign partnerships, or
other recipients, the U.S. withholding agent must complete a separate
Form 1042-S for each recipient whose documentation is associated with
the U.S. branch's withholding certificate; or
(3) If the U.S. withholding agent cannot reliably associate a
payment with a valid withholding certificate from the U.S. branch, it
shall treat the U.S. branch as the recipient and report the income as
effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the
United States.
(D) Amounts paid to an authorized foreign agent. If a U.S.
withholding agent makes a payment to an authorized foreign agent, the
withholding agent files Forms 1042-S treating the authorized foreign
agent as the recipient, provided that the authorized foreign agent
reports the payments on Forms 1042-S to each recipient to which it makes
payments. If the authorized foreign agent fails to report the amounts
paid on Forms 1042-S for each recipient to which the payment is made,
the U.S. withholding agent remains responsible for such reporting.
(E) Dual Claims. A U.S. withholding agent may make a payment to a
foreign entity that is simultaneously claiming a reduced rate of tax on
its own behalf for a portion of the payment and a reduced rate on behalf
of persons in their capacity as interest holders in that entity on the
remaining portion. See Sec. 1.1441-6(b)(2)(iii). If the claims are
consistent and the withholding agent accepts the multiple claims, the
withholding agent must file a separate Form 1042-S for those payments
for which the entity is treated as the beneficial owner and Forms 1042-S
for each of the interest holder in the entity for which the interest
holder is treated as the recipient. For those payments for which the
interest holder in an entity is treated as the recipient, the U.S.
withholding agent shall prepare the Form 1042-S in the same manner as a
payment made to a nonqualified intermediary or flow-through entity as
set forth in paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section. If the claims are
consistent but the withholding agent has not chosen to accept the
multiple claims, or if the claims are inconsistent, the withholding
agent must file a separate Form 1042-S for the person or persons it has
chosen to treat as the recipients.
[[Page 254]]
(ii) Payments made by U.S. withholding agents to persons that are
not recipients--(A) Amounts paid to a nonqualified intermediary, a flow-
through entity, and certain U.S. branches. If a U.S. withholding agent
makes a payment to a nonqualified intermediary, a flow-through entity,
or a U.S. branch described in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv) (other than a
branch that agrees to be treated as a U.S. person), it must complete a
separate Form 1042-S for each recipient to the extent the withholding
agent can reliably associate a payment with valid documentation (within
the meaning of Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(2)(vii)) from the recipient which is
associated with the withholding certificate provided by the nonqualified
intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S. branch. If a payment is made
through tiers of nonqualified intermediaries or flow-through entities,
the withholding agent must nevertheless complete Form 1042-S for the
recipients to the extent it can reliably associate the payment with
documentation from the recipients. A withholding agent that is
completing a Form 1042-S for a recipient that receives a payment through
a nonqualified intermediary, a flow-through entity, or a U.S. branch
must include on the Form 1042-S the name of the nonqualified
intermediary or flow-through entity from which the recipient directly
receives the payment. If a U.S. withholding agent cannot reliably
associate the payment, or any portion of the payment, with valid
documentation from a recipient either because no such documentation has
been provided or because the nonqualified intermediary, flow-through
entity, or U.S. branch has failed to provide sufficient allocation
information so that the withholding agent can associate the payment, or
any portion thereof, with valid documentation, then the withholding
agent must report the payments as made to an unknown recipient in
accordance with the appropriate presumption rules for that payment.
Thus, if under the presumption rules the payment is presumed to be made
to a foreign person, the withholding agent must generally withhold 30
percent of the payment and report the payment on Form 1042-S made out to
an unknown recipient and shall also include the name of the nonqualified
intermediary or flow-through entity that received the payment on behalf
of the unknown recipient. If, however, the recipient is presumed to be a
U.S. non-exempt recipient (as defined in Sec. 1.1441-1(c)(21)), the
withholding agent must withhold on the payment as required under section
3406 and report the payment as made to an unknown recipient on the
appropriate Form 1099 as required under chapter 61 of the Internal
Revenue Code.
(B) Disregarded entities. If a U.S. withholding agent makes a
payment to a disregarded entity but receives a valid withholding
certificate or other documentary evidence from a foreign person that is
the single owner of a disregarded entity, the withholding agent must
file a Form 1042-S treating the foreign single owner as the recipient.
The taxpayer identifying number on the Form 1042-S, if required, must be
the foreign single owner's TIN.
(iii) Reporting by qualified intermediaries, withholding foreign
partnerships, and withholding foreign trusts. A qualified intermediary,
a withholding foreign partnership, and a withholding foreign trust shall
report payments on Form 1042-S as provided in their agreements with the
IRS and the instructions to the form.
(iv) Reporting by a nonqualified intermediary, flow-through entity,
and certain U.S. branches. A nonqualified intermediary, flow-through
entity, or U.S. branch described in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(2)(iv) (other than
a U.S. branch that is treated as a U.S. person) is a withholding agent
and must file Forms 1042-S for amounts paid to recipients in the same
manner as a U.S. withholding agent. A Form 1042-S will not be required,
however, if another withholding agent has reported the same amount to
the same recipient for which the nonqualified intermediary, flow-through
entity, or U.S. branch would be required to file a return and the entire
amount that should be withheld from such payment has been withheld. A
nonqualified intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S. branch must
report payments made to recipients to the extent it has failed to
provide the appropriate documentation to another withholding agent
together with the information
[[Page 255]]
required for that withholding agent to reliably associate the payment
with the recipient documentation or to the extent it knows, or has
reason to know, that less than the required amount has been withheld. A
nonqualified intermediary or flow-through entity that is required to
report a payment on Form 1042-S must follow the same rules as apply to a
U.S. withholding agent under paragraph (c)(4)(i) and (ii) of this
section.
(v) Pro rata reporting for allocation failures. If a nonqualified
intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S. branch described in Sec.
1.1441-1(b)(2)(iv) (other than a branch treated as a U.S. person) that
uses the alternative procedures of Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv)(D) fails to
provide information sufficient to allocate the amount subject to
reporting paid to a withholding rate pool to the payees identified for
that pool, then the withholding agent shall report the payment in
accordance with the rule provided in Sec. 1.1441-1(e)(3)(iv)(D)(6).
(vi) Other withholding agents. Any person that is a withholding
agent not described in paragraph (c)(4)(i), (iii), or (iv) of this
section (e.g., a foreign person that is not a qualified intermediary,
flow-through entity, or U.S. branch) shall file Form 1042-S in the same
manner as a U.S. withholding agent and in accordance with the
instructions to the form.
(5) Magnetic media reporting. A withholding agent that makes 250 or
more Form 1042-S information returns for a taxable year must file Form
1042-S returns on magnetic media. See Sec. 301.6011-2 of this chapter
for requirements applicable to a withholding agent that files Forms
1042-S with the IRS on magnetic media and publications of the IRS
relating to magnetic media filing.
(d) Report of taxpayer identifying numbers. When so required under
procedures that the IRS may prescribe in published guidance (see Sec.
601.601(d)(2) of this chapter), a withholding agent must attach to the
Form 1042 a list of all the taxpayer identifying numbers (and
corresponding names) that have been furnished to the withholding agent
and upon which the withholding agent has relied to grant a reduced rate
of withholding and that are not otherwise required to be reported on a
Form 1042-S under the provisions of this section.
(e) Indemnification of withholding agent. A withholding agent is
indemnified against the claims and demands of any person for the amount
of any tax it deducts and withholds in accordance with the provisions of
chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations under that chapter. A
withholding agent that withholds based on a reasonable belief that such
withholding is required under chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations
under that chapter is treated for purposes of section 1461 and this
paragraph (e) as having withheld tax in accordance with the provisions
of chapter 3 of the Code and the regulations under that chapter. In
addition, a withholding agent is indemnified against the claims and
demands of any person for the amount of any payments made in accordance
with the grace period provisions set forth in Sec. 1.1441-1(b)(3)(iv).
This paragraph (e) does not apply to relieve a withholding agent from
tax liability under chapter 3 of the Code or the regulations under that
chapter.
(f) Amounts paid not constituting gross income. Any amount withheld
in accordance with Sec. 1.1441-3 shall be reported and paid in
accordance with this section, even though the amount paid to the
beneficial owner may not constitute gross income in whole or in part.
For this purpose, a reference in this section and Sec. 1.1461-2 to an
amount shall, where appropriate, be deemed to refer to the amount
subject to withholding under Sec. 1.1441-3.
(g) Extensions of time to file Forms 1042 and 1042-S. The IRS may
grant an extension of time in which to file a Form 1042 or a Form 1042-
S. Form 2758, Application for Extension of Time to File Certain Excise,
Income, Information, and Other Returns (or such other form as the IRS
may prescribe), must be used to request an extension of time for a Form
1042. Form 8809, Request for Extension of Time to File Information
Returns (or such other form as the IRS may prescribe) must be used to
request an extension of time for a Form 1042-S. The request must contain
a statement of the reasons for requesting the extension and such other
information as the
[[Page 256]]
forms or instructions may require. It must be mailed or delivered not
later than March 15 of the year following the end of the calendar year
for which the return will be filed.
(h) Penalties. For penalties and additions to the tax for failure to
file returns or furnish statements in accordance with this section, see
sections 6651, 6662, 6663, 6721, 6722, 6723, 6724(c), 7201, 7203, and
the regulations under those sections.
(i) Effective date. Unless otherwise provided in this section, this
section shall apply to returns required for payments made after December
31, 2000.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53467, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72188, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73412, Dec. 30, 1999; T.D. 8881,
65 FR 32201, 32212, May 22, 2000; 66 FR 18189, Apr. 6, 2001; T.D. 8952,
66 FR 33831, June 26, 2001; T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28740, May 18, 2005]
Sec. 1.1461-2 Adjustments for overwithholding or underwithholding of tax.
(a) Adjustments of overwithheld tax--(1) In general. Except for
partnerships or nominees required to withhold under section 1446, a
withholding agent that has overwithheld under chapter 3 of the Internal
Revenue Code, and made a deposit of the tax as provided in Sec. 1.6302-
2(a) may adjust the overwithheld amount either pursuant to the
reimbursement procedure described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section or
pursuant to the set-off procedure described in paragraph (a)(3) of this
section. References in the previous sentence excepting from this section
certain partnerships withholding under section 1446 shall apply to
partnership taxable years beginning after May 18, 2005, or such earlier
time as the regulations under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply
by reason of an election under Sec. 1.1446-7. Adjustments under this
paragraph (a) may only be made within the time prescribed under
paragraph (a) (2) or (3) of this section. After such time, a refund of
the amount overwithheld can only be claimed by the beneficial owner with
the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) pursuant to the procedures described
in chapter 65 of the Code. For purposes of this section, the term
overwithholding means any amount actually withheld (determined before
application of the adjustment procedures under this section) from an
item of income pursuant to chapter 3 of the Code or the regulations
thereunder in excess of the actual tax liability due, regardless of
whether such overwithholding was in error or appeared correct at the
time it occurred.
(2) Reimbursement of tax--(i) General rule. Under the reimbursement
procedure, the withholding agent repays the beneficial owner or payee
for the amount overwithheld. In such a case, the withholding agent may
reimburse itself by reducing, by the amount of tax actually repaid to
the beneficial owner or payee, the amount of any deposit of tax made by
the withholding agent under Sec. 1.6302-2(a)(1)(iii) for any subsequent
payment period occurring before the end of the calendar year following
the calendar year of overwithholding. Any such reduction that occurs for
a payment period in the calendar year following the calendar year of
overwithholding shall be allowed only if--
(A) The withholding agent states, on a timely filed (not including
extensions) Form 1042-S for the calendar year of overwithholding, the
amount of tax withheld and the amount of any actual repayment; and
(B) The withholding agent states on a timely filed (not including
extensions) Form 1042 for the calendar year of overwithholding, that the
filing of the Form 1042 constitutes a claim for credit in accordance
with Sec. 1.6414-1.
(ii) Record maintenance. If the beneficial owner is repaid an amount
of withholding tax under the provisions of this paragraph (a)(2), the
withholding agent shall keep as part of its records a receipt showing
the date and amount of repayment and the withholding agent must provide
a copy of such receipt to the beneficial owner. For this purpose, a
canceled check or an entry in a statement is sufficient provided that
the check or statement contains a specific notation that it is a refund
of tax overwithheld.
(3) Set-offs. Under the set-off procedure, the withholding agent may
repay the beneficial owner or payee by applying the amount overwithheld
against any amount which otherwise would be required under chapter 3 of
the Code or
[[Page 257]]
the regulations thereunder to be withheld from income paid by the
withholding agent to such person before the earlier of the due date
(without regard to extensions) for filing the Form 1042-S for the
calendar year of overwithholding or the date that the Form 1042-S is
actually filed with the IRS. For purposes of making a return on Form
1042 or 1042-S (or an amended form) for the calendar year of
overwithholding and for purposes of making a deposit of the amount
withheld, the reduced amount shall be considered the amount required to
be withheld from such income under chapter 3 of the Code and the
regulations thereunder.
(4) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (a) are illustrated
by the following examples:
Example 1. (i) N is a nonresident alien individual who is a resident
of the United Kingdom. In December 2001, a domestic corporation C pays a
dividend of $100 to N, at which time C withholds $30 and remits the
balance of $70 to N. On February 10, 2002, prior to the time that C
files its Form 1042, N furnishes a valid Form W-8 described in Sec.
1.1441-1(e)(2)(i) upon which C may rely to reduce the rate of
withholding to 15 percent under the provisions of the U.S.-U.K. tax
treaty. Consequently, N advises C that its tax liability is only $15 and
not $30 and requests reimbursement of $15. Although C has already
deposited the $30 that was withheld, as required by Sec. 1.6302-
2(a)(1)(iv), C repays N in the amount of $15.
(ii) During 2001, C makes no other payments upon which tax is
required to be withheld under chapter 3 of the Code; accordingly, its
return on Form 1042 for such year, which is filed on March 15, 2002,
shows total tax withheld of $30, an adjusted total tax withheld of $15,
and $30 previously paid for such year. Pursuant to Sec. 1.6414-1(b), C
claims a credit for the overpayment of $15 shown on the Form 1042 for
2001. Accordingly, it is permitted to reduce by $15 any deposit required
by Sec. 1.6302-2 to be made of tax withheld during the calendar year
2002. The Form 1042-S required to be filed by C with respect to the
dividend of $100 paid to N in 2001 is required to show tax withheld of
$30 and tax released of $15.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1. In addition,
during 2002, C makes payments to N upon which it is required to withhold
$200 under chapter 3 of the Code, all of which is withheld in June 2002.
Pursuant to Sec. 1.6302-2(a)(1)(iii), C deposits the amount of $185 on
July 15, 2002 ($200 less the $15 for which credit is claimed on the Form
1042 for 2001). On March 15, 2003, C Corporation files its return on
Form 1042 for calendar year 2002, which shows total tax withheld of
$200, $185 previously deposited by C, and $15 allowable credit.
Example 3. The facts are the same as in Example 1. Under Sec.
1.6032-2(a)(1)(ii)), C is required to deposit on a quarter-monthly basis
the tax withheld under chapter 3 of the Code. C withholds tax of $100
between February 8 and February 15, 2002, and deposits $75 [($100x90
percent) less $15] of the withheld tax within 3 banking days after
February 15, 2002, and by depositing $10 [($100-$15) less $75] within 3
banking days after March 15, 2002.
(b) Withholding of additional tax when underwithholding occurs. A
withholding agent may withhold from future payments (or distributions of
effectively connected income under section 1446) made to a beneficial
owner the tax that should have been withheld from previous payments (or
distributions subject to section 1446) to such beneficial owner under
chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code. In the alternative, the
withholding agent may satisfy the tax from property that it holds in
custody for the beneficial owner or property over which it has control.
Such additional withholding or satisfaction of the tax owed may only be
made before the date that the Form 1042 is required to be filed (not
including extensions) for the calendar year in which the
underwithholding occurred. See Sec. 1.6302-2 for making deposits of tax
or Sec. 1.1461-1(a) for making payment of the balance due for a
calendar year. See also Sec. Sec. 1.1461-1, 1.1461-3, and 1.1446-1
through 1.1446-7 for rules relating to withholding under section 1446.
References in this paragraph (b) to withholding under section 1446 shall
apply to partnership taxable years beginning after May 18, 2005, or such
earlier time as the regulations under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through
1.1446-5 apply by reason of an election under Sec. 1.1446-7.
(c) Definition. For purposes of this section, the term payment
period means the period for which the withholding agent is required by
Sec. 1.6302-2(a)(1) to make a deposit of tax withheld under chapter 3
of the Code.
(d) Effective date. Unless otherwise provided in this section, this
section
[[Page 258]]
applies to payments made after December 31, 2000.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53470, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72188, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73412, Dec. 30, 1999; T.D. 9200,
70 FR 28741, May 18, 2005]
Sec. 1.1461-3 Withholding under section 1446.
For rules relating to the withholding tax liability of a partnership
or nominee under section 1446, see Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-7.
For interest, penalties, and additions to the tax for failure to timely
pay the tax required to be paid under section 1446, see sections 6601,
6651, 6655 (in the case of publicly traded partnerships, see section
6656), 6672, and 7202 and the regulations under those sections. For
additional penalties and additions to the tax for failure to comply with
the regulations under section 1446, see sections 6651, 6662, 6663, 6721,
6722, 6723, 6724(c), 7201, 7203, and the regulations under those
sections. This section shall apply to partnership taxable years
beginning after May 18, 2005, or such earlier time as the regulations
under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply by reason of an
election under Sec. 1.1446-7.
[T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28741, May 18, 2005]
Sec. 1.1462-1 Withheld tax as credit to recipient of income.
(a) Creditable tax. The entire amount of the income from which the
tax is required to be withheld (including amounts calculated under the
gross-up formula in Sec. 1.1441-3(f)(1)) shall be included in gross
income in the return required to be made by the beneficial owner of the
income, without deduction for the amount required to be or actually
withheld, but the amount of tax actually withheld shall be allowed as a
credit against the total income tax computed in the beneficial owner's
return.
(b) Amounts paid to persons who are not the beneficial owner.
Amounts withheld at source under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code
on payments to (or effectively connected taxable income allocable to) a
fiduciary, partnership, or intermediary are deemed to have been paid by
the taxpayer ultimately liable for the tax upon such income. Thus, for
example, if a beneficiary of a trust is subject to the taxes imposed by
section 1, 2, 3, or 11 upon any portion of the income received from a
foreign trust, the part of any amount withheld at source which is
properly allocable to the income so taxed to such beneficiary shall be
credited against the amount of the income tax computed upon the
beneficiary's return, and any excess shall be refunded. See Sec.
1.1446-3 for examples applying this rule in the context of a partnership
interest held by a foreign trust or estate. Further, if a partnership
withholds an amount under chapter 3 of the Internal Revenue Code with
respect to the allocable share of a partner that is a partnership
(upper-tier partnership) or with respect to the allocable share of
partners in an upper-tier partnership, such amount is deemed to have
been withheld by the upper-tier partnership. See Sec. 1.1446-5 for
rules applicable to tiered partnership structures. References in this
paragraph (b) to withholding under section 1446 shall apply to
partnership taxable years beginning after May 18, 2005, or such earlier
time as the regulations under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply
by reason of an election under Sec. 1.1446-7.
(c) Effective date. Unless otherwise provided in this section, this
section applies to payments made after December 31, 2000.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53471, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72188, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 9200, 70 FR 28741, May 18, 2005]
Sec. 1.1463-1 Tax paid by recipient of income.
(a) Tax paid. If the tax required to be withheld under chapter 3 of
the Internal Revenue Code is paid by the beneficial owner of the income
or by the withholding agent, it shall not be re-collected from the
other, regardless of the original liability therefor. However, this
section does not relieve the person that did not withhold tax from
liability for interest or any penalties or additions to tax otherwise
applicable. See Sec. 1.1441-7(b) for additional applicable rules. See
Sec. 1.1446-3(e) and (f) for application of the rule of this paragraph
(a), and for additional rules, where the withholding tax was required
[[Page 259]]
to be paid under section 1446. The previous sentence shall apply to
partnership taxable years beginning after May 18, 2005, or such earlier
time as the regulations under Sec. Sec. 1.1446-1 through 1.1446-5 apply
by reason of an election under Sec. 1.1446-7.
(b) Effective date. Unless otherwise provided in this section, this
section applies to failures to withhold occurring after December 31,
2000.
[T.D. 8734, 62 FR 53471, Oct. 14, 1997, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72188, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 8856, 64 FR 73412, Dec. 30, 1999; T.D. 9200,
70 FR 28741, May 18, 2005]
Sec. 1.1464-1 Refunds or credits.
(a) In general. The refund or credit under chapter 65 of the Code of
an overpayment of tax which has actually been withheld at the source
under chapter 3 of the Code shall be made to the taxpayer from whose
income the amount of such tax was in fact withheld. To the extent that
the overpayment under chapter 3 was not in fact withheld at the source,
but was paid, by the withholding agent the refund or credit under
chapter 65 of the overpayment shall be made to the withholding agent.
Thus, where a debtor corporation assumes liability pursuant to its tax-
free covenant for the tax required to be withheld under chapter 3 upon
interest and pays the tax in behalf of its bondholder, and it can be
shown that the bondholder is not in fact liable for any tax, the
overpayment of tax shall be credited or refunded to the withholding
agent in accordance with chapter 65 since the tax was not actually
deducted and withheld from the interest paid to the bondholder. In
further illustration, where a withholding agent who is required by
chapter 3 to withhold $300 tax from rents paid to a nonresident alien
individual mistakenly withholds $320 and mistakenly pays $350 as
internal revenue tax, the amount of $30 shall be credited or refunded to
the withholding agent in accordance with chapter 65 and the amount of
$20 shall be credited or refunded in accordance with such chapter to the
person from whose income such amount has been withheld. With respect to
section 1446, this section shall only apply to a publicly traded
partnership described in Sec. 1.1446-4.
(b) Tax repaid to payee. For purposes of this section and Sec.
1.6414-1, any amount of tax withheld under chapter 3 of the Code, which,
pursuant to paragraph (a)(1) of Sec. 1.1461-2, is repaid by the
withholding agent to the person from whose income such amount was
erroneously withheld shall be considered as tax which, within the
meaning of sections 1464 and 6414, was not actually withheld by the
withholding agent.
(c) Effective/Applicability date. The last sentence in paragraph (a)
of this section shall apply to partnership taxable years beginning after
April 29, 2008.
[T.D. 6922, 32 FR 8713, June 17, 1967, as amended by T.D. 8804, 63 FR
72188, Dec. 31, 1998; T.D. 9394, 73 FR 23085, Apr. 29, 2008; 74 FR
14932, Apr. 2, 2009]
Rules Applicable to Recovery of Excessive Profits on Government
Contracts
RECOVERY OF EXCESSIVE PROFITS ON GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS
Sec. 1.1471-1 Recovery of excessive profits on government contracts.
The inclusion of the statutory provisions of section 1471 in this
part does not supersede the provisions of 26 CFR (1939) part 17
(Treasury Decision 4906) and 26 CFR (1939) part 16 (Treasury Decision
4909) as made applicable to section 1471 by Treasury Decision 6091 (19
FR 5167, C.B. 1954-2, 47).
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12081, Nov. 26, 1960]
Editorial Note: For the convenience of the user, the text of parts
16 and 17 (not entirely superseded) of 26 CFR (1939) referred to above
is set forth below:
Part 16--Excess Profits on Army Contracts for Aircraft
regulations under section 14 of the act of april 3, 1939, and other
provisions
Authority: Sections 16.1 to 16.18 issued under 52 Stat. 467; 26
U.S.C. 3791. Interpret or apply sec. 3, 48 Stat. 505, as amended, sec.
14, 53 Stat. 560; 34 U.S.C. 496, 10 U.S.C. 311, 312.2206
Source: Sections 16.1 to 16.18 contained in T.D. 4909, 4 FR 2733,
July 1, 1939, except as otherwise noted.
Sec. 16.1 Definitions. As used in the regulations in this part the
term:
[[Page 260]]
(a) ``Act'' means the act of April 3, 1939 (53 Stat. 560; 10 U.S.C.
311, 312, 34 U.S.C. 496), together with the applicable provisions of
section 3 of the act of March 27, 1934, 48 Stat. 505; 34 U.S.C. 496, as
amended by the act of June 25, 1936, 49 Stat. 1926; 34 U.S.C., Sup. IV,
496, and as further amended by the act of April 3, 1939 (53 Stat. 560;
34 U.S.C. 496).
(b) ``Person'' includes an individual, a corporation, a partnership,
a trust or estate, a joint-stock company, an association, or a
syndicate, group, pool, joint venture or other unincorporated
organization or group, through or by means of which any business,
financial operation or venture is carried on.
(c) ``Contract'' means an agreement made by authority of the
Secretary of the Army for the construction or manufacture of any
complete aircraft or any portion thereof for the Army.
(d) ``Contractor'' means a person entering into a direct contract
with the Secretary of the Army or his duly authorized representative.
(e) ``Subcontract'' means an agreement entered into by one person
with another person for the construction or manufacture of any complete
aircraft or any portion thereof for the Army, the prime contract for
such aircraft or portion thereof having been entered into between a
contractor and the Secretary of the Army or his duly authorized
representative.
(f) ``Subcontractor'' means any person other than a contractor
entering into a subcontract.
(g) ``Contracting party'' means a contractor or subcontractor as the
case may be.
(h) ``Contract price'' or ``total contract price'' means the amount
or total amount to be received under a contract or subcontract as the
case may be.
(i) ``Income-taxable year'' means the calendar year, the fiscal year
ending during such calendar year, or the fractional part of such
calendar or fiscal year, upon the basis of which the contracting party's
net income is computed and for which its income tax returns are made for
Federal income tax purposes.
Sec. 16.2 Contracts and subcontracts under which excess profit
liability may be incurred. Except as otherwise provided with respect to
contracts or subcontracts for certain scientific equipment (see Sec.
16.3), every contract awarded for an amount exceeding $10,000 and
entered into after the enactment of the act of April 3, 1939 for the
construction or manufacture of any complete aircraft or any portion
thereof for the Army, is subject to the provisions of the act relating
to excess profit liability. Any subcontract made with respect to such a
contract and involving an amount in excess of $10,000 is also within the
scope of the act. If a contracting party places orders with another
party, aggregating an amount in excess of $10,000, for articles or
materials which constitute a part of the cost of performing the contract
or subcontract, the placing of such orders shall constitute a
subcontract within the scope of the act, unless it is clearly shown that
each of the orders involving $10,000 or less is a bona fide separate and
distinct subcontract and not a subdivision made for the purpose of
evading the provisions of the act.
Sec. 16.3 Contracts or subcontracts for scientific equipment. No excess
profit liability is incurred upon a contract or subcontract entered into
after the enactment of the act of April 3, 1939, if at the time or prior
to the time such contract or subcontract is made it is designated by the
Secretary of the Army as being exempt under the provisions of the act
pertaining to scientific equipment used for communication, target
detection, navigation, and fire control.
Sec. 16.4 Completion of contract defined. The date of delivery of the
aircraft or portion thereof covered by the contract or subcontract shall
be considered the date of completion of the contract or subcontract
unless otherwise determined jointly by the Secretary of the Army and the
Secretary of the Treasury or their duly authorized representatives.
Except as otherwise provided in the preceding sentence, the replacement
of defective parts or delivered articles or the performance of other
guarantee work in respect of such articles will not operate to extend
the date of completion. As to the treatment of the cost of such work as
a cost of performing a contract or subcontract, see Sec. 16.8(h). As to
a refund in case of adjustment due to any subsequently incurred
additional costs, see Sec. 16.18. If a contract or subcontract is at
any time cancelled or terminated, it is completed at the time of the
cancellation or termination.
Sec. 16.5 Manner of determining liability. (a) The first step in the
determination of the excess profit to be paid to the United States by a
contracting party with respect to contracts and subcontracts completed
within an income-taxable year is to ascertain the total contract prices
of all contracts and subcontracts completed by the contracting party
within the income-taxable year. As to total contract prices, see Sec.
16.7.
(b) The second step is to ascertain the cost of performing such
contracts and subcontracts and to deduct such cost from the total
contract prices of such contracts and subcontracts as computed in the
first step. See Sec. 16.8. The amount remaining after such subtraction
is the amount of net profit or net loss upon the contracts and
subcontracts completed within the income-taxable year.
(c) The third step, in case there is a net profit upon such
contracts and subcontracts, is to subtract from the amount of such net
[[Page 261]]
profit as computed in the second step the sum of:
(1) An amount equal to 12 percent of the total contract prices of
the contracts and subcontracts completed within the income- taxable
year;
(2) The amount of any net loss allowable as a credit in determining
the excess profit for the income-taxable year (see Sec. 16.9); and
(3) The amount of any deficiency in profit allowable as a credit in
determining the excess profit for the income-taxable year (see Sec.
16.9). The amount remaining after such subtraction is the amount of
excess profit for the income-taxable year.
(d) The fourth step is to ascertain the amount of credit allowed for
Federal income taxes paid or remaining to be paid upon the amount of
such excess profit (see Sec. 16.10) and then subtract from the amount
of such excess profit the amount of credit for Federal income taxes. The
amount remaining after this subtraction is the amount of excess profit
to be paid to the United States by the contracting party for the income-
taxable year.
[T.D. 4909, 4 FR 2733, July 1, 1939, as amended by T.D. 6511, 25 FR
12442, Dec. 6, 1960]
Sec. 16.6 Computation of excess profit liability. The application of
the provisions of Sec. 16.5 may be illustrated by the following
example:
Example. On September 1, 1939, the B Corporation, which keeps its
books and makes its Federal income tax returns on a calendar year basis,
entered into a contract for the construction of Army aircraft coming
within the scope of the act, the total contract price of which was
$200,000. On March 10, 1940, the corporation entered into another such
contract, the total contract price of which was $40,000. Both contracts
were completed within the calendar year 1940, the first at a cost of
$155,000 and the second at a cost of $45,000. During the year 1940, the
B Corporation also completed at a deficiency in profit of $2,000 a
contract entered into after April 3, 1939, for the construction of naval
aircraft coming within the scope of 10 U.S.C. 2382 (formerly section 3
of the Act of March 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 505)). For the year 1939, the B
Corporation sustained a net loss of $1,500 and a deficiency in profit of
$1,000 on all contracts and subcontracts entered into after April 3,
1939, for Army aircraft coming within the scope of the act and completed
within the calendar year 1939. For the year 1939, the B Corporation also
sustained a net loss of $1,000 on a contract, entered into after April
3, 1939, and completed within the calendar year 1939, for naval aircraft
coming within the scope of 10 U.S.C. 2382 (formerly section 3 of the Act
of March 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 505)). For purposes of the Federal income
tax, the net income of the B Corporation for the year 1940, on which the
tax was paid, amounted to $96,000, which included the total net profit
of $40,000 upon the two contracts entered into on September 1, 1939, and
March 10, 1940. The excess profit liability is $4,332, computed as
follows:
Total contract prices:
Contract No. 1................................ $200,000
Contract No. 2................................ 40,000
-------------
.......... $240,000
Less: Cost of performing contracts:
Contract No. 1................................ 155,000
Contract No. 2................................ 45,000
------------
.......... $200,000
-----------
Net profit on contracts..................................... $40,000
Less:
12 percent of total contract prices (12 $28,800
percent of $240,000).........................
Deficiency in profit (in naval aircraft 2,000
contracts) in 1940...........................
Net loss (in Army aircraft contracts) from 1,500
1939.........................................
Net loss (in naval aircraft contracts) from 1,000
1939.........................................
Deficiency in profit (in Army aircraft 1,000 ..........
contracts) from 1939.........................
-----------
Excess profit for year 1940................................. 5,700
Less: Credit for Federal income taxes (Federal income tax on 1,368
$5,700 at rates for 1940)..................................
34,300
-------------
Amount of excess profit payable to the United States........ 4,332
[T.D. 4909, 4 FR 2733, July 1, 1939, as amended by T.D. 6511, 25 FR
12442, Dec. 6, 1960]
Sec. 16.7 Total contract price. The total contract price of a
particular contract or subcontract (see Sec. 16.1) may be received in
money or its equivalent. If something other than money is received, only
the fair market value of the thing received, at the date of receipt, is
to be included in determining the amount received. Bonuses earned for
bettering performance and penalties incurred for failure to meet the
contract guarantees are to be regarded as adjustments of the original
contract price. Trade or other discounts granted by a contracting party
in respect of a contract or subcontract performed by such party are also
to be deducted in determining the true total contract price of such
contract or subcontract.
Sec. 16.8 Cost of performing a contract or subcontract--(a) General
rule. The cost of performing a particular contract or subcontract shall
be the sum of (1) the direct costs, including therein expenditures for
materials, direct labor and direct expenses, incurred by the contracting
party in performing the contract or subcontract; and (2) the proper
proportion of any indirect costs (including
[[Page 262]]
therein a reasonable proportion of management expenses) incident to and
necessary for the performance of the contract or subcontract.
(b) Elements of cost. No definitions of the elements of cost may be
stated which are of invariable application to all contractors and
subcontractors. In general, the elements of cost may be defined for
purposes of the act as follows:
(1) Manufacturing cost, which is the sum of factory cost (see
paragraph (c) of this section) and other manufacturing cost (see
paragraph (d) of this section);
(2) Miscellaneous direct expenses (see paragraph (e) of this
section);
(3) General expenses, which are the sum of indirect engineering
expenses, usually termed ``engineering overhead'' (see paragraph (f) of
this section) and expenses of distribution, servicing and administration
(see paragraph (g) of this section); and
(4) Guarantee expenses (see paragraph (h) of this section).
(c) Factory cost. Factory cost is the sum of the following:
(1) Direct materials. Materials, such as those purchased for stock
and subsequently issued for contract operations and those acquired under
subcontracts, which become a component part of the finished product or
which are used directly in fabricating, converting or processing such
materials or parts.
(2) Direct productive labor. Productive labor, usually termed ``shop
labor,'' which is performed on and is properly chargeable directly to
the article manufactured or constructed pursuant to the contract or
subcontract, but which ordinarily does not include direct engineering
labor (see subparagraph (3) of this paragraph).
(3) Direct engineering labor. The compensation of professional
engineers and other technicists (including reasonable advisory fees),
and of draftsmen, properly chargeable directly to the cost of the
contract or subcontract.
(4) Miscellaneous direct factory charges. Items which are properly
chargeable directly to the factory cost of performing the contract or
subcontract but which do not come within the classifications in
subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3) of this paragraph, as for example,
royalties which the contracting party pays to another party and which
are properly chargeable to the cost of performing the contract or
subcontract (but see paragraph (d) of this section).
(5) Indirect factory expenses. Items, usually termed ``factory
overhead,'' which are not directly chargeable to the factory cost of
performing the contract or subcontract but which are properly incident
to and necessary for the performance of the contract or subcontract and
consist of the following:
(i) Labor. Amounts expended for factory labor, such as supervision
and inspection, clerical labor, timekeeping, packing and shipping,
stores supply, services of tool crib attendants, and services in the
factory employment bureau, which are not chargeable directly to
productive labor of the contract or subcontract.
(ii) Materials and supplies. The cost of materials and supplies for
general use in the factory in current operations, such as shop fuel,
lubricants, heat-treating, plating, cleaning and anodizing supplies,
nondurable tools and gauges, stationery (such as time tickets and other
forms), and boxing and wrapping materials.
(iii) Service expenses. Factory expenses of a general nature, such
as those for power, heat and light (whether purchased or produced),
ventilation and air-conditioning and operation and maintenance of
general plant assets and facilities.
(iv) Fixed charges and obsolescence. Recurring charges with respect
to property used for manufacturing purposes of the contract or
subcontract, such as premiums for fire and elevator insurance, property
taxes, rentals and allowances for depreciation of such property,
including maintenance and depreciation of reasonable stand-by equipment;
and depreciation and obsolescence of special equipment and facilities
necessarily acquired primarily for the performance of the contract or
subcontract. In making allowances for depreciation, consideration shall
be given to the number and length of shifts.
(v) Miscellaneous indirect factory expenses. Miscellaneous factory
expenses not directly chargeable to the factory cost of performing the
contract or subcontract, such as purchasing expenses; ordinary and
necessary expenses of rearranging facilities within a department or
plant; employees' welfare expenses; premiums or dues on compensation
insurance; employers' payments to unemployment, old age and social
security Federal and State funds not including payments deducted from or
chargeable to employees or officers; pensions and retirement payments to
factory employees; factory accident compensation (as to self-insurance,
see paragraph (g) of this section); but not including any amounts which
are not incident to services, operations, plant, equipment or facilities
involved in the performance of the contract or subcontract.
(d) Other manufacturing cost. Other manufacturing cost as used in
paragraph (b) of this section includes items of manufacturing costs
which are not properly or satisfactorily chargeable to factory costs
(see paragraph (c) of this section) but which upon a complete showing of
all pertinent facts are properly to be included as a cost of performing
the contract or subcontract, as for instance, payments of royalties and
amortization of the cost of designs purchased and patent rights over
their useful life; and ``deferred''
[[Page 263]]
or ``unliquidated'' experimental and development charges. For example,
in case experimental and development costs have been properly deferred
or capitalized and are amortized in accordance with a reasonably
consistent plan, a proper portion of the current charge, determined by a
ratable allocation which is reasonable in consideration of the pertinent
facts, may be treated as a cost of performing the contract or
subcontract. In the case of general experimental and development
expenses which may be charged off currently, a reasonable portion
thereof may be allocated to the cost of performing the contract or
subcontract. If a special experimental or development project is carried
on in pursuance of a contract, or in anticipation of a contract which is
later entered into, and the expense is not treated as a part of general
experimental and development expenses or is not otherwise allowed as a
cost of performing the contract, there clearly appearing no reasonable
prospect of an additional contract for the type of article involved, the
entire cost of such project may be allowed as a part of the cost of
performing the contract.
(e) Miscellaneous direct expenses. Miscellaneous direct expenses as
used in paragraph (b) of this section include:
(1) Cost of installation and construction. Cost of installation and
construction includes the cost of materials, labor and expenses
necessary for the erection and installation prior to the completion of
the contract and after the delivery of the product or material
manufactured or constructed pursuant to the contract or subcontract.
(2) Sundry direct expenses. Items of expense which are properly
chargeable directly to the cost of performing a contract or subcontract
and which do not constitute guarantee expenses (see paragraph (h) of
this section) or direct costs classified as factory cost or other
manufacturing cost (see paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section), such as
premiums on performance or other bonds required under the contract or
subcontract; State sales taxes imposed on the contracting party; freight
on outgoing shipments; fees paid for wind tunnel and model basin tests;
demonstration and test expenses; crash insurance premiums; traveling
expenses. In order for any such item to be allowed as a charge directly
to the cost of performing a contract or subcontract, (i) a detailed
record shall be kept by the contracting party of all items of a similar
character, and (ii) no item of a similar character which is properly a
direct charge to other work shall be allowed as a part of any indirect
expenses in determining the proper proportion thereof chargeable to the
cost of performing the contract or subcontract. As to allowable indirect
expenses, see paragraphs (c)(5), (f), (g) and (j) of this section.
(f) Indirect engineering expenses. Indirect engineering expenses,
usually termed ``engineering overhead,'' which are treated in this
section as a part of general expenses in determining the cost of
performing a contract or subcontract (see paragraph (b) of this
section), comprise the general engineering expenses which are incident
to and necessary for the performance of the contract or subcontract,
such as the following:
(1) Labor. Reasonable fees of engineers employed in a general
consulting capacity, and compensation of employees for personal services
to the engineering department, such as supervision, which is properly
chargeable to the contract or subcontract, but which is not chargeable
as direct engineering labor (see paragraph (c)(3) of this section).
(2) Material. Supplies for the engineering department, such as paper
and ink for drafting and similar supplies.
(3) Miscellaneous expenses. Expenses of the engineering department,
such as (i) maintenance and repair of engineering equipment, and (ii)
services purchased outside of the engineering department for blue
printing, drawing, computing, and like purposes.
(g) Expenses of distribution, servicing and administration. Expenses
of distribution, servicing and administration, which are treated in this
section as a part of general expenses in determining the cost of
performing a contract or subcontract (see paragraph (b) of this
section), comprehend the expenses incident to and necessary for the
performance of the contract or subcontract, which are incurred in
connection with the distribution and general servicing of the
contracting party's products and the general administration of the
business, such as:
(1) Compensation for personal services of employees. The salaries of
the corporate and general executive officers and the salaries and wages
of administrative clerical employees and of the office services
employees such as telephone operators, janitors, cleaners, watchmen and
office equipment repairmen.
(2) Bidding and general selling expenses. Bidding and general
selling expenses which by reference to all the pertinent facts and
circumstances reasonably constitute a part of the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract. The treatment of bidding and general selling
expenses as a part of general expenses in accordance with this paragraph
is in lieu of any direct charges which otherwise might be made for such
expenses. The term ``bidding expenses'' as used in this section includes
all expenses in connection with preparing and submitting bids.
(3) General servicing expenses. Expenses which by reference to all
the pertinent facts and circumstances reasonably constitute a part of
the cost of performing a contract or subcontract and which are incident
to delivered or installed articles and are due to ordinary adjustments
or minor defects; but including no items which are treated as a part of
guarantee expenses (see paragraph (h) of
[[Page 264]]
this section) or as a part of direct costs, such as direct materials,
direct labor, and other direct expense.
(4) Other expenses. Miscellaneous office and administrative
expenses, such as stationery and office supplies; postage; repair and
depreciation of office equipment; contributions to local charitable or
community organizations to the extent constituting ordinary and
necessary business expenses; employees' welfare expenses; premiums and
dues on compensation insurance; employers' payments to unemployment, old
age and social security Federal and State funds not including payments
deducted from or chargeable to employees or officers; pensions and
retirement payments to administrative office employees and accident
compensation to office employees (as to self-insurance, see subdivision
(i) of this subparagraph.
(i) Subject to the exception stated in this subdivision, in cases
where a contracting party assumes its own insurable risks (usually
termed ``self-insurance''), losses and payments will be allowed in the
cost of performing a contract or subcontract only to the extent of the
actual losses suffered or payments incurred during, and in the course
of, the performance of the contract or subcontract and properly
chargeable to such contract or subcontract. If however, a contracting
party assumes its own insurable risks (a) for compensation paid to
employees for injuries received in the performance of their duties, or
(b) for unemployment risks in States where insurance is required, there
may be allowed as a part of the cost of performing a contract or
subcontract a reasonable portion of the charges set up for purposes of
self-insurance under a system of accounting regularly employed by the
contracting party, as determined by the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, at rates not exceeding the lawful or approved rates of
insurance companies for such insurance, reduced by amounts representing
the acquisition cost in such companies, provided the contracting party
adopts and consistently follows this method with respect to self-
insurance in connection with all contracts and subcontracts subsequently
performed by him.
(ii) Allowances for interest on invested capital are not allowable
as costs of performing a contract or subcontract.
(iii) Among the items which shall not be included as a part of the
cost of performing a contract or subcontract or considered in
determining such cost, are the following: Entertainment expenses; dues
and memberships other than of regular trade associations; donations
except as otherwise provided above; losses on other contracts; profits
or losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets; extraordinary
expenses due to strikes or lockouts; fines and penalties; amortization
of unrealized appreciation of values of assets; expenses, maintenance
and depreciation of excess facilities (including idle land and building,
idle parts of a building, and excess machinery and equipment) vacated or
abandoned, or not adaptable for future use in performing contracts or
subcontracts; increases in reserve accounts for contingencies, repairs,
compensation insurance (except as above provided with respect to self-
insurance) and guarantee work; Federal and State income and excess-
profits taxes and surtaxes; cash discount earned up to one percent of
the amount of the purchase, except that all discounts on subcontracts
subject to the act will be considered; interest incurred or earned; bond
discount or finance charges; premiums for life insurance on the lives of
officers; legal and accounting fees in connection with reorganizations,
security issues, capital stock issues and the prosecution of claims
against the United State (including income tax matters); taxes and
expenses on issues and transfers of capital stock; losses on
investments; bad debts; and expenses of collection and exchange.
(iv) In order that the cost of performing a contract or subcontract
may be accounted for clearly, the amount of any excess profits repayable
to the United States pursuant to the act should not be charged to or
included in such cost.
(h) Guarantee expenses. Guarantee expenses include the various items
of factory cost, other manufacturing cost, cost of installation and
construction, indirect engineering expenses and other general expenses
(see paragraphs (c) to (g), of this section) which are incurred after
delivery or installation of the article manufactured or constructed
pursuant to the particular contract or subcontract and which are
incident to the correction of defects or deficiencies which the
contracting party is required to make under the guarantee provisions of
the particular contract or subcontract. If the total amount of such
guarantee expenses is not ascertainable at the time of filing the report
required to be filed with the district director of internal revenue (see
Sec. 16.15) and the contracting party includes any estimated amount of
such expenses as part of the claimed total cost of performing the
contract or subcontract, such estimated amount shall be separately shown
on the report and the reasons for claiming such estimated amount shall
accompany the report; but only the amount of guarantee expenses actually
incurred will be allowed. If the amount of guarantee expenses actually
incurred is greater than the amount (if any) claimed on the report and
the contracting party has made an overpayment of excess profit, a refund
of the overpayment shall be made in accordance with the provisions of
Sec. 16.18. If the amount of guarantee expenses actually incurred is
less than the amount claimed on the report and an additional amount of
excess profit is determined to be
[[Page 265]]
due, the additional amount of excess profit shall be assessed and paid
in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 16.18.
(i) Unreasonable compensation. (1) The salaries and compensation for
services which are treated as a part of the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract include reasonable payments for salaries,
bonuses, or other compensation for services. As a general rule, bonuses
paid to employees (and not to officers) in pursuance of a regularly
established incentive bonus system may be allowed as a part of the cost
of performing a contract or subcontract.
(2) The test of allowability is whether the aggregate compensation
paid to each individual is for services actually rendered incident to,
and necessary for, the performance of the contract or subcontract, and
is reasonable. Excessive or unreasonable payments, whether in cash,
stock or other property ostensibly as compensation for services shall
not be included in the cost of performing a contract or subcontract.
(j) Allocation of indirect costs. No general rule applicable to all
cases may be stated for ascertaining the proper proportion of the
indirect costs to be allocated to the cost of performing a particular
contract or subcontract. Such proper proportion depends upon all the
facts and circumstances relating to the performance of the particular
contract or subcontract. Subject to a requirement that all items which
have no relation to the performance of the contract or subcontract shall
be eliminated from the amount to be allocated, the following methods of
allocation are outlined as acceptable in a majority of cases:
(1) Factory indirect expenses. The allowable indirect factory
expenses (see paragraph (c)(5) of this section) shall ordinarily be
allocated or ``distributed'' to the cost of the contract or subcontract
on the basis of the proportion which the direct productive labor (see
paragraph (c)(2) of this section) attributable to the contract or
subcontract bears to the total direct productive labor of the production
department or particular section thereof during the period within which
the contract or subcontract is performed, except that if the indirect
factory expenses are incurred in different amounts and in different
proportions by the various producing departments consideration shall be
given to such circumstances to the extent necessary to make a fair and
reasonable determination of the true profit and excess profit.
(2) Engineering indirect expenses. The allowable indirect
engineering expenses (see paragraph (f) of this section) shall
ordinarily be allocated or ``distributed'' to the cost of the contract
or subcontract on the basis of the proportion which the direct
engineering labor attributable to the contract or subcontract (see
paragraph (c)(3) of this section) bears to the total direct engineering
labor of the engineering department or particular section thereof during
the period within which the contract or subcontract is performed. If the
expenses of the engineering department are not sufficient in amount to
require the maintenance of separate accounts, the engineering indirect
costs may be included in the indirect factory expenses (see paragraph
(c)(5) of this section) and allocated or distributed to the cost of
performing the contract or subcontract as a part of such expenses,
provided the proportion so allocated or distributed is proper under the
facts and circumstances relating to the performance of the particular
contract or subcontract.
(3) Administrative expenses (or ``overhead''). The allowable
expenses of administration (see paragraph (g) of this section) or other
general expenses except indirect engineering expenses, bidding and
general selling expenses, and general servicing expenses shall
ordinarily be allocated or distributed to the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract on the basis of the proportion which the sum of
the manufacturing cost (see paragraph (b) of this section) and the cost
of installation and construction (see paragraph (e) of this section)
attributable to the particular contract or subcontract bears to the sum
of the total manufacturing cost and the total cost of installation and
construction during the period within which the contract or subcontract
is performed.
(4) Bidding, general selling, and general servicing expenses. The
allowable bidding and general selling expenses and general servicing
expenses (see paragraph (g) (2) and (3) of this section) shall
ordinarily be allocated or distributed to the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract on the basis of:
(i) The proportion which the contract price of the particular
contract or subcontract bears to the total sales made(including
contracts or subcontracts completed) during the period within which the
particular contract or subcontracts is performed, or
(ii) The proportion which the sum of the manufacturing cost (see
paragraph (b) of this section) and the cost of installation and
construction (see paragraph (e) of this section) attributable to the
particular contract or subcontract bears to the sum of the total
manufacturing cost and the total cost of installation and construction
during the period within which the contract or subcontract is performed,
except that special consideration shall be given to the relation which
certain classes of such expenses bear to the various classes of articles
produced by the contracting party in each case in which such
consideration is necessary in order to make a fair and reasonable
determination of the true profit and excess profit. See Sec. 16.13.
[[Page 266]]
Sec. 16.9 Credit for net loss or for deficiency in profit in computing
excess profit. (a) The term ``net loss'' as used in the act and as
applied to contracts and subcontracts for aircraft or portions thereof
coming within the regulations prescribed under the act or under 10
U.S.C. 2382 (formerly section 3 of the Act of March 27, 1934 (48 Stat.
505)) means the amount by which the total cost of performing all such
contracts and subcontracts for aircraft entered into after April 3,
1939, and completed by a particular contracting party within the income-
taxable year exceeds the total contract prices of such contracts and
subcontracts. As to the meaning of income-taxable year, see Sec. 16.1.
(b) The term ``deficiency in profit'', as used in the act and as
applied to contracts and subcontracts for aircraft or portions thereof
coming within the regulations prescribed under the act or under 10
U.S.C. 2882 (formerly section 3 of the Act of March 27, 1934 (48 Stat.
505)), means the amount by which 12 percent of the total contract prices
of all such contracts and subcontracts for aircraft entered into after
April 3, 1939, and completed by a particular contracting party within
the income-taxable year exceeds the net profit upon all such contracts
and subcontracts.
(c) A net loss or a deficiency in profit sustained by a contracting
party for an income-taxable year is allowable as a credit in computing
the contracting party's excess profit on contracts and subcontracts for
aircraft coming within the regulations prescribed under the act or under
10 U.S.C. 2382 (formerly section 3 of the Act of March 27, 1934 (48
Stat. 505)) and completed during the four next succeeding income-taxable
years. Credit for such a net loss or deficiency in profit may be claimed
in the contracting party's annual report of profit filed with the
district director of internal revenue (see Sec. 16.15), but it shall be
supported by separate schedules for each contract or subcontract
involved showing total contract prices, costs of performance and
pertinent facts relative thereto, together with a summarized computation
of the net loss or deficiency in profit. The net loss or deficiency in
profit claimed is subject to verification and adjustment. As to
preservation of books and records, see Sec. 16.13.
(d) Net loss or deficiency in profit sustained on contracts and
subcontracts completed within one income-taxable year may not be
considered in computing net loss or deficiency in profit sustained on
contracts and subcontracts completed within another income-taxable year.
(e) The provisions of this section may be illustrated by the
following example:
Example. For the calendar year 1939, the A Corporation, which keeps
its books and makes its Federal income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, sustained a net loss of $30,000 on the contracts and subcontracts
for Army aircraft and portions thereof coming within the scope of the
act and completed within that year. During the year 1939, the A
Corporation also completed contracts for naval aircraft coming within
the scope of 10 U.S.C. 2382 (formerly section 3 of the Act of March 27,
1934 (48 Stat. 505)) at a deficiency in profit of $10,000. In 1940, the
A Corporation completed similar contracts for Army aircraft totaling
$175,000 at a cost of $155,000, whereby the A Corporation realized a net
profit of $20,000 but sustained a deficiency in profit of $1,000 (i.e.,
12 percent of $175,000, or $21,000, less $20,000. During the year 1940,
the A Corporation also completed contracts for naval aircraft coming
within the scope of 10 U.S.C. 2382 (formerly section 3 of the Act of
March 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 505)) at a net loss of $2,000. In 1941, the A
Corporation completed contracts for Army aircraft coming within the
scope of the act totaling $400,000 at a cost of $300,000, or at a net
profit of $100,000. After deducting from the net profit of $100,000 for
the year 1941 the amount of $48,000 (i.e., 12 percent of the total
contract price of $400,000), there remains $52,000 in excess profit on
the contracts completed in the year 1941. The A Corporation may deduct
from such $52,000, in determining the amount of excess profit it must
pay for the year 1941 with respect to the contracts completed in such
year, the net loss of $30,000 and the deficiency in profit of $10,000
sustained in 1939 on Army and naval aircraft contracts, respectively,
and the net loss of $2,000 and the deficiency in profit of $1,000
sustained in 1940 on naval and Army aircraft contracts, respectively.
[T.D. 4909, 4 FR 2733, July 1, 1939, as amended by T.D. 6511, 25 FR
12442, Dec. 6, 1960]
Sec. 16.10 Credit for Federal income taxes. For the purpose of
computing the amount of excess profit to be paid to the United States, a
credit is allowable against the excess profit for the amount of Federal
income taxes paid or remaining to be paid on the amount of such excess
profit. The ``Federal income taxes'' in respect of which this credit is
allowable include the income taxes imposed by Titles I and IA of the
Revenue Act of 1938, and Chapter 1 and Subchapter A of Chapter 2 of the
Internal Revenue Code, and the excess-profits taxes imposed by section
602 of the Revenue Act of 1938 and Subchapter B of Chapter 2 of the
Internal Revenue Code. This credit is allowable for these taxes only to
the extent that it is affirmatively shown that they have been finally
determined and paid or remain to be paid and that they were imposed upon
the excess profit against which the credit is to be made. In case such a
credit has been allowed and the amount of Federal income taxes imposed
upon the excess profit is redetermined, the credit previously allowed
shall be adjusted accordingly.
[[Page 267]]
Sec. 16.11 Failure of contractor to require agreement by subcontractor.
(a) Every contract or subcontract coming within the scope of the act and
the regulations in this part is required by the act to contain, among
other things, an agreement by the contracting party to make no
subcontract unless the subcontractor agrees:
(1) To make a report, as described in the act, under oath to the
Secretary of War upon the completion of the subcontract;
(2) To pay into the Treasury excess profit, as determined by the
Treasury Department, in the manner and amounts specified in the act;
(3) To make no subdivision of the subcontract for the same article
or articles for the purpose of evading the provisions of the act;
(4) That the manufacturing spaces and books of its own plant,
affiliates, and subdivisions shall at all times be subject to inspection
and audit as provided in the act.
(b) If a contracting party enters into a subcontract with a
subcontractor who fails to make such agreement, such contracting party
shall, in addition to its liability for excess profit determined on
contracts or subcontracts performed by it, be liable for any excess
profit determined to be due the United States on the subcontract entered
into with such subcontractor. In such event, however, the excess profit
to be paid to the United States in respect of the subcontract entered
into with such subcontractor shall be determined separately from any
contracts or subcontracts performed by the contracting party entering
into the subcontract with such subcontractor.
Sec. 16.12 Evasion of excess profit. Section 3 of the act of March 27,
1934, as amended, provides that the contracting party shall agree to
make no subdivisions of any contract or subcontract for the same article
or articles for the purpose of evading the provisions of the act. If any
such subdivision or subcontract is made it shall constitute a violation
of the agreement provided for in the act, and the cost of completing a
contract or subcontract by a contracting party which violates such
agreement shall be determined in a manner necessary clearly to reflect
the true excess profit of such contracting party.
Sec. 16.13 Books of account and records. (a) It is recognized that no
uniform method of accounting can be prescribed for all contracting
parties subject to the provisions of the act. Each contracting party is
required by law to make a report of its true profits and excess profit.
Such party must, therefore, maintain such accounting records as will
enable it to do so. See Sec. 16.8. Among the essentials are the
following:
(1) The profit or loss upon a particular contract or subcontract
shall be accounted for and fully explained in the books of account
separately on each contract or subcontract.
(2) Any cost accounting methods, however standard they may be and
regardless of long continued practice, shall be controlled by, and be in
accord with, the objectives and purposes of the act and of any
regulations prescribed thereunder.
(3) The accounts shall clearly disclose the nature and amount of the
different items of cost of performing a contract or subcontract.
(b) In cases where it has been the custom priorly to use so-called
``normal'' rates of overhead expense or administrative expenses, or
``standard'' or ``normal'' prices of material or labor charges, no
objection will be made to the use temporarily during the period of
performing the contract or subcontract of such methods in charging the
contract or subcontract, if the method of accounting employed is such as
clearly to reflect, in the final determination upon the books of
account, the actual profit derived from the performance of the contract
or subcontract and if the necessary adjusting entries are entered upon
the books and they explain in full detail the revisions necessary to
accord with the facts. As to the elements of cost, see Sec. 16.8.
(c) All books, records, and original evidences of costs (including,
among other things, production orders, bills or schedules of materials,
purchase requisitions, purchase orders, vouchers, requisitions for
materials, standing expense orders, inventories, labor time cards, pay
rolls, cost distribution sheets) pertinent to the determination of the
true profit, excess profit, deficiency in profit or net loss from the
performance of a contract or subcontract shall be kept at all times
available for inspection by internal- revenue officers, and shall be
carefully preserved and retained so long as the contents thereof may
become material in the administration of the act. This provision is not
confined to books, records, and original evidences pertaining to items
which may be considered to be a part of the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract. It is applicable to all books, records, and
original evidences of costs of each plant, branch or department involved
in the performance of a contract or subcontract or in the allocation or
distribution of costs to the contract or subcontract.
Sec. 16.14 Report to Secretary of the Army. (a) Upon the completion of
a contract or subcontract coming within the scope of the act and the
regulations in this part, the contracting party is required to make a
report, under oath, to the Secretary of the Army. As to the date of
completion of a contract or subcontract, see Sec. 16.4. Such report
shall be in the form prescribed by the Secretary of the Army and shall
state the total contract price, the cost of performing the contract,
[[Page 268]]
the net income from such contract, and the per centum such income bears
to the contract price. The contracting party shall also include as a
part of such report a statement showing:
(1) The manner in which the indirect costs were determined and
allocated to the cost of performing the contract or subcontract (see
Sec. 16.8);
(2) The name and address of every subcontractor with whom a
subcontract was made, the object of such subcontract, the date when
completed and the amount thereof; and
(3) The name and address of each affiliate or other organization,
trade or business owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the same
interests as those who so own or control the contracting party, together
with a statement showing in detail all transactions which were made with
such affiliate or other organization, trade or business and are
pertinent to the determination of the excess profit.
(b) A copy of the report required to be made to the Secretary of the
Army is required to be transmitted by the contracting party to the
Secretary of the Treasury. Such copy shall not be transmitted directly
to the Secretary of the Treasury but shall be filed as a part of the
annual report. See Sec. 16.15.
Sec. 16.15 Annual reports for income-taxable years--(a) General
requirements. Every contracting party completing a contract or
subcontract within the contracting party's income-taxable year ending
after April 3, 1939 shall file with the district director of internal
revenue for the internal revenue district in which the contracting
party's Federal income tax returns are required to be filed an annual
report on the prescribed form of the profit and excess profit on all
contracts and subcontracts coming within the scope of the act and the
regulations in this part and completed within the particular income-
taxable year. There shall be included as a part of such a report a
statement, preferably in columnar form, showing separately for each such
contract or subcontract completed by the contracting party within the
income-taxable year the total contract price, the cost of performing the
contract or subcontract and the resulting profit or loss on each
contract or subcontract together with a summary statement showing in
detail the computation of the net profit or net loss upon all contracts
and subcontracts completed within the income-taxable year and the amount
of the excess profit, if any, for the income-taxable year covered by the
report. A copy of the report made to the Secretary of the Army (see
Sec. 16.14) with respect to each contract or subcontract covered in the
annual report, shall be filed as a part of such annual report. In case
the income-taxable year of the contracting party is a period of less
than twelve months (see Sec. 16.1), the report required by this section
shall be made for such period and not for a full year.
(b) Time for filing annual reports. Annual reports of contracts and
subcontracts coming within the scope of the act and the regulations in
this part completed by a contracting party within an income-taxable year
must be filed on or before the 15th day of the ninth month following the
close of the contracting party's income-taxable year. It is important
that the contracting party render on or before the due date an annual
report as nearly complete and final as it is possible for the
contracting party to prepare. An extension of time granted the
contracting party for filing its Federal income tax return does not
serve to extend the time for filing the annual report required by this
section. Authority consistent with authorizations for granting
extensions of time for filing Federal income tax returns is hereby
delegated to the various collectors of internal revenue for granting
extensions of time for filing the reports required by this section.
Application for extensions of time for filing such reports should be
addressed to the district director of internal revenue for the district
in which the contracting party files its Federal income tax returns and
must contain a full recital of the causes for the delay.
Sec. 16.16 Payment of excess profit liability. The amount of the excess
profit liability to be paid to the United States shall be paid on or
before the due date for filing the report with the district director of
internal revenue. See Sec. 16.15. At the option of the contracting
party, the amount of the excess profit liability may be paid in four
equal installments instead of in a single payment, in which case the
first installment is to be paid on or before the date prescribed for the
payment of the excess profit as a single payment, the second installment
on or before the 15th day of the third month, the third installment on
or before the 15th day of the sixth month, and the fourth installment on
or before the 15th day of the ninth month, after such date.
Sec. 16.17 Liability of surety. The surety under contracts entered into
with the Secretary of the Army for the construction or manufacture of
any complete aircraft or any portion thereof for the Army shall not be
liable for payment of excess profit due the United States in respect of
such contracts.
Sec. 16.18 Determination of liability for excess profit, interest and
penalties; assessment, collection, payment, refunds. (a) The duty of
determining the correct amount of excess profit liability on contracts
and subcontracts coming within the scope of the act and the regulations
in this part is upon the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Under section
3(b) of the act of March 27, 1934, as last amended, all provisions of
law (including the provisions of law relating to interest, penalties and
refunds)
[[Page 269]]
applicable with respect to the taxes imposed by Title I of the Revenue
Act of 1934 and not inconsistent with section 3 of the act of March 27,
1934, as last amended, are applicable with respect to the assessment,
collection, or payment of excess profits on contracts and subcontracts
coming within the scope of the act and the regulations in this part and
to refunds of overpayments of profits into the Treasury under the act.
Claims by a contracting party for the refund of an amount of excess
profit, interest, penalties, and additions to such excess profit shall
conform to the general requirements prescribed with respect to claims
for refund of overpayments of taxes imposed by Title I of the Revenue
Act of 1934 and, if filed on account of any additional costs incurred
pursuant to guarantee provisions in a contract, shall be supplemented by
a statement under oath showing the amount and nature of such costs and
all facts pertinent thereto.
(b) Administrative procedure for the determination, assessment and
collection of excess profit liability under the act and the regulations
in this part and the examination of reports and claims in connection
therewith will be prescribed from time to time by the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue.
Part 17--Excess Profits on Navy Contracts
regulations for income-taxable years ending after april 3, 1939
Authority: Sections 17.1 to 17.19 issued under 52 Stat. 467; 26
U.S.C. 3791. Interpret or apply sec. 3, 48 Stat. 505, as amended, 53
Stat. 112; 34 U.S.C. 496, 26 U.S.C. 650, 651.
Source: Sections 17.1 to 17.19 contained in T.D. 4906, 4 FR 2492,
June 27, 1939, except as otherwise noted.
Sec. 17.1 Definitions. As used in the regulations in this part the
term:
(a) Act means the act of March 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 505; 34 U.S.C.
496), as originally enacted, as amended by the act of June 25, 1936 (49
Stat. 1926; 34 U.S.C. 496), and as further amended by the act of April
3, 1939 (53 Stat. 560; 34 U.S.C. 496).
(b) Person includes an individual, a corporation, a partnership, a
trust or estate, a joint-stock company, an association, or a syndicate,
group, pool, joint venture or other unincorporated organization or
group, through or by means of which any business, financial operation or
venture is carried on.
(c) Contract means an agreement made by authority of the Secretary
of the Navy for the construction or manufacture of any complete naval
vessel or aircraft or any portion thereof.
(d) Contractor means a person entering into a direct contract with
the Secretary of the Navy or his duly authorized representative.
(e) Subcontract means an agreement entered into by one person with
another person for the construction or manufacture of a complete naval
vessel or aircraft or any portion thereof, the prime contract for such
vessel or aircraft or portion thereof having been entered into between a
contractor and the Secretary of the Navy or his duly authorized
representative.
(f) Subcontractor means any person other than a contractor entering
into a subcontract.
(g) Contracting party means a contractor or subcontractor as the
case may be.
(h) Contract price or contract price means the amount or total
amount to be received under a contract or subcontract as the case may
be.
(i) Income-taxable year means the calendar year, the fiscal year
ending during such calendar year or the fractional part of such calendar
or fiscal year, upon the basis of which the contracting party's net
income is computed and for which its income tax returns are made for
Federal income tax purposes.
Sec. 17.2 Scope of this part. The regulations in this part deal with
liability for excess profit on contracts and subcontracts for the
construction or manufacture of any complete naval vessel or aircraft or
any portion thereof completed within income-taxable years ending after
April 3, 1939. As to the date of the completion of a contract or
subcontract, see Sec. 17.5.
Sec. 17.3 Contracts and subcontracts under which excess profit
liability may be incurred. Except as otherwise provided with respect to
contracts or subcontracts for certain scientific equipment (see Sec.
17.4), every contract awarded for an amount exceeding $10,000 and
entered into after the enactment of the act of March 27, 1934 for the
construction or manufacture of any complete naval vessel or aircraft, or
any portion thereof, is subject to the provisions of the act relating to
excess profit liability. Any subcontract made with respect to such a
contract and involving an amount in excess of $10,000 is also within the
scope of the act. If a contracting party places orders with another
party, aggregating an amount in excess of $10,000, for articles or
materials which constitute a part of the cost of performing the contract
or subcontract, the placing of such orders shall constitute a
subcontract within the scope of the act, unless it is clearly shown that
each of the orders involving $10,000 or less is a bona fide separate and
distinct subcontract and not a subdivision made for the purpose of
evading the provisions of the act.
Sec. 17.4 Contracts or subcontracts for scientific equipment. No excess
profit liability is incurred upon a contract or subcontract entered into
after the amendment of section 3(b) of the act of June 25, 1936, if at
the time
[[Page 270]]
or prior to the time such contract or subcontract is made it is
designated by the Secretary of the Navy as being exempt under the
provisions of the act pertaining to scientific equipment used for
communication, target detection, navigation, or fire control. The
exemption of contracts or subcontracts for scientific equipment does not
extend to any contract or subcontract entered into prior to the
enactment of such amendment of section 3(b) of the act.
Sec. 17.5 Completion of contract defined. The date of delivery of the
vessel, aircraft or portion thereof covered by the contract or
subcontract shall be considered the date of completion of the contract
or subcontract unless otherwise determined jointly by the Secretary of
the Navy and the Secretary of the Treasury or their duly authorized
representatives. Except as otherwise provided in the preceding sentence,
the replacement of defective parts of delivered articles or the
performance of other guarantee work in respect to such articles will not
operate to extend the date of completion. As to the treatment of the
cost of such work as a cost of performing a contract or subcontract, see
Sec. 17.9(h). As to a refund in case of adjustment due to any
subsequently incurred additional costs, see Sec. 17.19. If a contract
or subcontract is at any time cancelled or terminated, it is completed
at the time of the cancellation or termination.
Sec. 17.6 Manner of determining liability with respect to contracts or
subcontracts for complete naval vessles or portions thereof. If in an
income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939 a contracting party
completes one or more contracts or subcontracts coming within the scope
of the act and entered into for the construction or manufacture of any
complete naval vessel or any portion thereof, the amount of excess
profit to be paid to the United States with respect to all such
contracts and subcontracts completed within the income-taxable year
shall be computed as follows:
(a) The first step is to ascertain the total contract prices of all
such contracts and subcontracts completed by the contracting party
within the income-taxable year. As to total contract prices, see
Sec. Sec. 17.1 and 17.8.
(b) The second step is to ascertain the cost of performing such
contracts and subcontracts (see Sec. 17.9) and to deduct such cost from
the total contract prices of such contracts and subcontracts as computed
in the first step.
The amount remaining after such subtraction is the amount of net profit
or net loss upon such contracts and subcontracts completed within the
income-taxable year.
(c) The third step, in case there is a new profit upon such
contracts and subcontracts, is to subtract from the amount of such net
profit as computed in the second step the sum of:
(1) An amount equal to 10 percent of the total contract prices of
such contracts and subcontracts completed within the income- taxable
year; and
(2) The amount of any net loss which was sustained in the preceding
income-taxable year with respect to contracts or subcontracts entered
into for the construction or manufacture of any complete naval vessel or
any portion thereof, and which is allowable as a credit in determining
the excess profit for the income-taxable year with respect to contracts
and subcontracts entered into for the construction or manufacture of any
complete naval vessel or any portion thereof (see Sec. 17.10(a)).
The amount remaining after such subtraction is the amount of excess
profit for the income-taxable year with respect to contracts and
subcontracts entered into for the construction or manufacture of any
complete naval vessel or any portion thereof.
(d) The fourth step is to ascertain the amount of credit allowed for
Federal income taxes paid or remaining to be paid upon the amount of
such excess profit as computed in the third step (see Sec. 17.11) and
then subtract from the amount of such excess profit the amount of credit
for Federal income taxes. The amount remaining after this subtraction is
the amount of excess profit to be paid to the United States by the
contracting party for the income-taxable year with respect to contracts
and subcontracts entered into for the construction or manufacture of any
complete naval vessel or any portion thereof and completed within the
income- taxable year.
(e) The application of the provisions of this section of the
regulations may be illustrated by the following example:
Example: On September 1, 1939 the A Corporation, which keeps its
books and makes its Federal income tax returns on a calendar year basis,
entered into a contract with the Secretary of the Navy for the
construction of portions of a naval vessel coming within the scope of
the act, the total contract price of which $200,000. On March 10, 1940
the A Corporation entered into another such contract, the total contract
price of which was $40,000. Both contracts were completed within the
calendar year 1940, the first at a cost of $155,000 and the second at a
cost of $45,000. During the year 1940 the A Corporation also completed
at a loss of $10,000 two contracts entered into for the construction or
manufacture of naval aircraft coming within the scope of the act. For
the year 1939 the A Corporation sustained a net loss of $2,500 on all
contracts and subcontracts for any complete naval vessel or any portion
thereof coming within the scope of the act and completed within the
calendar year 1939. For the year 1939 the A Corporation also sustained a
net
[[Page 271]]
loss of $1,800 on all other contracts and subcontracts coming within the
scope of the act which were completed within the calendar year 1939. For
purposes of Federal income tax, the net income of the A Corporation for
the year 1940 amounted to $96,000, which amount included the net profit
of $40,000 upon the contracts entered into on September 1, 1939 and
March 10, 1940. For the year 1940 the A Corporation paid Federal income
taxes amounting to $19,200. The excess profit liability of the A
Corporation for 1940 is payable with respect to the contracts for
portions of a naval vessel which were completed in 1940. The loss of
$10,000 on other contracts completed in 1940 and the net loss of $1,800
for 1939 on contracts and subcontracts for naval aircraft do not enter
into the computation of such liability. Accordingly, the excess profit
liability of the A Corporation for 1940 is $10,800 computed as follows:
Total contract prices:
Contract No. 1................................ $200,000
Contract No. 2................................ 40,000
------------
.......... $240,000
Less cost of performing contracts:
Contract No. 1................................ 155,000
Contract No. 2................................ 45,000
------------
.......... 200,000
-----------
Net profit on contracts................................. 40,000
Less:
10 percent of total contract prices (10 24,000
percent of $240,000).........................
Net loss from 1939............................ 2,500
------------
.......... 26,500
-----------
Excess profit for year 1940........................... 13,500
Less credit for Federal income taxes (Federal income tax 2,700
on $13,500 at rates for 1940)............................
-------------
Amount of excess profit payable to the United States.... 10,800
Sec. 17.7 Manner of determining liability with respect to contracts or
subcontracts for complete naval aircraft or portions thereof. If in an
income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939 a contracting party
completes one or more contracts or subcontracts coming within the scope
of the act and entered into for the construction or manufacture of any
complete naval aircraft or any portion thereof, the amount of excess
profit to be paid to the United States with respect to all such
contracts and subcontracts completed within the income-taxable year
shall be computed as follows:
(a) The first step is to ascertain the total contract prices of all
such contracts and subcontracts completed by the contracting party
within the income-taxable year. As to total contract prices, see
Sec. Sec. 17.1 and 17.8.
(b) The second step is to ascertain the cost of performing such
contracts and subcontracts (see Sec. 17.9) and to deduct such cost from
the total contract prices of such contracts and subcontracts as computed
in the first step.
The amount remaining after such subtraction is the amount of net profit
or net loss upon such contracts and subcontracts completed within the
income-taxable year.
(c) The third step, in case there is a net profit upon such
contracts and subcontracts, is to subtract from the amount of such net
profit as computed in the second step the sum of:
(1) An amount equal to 12 percent of the total contract prices of
such contracts and subcontracts completed within the income- taxable
year;
(2) The amount of any net loss which was sustained in the same or a
prior income- taxable year with respect to contracts or subcontracts for
the construction or manufacture of any complete aircraft or any portion
thereof, and which is allowable as a credit in determining the excess
profit for the income-taxable year with respect to contracts and
subcontracts entered into for the construction or manufacture of
complete aircraft or any portion thereof (see Sec. 17.10(b)); and
(3) The amount of any deficiency in profit which was sustained in
the same or a prior income-taxable year with respect to contracts or
subcontracts for the construction or manufacture of any complete
aircraft or any portion thereof, and which is allowable as a credit in
determining the excess profit for the income-taxable year with respect
to contracts and subcontracts entered into for the construction or
manufacture of complete aircraft or any portion thereof (see Sec.
17.10(c)).
The amount remaining after such subtraction is the amount of excess
profit for the income-taxable year with respect to contracts and
subcontracts entered into for the construction or manufacture of
complete naval aircraft or any portion thereof.
(d) The fourth step is to ascertain the amount of credit allowed for
Federal income taxes paid or remaining to be paid upon the amount of
such excess profit as computed in the third step (see Sec. 17.11) and
then subtract from the amount of such excess profit the amount of credit
for Federal income taxes. The amount remaining after this subtraction is
the amount of excess profit to be paid to the United States by the
contracting party for the income-taxable year with respect to contracts
and subcontracts entered into for the construction or manufacture of
complete naval aircraft or any portion thereof and completed within the
income-taxable year.
(e) The application of the provisions of this section of the
regulations may be illustrated by the following example:
[[Page 272]]
Example. On September 1, 1939, the B Corporation, which keeps its
books and makes its Federal income tax returns on a calendar year basis,
entered into a contract with the Secretary of the Navy for the
construction of naval aircraft coming within the scope of the act, the
total contract price of which was $200,000. On March 10, 1940, the B
Corporation entered into another such contract, the total contract price
of which was $40,000. Both contracts were completed within the calendar
year 1940, the first at a cost of $155,000 and the second at a cost of
$45,000. During the year 1940, the B Corporation also completed at a
deficiency in profit of $2,000 a contract entered into for the
construction of Army aircraft coming within the scope of the act. During
the year 1940, the B Corporation also completed at a loss of $10,000 two
contracts entered into for the construction or manufacture of portions
of a naval vessel coming within the scope of the act. For the year 1939,
the B Corporation sustained a net loss of $2,500 and a deficiency in
profit of $1,000 on all contracts and subcontracts for naval aircraft
coming within the scope of the act and completed within the calendar
year 1939. For the year 1939, the B Corporation also sustained a net
loss of $1,800 on a contract for the construction of Army aircraft
coming within the scope of the act which was completed within the
calendar year 1939. For the purposes of the Federal income tax, the net
income of the B Corporation for the year 1940, on which the tax was
paid, amounted to $96,000, which included the net profit of $40,000 upon
the contracts entered into on September 1, 1939, and March 10, 1940. The
excess profit liability of the B Corporation for 1940 is payable with
respect to the contracts for naval aircraft which were completed in
1940. The loss of $10,000 on the contracts for portions of a naval
vessel completed in 1940 does not enter into the computation of such
liability. Accordingly, the excess profit liability of the B Corporation
for 1940 is $2,964 computed as follows:
Total contract prices:
Contract No. 1................................ $200,000
Contract No. 2................................ 40,000
------------
.......... $240,000
Less: Cost of performing contracts:
Contract No. 1................................ 155,000
Contract No. 2................................ 45,000
------------
.......... 200,000
-----------
Net profit on contracts..................................... 40,000
Less:
12 percent of total contract prices (12 28,800
percent of $240,000).........................
Deficiency in profit (in Army aircraft 2,000
contracts) in 1940...........................
Net loss (in naval aircraft contracts) from 2,500
1939.........................................
Net loss (in Army aircraft contracts) from 1,800
1939.........................................
Deficiency in profit (in naval aircraft 1,000
contracts) from 1939.........................
------------
.......... 36,100
-----------
Excess profit for year 1940................................. 3,900
Less: Credit for Federal income taxes (Federal income tax on 936
$3,900 at rates for 1940)..................................
-------------
Amount of excess profit payable to the United States........ 2,964
[T.D. 4906, 4 FR 2492, June 27, 1939, as amended by T.D. 6512, 25 FR
12443, Dec. 6, 1960]
Sec. 17.8 Total contract price. The total contract price of a
particular contract or subcontract (see Sec. 17.1) may be received in
money or its equivalent. If something other than money is received, only
the fair market value of the thing received, at the date of receipt, is
to be included in determining the amount received. Bonuses earned for
bettering performance and penalties incurred for failure to meet the
contract guarantees are to be regarded as adjustments of the original
contract price. Trade or other discounts granted by a contracting party
in respect of a contract or subcontract performed by such party are also
to be deducted in determining the true total contract price of such
contract or subcontract.
Sec. 17.9 Cost of performing a contract or subcontract--(a) General
rule. The cost of performing a particular contract or subcontract shall
be the sum of (1) the direct costs, including therein expenditures for
materials, direct labor and direct expenses, incurred by the contracting
party in performing the contract or subcontract; and (2) the proper
proportion of any indirect costs (including therein a reasonable
proportion of management expenses) incident to and necessary for the
performance of the contract or subcontract.
(b) Elements of cost. No definitions of the elements of cost may be
stated which are of invariable application to all contractors and
subcontractors. In general, the elements of cost may be defined for
purposes of the act as follows:
(1) Manufacturing cost, which is the sum of factory cost (see
paragraph (c) of this section) and other manufacturing cost (see
paragraph (d) of this section);
(2) Miscellaneous direct expenses (see paragraph (e) of this
section);
(3) General expenses, which are the sum of indirect engineering
expenses, usually termed ``engineering overhead'' (see paragraph (f) of
this section) and expenses of distribution, servicing and administration
(see paragraph (g) of this section); and
[[Page 273]]
(4) Guarantee expenses (see paragraph (h) of this section).
(c) Factory cost. Factory cost is the sum of the following:
(1) Direct materials. Materials, such as those purchased for stock
and subsequently issued for contract operations and those acquired under
subcontracts, which become a component part of the finished product or
which are used directly in fabricating, converting or processing such
materials or parts.
(2) Direct productive labor. Productive labor, usually termed ``shop
labor,'' which is performed on and is properly chargeable directly to
the article manufactured or constructed pursuant to the contract or
subcontract, but which ordinarily does not include direct engineering
labor (see subparagraph (3) of this paragraph).
(3) Direct engineering labor. The compensation of professional
engineers and other technicists (including reasonable advisory fees),
and of draftsmen, properly chargeable directly to the cost of the
contract or subcontract.
(4) Miscellaneous direct factory charges. Items which are properly
chargeable directly to the factory cost of performing the contract or
subcontract but which do not come within the classifications in
subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3) of this paragraph, as for example,
royalties which the contracting party pays to another party and which
are properly chargeable to the cost of performing the contract or
subcontract (but see paragraph (d) of this section).
(5) Indirect factory expenses. Items, usually termed ``factory
overhead,'' which are not directly chargeable to the factory cost of
performing the contract or subcontract but which are properly incident
to and necessary for the performance of the contract or subcontract and
consist of the following:
(i) Labor. Amounts expended for factory labor, such as supervision
and inspection, clerical labor, timekeeping, packing and shipping,
stores supply, services of tool crib attendants, and services in the
factory employment bureau, which are not chargeable directly to
productive labor of the contract or subcontract.
(ii) Materials and supplies. The cost of materials and supplies for
general use in the factory in current operations, such as shop fuel,
lubricants, heat-treating, plating, cleaning and anodizing supplies,
nondurable tools and gauges, stationery (such as time tickets and other
forms), and boxing and wrapping materials.
(iii) Service expenses. Factory expenses of a general nature, such
as those for power, heat and light (whether purchased or produced),
ventilation and air conditioning and operation and maintenance of
general plant assets and facilities.
(iv) Fixed charges and obsolescence. Recurring charges with respect
to property used for manufacturing purposes of the contract or
subcontract, such as premiums for fire and elevator insurance, property
taxes, rentals and allowances for depreciation of such property,
including maintenance and depreciation of reasonable standby equipment;
and depreciation and obsolescence of special equipment and facilities
necessarily acquired primarily for the performance of the contract or
subcontract. In making allowances for depreciation, consideration shall
be given to the number and length of shifts.
(v) Miscellaneous indirect factory expenses. Miscellaneous factory
expenses not directly chargeable to the factory cost of performing the
contract or subcontract, such as purchasing expenses; ordinary and
necessary expenses of rearranging facilities within a department or
plant; employees' welfare expenses; premiums or dues on compensation
insurance; employers' payments to unemployment, old age and social
security, Federal and State funds not including payments deducted from
or chargeable to employees or officers; pensions and retirement payments
to factory employees; factory accident compensation (as to self-
insurance, see paragraph (g) of this section); but not including any
amounts which are not incident to services, operations, plant, equipment
or facilities involved in the performance of the contract or
subcontract.
(d) Other manufacturing cost. Other manufacturing cost as used in
paragraph (b) of this section includes items of manufacturing costs
which are not properly or satisfactorily chargeable to factory costs
(see paragraph (c) of this section) but which upon a complete showing of
all pertinent facts are properly to be included as a cost of performing
the contract or subcontract, as for instance, payments of royalties and
amortization of the cost of designs purchased and patent rights over
their useful life; and ``deferred'' or ``unliquidated'' experimental and
development charges. For example, in case experimental and development
costs have been properly deferred or capitalized and are amortized in
accordance with a reasonably consistent plan, a proper portion of the
current charge, determined by a ratable allocation which is reasonable
in consideration of the pertinent facts, may be treated as a cost of
performing the contract or subcontract. In the case of general
experimental and development expenses which may be charged off
currently, a reasonable portion thereof may be allocated to the cost of
performing the contract or subcontract. If a special experimental or
development project is carried on in pursuance of a contract, or in
anticipation of a contract which is later entered into, and the expense
is not treated as a part of general experimental and development
expenses or is not otherwise allowed as a cost of performing the
contract, there clearly appearing no reasonable prospect of an
additional
[[Page 274]]
contract for the type of article involved, the entire cost of such
project may be allowed as a part of the cost of performing the contract.
(e) Miscellaneous direct expenses. Miscellaneous direct expenses as
used in paragraph (b) of this section include:
(1) Cost of installation and construction. Cost of installation and
construction includes the cost of materials, labor and expenses
necessary for the erection and installation prior to the completion of
the contract and after the delivery of the product or material
manufactured or constructed pursuant to the contract or subcontract.
(2) Sundry direct expenses. Items of expense which are properly
chargeable directly to the cost of performing a contract or subcontract
and which do not constitute guarantee expenses (see paragraph (h) of
this section) or direct costs classified as factory cost or other
manufacturing cost (see paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section), such as
premiums on performance or other bonds required under the contract or
subcontract; State sales taxes imposed on the contracting party; freight
on outgoing shipments; fees paid for wind tunnel and model basin tests;
demonstration and test expenses; crash insurance premiums; traveling
expenses. In order for any such item to be allowed as a charge directly
to the cost of performing a contract or subcontract, (i) a detailed
record shall be kept by the contracting party of all items of a similar
character, and (ii) no item of a similar character which is properly a
direct charge to other work shall be allowed as a part of any indirect
expenses in determining the proper proportion thereof chargeable to the
cost of performing the contract or subcontract. As to allowable indirect
expenses, see paragraphs (c)(5), (f), (g), and (j) of this section.
(f) Indirect engineering expenses. Indirect engineering expenses,
usually termed ``engineering overhead,'' which are treated in this
section as a part of general expenses in determining the cost of
performing a contract or subcontract (see paragraph (b) of this
section), comprise the general engineering expenses which are incident
to and necessary for the performance of the contract or subcontract,
such as the following:
(1) Labor. Reasonable fees of engineers employed in a general
consulting capacity, and compensation of employees for personal services
to the engineering department, such as supervision, which is properly
chargeable to the contract or subcontract, but which is not chargeable
as direct engineering labor (see paragraph (c)(3) of this section).
(2) Material. Supplies for the engineering department, such as paper
and ink for drafting and similar supplies.
(3) Miscellaneous expenses. Expenses of the engineering department,
such as (i) maintenance and repair of engineering equipment, and (ii)
services purchased outside of the engineering department for blue-
printing, drawing, computing, and like purposes.
(g) Expenses of distribution, servicing and administration. Expenses
of distribution, servicing and administration, which are treated in this
section as a part of general expenses in determining the cost of
performing a contract or subcontract (see paragraph (b) of this
section), comprehend the expenses incident to and necessary for the
performance of the contract or subcontract, which are incurred in
connection with the distribution and general servicing of the
contracting party's products and the general administration of the
business, such as:
(1) Compensation for personal services of employees. The salaries of
the corporate and general executive officers and the salaries and wages
of administrative clerical employees and of the office services
employees such as telephone operators, janitors, cleaners, watchmen and
office equipment repairmen.
(2) Bidding and general selling expenses. Bidding and general
selling expenses which by reference to all the pertinent facts and
circumstances reasonably constitute a part of the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract. The treatment of bidding and general selling
expenses as a part of general expenses in accordance with this paragraph
is in lieu of any direct charges which otherwise might be made for such
expenses. The term ``bidding expenses'' as used in this section includes
all expenses in connection with preparing and submitting bids.
(3) General servicing expenses. Expenses which by reference to all
the pertinent facts and circumstances reasonably constitute a part of
the cost of performing a contract or subcontract and which are incident
to delivered or installed articles and are due to ordinary adjustments
or minor defects; but including no items which are treated as a part of
guarantee expenses (see paragraph (h) of this section) or as a part of
direct costs, such as direct materials, direct labor, and other direct
expense.
(4) Other expenses. Miscellaneous office and administrative
expenses, such as stationery and office supplies; postage; repair and
depreciation of office equipment; contributions to local charitable or
community organizations to the extent constituting ordinary and
necessary business expenses; employees' welfare expenses; premiums and
dues on compensation insurance; employers' payments to unemployment, old
age and social security Federal and State funds not including payments
deducted from or chargeable to employees or officers; pensions and
retirement payments to administrative office employees and accident
compensation to office employees (as to self-insurance, see subdivision
(i) of this subparagraph).
(i) Subject to the exception stated in this subdivision, in cases
where a contracting
[[Page 275]]
party assumes its own insurable risks (usually termed ``self-
insurance''), losses and payments will be allowed in the cost of
performing a contract or subcontract only to the extent of the actual
losses suffered or payments incurred during, and in the course of, the
performance of the contract or subcontract and properly chargeable to
such contract or subcontract. If, however, a contracting party assumes
its own insurable risks (a) for compensation paid to employees for
injuries received in the performance of their duties, or (b) for
unemployment risks in States where insurance is required, there may be
allowed as a part of the cost of performing a contract or subcontract a
reasonable portion of the charges set up for purposes of self-insurance
under a system of accounting regularly employed by the contracting
party, as determined by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, at rates
not exceeding the lawful or approved rates of insurance companies for
such insurance, reduced by amounts representing the acquisition cost in
such companies, provided the contracting party adopts and consistently
follows this method with respect to self-insurance in connection with
all contracts and subcontracts subsequently performed by him.
(ii) Allowances for interest on invested capital are not allowable
as costs of performing a contract or subcontract.
(iii) Among the items which shall not be included as a part of the
cost of performing a contract or subcontract or considered in
determining such cost, are the following: Entertainment expenses; dues
and memberships other than of regular trade associations; donations
except as otherwise provided above; losses on other contracts; profits
or losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets; extraordinary
expenses due to strikes or lockouts; fines and penalties; amortization
of unrealized appreciation of values of assets; expenses, maintenance
and depreciation of excess facilities (including idle land and building,
idle parts of a building, and excess machinery and equipment) vacated or
abandoned, or not adaptable for future use in performing contracts or
subcontracts; increases in reserve accounts for contingencies, repairs,
compensation insurance (except as above provided with respect to self-
insurance) and guarantee work; Federal and State income and excess-
profits taxes and surtaxes; cash discount earned up to one percent of
the amount of the purchase, except that all discounts on subcontracts
subject to the act will be considered; interest incurred or earned; bond
discount or finance charges; premiums for life insurance on the lives of
officers; legal and accounting fees in connection with reorganizations,
security issues, capital stock issues and the prosecution of claims
against the United States (including income tax matters); taxes and
expenses on issues and transfers of capital stock; losses on
investments; bad debts; and expenses of collection and exchange.
(iv) In order that the cost of performing a contract or subcontract
may be accounted for clearly, the amount of any excess profits repayable
to the United States pursuant to the act should not be charged to or
included in such cost.
(h) Guarantee expenses. Guarantee expenses include the various items
of factory, cost, other manufacturing cost, cost of installation and
construction, indirect engineering expenses and other general expenses
(see paragraphs (c) to (g) of this section) which are incurred after
delivery or installation of the article manufactured or constructed
pursuant to the particular contract or subcontract and which are
incident to the correction of defects or deficiencies which the
contracting party is required to make under the guarantee provisions of
the particular contract or subcontract. If the total amount of such
guarantee expenses is not ascertainable at the time of filing the report
required to be filed with the district director of internal revenue (see
Sec. 17.16) and the contracting party includes any estimated amount of
such expenses as part of the claimed total cost of performing the
contract or subcontract, such estimated amount shall be separately shown
on the report and the reasons for claiming such estimated amount shall
accompany the report; but only the amount of guarantee expenses actually
incurred will be allowed. If the amount of guarantee expenses actually
incurred is greater than the amount (if any) claimed on the report and
the contracting party has made an overpayment of excess profit, a refund
of the overpayment shall be made, in accordance with the provisions of
Sec. 17.19. If the amount of guarantee expenses actually incurred is
less than the amount claimed on the report and an additional amount of
excess profit is determined to be due, the additional amount of excess
profit shall be assessed and paid in accordance with the provisions of
Sec. 17.19.
(i) Unreasonable compensation. (1) The salaries and compensation for
services which are treated as a part of the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract include reasonable payments for salaries,
bonuses, or other compensation for services. As a general rule, bonuses
paid to employees (and not to officers) in pursuance of a regularly
established incentive bonus system may be allowed as a part of the cost
of performing a contract or subcontract.
(2) The test of allowability is whether the aggregate compensation
paid to each individual is for services actually rendered incident to,
and necessary for, the performance of the contract or subcontract, and
is reasonable. Excessive or unreasonable payments whether in cash, stock
or other property ostensibly as compensation for services shall
[[Page 276]]
not be included in the cost of performing a contract or subcontract.
(j) Allocation of indirect costs. No general rule applicable to all
cases may be stated for ascertaining the proper proportion of the
indirect costs to be allocated to the cost of performing a particular
contract or subcontract. Such proper proportion depends upon all the
facts and circumstances relating to the performance of the particular
contract or subcontract. Subject to a requirement that all items which
have no relation to the performance of the contract or subcontract shall
be eliminated from the amount to be allocated, the following methods of
allocation are outlined as acceptable in a majority of cases:
(1) Factory indirect expenses. The allowable indirect factory
expenses (see paragraph (c)(5) of this section) shall ordinarily be
allocated or ``distributed'' to the cost of the contract or subcontract
on the basis of the proportion which the direct productive labor (see
paragraph (c)(2) of this section) attributable to the contract or
subcontract bears to the total direct productive labor of the production
department or particular section thereof during the period within which
the contract or subcontract is performed, except that if the indirect
factory expenses are incurred in different amounts and in different
proportions by the various producing departments consideration shall be
given to such circumstances to the extent necessary to make a fair and
reasonable determination of the true profit and excess profit.
(2) Engineering indirect expenses. The allowable indirect
engineering expenses (see paragraph (f) of this section) shall
ordinarily be allocated or ``distributed'' to the cost of the contract
or subcontract on the basis of the proportion which the direct
engineering labor attributable to the contract or subcontract (see
paragraph (c)(3) of this section) bears to the total direct engineering
labor of the engineering department or particular section thereof during
the period within which the contract or subcontract is performed. If the
expenses of the engineering department are not sufficient in amount to
require the maintenance of separate accounts, the engineering indirect
costs may be included in the indirect factory expenses (see paragraph
(c)(5) of this section) and allocated or distributed to the cost of
performing the contract or subcontract as a part of such expenses,
provided the proportion so allocated or distributed is proper under the
facts and circumstances relating to the performance of the particular
contract or subcontract.
(3) Administrative expenses (or ``overhead''). The allowable
expenses of administration (see paragraph (g) of this section) or other
general expenses except indirect engineering expenses, bidding and
general selling expenses, and general servicing expenses shall
ordinarily be allocated or distributed to the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract on the basis of the proportion which the sum of
the manufacturing cost (see paragraph (b) of this section) and the cost
of installation and construction (see paragraph (e) of this section)
attributable to the particular contract or subcontract bears to the sum
of the total manufacturing cost and the total cost of installation and
construction during the period within which the contract or subcontract
is performed.
(4) Bidding, general selling, and general servicing expenses. The
allowable bidding and general selling expenses and general servicing
expenses (see paragraph (g) (2) and (3) of this section) shall
ordinarily be allocated or distributed to the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract on the basis of:
(i) The proportion which the contract price of the particular
contract or subcontract bears to the total sales made (including
contracts or subcontracts completed) during the period within which the
particular contract or subcontract is performed, or
(ii) The proportion which the sum of the manufacturing cost (see
paragraph (b) of this section) and the cost of installation and
construction (see paragraph (e) of this section) attributable to the
particular contract or subcontract bears to the sum of the total
manufacturing cost and the total cost of installation and construction
during the period within which the contract or subcontract is performed.
except that special consideration shall be given to the relation which
certain classes of such expenses bear to the various classes of article
produced by the contracting party in each case in which such
consideration is necessary in order to make a fair and reasonable
determination of the true profit and excess profit. See Sec. 17.14.
Sec. 17.10 Credits for net loss and deficiency in profit in computing
excess profit--(a) Net loss on contracts and subcontracts for naval
vessels or portions thereof. In the case of contracts or subcontracts
for the construction or manufacture of any complete naval vessel or any
portion thereof coming within the scope of the act which are completed
within an income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939, the term ``net
loss'' as used in the act and in this part means the amount by which the
total costs of performing all such contracts and subcontracts completed
within such income-taxable year exceeds the total contract prices of
such contracts and subcontracts. Such net loss sustained by a
contracting party for an income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939,
is allowable as a credit in computing the contracting party's excess
profit on contracts and subcontracts for the construction or manufacture
of any complete naval vessel or any portion thereof
[[Page 277]]
which are completed within the next succeeding income-taxable year.
(b) Net loss on contracts and subcontracts for aircraft or portions
thereof. In the case of contracts or subcontracts for the construction
or manufacture of any complete aircraft or any portion thereof coming
within the scope of the act, which are completed within an income-
taxable year ending after April 3, 1939, the term ``net loss'' as used
in the act and in these regulations means the amount by which the total
costs of performing all such contracts and subcontracts completed within
such income-taxable year exceeds the total contract prices of such
contracts and subcontracts. Such net loss sustained by a contracting
party for an income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939, is
allowable as a credit in computing the contracting party's excess profit
on contracts and subcontracts for the construction or manufacture of any
complete aircraft or any portion thereof which are completed within the
four next succeeding income-taxable years.
(c) Deficiency in profit. The term ``deficiency in profit'' as used
in the act and in this part relates to contracts and subcontracts coming
within the scope of the act which are for the construction or
manufacture of any complete aircraft or any portion thereof and are
completed within an income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939. As
so used, the term ``deficiency in profit'' means the amount by which 12
percent of the total contract prices of such contracts and subcontracts
which are completed by a particular contracting party within the income-
taxable year exceeds the net profit upon such contracts and
subcontracts. A deficiency in profit sustained by a contracting party
with respect to such contracts and subcontracts for the construction or
manufacture of complete aircraft or any portion thereof and completed
within any income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939, is allowable
as a credit in computing the contracting party's excess profit on
contracts and subcontracts for the construction or manufacture of
complete aircraft or any portion thereof which are completed within the
same or the four next succeeding income-taxable years.
(d) Claim for credit. Credit for a deficiency in profit or a net
loss may be claimed in the contracting party's annual report of profit
filed with the district director of internal revenue (see Sec. 17.16),
but it shall be supported by separate schedules for each contract or
subcontract involved showing total contract prices, costs of performance
and pertinent facts relative thereto, together with a summarized
computation of the deficiency in profit or net loss. The deficiency in
profit or net loss claimed is subject to verification and adjustment. As
to preservation of books and records, see Sec. 17.14. A deficiency in
profit or net loss sustained on contracts and subcontracts completed
within one income-taxable year may not be considered in computing a net
loss or deficiency in profit sustained on contracts and subcontracts
completed within another income- taxable year.
(e) Examples. The provisions of this section of the regulations may
be illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. For the calendar year 1939 the A Corporation, which keeps
its books and makes its Federal income tax returns on a calendar year
basis, sustained a net loss of $50,000 upon all contracts and
subcontracts coming within the scope of the act which were entered into
for the construction or manufacture of any complete naval vessel or any
portion thereof and were completed within the calendar year 1939. For
the calendar year 1940 the A Corporation had a net profit of $30,000
upon all such contracts and subcontracts completed within the year 1940.
It also had a net profit of $10,000 upon other contracts completed
within that year all such contracts being for naval aircraft coming
within the scope of the act. For the calendar year 1941 the corporation
had a net profit of $25,000 upon contracts completed within that year.
The net loss of $50,000 sustained in 1939 may be taken as a credit
against the net profit of $30,000 realized in 1940 upon the contracts
for the construction or manufacture of complete naval vessels or
portions thereof completed within that year; but the excess of $20,000
($50,000 minus $30,000) may not be taken as a credit in computing the
excess profit realized upon the other contracts completed in 1940 at a
net profit of $10,000 or as a credit in computing the excess profit upon
the contracts completed within the year 1941 at a net profit of $25,000.
Example 2. For the calendar year 1939, the B Corporation, which
keeps its books and makes its Federal income tax returns on a calendar
year basis, sustained a net loss of $10,000 and a deficiency in profit
of $35,000 upon all contracts and subcontracts for naval aircraft and
portions thereof coming within the scope of the act and completed within
that year. During the year 1939, the B Corporation also completed
contracts for Army aircraft coming within the scope of the Act at a net
profit which was $15,000 in excess of 12 percent of the total contract
prices of such contracts. On all contracts and subcontracts for naval
aircraft coming within the scope of the act and completed within the
calendar year 1940, the B Corporation realized a net profit which was
$25,000 in excess of 12 percent of the total contract prices of such
contracts and subcontracts while sustaining a deficiency in profit of
$10,000 on like contracts and subcontracts for Army aircraft. On all
contracts and subcontracts for naval aircraft coming within the scope of
the act and completed within the calendar year 1941, the B Corporation
realized a net
[[Page 278]]
profit which was $20,000 in excess of 12 percent of the total contract
prices of such contracts. The net loss of $10,000 and deficiency in
profit of $35,000 (or a total of $45,000) sustained in 1939 with respect
to contracts and subcontracts for naval aircraft completed within that
year may be taken as a credit to the extent of $15,000 in computing the
excess profit on the contracts and subcontracts for Army aircraft
completed in 1939. The remainder of such net loss and such deficiency in
profit ($45,000 minus $15,000, or $30,000) may be combined with the
deficiency in profit of $10,000 sustained in 1940 on contracts for Army
aircraft and taken as a credit to the extent of $25,000 in computing the
excess profit on the contracts and subcontracts for aircraft completed
during 1940. The sum of such net loss and such deficiency in profit then
remaining ($40,000 minus $25,000, or $15,000) may be taken as a credit
in computing the excess profit realized on the contracts and
subcontracts for aircraft completed in the year 1941.
[T.D. 4906, 4 FR 2492, June 27, 1939, as amended by T.D. 6512, 25 FR
12444, Dec. 6, 1960]
Sec. 17.11 Credit for Federal income taxes. For the purpose of
computing the amount of excess profit to be paid to the United States, a
credit is allowable against the excess profit for the amount of Federal
income taxes paid or remaining to be paid on the amount of such excess
profit. The ``Federal income taxes'' in respect of which this credit is
allowable include the income taxes imposed by Titles I and IA of the
Revenue Act of 1938, and Chapter 1 and Subchapter A of Chapter 2 of the
Internal Revenue Code, and the excess-profits taxes imposed by section
602 of the Revenue Act of 1938, and Subchapter B of Chapter 2 of the
Internal Revenue Code. This credit is allowable for these taxes only to
the extent that it is affirmatively shown that they have been finally
determined and paid or remain to be paid and that they were imposed upon
the excess profit against which the credit is to be made. In case such a
credit has been allowed and the amount of Federal income taxes imposed
upon the excess profit is redetermined, the credit previously allowed
shall be accordingly adjusted.
Sec. 17.12 Failure of contractor to require agreement by subcontractor.
(a) Every contract or subcontract coming within the scope of the act is
required by the act to contain, among other things, an agreement by the
contracting party to make no subcontract unless the subcontractor
agrees:
(1) To make a report, as described in the act, under oath to the
Secretary of the Navy upon the completion of the subcontract;
(2) To pay into the Treasury excess profit, as determined by the
Treasury Department, in the manner and amounts specified in the act;
(3) To make no subdivision of the subcontract for the same article
or articles for the purpose of evading the provisions of the act;
(4) That the manufacturing spaces and books of its own plant,
affiliates, and subdivisions shall at all times be subject to inspection
and audit as provided in the act.
(b) If a contracting party enters into a subcontract with a
subcontractor who fails to make such agreement, such contracting party
shall, in addition to its liability for excess profit determined on
contracts or subcontracts performed by it, be liable for any excess
profit determined to be due the United States on the subcontract entered
into with such subcontractor. In such event, however, the excess profit
to be paid to the United States in respect of the subcontract entered
into with such subcontractor shall be determined separately from any
contracts or subcontracts performed by the contracting party entering
into the subcontract with such subcontractor.
Sec. 17.13 Evasion of excess profit. Section 3 of the act provides that
the contracting party shall agree to make no subdivisions of any
contract or subcontract for the same article or articles for the purpose
of evading the provisions of the act. If any such subdivision or
subcontract is made it shall constitute a violation of the agreement
provided for in the act, and the cost of completing a contract or
subcontract by a contracting party which violates such agreement shall
be determined in a manner necessary clearly to reflect the true excess
profit of such contracting party.
Sec. 17.14 Books of account and records. (a) It is recognized that no
uniform method of accounting can be prescribed for all contracting
parties subject to the provisions of the act. Each contracting party is
required by law to make a report of its true profit and excess profit.
Such party must, therefore, maintain such accounting records as will
enable it to do so. See Sec. 17.9. Among the essentials are the
following:
(1) The profit or loss upon a particular contract or subcontract
shall be accounted for and fully explained in the books of account
separately on each contract or subcontract.
(2) Any cost accounting methods, however standard they may be and
regardless of long continued practice, shall be controlled by, and be in
accord with, the objectives and purposes of the act and of any
regulations prescribed thereunder.
(3) The accounts shall clearly disclose the nature and amount of the
different items of cost of performing a contract or subcontract.
(b) In cases where it has been the custom priorly to use so-called
``normal'' rates of overhead expense or administrative expenses, or
``standard'' or ``normal'' prices of material or labor charges, no
objection will be made to the use temporarily during the
[[Page 279]]
period of performing the contract or subcontract of such methods in
charging the contract or subcontract, if the method of accounting
employed is such as clearly to reflect, in the final determination upon
the books of account, the actual profit derived from the performance of
the contract or subcontract and if the necessary adjusting entries are
entered upon the books and they explain in full detail the revisions
necessary to accord with the facts. As to the elements of cost, see
Sec. 17.9.
(c) All books, records, and original evidences of costs (including,
for example, production orders, bills or schedules of materials,
purchase requisitions, purchase orders, vouchers, requisitions for
materials, standing expense orders, inventories, labor time cards,
payrolls, cost distribution sheets) pertinent to the determination of
the true profit, excess profit, deficiency in profit, or net loss from
the performance of a contract or subcontract shall be kept at all times
available for inspection by internal revenue officers, and shall be
carefully preserved and retained so long as the contents thereof may
become material in the administration of the act. This provision is not
confined to books, records and original evidences pertaining to items
which may be considered to be a part of the cost of performing a
contract or subcontract. It is applicable to all books, records and
original evidences of costs of each plant, branch or department involved
in the performance of a contract or subcontract or in the distribution
of costs to the contract or subcontract.
Sec. 17.15 Report to Secretary of the Navy. (a) Upon the completion of
a contract or a subcontract coming within the scope of the act and this
part, the contracting party is required to make a report, under oath, to
the Secretary of the Navy. As to the date of completion of a contract or
subcontract, see Sec. 17.5. The act requires that such report shall be
in the form prescribed by the Secretary of the Navy and shall state the
total contract price, the cost of performing the contract, the net
income from such contract, and the per centum such income bears to the
contract price. The contracting party shall also include as a part of
such report a statement showing:
(1) The manner in which the indirect costs were determined and
allocated to the cost of performing the contract or subcontract (see
Sec. 17.9);
(2) The name and address of every subcontractor with whom a
subcontract was made, the object of such subcontract, the date when
completed and the amount thereof; and
(3) The name and address of each affiliate or other organization,
trade or business owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the same
interests as those who so own or control the contracting party, together
with a statement showing in detail all transactions which were made with
such affiliate or other organization, trade or business and are
pertinent to the determination of the excess profit.
(b) A copy of the report required to be made to the Secretary of the
Navy is required to be transmitted by the contracting party to the
Secretary of the Treasury. Such copy shall not be transmitted directly
to the Secretary of the Treasury but shall be filed as a part of the
annual report. See Sec. 17.16.
Sec. 17.16 Annual reports for income-taxable years--(a) General
requirements. Every contracting party completing a contract or
subcontract within the contracting party's income-taxable year ending
after April 3, 1939 shall file, with the district director of internal
revenue for the internal revenue district in which the contracting
party's Federal income tax return is required to be filed, annual
reports on the prescribed forms of the profit and excess profit on all
contracts and subcontracts coming within the scope of the act. If any
contracts or subcontracts so completed by the contracting party were
entered into for the construction or manufacture of any complete naval
vessel or any portion thereof, the profit and excess profit on all such
contracts and subcontracts completed within the income-taxable year
ending after April 3, 1939 shall be computed in accordance with the
provisions of Sec. 17.6. If any contracts or subcontracts so completed
by the contracting party were entered into for the construction or
manufacture of any complete naval aircraft or any portion thereof, the
profit and excess profit on all such contracts and subcontracts
completed within the income-taxable year ending after April 3, 1939
shall be computed in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 17.7. There
shall be included as a part of the annual report a statement, preferably
in columnar form, showing separately for each contract or subcontract
completed by the contracting party within the income-taxable year and
covered by the report, the total contract price, the cost of performing
the contract or subcontract and resulting profit or loss on each
contract or subcontract together with a summary statement showing in
detail the computation of the net profit or net loss upon each group of
contracts and subcontracts covered by the report and the amount of the
excess profit, if any, with respect to each group of contracts and
subcontracts covered by the report. A copy of the report made to the
Secretary of the Navy (see Sec. 17.15) with respect to each contract or
subcontract covered in the annual report, shall be filed as a part of
such annual report. In case the income-taxable year of the contracting
party is a period of less than twelve months (see Sec. 17.1), the
reports required by this section shall be made for such period and not
for a full year.
[[Page 280]]
(b) Time for filing annual reports. Annual reports of contracts and
subcontracts completed by a contracting party within an income-taxable
year ending after April 3, 1939 shall be filed on or before the 15th day
of the ninth month following the close of the contracting party's
income-taxable year. It is important that the contracting party render
on or before the due date annual reports as nearly complete and final as
it is possible for the contracting party to prepare. An extension of
time granted the contracting party for filing its Federal income tax
return does not serve to extend the time for filing the annual reports
required by this section. Authority consistent with authorizations for
granting extensions of time for filing Federal income tax returns is
hereby delegated to the various district directors of internal revenue
for granting extensions of time for filing the reports required by this
section. Application for extensions of time for filing such reports
should be addressed to the district director of internal revenue for the
district in which the contracting party files its Federal income tax
returns and must contain a full recital of the causes for the delay.
Sec. 17.17 Payment of excess profit liability. The amount of the excess
profit liability to be paid to the United States shall be paid on or
before the due date for filing the report with the district director of
internal revenue. See Sec. 17.16. At the option of the contracting
party, the amount of the excess profit liability may be paid in four
equal installments instead of in a single payment, in which case the
first installment is to be paid on or before the date prescribed for the
payment of the excess profit as a single payment, the second installment
on or before the 15th day of the third month, the third installment on
or before the 15th day of the sixth month, and the fourth installment on
or before the 15th day of the ninth month, after such date.
Sec. 17.18 Liability of surety. The surety under contracts entered into
after the amendment of section 3(b) of the act of June 25, 1936 shall
not be liable for payment of excess profit due the United States in
respect of such contracts.
Sec. 17.19 Determination of liability for excess profit, interest and
penalties; assessment, collection, payment, refunds. (a) The duty of
determining the correct amount of excess profit liability on contracts
and subcontracts coming within the scope of the act is upon the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Under section 3(b) of the act, as
amended, and section 651 of the Internal Revenue Code, all provisions of
law (including the provisions of law relating to interest, penalties and
refunds) applicable with respect to the taxes imposed by Title I of the
Revenue Act of 1934 and not inconsistent with section 3 of the act are
applicable with respect to the assessment, collection, or payment of
excess profits on contracts and subcontracts coming within the scope of
the act and to refunds of overpayments of profits into the Treasury
under the act. Claims by a contracting party for the refund of an amount
of excess profit, interest, penalties, and additions to such excess
profit shall conform to the general requirements prescribed with respect
to claims for refund of overpayments of taxes imposed by Title I of the
Revenue Act of 1934 and, if filed on account of any additional costs
incurred pursuant to guarantee provisions in a contract, shall be
supplemented by a statement under oath showing the amount and nature of
such costs and all facts pertinent thereto.
(b) Administrative procedure for the determination, assessment and
collection of excess profit liability under section 3 of the act,
sections 650 and 651 of the Internal Revenue Code, and this part, and
the examination of reports and claims in connection therewith will be
prescribed from time to time by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
MITIGATION OF EFFECT OF RENEGOTIATION OF GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS
Sec. 1.1481-1 [Reserved]
Tax on Transfers To Avoid Income Tax
Sec. 1.1491-1 Imposition of tax.
Section 1491 imposes an excise tax upon transfers of stock or
securities by a citizen or resident of the United States, or by a
domestic corporation or partnership, or by a trust which is not a
foreign trust, to a foreign corporation as paid-in surplus or as a
contribution to capital, or to a foreign trust, or to a foreign
partnership. The tax is in an amount equal to 27\1/2\ percent of the
excess of (a) the value of the stock or securities so transferred over
(b) its adjusted basis, as provided in section 1011, for determining
gain in the hands of the transferor.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12082, Nov. 26, 1960]
Sec. 1.1492-1 Nontaxable transfers.
(a) The tax imposed by section 1491 does not apply:
(1) If the transferee is an organization (other than an organization
described in section 401(a) exempt from income tax under the provisions
of sections 501 to 504, inclusive; or
[[Page 281]]
(2) If before the transfer it has been established to the
satisfaction of the Commissioner that the transfer is not in pursuance
of a plan having as one of its principal purposes the avoidance of
Federal income taxes.
(b) Whether a transfer of stock or securities is in pursuance of a
plan having as one of its principal purposes the avoidance of Federal
income taxes is a question to be determined from the facts and
circumstances of each particular case. In any such case where a
transferor desires to establish that the transfer is not in pursuance of
such a plan, a statement of the facts relating to the plan under which
the transfer is to be made or was made, together with a copy of the plan
if in writing, shall be forwarded to the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, Washington, DC 20225, for a ruling. This statement shall
contain, or be verified by, a written declaration that it is made under
the penalties of perjury. A letter notifying the transferor of the
Commissioner's determination will be mailed to the transferor.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12082, Nov. 26, 1960]
Sec. 1.1493-1 Definition of foreign trust.
For taxable years beginning before January 1, 1967, a trust is to be
considered a ``foreign trust'' within the meaning of chapter 5 of the
Code, if, assuming a subsequent sale by the trustee, outside the United
States and for cash, of the property transferred to the trust, the
profit, if any, from such sale (being income from sources without the
United States under the provisions of part I (section 861 and
following), subchapter N, chapter 1 of the Code), would not be included
in the gross income of the trust under subtitle A of the Code. For
taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966, the term ``foreign
trust,'' as used in chapter 5 of the Code, shall have the meaning
prescribed by section 7701(a)(31).
[T.D. 7332, 39 FR 44230, Dec. 23, 1974]
Sec. 1.1494-1 Returns; payment and collection of tax.
(a) Returns and payment. Every person making a transfer described in
section 1491 shall make a return to the district director on the day on
which the transfer is made and, unless the transfer is nontaxable under
section 1492, pay the tax due on such transfer. This return, which shall
contain, or be verified by, a written declaration that it is made under
the penalties of perjury, shall be made on Form 926 and shall be filed
with the district director to whom the transferor's return of income is
required to be made. The return shall set forth in detail the following
information:
(1) Name and address of transferor, and place of organization or
creation, if a corporation, partnership, or trust.
(2) Name and address of transferee, place of organization or
creation, and whether the transferee is a foreign corporation, a foreign
trust, or a foreign partnership. If the transferee is a foreign trust or
a foreign partnership, the name and address of the fiduciary and each
beneficiary, in the case of a trust, or of each partner, in the case of
a partnership, must be shown.
(3) Description and amount of stock or securities transferred, the
date of transfer, and a complete statement showing all the facts
relating to the transfer, accompanied by a copy of the plan under which
the transfer was made.
(4) The fair market value of the stock or securities transferred as
of the date of transfer, and the adjusted basis provided in section 1011
for determining gain in the hands of the transferor.
(5) Whether the transfer was made in pursuance of a plan submitted
to and approved by the Commissioner as not having as one of its
principal purposes the avoidance of Federal income taxes. If the plan
has been so approved, a copy of the Commissioner's letter approving the
plan shall accompany the return.
(6) Such other information as may be required by the return form.
(b) Certificate. (1) If the transferee of the stock or securities,
the transfer of which is reported in the return, is a foreign
organization meeting the tests of exemption from income tax provided in
part I (section 501 and following), subchapter F, chapter 1 of the Code,
and the transferor on that account claims that no liability for tax is
imposed by section 1491, such transferor must file with Form 926 a
certificate establishing the exemption of the
[[Page 282]]
transferee under such part I. This certificate, which shall contain, or
be verified by, a written declaration that it is made under the
penalties of perjury, shall contain complete information showing the
character of the transferee, the purpose for which it was organized, its
actual activities, the source of its income and the disposition of such
income, whether or not any of its income is credited to surplus or may
inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual, and in
general all facts relating to its operations which affect its right to
exemption. To such certificate shall be attached a copy of the charter
or articles of incorporation, the by-laws of the organization, and the
latest financial statement showing the assets, liabilities, receipts,
and disbursements of the organization.
(2) If the transferee is a foreign organization which has been held
to be exempt from income tax under such part I (or corresponding
provisions of prior law), a copy of the Commissioner's letter so holding
shall be filed with Form 926 in lieu of the above certificate and
attachments.
(c) Assessment and collection. The determination, assessment, and
collection of the tax and the examination of returns and claims filed
pursuant to chapter 5 of the Code will be made under such procedure as
may be prescribed from time to time by the Commissioner.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12082, Nov. 26, 1960]
Sec. 1.1494-2 Effective date.
Chapter 5 (section 1491 and following) of the Internal Revenue Code
of 1954 and the regulations prescribed thereunder apply with respect to
transfers occurring after December 31, 1954. (See section
7851(a)(1)(B).) Chapter 7 (section 1250 and following) of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1939 and the regulations applicable thereto apply with
respect to transfers occurring prior to January 1, 1955.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12083, Nov. 26, 1960]
Consolidated Returns
RETURNS AND PAYMENT OF TAX
Consolidated Return Regulations
Sec. 1.1502-0 Effective dates.
(a) The regulations under section 1502 are applicable to taxable
years beginning after December 31, 1965, except as otherwise provided
therein.
(b) The provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-0A through 1.1502-3A,
1.1502-10A through 1.1502-19A, and 1.1502-30A through 1.1502-51A (as
contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised April 1, 1996) are
applicable to taxable years beginning before January 1, 1966.
[T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33325, June 27, 1996]
Sec. 1.1502-1 Definitions.
(a) Group. The term group means an affiliated group of corporations
as defined in section 1504. See Sec. 1.1502-75(d) as to when a group
remains in existence. Except as the context otherwise requires,
references to a group are references to a consolidated group (as defined
in paragraph (h) of this section).
(b) Member. The term member means a corporation (including the
common parent) that is included in the group, or as the context may
require, a corporation that is included in a subgroup.
(c) Subsidiary. The term subsidiary means a corporation other than
the common parent which is a member of such group.
(d) Consolidated return year. The term consolidated return year
means a taxable year for which a consolidated return is filed or
required to be filed by such group.
(e) Separate return year. The term separate return year means a
taxable year of a corporation for which it files a separate return or
for which it joins in the filing of a consolidated return by another
group.
(f) Separate return limitation year--(1) In general. Except as
provided in paragraphs (f)(2) and (3) of this section, the term separate
return limitation year (or SRLY) means any separate return year of a
member or of a predecessor of a member.
(2) Exceptions. The term separate return limitation year (or SRLY)
does not include:
[[Page 283]]
(i) A separate return year of the corporation which is the common
parent for the consolidated return year to which the tax attribute is to
be carried (except as provided in Sec. 1.1502- 75(d)(2)(ii) and
subparagraph (3) of this paragraph),
(ii) A separate return year of any corporation which was a member of
the group for each day of such year, or
(iii) A separate return year of a predecessor of any member if such
predecessor was a member of the group for each day of such year,
Provided that an election under section 1562(a) (relating to the
privilege to elect multiple surtax exemptions) was never effective (or
is no longer effective as a result of a termination of such election)
for such year. An election under section 1562(a) which is effective for
a taxable year beginning in 1963 and ending in 1964 shall be
disregarded.
(3) Reverse acquisitions. In the event of an acquisition to which
Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3) applies, all taxable years of the first
corporation and of each of its subsidiaries ending on or before the date
of the acquisition shall be treated as separate return limitation years,
and the separate return years (if any) of the second corporation and
each of its subsidiaries shall not be treated as separate return
limitation years (unless they were so treated immediately before the
acquisition). For example, if corporation P merges into corporation T,
and the persons who were stockholders of P immediately before the
merger, as a result of owning the stock of P, own more than 50 percent
of the fair market value of the outstanding stock of T, then a loss
incurred before the merger by T (even though it is the common parent),
or by a subsidiary of T, is treated as having been incurred in a
separate return limitation year. Conversely, a loss incurred before the
merger by P, or by a subsidiary of P in a separate return year during
all of which such subsidiary was a member of the group of which P was
the common parent and for which section 1562 was not effective, is
treated as having been incurred in a year which is not a separate return
limitation year.
(4) Predecessor and successors. The term predecessor means a
transferor or distributor of assets to a member (the successor) in a
transaction--
(i) To which section 381(a) applies; or
(ii) That occurs on or after January 1, 1997, in which the
successor's basis for the assets is determined, directly or indirectly,
in whole or in part, by reference to the basis of the assets of the
transferor or distributor, but in the case of a transaction that occurs
before June 25, 1999, only if the amount by which basis differs from
value, in the aggregate, is material. For a transaction that occurs
before June 25, 1999, only one member may be considered a predecessor to
or a successor of one other member.
(g) Consolidated return change of ownership--(1) In general. A
consolidated return change of ownership occurs during any taxable year
(referred to in this subparagraph as the ``year of change'') of the
corporation which is the common parent for the taxable year to which the
tax attribute is to be carried, if, at the end of the year of change:
(i) Any one or more of the persons described in section 382(a)(2)
own a percentage of the fair market value of the outstanding stock of
such corporation which is more than 50 percentage points greater than
such person or persons owned at:
(a) The beginning of such taxable year, or
(b) The beginning of the preceding taxable year, and
(ii) The increase in percentage points at the end of such year is
attributable to:
(a) A purchase (within the meaning of section 382(a)(4)) by such
person or persons of such stock, the stock of another corporation owning
stock in such corporation, or an interest in a partnership or trust
owning stock in such corporation, or
(b) A decrease in the amount of such stock outstanding or the amount
of stock outstanding of another corporation owning stock in such
corporation, except a decrease resulting from a redemption to pay death
taxes to which section 303 applies.
For purposes of subdivision (i) (a) and (b) of this subparagraph, the
beginning of the taxable years specified therein shall be the beginning
of such taxable
[[Page 284]]
years or October 1, 1965, whichever occurs later.
(2) Operating rules. For purposes of this paragraph:
(i) The term stock means all shares except nonvoting stock which is
limited and preferred as to dividends, and
(ii) Section 318 (relating to constructive ownership of stock) shall
apply in determining the ownership of stock, except that section 318(a)
(2)(C) and (3)(C) shall be applied without regard to the 50-percent
limitation contained therein.
(3) Old members. The term old members of a group means:
(i) Those corporations which were members of such group immediately
preceding the first day of the taxable year in which the consolidated
return change of ownership occurs, or
(ii) If the group was not in existence prior to the taxable year in
which the consolidated return change of ownership occurs, the
corporation which is the common parent for the taxable year to which the
tax attribute is to be carried.
(4) Reverse acquisitions. If there has been a consolidated return
change of ownership of a corporation under subparagraph (1) of this
paragraph and the stock or assets of such corporation are subsequently
acquired by another corporation in an acquisition to which Sec. 1.1502-
75(d)(3) applies so that the group of which the former corporation is
the common parent is treated as continuing in existence, then the ``old
members'', as defined in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph, of such
group immediately before the acquisition shall continue to be treated as
``old members'' immediately after the acquisition. For example, assume
that corporations P and S comprise group PS, and PS undergoes a
consolidated return change of ownership. Subsequently, the stock of P,
the common parent, is acquired by corporation T, the common parent of
group TU, in an acquisition to which section 368(a)(1)(B) and Sec.
1.1502-75(d)(3) apply. The PS group is treated as continuing in
existence with T as the common parent. P and S continue to be treated as
old members, as defined in subparagraph (3) of this paragraph.
(h) Consolidated group. The term ``consolidated group'' means a
group filing (or required to file) consolidated returns for the tax
year.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Affiliated. Corporations are affiliated if they are members of a
group with each other.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7246, 38 FR
758, Jan. 4, 1973; T.D. 8294, 55 FR 9434, Mar. 14, 1990; T.D. 8319, 55
FR 49038, Nov. 26, 1990; T.D. 8560, 59 FR 41675, Aug. 15, 1994; T.D.
8677, 61 FR 33325, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36101, July 2, 1999]
Consolidated Tax Liability
Sec. 1.1502-2 Computation of tax liability.
The tax liability of a group for a consolidated return year shall be
determined by adding together:
(a) The tax imposed by section 11 on the consolidated taxable income
for such year (see Sec. 1.1502-11 for the computation of consolidated
taxable income);
(b) The tax imposed by section 541 on the consolidated undistributed
personal holding company income;
(c) If paragraph (b) of this section does not apply, the aggregate
of the taxes imposed by section 541 on the separate undistributed
personal holding company income of the members which are personal
holding companies;
(d) If paragraph (b) of this section does not apply, the tax imposed
by section 531 on the consolidated accumulated taxable income (see Sec.
1.1502-43);
(e) The tax imposed by section 594(a) in lieu of the taxes imposed
by section 11 or 1201 on the taxable income of a life insurance
department of the common parent of a group which is a mutual savings
bank;
(f) The tax imposed by section 802(a) on consolidated life insurance
company taxable income;
(g) The tax imposed by section 831(a) on the consolidated insurance
company taxable income of the members which are subject to such tax;
(h) The tax imposed by section 1201, instead of the taxes computed
under paragraphs (a) and (g) of this section, computed by reference to
the net capital gain of the group (see Sec. 1.1502-22) (or, for
consolidated return years to
[[Page 285]]
which Sec. 1.1502-22 does not apply, computed by reference to the
excess of the consolidated net long-term capital gain over the
consolidated net short-term capital loss (see Sec. 1.1502-41A for the
determination of the consolidated net long-term capital gain and the
consolidated net short-term capital loss));
(i) [Reserved]
(j) The tax imposed by section 1333 on war loss recoveries; and
by allowing as a credit against such taxes the investment credit under
section 38 (see Sec. 1.1502-3), and the foreign tax credit under
section 33 (see Sec. 1.1502-4). For purposes of this section, the
surtax exemption of the group for a consolidated return year is $25,000,
or if a lesser amount is allowed under section 1561, such lesser amount.
See Sec. 1.1561-2(a)(2). For increase in tax due to the application of
section 47, see Sec. 1.1502-3(f). For amount of tax surcharge, see
section 51 and Sec. 1.1502-7.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7093, 36 FR
4871, Mar. 13, 1971; T.D. 7937, 49 FR 3462, Jan. 27, 1984; T.D. 8677, 61
FR 33326, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36099, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-3 Consolidated tax credits.
(a) Determination of amount of consolidated credit--(1) In general.
The credit allowed by section 38 for a consolidated return year of a
group shall be equal to the consolidated credit earned. The consolidated
credit earned is equal to the aggregate of the credit earned (as
determined under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph) by all members of
the group for the consolidated return year.
(2) Determination of credit earned. The credit earned of a member is
an amount equal to 7 percent of such member's qualified investment
(determined under section 46(c)). For purposes of computing a member's
qualified investment, the basis of property shall not include any gain
or loss realized with respect to such property by another member in an
intercompany transaction (as defined in Sec. 1.1502-13(b)), whether or
not such gain or loss is deferred. Thus, if section 38 property acquired
in an intercompany transaction has a basis of $100 to the purchasing
member, and if the selling member has a $20 gain with respect to such
property, the basis of such property for purposes of computing the
purchaser's qualified investment is only $80. Such $80 basis shall also
be used for purposes of applying section 47 to such property. See
paragraph (f) of this section.
(3) Consolidated limitation based on amount of tax. (i)
Notwithstanding the amount of the consolidated credit earned for the
taxable year, the consolidated credit allowed by section 38 to the group
for the consolidated return year is limited to:
(a) So much of the consolidated liability for tax as does not exceed
$25,000, plus
(b) For taxable years ending on or before March 9, 1967, 25 percent
of the consolidated liability for tax in excess of $25,000, or
(c) For taxable years ending after March 9, 1967, 50 percent of the
consolidated liability for tax in excess of $25,000.
The $25,000 amount referred to in the preceding sentence shall be
reduced by any part of such $25,000 amount apportioned under Sec. 1.46-
1 to component members of the controlled group (as defined in section
46(a)(5)) which do not join in the filing of the consolidated return.
For further rules for computing the limitation based on amount of tax
with respect to the suspension period (as defined in section 48(j)), see
section 46(a)(2). The amount determined under this subparagraph is
referred to in this section as the ``consolidated limitation based on
amount of tax.''
(ii) If an organization to which section 593 applies or a
cooperative organization described in section 1381(a) joins in the
filing of the consolidated return, the $25,000 amount referred to in
subdivision (i) of this subparagraph (reduced as provided in such
subdivision) shall be apportioned equally among the members of the group
filing the consolidated return. The amount so apportioned equally to any
such organization shall then be decreased in accordance with the
provisions of section 46(d). Finally, the sum of all such equal portions
(as decreased under section 46(d)) of each member of the group shall be
substituted for the $25,000 amount referred to in subdivision (i) of
this subparagraph.
(4) Consolidated liability for tax. For purposes of subparagraph (3)
of this
[[Page 286]]
paragraph, the consolidated liability for tax shall be the income tax
imposed for the taxable year upon the group by chapter 1 of the Code,
reduced by the consolidated foreign tax credit allowable under Sec.
1.1502-4. The tax imposed by section 56 (relating to minimum tax for tax
preferences), section 531 (relating to accumulated earnings tax),
section 541 (relating to personal holding company tax), and any
additional tax imposed by section 1351(d)(1) (relating to recoveries of
foreign expropriation losses), shall not be considered tax imposed by
chapter 1 of the Code. In addition, any increase in tax resulting from
the application of section 47 (relating to certain dispositions, etc.,
of section 38 property) shall not be treated as tax imposed by chapter 1
for purposes of computing the consolidated liability for tax.
(b) Carryback and carryover of unused credits--(1) Allowance of
unused credit as consolidated carryback or carryover. A group shall be
allowed to add to the amount allowable as a credit under paragraph
(a)(1) of this section for any consolidated return year an amount equal
to the aggregate of the consolidated investment credit carryovers and
carrybacks to such year. The consolidated investment credit carryovers
and carrybacks to the taxable year shall consist of any consolidated
unused credits of the group, plus any unused credits of members of the
group arising in separate return years of such members, which may be
carried over or back to the taxable year under the principles of section
46(b). However, such consolidated carryovers and carrybacks shall not
include any consolidated unused credits apportioned to a corporation for
a separate return year pursuant to paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1502-79 and
shall be subject to the limitations contained in paragraphs (c) and (e)
of this section. A consolidated unused credit for any consolidated
return year is the excess of the consolidated credit earned over the
consolidated limitation based on amount of tax for such year.
(2) Absorption rules. For purposes of determining the amount, if
any, of an unused credit (whether consolidated or separate) which can be
carried to a taxable year (consolidated or separate), the amount of such
unused credit which is absorbed in a prior consolidated return year
under section 46(b) shall be determined by:
(i) Applying all unused credits which can be carried to such prior
year in the order of the taxable years in which such unused credits
arose, beginning with the taxable year which ends earliest, and
(ii) Applying all such unused credits which can be carried to such
prior year from taxable years ending on the same date on a pro rata
basis.
(3) Example. The provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section may be illustrated by the following example:
Example. (i) Corporation P is incorporated on January 1, 1966. On
that same day P incorporates corporation S, a wholly owned subsidiary. P
and S file consolidated returns for calendar years 1966 and 1967. P's
and S's credit earned, the consolidated credit earned, and the
consolidated limitation based on amount of tax for 1966 and 1967 are as
follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consolidated
Credit earned Consolidated limitation based
credit earned on amount of tax
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1966:
P.................................................... $60,000
S.................................................... $30,000 $90,000 $100,000
1967:
P.................................................... $40,000
S.................................................... $25,000 $65,000 $50,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) P's and S's credit earned for 1966 are aggregated, and the
group's consolidated credit earned, $90,000, is allowable in full to the
group as a credit under section 38 for 1966 since such amount is less
than the consolidated limitation based on amount of tax for 1966,
$100,000.
(iii) Since the consolidated limitation based on amount of tax for
1967 is $50,000, only $50,000 of the $65,000 consolidated credit earned
for such year is allowable to the
[[Page 287]]
group under section 38 as a credit for 1967. The consolidated unused
credit for 1967 of $15,000 ($65,000 less $50,000) is a consolidated
investment credit carryback and carryover to the years prescribed in
section 46(b). In this case the consolidated unused credit is a
consolidated investment credit carryback to 1966 (since P and S were not
in existence in 1964 and 1965) and a consolidated investment credit
carryover to 1968 and subsequent years. The portion of the consolidated
unused credit for 1967 which is allowable as a credit for 1966 is
$10,000. This amount shall be added to the amount allowable as a credit
to the group for 1966. The balance of the consolidated unused credit for
1967 to be carried to 1968 is $5,000. These amounts are computed as
follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Consolidated carryback to 1966... ........... ........... $15,000
1966 consolidated limitation ........... $100,000 ...........
based on tax..................
Less: Consolidated credit earned $90,000
for 1966........................
Consolidated unused credits 0 $90,000
attributable to years
preceding 1967................
--------------------------------------
Limit on amount of 1967 ........... ........... $10,000
consolidated unused credit which
may be added as a credit for
1966............................
--------------------------------------
Balance of 1967 consolidated ........... ........... $5,000
unused credit to be carried to
1968............................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(c) Limitation on investment credit carryovers and carrybacks from
separate return limitation years applicable for consolidated return
years for which the due date of the return is on or before March 13,
1998--(1) General rule. In the case of an unused credit of a member of
the group arising in a separate return limitation year (as defined in
Sec. 1.1502-1(f)) of such member (and in a separate return limitation
year of any predecessor of such member), the amount which may be
included under paragraph (b) of this section (computed without regard to
the limitation contained in paragraph (e) of this section) shall not
exceed the amount determined under paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(2) Computation of limitation. The amount referred to in paragraph
(c)(1) of this section with respect to a member of the group is the
excess, if any, of--
(i) The limitation based on amount of tax of the group, minus such
limitation recomputed by excluding the items of income, deduction, and
foreign tax credit of such member; over
(ii) The sum of the investment credit earned by such member for such
consolidated return year, and the unused credits attributable to such
member which may be carried to such consolidated return year arising in
unused credit years ending prior to the particular separate return
limitation year.
(3) Special effective date. This paragraph (c) applies to
consolidated return years for which the due date of the income tax
return (without extensions) is on or before March 13, 1998. See
paragraph (d) of this section for the rule that limits the group's use
of a section 38 credit carryover or carryback from a SRLY for a
consolidated return year for which the due date of the income tax return
(without extensions) is after March 13, 1998. See also paragraph (d)(4)
of this section for an optional effective date rule (generally making
the rules of this paragraph (c) inapplicable to a consolidated return
year beginning after December 31, 1996, if the due date of the income
tax return (without extensions) for such year is on or before March 13,
1998).
(4) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (c) may be
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. (i) Assume the same facts as in the example contained in
paragraph (b)(3) of this section, except that all the stock of
corporation T, also a calendar year taxpayer, is acquired by P on
January 1, 1968, and that P, S, and T file a consolidated return for
1968. In 1966, T had an unused credit of $10,000 which has not been
absorbed and is available as an investment credit carryover to 1968.
Such carryover is from a separate return limitation year. P's and S's
credit earned for 1968 is $10,000 each, and T's credit earned is $8,000;
the consolidated credit earned is therefore $28,000. The group's
consolidated limitation based on amount of tax for 1968 is $50,000. Such
limitation recomputed by excluding the items of income, deduction, and
foreign tax credit of T is $30,000. Thus, the amount determined under
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section is $20,000 ($50,000 minus
[[Page 288]]
$30,000). Accordingly, the limitation on the carryover of T's unused
credit is $12,000, the excess of $20,000 over $8,000 (the sum of T's
credit earned for the taxable year and any carryovers from prior unused
credit years (none in this case)). Therefore T's $10,000 unused credit
from 1966 may be carried over to the consolidated return year without
limitation.
(ii) The group's consolidated credit earned for 1968, $28,000, is
allowable in full as a credit under section 38 since such amount is less
than the consolidated limitation based on amount of tax, $50,000.
(iii) The group's consolidated investment credit carryover to 1968
is $15,000, consisting of the consolidated unused credits of the group
($5,000) plus T's separate return year unused credit ($10,000). The
entire $15,000 consolidated carryover shall be added to the amount
allowable to the group as a credit under section 38 for 1968, since such
amount is less than $22,000 (the excess of the consolidated limitation
based on tax, $50,000, over the sum of the consolidated credit earned
for 1968, $28,000, and unused credits arising in prior unused credit
years, zero).
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in Example 1, except that the
amount determined under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section is $12,000.
Therefore, the limitation on the carryover of T's unused credit is
$4,000. Accordingly, the consolidated investment credit carryover is
only $9,000 since the amount of T's separate return year unused credit
which may be added to the group's $ 5,000 consolidated unused credit is
$4,000. These amounts are computed as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
T's carryover to 1968............ ........... ........... $10,000
Consolidated limitation based ........... $12,000 ...........
on amount of tax minus
recomputed limitation.........
Less: T's credit earned for 1968. $8,000 ........... ...........
Unused credits attributable to 0 $8,000 ...........
T arising in unused credit
years preceding 1966..........
--------------------------------------
Limit on amount of 1966 unused ........... ........... $4,000
credit of T which may be added
to consolidated investment
credit carryover................
--------------------------------------
Balance of 1966 unused credit of ........... ........... $6,000
T to be carried to 1969 (subject
to the limitation contained in
paragraph (c) of this section)..
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(d) Limitation on tax credit carryovers and carrybacks from separate
return limitation years applicable for consolidated return years for
which the due date of the return is after March 13, 1998--(1) General
rule. The aggregate of a member's unused section 38 credits arising in
SRLYs that are included in the consolidated section 38 credits for all
consolidated return years of the group may not exceed--
(i) The aggregate for all consolidated return years of the member's
contributions to the consolidated section 38(c) limitation for each
consolidated return year; reduced by
(ii) The aggregate of the member's section 38 credits arising and
absorbed in all consolidated return years (whether or not absorbed by
the member).
(2) Computational rules--(i) Member's contribution to the
consolidated section 38(c) limitation. If the consolidated section 38(c)
limitation for a consolidated return year is determined by reference to
the consolidated tentative minimum tax (see section 38(c)(1)(A)), then a
member's contribution to the consolidated section 38(c) limitation for
such year equals the member's share of the consolidated net income tax
minus the member's share of the consolidated tentative minimum tax. If
the consolidated section 38(c) limitation for a consolidated return year
is determined by reference to the consolidated net regular tax liability
(see section 38(c)(1)(B)), then a member's contribution to the
consolidated section 38(c) limitation for such year equals the member's
share of the consolidated net income tax minus 25 percent of the
quantity which is equal to so much of the member's share of the
consolidated net regular tax liability less its portion of the $25,000
amount specified in section 38(c)(1)(B). The group computes the member's
shares by applying to the respective consolidated amounts the principles
of section 1552 and the percentage method under Sec. 1.1502-33(d)(3),
assuming a 100% allocation of any decreased tax liability. The group
must make proper adjustments so that taxes and credits not taken into
account in
[[Page 289]]
computing the limitation under section 38(c) are not taken into account
in computing the member's share of the consolidated net income tax, etc.
(See, for example, the taxes described in section 26(b) that are
disregarded in computing regular tax liability.) Also, the group may
apportion all or a part of the $25,000 amount (or lesser amount if
reduced by section 38(c)(3)) for any year to one or more members.
(ii) Years included in computation. For purposes of computing the
limitation under this paragraph (d), the consolidated return years of
the group include only those years, including the year to which a credit
is carried, that the member has been continuously included in the
group's consolidated return, but exclude--
(A) For carryovers, any years ending after the year to which the
credit is carried; and
(B) For carrybacks, any years ending after the year in which the
credit arose.
(iii) Subgroups and successors. The SRLY subgroup principles under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(2) apply for purposes of this paragraph (d). The
predecessor and successor principles under Sec. 1.1502-21(f) also apply
for purposes of this paragraph (d).
(iv) Overlap with section 383. The principles under Sec. 1.1502-
21(g) apply for purposes of this paragraph (d). For example, an overlap
of paragraph (d) of this section and the application of section 383 with
respect to a credit carryover occurs if a corporation becomes a member
of a consolidated group (the SRLY event) within six months of the change
date of an ownership change giving rise to a section 383 credit
limitation with respect to that carryover (the section 383 event), with
the result that the limitation of this paragraph (d) does not apply. See
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(g)(2)(ii)(A) and 1.383-1; see also Sec. 1.1502-
21(g)(4) (subgroup rules).
(3) Effective date--(i) In general. This paragraph (d) generally
applies to consolidated return years for which the due date of the
income tax return (without extensions) is after March 13, 1998.
(A) Contribution years. Except as provided in paragraph (d)(4)(ii)
of this section, a group does not take into account a consolidated
taxable year for which the due date of the income tax return (without
extensions) is on or before March 13, 1998, in determining a member's
(or subgroup's) contributions to the consolidated section 38(c)
limitation under this paragraph (d).
(B) Special subgroup rule. In the event that the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(g)(1) do not apply to a particular credit carryover in the
current group, then solely for purposes of applying paragraph (d) of
this section to determine the limitation with respect to that carryover
and with respect to which the SRLY register (the aggregate of the
member's or subgroup's contribution to consolidated section 38(c)
limitation reduced by the aggregate of the member's or subgroup's
section 38 credits arising and absorbed in all consolidated return
years) began in a taxable year for which the due date of the return is
on or before May 25, 2000, the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(2) shall
be applied without regard to the phrase ``or for a carryover that was
subject to the overlap rule described in paragraph (g) of this section
or Sec. 1.1502-15(g) with respect to another group (the former
group).''
(ii) Overlap rule. Paragraph (d)(2)(iv) of this section (relating to
overlap with section 383) applies to taxable years for which the due
date (without extensions) of the consolidated return is after May 25,
2000. For purposes of paragraph (d)(2)(iv) of this section, only an
ownership change to which section 383, as amended by the Tax Reform Act
of 1986 (100 Stat. 2085), applies and which results in a section 383
credit limitation shall constitute a section 383 event.
(4) Optional effective date of January 1, 1997. (i) For consolidated
taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1997, for which the due
date of the income tax return (without extensions) is on or before March
13, 1998, in lieu of paragraphs (c) and (e)(3) of this section (relating
to the general business credit), Sec. 1.1502-4(f)(3) and (g)(3)
(relating to the foreign tax credit), the next to last sentence of Sec.
1.1502-9A(a)(2), Sec. 1.1502-9A(b)(1)(v) (relating to overall foreign
losses), and Sec. 1.1502-55(h)(4)(iii) (relating to the alternative
minimum tax credit), a consolidated group may apply the corresponding
provisions as they
[[Page 290]]
appear in 1998-1 C.B. 655 through 661 (see Sec. 601.601(d)(2) of this
chapter) (treating references in such corresponding provisions to
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-9(b)(1)(ii), (iii), and (iv) as references to
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-9A(b)(1)(ii), (iii), and (iv)). Also, in the case of a
consolidated return change of ownership that occurs on or after January
1, 1997, in a taxable year for which the due date of the income tax
return (without extensions) is on or before March 13, 1998, a
consolidated group may choose not to apply paragraph (e) of this section
and Sec. 1.1502-4(g) to taxable years ending after December 31, 1996. A
consolidated group making the choices described in the two preceding
sentences generally must apply all such corresponding provisions
(including not applying paragraph (e) of this section and Sec. 1.1502-
4(g)) for all relevant years. However, a consolidated group making the
election provided in Sec. 1.1502-9A(b)(1)(vi) (electing not to apply
Sec. 1.1502-9A(b)(1)(v) to years beginning before January 1, 1998) may
nevertheless choose to apply all such corresponding provisions referred
to in this paragraph (d)(4)(i) other than the provision corresponding to
Sec. 1.1502-9A(b)(1)(v) for all relevant years.
(ii) If a consolidated group chooses to apply the corresponding
provisions referred to in paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section, the
consolidated group shall not take into account a consolidated taxable
year beginning before January 1, 1997, in determining a member's (or
subgroup's) contributions to the consolidated section 38(c) limitation
under this paragraph (d).
(5) Example. The following example illustrates the provisions of
this paragraph (d):
Example. (i) Individual A owns all of the stock of P and T. P is the
common parent of the P group. P acquires all the stock of T at the
beginning of Year 2. T carries over an unused section 38 general
business credit from Year 1 of $100,000. The table in paragraph (i) of
this Example shows the group's net consolidated income tax, consolidated
tentative minimum tax, and consolidated net regular tax liabilities, and
T's share of such taxes computed under the principles of section 1552
and the percentage method under Sec. 1.1502-33(d)(3), assuming a 100%
allocation of any decreased tax liability, for Year 2. (The effects of
the lower section 11 brackets are ignored, there are no other tax
credits affecting a group amount or member's share, and $1,000s are
omitted.)
[[Page 291]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25MY00.002
(ii) T's Year 1 is a SRLY with respect to the P group. See Sec.
1.1502-1(f)(2)(ii). T did not undergo an ownership change giving rise to
a section 383 credit limitation within 6 months of joining the P group.
Thus, T's $100,000 general business credit arising in Year 1 is subject
to a SRLY limitation in the P group. The amount of T's unused section 38
credits from Year 1 that are included in the consolidated section 38
credits for Year 2 may not exceed T's contribution to the consolidated
section 38(c) limitation. For Year 2, the group determines the
consolidated section 38(c) limitation by reference to consolidated
tentative minimum tax for Year 2. Therefore, T's contribution to the
consolidated section 38(c) limitation for Year 2 equals its share of
consolidated net income tax minus its share of consolidated tentative
minimum tax. T's contribution is $280,000 minus $160,000, or $120,000.
However, because the
[[Page 292]]
group has a consolidated section 38 limitation of zero, it may not
include any of T's unused section 38 credits in the consolidated section
38 credits for Year 2.
(iii) The following table shows similar information for the group
for Year 3:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25MY00.003
(iv) The amount of T's unused section 38 credits from Year 1 that
are included in the consolidated section 38 credits for Year 3 may not
exceed T's aggregate contribution to the consolidated section 38(c)
limitation
[[Page 293]]
for Years 2 and 3. For Year 3, the group determines the consolidated
section 38(c) limitation by reference to the consolidated tentative
minimum tax for Year 3. Therefore, T's contribution to the consolidated
section 38(c) limitation for Year 3 equals its share of consolidated net
income tax minus its share of consolidated tentative minimum tax.
Applying the principles of section 1552 and Sec. 1.1502-33(d) (taking
into account, for example, that T's positive earnings and profits
adjustment under Sec. 1.1502-33(d) reflects its losses actually
absorbed by the group), T's contribution is $(105,000) minus $(40,000),
or $(65,000). T's aggregate contribution to the consolidated section
38(c) limitation for Years 2 and 3 is $120,000 + $(65,000), or $55,000.
The group may include $55,000 of T's Year 1 unused section 38 credits in
its consolidated section 38 tax credit in Year 3.
(e) Limitation on investment credit carryovers where there has been
a consolidated return change of ownership--(1) General rule. If a
consolidated return change of ownership (as defined in paragraph (g) of
Sec. 1.1502-1) occurs during the taxable year or an earlier taxable
year, the amount which may be included under paragraph (b) of this
section in the consolidated investment credit carryovers to the taxable
year with respect to the aggregate unused credits attributable to old
members of the group (as defined in paragraph (g)(3) of Sec. 1.1502-1)
arising in taxable years (consolidated or separate) ending on the same
day and before the taxable year in which the consolidated return change
of ownership occurred shall not exceed the amount determined under
subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(2) Computation of limitation. The amount referred to in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall be the excess of the
consolidated limitation based on the amount of tax for the taxable year,
recomputed by including only the items of income, deduction, and foreign
tax credit of the old members, over the sum of:
(i) The aggregate investment credits earned by the old members for
the taxable year, and
(ii) The aggregate unused investment credits attributable to the old
members which may be carried to the taxable year arising in unused
credit years ending prior to the particular unused credit year or years.
(3) Special effective date. This paragraph (e) applies only to a
consolidated return change of ownership that occurred during a
consolidated return year for which the due date of the income tax return
(without extensions) is on or before March 13, 1998. See paragraph
(d)(4) of this section for an optional effective date rule (generally
making the rules of this paragraph (e) also inapplicable if the
consolidated return change of ownership occurred on or after January 1,
1997, and during a consolidated return year for which the due date of
the income tax return (without extensions) is on or before March 13,
1998).
(f) Early dispositions, etc., of section 38 property--(1)
Dispositions of section 38 property during and after consolidated return
year. If property is subject to section 47(a) (1) or (2) with respect to
a member during a consolidated return year, any increase in tax shall be
added to the tax liability of the group under Sec. 1.1502-2 (regardless
of whether the property was placed in service in a consolidated or
separate return year). Also, if property is subject to section 47(a) (1)
or (2) with respect to a corporation during a taxable year for which
such corporation files on a separate return basis, any increase in tax
shall be added to the tax liability of such corporation (regardless of
whether such property was placed in service in a consolidated or
separate return year).
(2) Exception for transfer to another member. (i) Except as provided
in subdivisions (ii) and (iii) of this subparagraph, a transfer of
section 38 property from one member of the group to another member of
such group during a consolidated return year shall not be treated as a
disposition or cessation within the meaning of section 47(a)(1). If such
section 38 property is disposed of, or otherwise ceases to be section 38
property or becomes public utility property with respect to the
transferee, before the close of the estimated useful life which was
taken into account in computing qualified investment, then section 47(a)
(1) or (2) shall apply to the transferee with respect to such property
(determined by taking into account the period of use, qualified
investment, other dispositions, etc., of the transferor). Any increase
in tax due to the application of section 47(a) (1) or (2) shall be added
to the tax liability of
[[Page 294]]
such transferee (or the tax liability of a group, if the transferee
joins in the filing of a consolidated return).
(ii) Except as provided in subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph,
if section 38 property is disposed of during a consolidated return year
by one member of the group to another member of such group which is an
organization to which section 593 applies or a cooperative organization
described in section 1381(a), the tax under chapter 1 of the Code for
such consolidated return year shall be increased by an amount equal to
the aggregate decrease in the credits allowed under section 38 for all
prior taxable years which would result solely from treating such
property, for purposes of determining qualified investment, as placed in
service by such organization to which section 593 applies or such
cooperative organization described in section 1381(a), as the case may
be, but with due regard to the use of the property before such transfer.
(iii) Section 47(a)(1) shall apply to a transfer of section 38
property by a corporation during a consolidated return year if such
corporation is liquidated in a transaction to which section 334(b)(2)
applies.
(3) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. P, S, and T file a consolidated return for calendar year
1967. In such year S places in service section 38 property having an
estimated useful life of more than 8 years. In 1968, P, S, and T file a
consolidated return and in such year S sells such property to T. Such
sale will not cause section 47(a)(1) to apply.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in example (1), except that P,
S, and T filed separate returns for 1967. The sale from S to T will not
cause section 47(a)(1) to apply.
Example 3. Assume the same facts as in example (1), except that P,
S, and T continue to file consolidated returns through 1971 and in such
year T disposes of the property to individual A. Section 47(a)(1) will
apply to the group and any increase in tax shall be added to the tax
liability of the group. For the purposes of determining the actual
period of use by T, such period shall include S's period of use.
Example 4. Assume the same facts as in example (3), except that T
files a separate return in 1971. Again, the actual periods of use by S
and T will be combined in applying section 47. If the disposition
results in an increase in tax under section 47(a)(1), such additional
tax shall be added to the separate tax liability of T.
Example 5. Assume the same facts as in example (1), except that in
1969, P sells all the stock of T to a third party. Such sale will not
cause section 47(a)(1) to apply.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7246, 38 FR
758, Jan. 4, 1973; T.D. 8597, 60 FR 36679, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8751, 63
FR 1742, Jan. 12, 1998; T.D. 8766, 63 FR 12642, Mar. 16, 1998; T.D.
8884, 65 FR 33754, May 25, 2000; 65 FR 48379, Aug. 8, 2000; 65 FR 50281,
Aug. 17, 2000]
Sec. 1.1502-4 Consolidated foreign tax credit.
(a) In general. The credit under section 901 for taxes paid or
accrued to any foreign country or possession of the United States shall
be allowed to the group only if the common parent corporation chooses to
use such credit in the computation of the tax liability of the group for
the consolidated return year. If this choice is made, no deduction may
be taken on the consolidated return for such taxes paid or accrued by
any member of the group. See section 275(a)(4).
(b) Limitation effective under section 904(a) for the group--(1)
Common parent's limitation effective for group. The determination of
whether the overall limitation or the per-country limitation applies for
a consolidated return year shall be made by reference to the limitation
effective with respect to the common parent corporation for such year.
If the limitation effective with respect to a member for its immediately
preceding separate return year differs from the limitation effective
with respect to the common parent corporation for the consolidated
return year, then such member shall, if the overall limitation is
effective with respect to the common parent, be deemed to have made an
election to use such overall limitation, or, if the per-country
limitation is effective with respect to the common parent, be deemed to
have revoked its election to use the overall limitation. Consent of the
Secretary or his delegate (if otherwise required) is hereby given to
such member for such election or revocation. Any such election or
revocation shall apply only prospectively beginning with such
consolidated return year.
[[Page 295]]
(2) Limitation effective for subsequent years. The limitation
effective with respect to a member for the last year for which it joins
in the filing of a consolidated return with a group shall remain in
effect for a subsequent separate return year and may be changed by such
corporation for such subsequent year only in accordance with the
provisions of section 904(b) (and this paragraph if it joins in the
filing of a consolidated return with another group). Any retroactive
change in the limitation by the common parent corporation for such
member's last consolidated return year shall change the election
effective with respect to such member for such last period. Thus, if the
common parent (P) elects the overall limitation with respect to calendar
year 1966, such election would be effective with respect to its
subsidiary S for 1966. If S leaves the group at the beginning of
calendar year 1967, such election shall be effective for 1967 with
respect to S (unless S revokes such election for 1967 or a subsequent
year in accordance with section 904(b), or this paragraph if it joins in
the filing of a consolidated return with another group). However, if P
retroactively changes back to the per-country limitation with respect to
1966, such limitation would be effective with respect to S for 1966 and
subsequent years (unless S elects the overall limitation for any such
subsequent year).
(c) Computation of consolidated foreign tax credit. The foreign tax
credit for the consolidated return year shall be determined on a
consolidated basis under the principles of sections 901 through 905 and
section 960. For example, if the per-country limitations applies to the
consolidated return year, taxes paid or accrued for such year (including
those deemed paid or accrued under sections 902 and 960(a) and paragraph
(e) of this section) to each foreign country or possession by the
members of the group shall be aggregated. If the overall limitation
applies, taxes paid or accrued for such year (including those deemed
paid or accrued) to all foreign countries and possessions by members of
the group shall be aggregated. If the overall limitation applies and a
member of the group qualifies as a Western Hemisphere trade corporation,
see section 1503(b).
(d) Computation of limitation on credit. For purposes of computing
the group's applicable limitation under section 904(a), the following
rules shall apply:
(1) Computation of taxable income from foreign sources. The
numerator of the applicable limiting fraction under section 904(a) shall
be an amount (not in excess of the amount determined under subparagraph
(2) of this paragraph) equal to the aggregate of the separate taxable
incomes of the members from sources within each foreign country or
possession of the United States (if the per-country limitation is
applicable), or from sources without the United States (if the overall
limitation is applicable), determined under Sec. 1.1502-12, adjusted
for the following items taken into account in the computation of
consolidated taxable income:
(i) The portion of the consolidated net operating loss deduction,
the consolidated charitable contributions deduction, the consolidated
dividends received deduction, and the consolidated section 922
deduction, attributable to such foreign source income;
(ii) Any such foreign source capital gain net income (net capital
gain for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) (determined
without regard to any net capital loss carryover or carryback);
(iii) Any such foreign source net capital loss and section 1231 net
loss, reduced by the portion of the consolidated net capital loss
attributable to such foreign source loss; and
(iv) The portion of any consolidated net capital loss carryover or
carryback attributable to such foreign source income which is absorbed
in the taxable year.
(2) Computation of entire taxable income. The denominator of the
applicable limiting fraction under section 904(a) (that is, the entire
taxable income of the group) shall be the consolidated taxable income of
the group computed in accordance with Sec. 1.1502-11.
(3) Computation of tax against which credit is taken. The tax
against which the limiting fraction under section 904(a) is applied
shall be the consolidated tax liability of the group determined under
Sec. 1.1502-2, but without regard to paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (j)
[[Page 296]]
thereof, and without regard to any credit against such liability.
(e) Carryover and carryback of unused foreign tax--(1) Allowance of
unused foreign tax as consolidated carryover or carryback. The aggregate
of the consolidated unused foreign tax carryovers and carrybacks to the
taxable year, to the extent absorbed for such year under the principles
of section 904(d), shall be deemed to be paid or accrued to a foreign
country or possession for such year. The consolidated unused foreign tax
carryovers and carrybacks to the taxable year shall consist of any
consolidated unused foreign tax, plus any unused foreign tax of members
for separate return years of such members, which may be carried over or
back to the taxable year under the principles of section 904 (d) and
(e). However, such consolidated carryovers and carrybacks shall not
include any consolidated unused foreign taxes apportioned to a
corporation for a separate return year pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-79(d)
and shall be subject to the limitations contained in paragraphs (f) and
(g) of this section. A consolidated unused foreign tax is the excess of
the foreign taxes paid or accrued by the group (or deemed paid or
accrued by the group, other than by reason of section 904(d) over the
applicable limitation for the consolidated return year.
(2) Absorption rules. For purposes of determining the amount, if
any, of an unused foreign tax (consolidated or separate) which can be
carried to a taxable year (consolidated or separate), the amount of such
unused tax which is absorbed in a prior consolidated return year under
section 904(d) shall be determined by:
(i) Applying all unused foreign taxes which can be carried to such
prior year in the order of the taxable years in which such unused taxes
arose, beginning with the taxable year which ends earliest, and
(ii) Applying all such unused taxes which can be carried to such
prior year from taxable years ending on the same date on a pro rata
basis.
(f) Limitation on unused foreign tax carryover or carryback from
separate return limitation years--(1) General rule. In the case of an
unused foreign tax of a member of the group arising in a separate return
limitation year (as defined in paragraph (f) of Sec. 1.1502-1) of such
member, the amount which may be included under paragraph (e) of this
section (computed without regard to the limitation contained in
paragraph (g) of this section) shall not exceed the amount determined
under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(2) Computation of limitation. The amount referred to in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph with respect to a member of the group
is the excess, if any, of:
(i) The section 904(a) limitation of the group, minus such
limitation recomputed by excluding the items of income and deduction of
such member, over
(ii) The sum of (a) the foreign taxes paid (or deemed paid, other
than by reason of section 904(d)) by such member for the consolidated
return year, and (b) the unused foreign tax attributable to such member
which may be carried to such consolidated return year arising in taxable
years ending prior to the particular separate return limitation year.
(3) Limitation on unused foreign tax credit carryover or carryback
from separate return limitation years. Paragraphs (f)(1) and (2) of this
section do not apply for consolidated return years for which the due
date of the income tax return (without extensions) is after March 13,
1998. For consolidated return years for which the due date of the income
tax return (without extensions) is after March 13, 1998, a group shall
include an unused foreign tax of a member arising in a SRLY without
regard to the contribution of the member to consolidated tax liability
for the consolidated return year. See also Sec. 1.1502-3(d)(4) for an
optional effective date rule (generally making the rules of paragraphs
(f)(1) and (2) of this section also inapplicable to a consolidated
return year beginning on or after January 1, 1997, if the due date of
the income tax return (without extensions) for such year is on or before
March 13, 1998).
(g) Limitation on unused foreign tax carryover where there has been
a consolidated return change of ownership--(1) General rule. If a
consolidated return change of ownership (as defined in
[[Page 297]]
paragraph (g) of Sec. 1.1502-1) occurs during the taxable year or an
earlier taxable year, the amount which may be included under paragraph
(e) of this section in the consolidated unused foreign tax carryovers to
the taxable year with respect to the aggregate unused credits
attributable to the old members of the group (as defined in paragraph
(g)(3) of Sec. 1.1502-1) arising in taxable years (consolidated or
separate) ending on the same day and before the taxable year in which
the consolidated return change of ownership occurred shall not exceed
the amount determined under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(2) Computation of limitation. The amount referred to in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall be the excess of the section
904(a) limitation of the group for the taxable year, recomputed by
including only the items of income and deduction of the old members of
the group, over the sum of:
(i) The aggregate foreign taxes paid (or deemed paid, other than by
reason of section 904(d)) by the old members for the taxable year, and
(ii) The aggregate unused foreign tax attributable to the old
members which can be carried to the taxable year arising in taxable
years ending prior to the particular unused foreign tax year or years.
(3) Special effective date for CRCO limitation. Paragraphs (g)(1)
and (2) of this section apply only to a consolidated return change of
ownership that occurred during a consolidated return year for which the
due date of the income tax return (without extensions) is on or before
March 13, 1998. See also Sec. 1.1502-3(d)(4) for an optional effective
date rule (generally making the rules of paragraph (g)(1) and (2) of
this section also inapplicable if the consolidated return change of
ownership occurred on or after January 1, 1997, and during a
consolidated return year for which the due date of the income tax return
(without extensions) is on or before March 13, 1998).
(h) Amount of credit with respect to interest income. If any member
of the group has interest income described in section 904(f)(2) (for a
year for which it filed on a consolidated or separate basis), the
group's foreign tax credit with respect to such interest shall be
computed separately in accordance with the principles of section 904(f)
and this section.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Examples. The provisions of this section may be illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. Domestic corporation P is incorporated on January 1,
1966. On that same day it also incorporates domestic corporations S and
T, wholly owned subsidiaries. P, S, and T file consolidated returns for
1966 and 1967 on the basis of a calendar year. T engages in business
solely in country A. S transacts business solely in countries A and B. P
does business solely in the United States. During 1966 T sold an item of
inventory to P at a profit of $2,000. Under Sec. 1.1502-13 (as
contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1995) such
profit is deferred and none of the circumstances of restoration
contained in paragraph (d), (e), or (f) of Sec. 1.1502-13 have occurred
as of the close of 1966. The taxable income for 1966 from foreign and
United States sources, and the foreign taxes paid on such foreign income
are as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country A Country B
U.S. ---------------------------------------- Total
Corporation taxable Taxable Foreign Taxable Foreign taxable
income income tax paid income tax paid income
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P................................................... $40,000 ........ ........ ........ ........ $40,000
T................................................... ........ $20,000 $12,000 ........ ........ 20,000
S................................................... ........ 10,000 6,000 $10,000 $3,000 20,000
---------
........ ........ ........ ........ ........ $80,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Such taxable income was computed by taking into account the rules
provided in Sec. 1.1502-12. Thus, the $2,000 deferred profit is not
included in T's taxable income for 1966 (but will be included for the
taxable year for which one of the events specified in paragraph (d),
(e), or (f) of Sec. 1.1502-13 occurs). The consolidated taxable income
of the group (computed in accordance with Sec. 1.1502-11) is $80,000.
The consolidated tax liability against which the credit may be taken
(computed in accordance with paragraph (d)(3) of this section) is
$31,900.
[[Page 298]]
(i) Assuming P chooses to use the foreign taxes paid as a credit and
the group is subject to the per-country limitation, the group may take
as a credit against the consolidated tax liability $11,962.50 of the
amount paid to country A, plus the $3,000 paid to country B. Such
amounts are computed as follows: The aggregate taxes paid to country A
of $18,000 is limited to $11,962.50 ($31,900 times $30,000/$80,000). The
unused foreign tax with respect to country A is $6,037.50 ($18,000 less
$11,962.50), and is a consolidated unused foreign tax which shall be
carried to the years prescribed by section 904(d). A credit of $3,000 is
available with respect to the taxes paid to country B since such amount
is less than the limitation of $3,987.50 ($31,900 times $10,000/
$80,000).
(ii) Assuming the overall limitation is in effect for the taxable
year, the group may take $15,950 as a credit, computed as follows: The
aggregate taxes paid to all foreign countries of $21,000 is limited to
$15,950 ($31,900 times $40,000/$80,000). The unused foreign tax is
$5,050 ($21,000 less $15,950), and is a consolidated unused foreign tax
which shall be carried to the years prescribed by section 904(d).
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in example (1), except that T
has a $10,000 long-term capital gain (derived from a sale to a nonmember
in country A) and P has a $10,000 long-term capital loss (derived from a
sale to a nonmember in the United States). Notwithstanding that the
consolidated net capital gain (capital gain net income for taxable years
beginning after December 31, 1976) of the group is zero, T's capital
gain shall be reflected in full in the computation of taxable income
from foreign sources.
Example 3. Assume the same facts as in example (1), except that the
group had a consolidated section 172 deduction of $8,000 which is
attributable to a net operating loss sustained by T. The $8,000
consolidated net operating loss deduction is offset against T's income
from country A, thus reducing T's taxable income from country A to
$12,000.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7728, 45 FR
72650, Nov. 3, 1980; T.D. 8597, 60 FR 36679, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8766,
63 FR 12642, Mar. 16, 1998; T.D. 8884, 65 FR 33758, May 25, 2000]
Sec. 1.1502-5 Estimated tax.
(a) General rule--(1) Consolidated estimated tax. If a group files a
consolidated return for two consecutive taxable years, it must make
payments of estimated tax on a consolidated basis for each subsequent
taxable year, until such time as separate returns are properly filed.
Until such time, the group is treated as a single corporation for
purposes of section 6154 (relating to payment of estimated tax by
corporations). If separate returns are filed by the members for a
taxable year, the amount of any estimated tax payments made with respect
to a consolidated payment of estimated tax for such year shall be
credited against the separate tax liabilities of the members in any
manner designated by the common parent which is satisfactory to the
Commissioner. The consolidated payments of estimated tax shall be
deposited with the authorized financial institution with which the
common parent deposits its estimated tax payments. A statement should be
attached to the payment setting forth the name, address, employer
identification number, and internal revenue service center of each
member.
(2) First two consolidated return years. For the first 2 years for
which a group files a consolidated return, it may make payments of
estimated tax on either a consolidated or separate basis. If a
consolidated return is filed for such year, the amount of any estimated
tax payments made for such year by any member shall be credited against
the tax liability of the group.
(3) Effective date. This section applies to taxable years for which
the due date (without extensions) for filing returns is after August 6,
1979. For prior taxable years see 26 CFR 1.1502-5 (Revised as of April
1, 1978).
(b) Addition to tax for failure to pay estimated tax under section
6655--(1) Consolidated return filed. For the first two taxable years for
which a group files a consolidated return, the group may compute the
amount of the penalty (if any) under section 6655 on a consolidated
basis or separate member basis, regardless of the method of payment.
Thereafter, for a taxable year for which the group files a consolidated
return, the group must compute the penalty on a consolidated basis.
(2) Computation of penalty on consolidated basis. (i) This paragraph
(b)(2) gives the rules for computing the penalty under section 6655 on a
consolidated basis.
(ii) The tax and facts shown on the return for the preceding taxable
year referred to in section 6655(d) (1) and (2) are, if a consolidated
return was filed for that preceding year, such items
[[Page 299]]
shown on the consolidated return for that preceding year or, if one was
not filed for that preceding year, the aggregate taxes and the facts
shown on the separate returns of the common parent and any other
corporation that was a member of the same affiliated group as the common
parent for that preceding year.
(iii) If estimated tax was not paid on a consolidated basis, then
the amount of the group's payments of estimated tax for the taxable year
is the aggregate of the payments made by all members for the year.
(iv) Section 6655(d)(1) applies only if the common parent's
consolidated return, or each member's separate return, for the preceding
taxable year (as the case may be) was a taxable year of 12 months.
(3) Computation of penalty on separate member basis. To compute any
penalty under section 6655 on a separate member basis, for purposes of
section 6655(b)(1), the ``tax shown on the return for the taxable year''
is the portion of the tax shown on the consolidated return allocable to
the member under paragraph (b)(5) of this section. If the member was
included in the consolidated return filed by the group for the preceding
taxable year then:
(i) For purposes of section 6655(d)(1), the ``tax shown on the
return'' for any member shall be the portion of the tax shown on the
consolidated return for the preceding year allocable to the member under
paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(ii) For purposes of section 6655(d)(2), the ``facts shown on the
return'' shall be the facts shown on the consolidated return for the
preceding year and the tax computed under that section shall be
allocated under the rules of paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
(4) Consolidated payments if separate returns filed. If the group
does not file a consolidated return for the taxable year, but makes
payments of estimated tax on a consolidated basis, for purposes of
section 6655(b)(2), the ``amount, if any of the installment paid'' by
any member is an amount apportioned to the member in a manner designated
by the common parent that is satisfactory to the Commissioner. If the
member was included in the consolidated return filed by the group for
the preceding taxable year, the amount of a member's penalty under
section 6655 is computed on the separate member basis described in
paragraph (b)(3) (i) and (ii) of this section.
(5) Rules for allocation of consolidated tax liability. For purposes
of subparagraphs (1) and (2) of this paragraph, the tax shown on a
consolidated return shall be allocated to the members of the group under
the method which the group has elected pursuant to section 1552 and
1.1502-33(d)(2).
(c) Examples. The provisions of this section may be illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. Corporations P and S-1 file a consolidated return for the
first time for calendar year 1978. P and S-1 also file consolidated
returns for 1979 and 1980. For 1978 and 1979, P and S-1 may make
payments of estimated tax on either a separate or consolidated basis.
For 1980, however, the group must pay its estimated tax on a
consolidated basis. In determining whether P and S-1 come within the
exception provided in section 6655(d)(1) for 1980, the ``tax shown on
the return'' is the tax shown on the consolidated return for 1979.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in example (1). Assume further
that corporation S-2 was a member of the group during 1979, and joins in
the filing of the consolidated return for such year but ceases to be a
member of the group on September 15, 1980. In determining whether the
group (which no longer includes S-2) comes within the exception provided
in section 6655(d)(1) for 1980, the ``tax shown on the return'' is the
tax shown on the consolidated return for 1979.
Example 3. Assume the same facts as in example (1). Assume further
that corporation S-2 becomes a member of the group on July 1, 1980, and
joins in the filing of the consolidated return for 1968. In determining
whether the group (which now includes S-2) comes within the exception
provided in section 6655(d)(1) for 1980, the ``tax shown on the return''
is the tax shown on the consolidated return for 1979. Any tax of S-2 for
any separate return year is not included as a part of the ``tax shown on
the return'' for purposes of applying section 6655(d)(1).
Example 4. Corporations X and Y filed consolidated returns for the
calendar years 1977 and 1978 and separate returns for 1979. In
determining whether X and Y comes within the exception provided in
section 6655(d)(1) for 1979, the ``tax shown on the return'' is the
amount of tax shown on the consolidated return for 1978 allocable to X
and Y in accordance with paragraph (b)(5) of this section.
[[Page 300]]
(d) Cross reference. For provisions relating to quick refunds of
corporate estimated tax payments, see Sec. 1.1502-78, and Sec. Sec.
1.6425-1 through 1.6425-3.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7059, 35 FR
14549, Sept. 17, 1970; T.D. 7637, 44 FR 46840, Aug. 9, 1979; 62 FR
23657, May 1, 1997; T.D. 8952, 66 FR 33831, June 26, 2001]
Sec. 1.1502-6 Liability for tax.
(a) Several liability of members of group. Except as provided in
paragraph (b) of this section, the common parent corporation and each
subsidiary which was a member of the group during any part of the
consolidated return year shall be severally liable for the tax for such
year computed in accordance with the regulations under section 1502
prescribed on or before the due date (not including extensions of time)
for the filing of the consolidated return for such year.
(b) Liability of subsidiary after withdrawal. If a subsidiary has
ceased to be a member of the group and in such cessation resulted from a
bona fide sale or exchange of its stock for fair value and occurred
prior to the date upon which any deficiency is assessed, the
Commissioner may, if he believes that the assessment or collection of
the balance of the deficiency will not be jeopardized, make assessment
and collection of such deficiency from such former subsidiary in an
amount not exceeding the portion of such deficiency which the
Commissioner may determine to be allocable to it. If the Commissioner
makes assessment and collection of any part of a deficiency from such
former subsidiary, then for purposes of any credit or refund of the
amount collected from such former subsidiary the agency of the common
parent under the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-77 shall not apply.
(c) Effect of intercompany agreements. No agreement entered into by
one or more members of the group with any other member of such group or
with any other person shall in any case have the effect of reducing the
liability prescribed under this section.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 9002, 67 FR
43540, June 28, 2002]
Sec. 1.1502-9 Consolidated overall foreign losses, separate limitation
losses, and overall domestic losses.
[Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-9T.
[T.D. 9371, 72 FR 72603, Dec. 21, 2007]
Sec. 1.1502-9T Consolidated overall foreign losses, separate limitation
losses, and overall domestic losses (temporary).
(a) In general. This section provides rules for applying section
904(f) and (g) (including its definitions and nomenclature) to a group
and its members. Generally, section 904(f) concerns rules relating to
overall foreign losses (OFLs) and separate limitation losses (SLLs) and
the consequences of such losses. Under section 904(f)(5), losses are
computed separately in each category of income described in section
904(d)(1) or Sec. 1.904-4(m) (separate category). Section 904(g)
concerns rules relating to overall domestic losses (ODLs) and the
consequences of such losses. Paragraph (b) of this section defines terms
and provides computational and accounting rules, including rules
regarding recapture. Paragraph (c) of this section provides rules that
apply to OFLs, SLLs, and ODLs when a member becomes or ceases to be a
member of a group. Paragraph (d) of this section provides a predecessor
and successor rule. Paragraph (e) of this section provides effective
dates.
(b) Consolidated application of section 904(f) and (g). A group
applies section 904(f) and (g) for a consolidated return year in
accordance with that section, subject to the following rules:
(1) Computation of CSLI or CSLL and consolidated U.S.-source taxable
income or CDL. The group computes its consolidated separate limitation
income (CSLI) or consolidated separate limitation loss (CSLL) for each
separate category under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-11 by aggregating
each member's foreign-source taxable income or loss in such separate
category computed under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-12, and taking
into account the foreign portion of the consolidated items described in
Sec. 1.1502-11(a)(2) through (8) for such separate category. The group
computes its consolidated U.S.-source taxable income
[[Page 301]]
or consolidated domestic loss (CDL) under similar principles.
(2) Netting CSLLs, CSLIs, and consolidated U.S.-source taxable
income. The group applies section 904(f)(5) to determine the extent to
which a CSLL for a separate category reduces CSLI for another separate
category or consolidated U.S.-source taxable income.
(3) Netting CDL and CSLI. The group applies section 904(g)(2) to
determine the extent to which a CDL reduces CSLI.
(4) CSLL, COFL, and CODL accounts. To the extent provided in section
904(f), the amount by which a CSLL for a separate category (the loss
category) reduces CSLI for another separate category (the income
category) shall result in the creation of (or addition to) a CSLL
account for the loss category with respect to the income category.
Likewise, the amount by which a CSLL for a loss category reduces
consolidated U.S.-source taxable income will create (or add to) a
consolidated overall foreign loss account (a COFL account). To the
extent provided in section 904(g), the amount by which a CDL reduces
CSLI shall result in the creation of (or addition to) a consolidated
overall domestic loss (CODL) account for the income category reduced by
the CDL.
(5) Recapture of COFL, CSLL, and CODL accounts. In the case of a
COFL account for a loss category, section 904(f)(1) and (3)
recharacterizes some or all of the foreign-source income in the loss
category as U.S.-source income. In the case of a CSLL account for a loss
category with respect to an income category, section 904(f)(5)(C) and
(F) recharacterizes some or all of the foreign-source income in the loss
category as foreign-source income in the income category. In the case of
a CODL account, section 904(g)(3) recharacterizes some of the U.S.-
source income as foreign-source income in the separate category that was
offset by the CDL. The COFL account, CSLL account, or CODL account is
reduced to the extent income is recharacterized with respect to such
account.
(6) Intercompany transactions--(i) Nonapplication of section 904(f)
disposition rules. Neither section 904(f)(3) (in the case of a COFL
account) nor section 904(f)(5)(F) (in the case of a CSLL account)
applies at the time of a disposition that is an intercompany transaction
to which Sec. 1.1502-13 applies. Instead, section 904(f)(3) and (5)(F)
applies only at such time and only to the extent that the group is
required under Sec. 1.1502-13 (without regard to section 904(f)(3) and
(5)(F)) to take into account any intercompany items resulting from the
disposition, based on the COFL or CSLL account existing at the end of
the consolidated return year during which the group takes the
intercompany items into account.
(ii) Examples. Paragraph (b)(6)(i) of this section is illustrated by
the following examples. The identity of the parties and the basic
assumptions set forth in Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(7)(i) apply to the examples.
Except as otherwise stated, assume further that the consolidated group
recognizes no foreign-source income other than as a result of the
transactions described. The examples are as follows:
Example 1. (i) On June 10, year 1, S transfers nondepreciable
property with a basis of $100 and a fair market value of $250 to B in a
transaction to which section 351 applies. The property was predominantly
used without the United States in a trade or business, within the
meaning of section 904(f)(3). B continues to use the property without
the United States. The group has a COFL account in the relevant loss
category of $120 as of December 31, year 1.
(ii) Because the contribution from S to B is an intercompany
transaction, section 904(f)(3) does not apply to result in any gain
recognition in year 1. See paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section.
(iii) On January 10, year 4, B ceases to be a member of the group.
Because S did not recognize gain in year 1 under section 351, no gain is
taken into account in year 4 under Sec. 1.1502-13. Thus, no portion of
the group's COFL account is recaptured in year 4. For rules requiring
apportionment of a portion of the COFL account to B, see paragraph
(c)(2) of this section.
Example 2. (i) The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of Example
1. On January 10, year 4, B sells the property to X for $300. As of
December 31, year 4, the group's COFL account is $40. (The COFL account
was reduced between year 1 and year 4 due to unrelated foreign-source
income taken into account by the group.)
(ii) B takes into account gain of $200 in year 4. The $40 COFL
account in year 4 recharacterizes $40 of the gain as U.S. source. See
section 904(f)(3).
[[Page 302]]
Example 3. (i) On June 10, year 1, S sells nondepreciable property
with a basis of $100 and a fair market value of $250 to B for $250 cash.
The property was predominantly used without the United States in a trade
or business, within the meaning of section 904(f)(3). The group has a
COFL account in the relevant loss category of $120 as of December 31,
year 1. B predominantly uses the property in a trade or business without
the United States.
(ii) Because the sale is an intercompany transaction, section
904(f)(3) does not require the group to take into account any gain in
year 1. Thus, under paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section, the COFL
account is not reduced in year 1.
(iii) On January 10, year 4, B sells the property to X for $300. As
of December 31, year 4, the group's COFL account is $60. (The COFL
account was reduced between year 1 and year 4 due to unrelated foreign-
source income taken into account by the group.)
(iv) In year 4, S's $150 intercompany gain and B's $50 corresponding
gain are taken into account to produce the same effect on consolidated
taxable income as if S and B were divisions of a single corporation. See
Sec. 1.1502-13(c). All of B's $50 corresponding gain is recharacterized
under section 904(f)(3). If S and B were divisions of a single
corporation and the intercompany sale were a transfer between the
divisions, B would succeed to S's $100 basis in the property and would
have $200 of gain ($60 of which would be recharacterized under section
904(f)(3)), instead of a $50 gain. Consequently, S's $150 intercompany
gain and B's $50 corresponding gain are taken into account, and $10 of
S's gain is recharacterized under section 904(f)(3) as U.S. source
income to reflect the $10 difference between B's $50 recharacterized
gain and the $60 recomputed gain that would have been recharacterized.
(c) Becoming or ceasing to be a member of a group--(1) Adding
separate accounts on becoming a member. At the time that a corporation
becomes a member of a group (a new member), the group adds to the
balance of its COFL, CSLL or CODL account the balance of the new
member's corresponding OFL account, SLL account or ODL account. A new
member's OFL account corresponds to a COFL account if the account is for
the same loss category. A new member's SLL account corresponds to a CSLL
account if the account is for the same loss category and with respect to
the same income category. A new member's ODL account corresponds to a
CODL account if the account is with respect to the same income category.
If the group does not have a COFL, CSLL or CODL account corresponding to
the new member's account, it creates a COFL, CSLL or CODL account with a
balance equal to the balance of the member's account.
(2) Apportionment of consolidated account to departing member--(i)
In general. A group apportions to a member that ceases to be a member (a
departing member) a portion of each COFL, CSLL and CODL account as of
the end of the year during which the member ceases to be a member and
after the group makes the additions or reductions to such account
required under paragraphs (b)(4), (b)(5) and (c)(1) of this section
(other than an addition under paragraph (c)(1) of this section
attributable to a member becoming a member after the departing member
ceases to be a member). The group computes such portion under paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section, as limited by paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this
section. The departing member carries such portion to its first separate
return year after it ceases to be a member. Also, the group reduces each
account by such portion and carries such reduced amount to its first
consolidated return year beginning after the year in which the member
ceases to be a member. If two or more members cease to be members in the
same year, the group computes the portion allocable to each such member
(and reduces its accounts by such portion) in the order that the members
cease to be members.
(ii) Departing member's portion of group's account. A departing
member's portion of a group's COFL, CSLL or CODL account for a loss
category is computed based upon the member's share of the group's assets
that generate income subject to recapture at the time that the member
ceases to be a member. Under the characterization principles of
Sec. Sec. 1.861-9T(g)(3) and 1.861-12T, the group identifies the assets
of the departing member and the remaining members that generate U.S.-
source income (domestic assets) and foreign-source income (foreign
assets) in each separate category. The assets are characterized based
upon the income that the assets are reasonably expected to generate
after the member ceases to be a member. The member's portion of a
group's COFL or CSLL account for a
[[Page 303]]
loss category is the group's COFL or CSLL account, respectively,
multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the value of the
member's foreign assets for the loss category and the denominator of
which is the value of the foreign assets of the group (including the
departing member) for the loss category. The member's portion of a
group's CODL account for each income category is the group's CODL
account multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the value of
the member's domestic assets and the denominator of which is the value
of the domestic assets of the group (including the departing member).
The value of the domestic and foreign assets is determined under the
asset valuation rules of Sec. 1.861-9T(g)(1) and (2) using either tax
book value or fair market value under the method chosen by the group for
purposes of interest apportionment as provided in Sec. 1.861-
9T(g)(1)(ii). For purposes of this paragraph (c)(2)(ii), Sec. 1.861-
9T(g)(2)(iv) (assets in intercompany transactions) shall apply, but
Sec. 1.861-9T(g)(2)(iii) (adjustments for directly allocated interest)
shall not apply. If the group uses the tax book value method, the
member's portions of COFL, CSLL, and CODL accounts are limited by
paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section. In addition, for purposes of this
paragraph (c)(2)(ii), the tax book value of assets transferred in
intercompany transactions shall be determined without regard to
previously deferred gain or loss that is taken into account by the group
as a result of the transaction in which the member ceases to be a
member. The assets should be valued at the time the member ceases to be
a member, but values on other dates may be used unless this creates
substantial distortions. For example, if a member ceases to be a member
in the middle of the group's consolidated return year, an average of the
values of assets at the beginning and end of the year (as provided in
Sec. 1.861-9T(g)(2)) may be used or, if a member ceases to be a member
in the early part of the group's consolidated return year, values at the
beginning of the year may be used, unless this creates substantial
distortions.
(iii) Limitation on member's portion for groups using tax book value
method. If a group uses the tax book value method of valuing assets for
purposes of paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section and the aggregate of a
member's portions of COFL and CSLL accounts for a loss category (with
respect to one or more income categories) determined under paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section exceeds 150 percent of the actual fair market
value of the member's foreign assets in the loss category, the member's
portion of the COFL or CSLL accounts for the loss category shall be
reduced (proportionately, in the case of multiple accounts) by such
excess. In addition, if the aggregate of a member's portions of CODL
accounts (with respect to one or more income categories) determined
under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section exceeds 150 percent of the
actual fair market value of the member's domestic assets, the member's
portion of the CODL accounts shall be reduced (proportionately, in the
case of multiple accounts) by such excess. This rule does not apply in
the case of COFL or CSLL accounts if the departing member and all other
members that cease to be members as part of the same transaction own all
(or substantially all) the foreign assets in the loss category. In the
case of CODL accounts, this rule does not apply if the departing member
and all other members that cease to be members as part of the same
transaction own all (or substantially all) the domestic assets.
(iv) Determination of values of domestic and foreign assets binding
on departing member. The group's determination of the value of the
member's and the group's domestic and foreign assets for a loss category
is binding on the member, unless the Commissioner concludes that the
determination is not appropriate. The common parent of the group must
attach a statement to the return for the taxable year that the departing
member ceases to be a member of the group that sets forth the name and
taxpayer identification number of the departing member, the amount of
each COFL and CSLL for each loss category and each CODL that is
apportioned to the departing member under this paragraph (c)(2), the
method used to determine the value of the member's and the group's
domestic and foreign
[[Page 304]]
assets in each such loss category, and the value of the member's and the
group's domestic and foreign assets in each such loss category. The
common parent must also furnish a copy of the statement to the departing
member.
(v) Anti-abuse rule. If a corporation becomes a member and ceases to
be a member, and a principal purpose of the corporation becoming and
ceasing to be a member is to transfer the corporation's OFL account, SLL
account or ODL account to the group or to transfer the group's COFL,
CSLL or CODL account to the corporation, appropriate adjustments will be
made to eliminate the benefit of such a transfer of accounts. Similarly,
if any member acquires assets or disposes of assets (including a
transfer of assets between members of the group and the departing
member) with a principal purpose of affecting the apportionment of
accounts under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, appropriate
adjustments will be made to eliminate the benefit of such acquisition or
disposition.
(vi) Examples. The following examples illustrate the rules of this
paragraph (c):
Example 1. (i) On November 6, year 1, S, a member of the P group, a
consolidated group with a calendar consolidated return year, ceases to
be a member of the group. On December 31, year 1, the P group has a $40
COFL account for the general category, a $20 CSLL account for the
general category (that is, the loss category) with respect to the
passive category (that is, the income category), and a $10 CODL account
with respect to the passive category (that is, the income category). No
member of the group has foreign-source income or loss in year 1. The
group apportions its interest expense according to the tax book value
method.
(ii) On November 6, year 1, the group identifies S's assets and the
group's assets (including S's assets) expected to produce foreign-source
general category income. Use of end-of-the-year values will not create
substantial distortions in determining the relative values of S's and
the group's relevant assets on November 6, year 1. The group determines
that S's relevant assets have a tax book value of $2,000 and a fair
market value of $2,200. Also, the group's relevant assets (including S's
assets) have a tax book value of $8,000. On November 6, year 1, S has no
assets expected to produce U.S. source income.
(iii) Under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, S takes a $10 COFL
account for the general category ($40 x $2000/$8000) and a $5 CSLL
account for the general category with respect to the passive category
($20 x $2000/$8000). S does not take any portion of the CODL account.
The limitation described in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section does
not apply because the aggregate of the COFL and CSLL accounts for the
general category that are apportioned to S ($15) is less than 150
percent of the actual fair market value of S's general category foreign
assets ($2,200 x 150%).
Example 2. (i) Assume the same facts as in Example 1, except that
the fair market value of S's general category foreign assets is $4 as of
November 6, year 1.
(ii) Under paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section, S's COFL and CSLL
accounts for the general category must be reduced by $9, which is the
excess of $15 (the aggregate amount of the accounts apportioned under
paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section) over $6 (150 percent of the $4
actual fair market value of S's general category foreign assets). S thus
takes a $4 COFL account for the general category ($10-($9 x $10/$15))
and a $2 CSLL account for the general category with respect to the
passive category ($5-($9 x $5/$15)).
Example 3. (i) Assume the same facts as in Example 1, except that S
also has assets that are expected to produce U.S. source income.
(ii) On November 6, year 1, the group identifies S's assets and the
group's assets (including S's assets) expected to produce U.S. source
income. Use of end-of-the-year values will not create substantial
distortions in determining the relative values of S's and the group's
relevant assets on November 6, year 1. The group determines that S's
relevant assets have a tax book value of $3,000 and a fair market value
of $2,500. Also, the group's relevant assets (including S's assets) have
a tax book value of $6,000.
(iii) Under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, S takes a $5 CODL
account ($10 x $3,000/$6,000), in addition to the COFL and CSLL accounts
determined in Example 1. The limitation described in paragraph
(c)(2)(iii) of this section does not apply because the CODL account that
is apportioned to S ($5) is less than 150 percent of the actual fair
market value of S's U.S. assets ($2,500 x 150%).
(d) Predecessor and successor. A reference to a member includes, as
the context may require, a reference to a predecessor or successor of
the member. See Sec. 1.1502-1(f).
(e) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to
consolidated return years beginning after December 21, 2007. Taxpayers
may choose to apply the provisions of this section relating to overall
domestic losses to other consolidated return years beginning after
[[Page 305]]
December 31, 2006, as well. For rules relating to overall foreign losses
and separate limitation losses in consolidated return years beginning on
or before December 21, 2007 see 26 CFR 1.1502-9 (revised as of April 1,
2007).
(f) Expiration date. The applicability of this section expires on
December 20, 2010.
[T.D. 9371, 72 FR 72603, Dec. 21, 2007]
Computation of Consolidated Taxable Income
Sec. 1.1502-11 Consolidated taxable income.
(a) In general. The consolidated taxable income for a consolidated
return year shall be determined by taking into account:
(1) The separate taxable income of each member of the group (see
Sec. 1.1502-12 for the computation of separate taxable income);
(2) Any consolidated net operating loss deduction (see Sec. Sec.
1.1502-21 (or 1.1502-21A, as appropriate) for the computation of the
consolidated net operating loss deduction);
(3) Any consolidated capital gain net income (net capital gain for
taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) (see Sec. Sec. 1.1502-
22 (or 1.1502-22A, as appropriate) for the computation of the
consolidated capital gain net income (net capital gain for taxable years
beginning before January 1, 1977));
(4) Any consolidated section 1231 net loss (see Sec. Sec. 1.1502-23
(or 1.1502-23A, as appropriate) for the computation of the consolidated
section 1231 net loss);
(5) Any consolidated charitable contributions deduction (see Sec.
1.1502-24 for the computation of the consolidated charitable
contributions deduction);
(6) Any consolidated section 922 deduction (see Sec. 1.1502-25 for
the computation of the consolidated section 922 deduction);
(7) Any consolidated dividends received deduction (see Sec. 1.1502-
26 for the computation of the consolidated dividends received
deduction); and
(8) Any consolidated section 247 deduction (see Sec. 1.1502-27 for
the computation of the consolidated section 247 deduction).
(b) Elimination of circular stock basis adjustments when there is no
excluded COD income--(1) In general. If one member (P) disposes of the
stock of another member (S), this paragraph (b) limits the use of S's
deductions and losses in the year of disposition and the carryback of
items to prior years. The purpose of the limitation is to prevent P's
income or gain from the disposition of S's stock from increasing the
absorption of S's deductions and losses, because the increased
absorption would reduce P's basis (or increase its excess loss account)
in S's stock under Sec. 1.1502-32 and, in turn, increase P's income or
gain. See paragraph (b)(3) of this section for the application of these
principles to P's deduction or loss from the disposition of S's stock,
and paragraph (b)(4) of this section for the application of these
principles to multiple stock dispositions. This paragraph (b) applies
only when no member realizes discharge of indebtedness income that is
excluded from gross income under section 108(a) (excluded COD income)
during the taxable year of the disposition. See paragraph (c) of this
section for rules that apply when a member realizes excluded COD income
during the taxable year of the disposition. See Sec. 1.1502-19(c) for
the definition of disposition.
(2) Limitation on deductions and losses--(i) Determination of amount
of limitation. If P disposes of one or more shares of S's stock, the
extent to which S's deductions and losses for the tax year of the
disposition (and its deductions and losses carried over from prior
years) may offset income and gain is subject to limitation. The amount
of S's deductions and losses that may offset income and gain is
determined by tentatively computing taxable income (or loss) for the
year of disposition (and any prior years to which the deductions or
losses may be carried) without taking into account P's income and gain
from the disposition.
(ii) Application of limitation. S's deductions and losses offset
income and gain only to the extent of the amount determined under
paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section. To the extent S's deductions and
losses in the year of disposition cannot offset income or gain because
of the limitation under this paragraph (b), the items are carried to
[[Page 306]]
other years under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code
and regulations as if they were the only items incurred by S in the year
of disposition. For example, to the extent S incurs an operating loss in
the year of disposition that is limited, the loss is treated as a
separate net operating loss attributable to S arising in that year. The
tentative computation does not affect the manner in which S's unlimited
deductions and losses are absorbed or the manner in which deductions and
losses of other members are absorbed. (If the amount of S's unlimited
deductions and losses actually absorbed is less than the amount absorbed
in the tentative computation, P's stock basis adjustments under Sec.
1.1502-32 reflect only the amounts actually absorbed.)
(iii) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this paragraph (b),
unless otherwise stated, P owns all of the only class of S's stock for
the entire year, S owns no stock of lower-tier members, the tax year of
all persons is the calendar year, all persons use the accrual method of
accounting, the facts set forth the only corporate activity, all
transactions are between unrelated persons, and tax liabilities are
disregarded. The principles of this paragraph (b)(2) are illustrated by
the following examples.
Example 1. Limitation on losses with respect to stock gain. (a) P
has a $500 basis in S's stock. For Year 1, P has ordinary income of $30
(determined without taking P's gain or loss from the disposition of S's
stock into account) and S has an $80 ordinary loss. P sells S's stock
for $520 at the close of Year 1.
(b) To determine the amount of the limitation on S's loss under
paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, and the effect under Sec. 1.1502-
32(b) of the absorption of S's loss on P's basis in S's stock, P's gain
or loss from the disposition of S's stock is not taken into account. The
group is tentatively treated as having a consolidated net operating loss
of $50 (P's $30 of income minus S's $80 loss). Thus, $50 of S's loss is
limited under this paragraph (b).
(c) Because $30 of S's loss is absorbed in the determination of
consolidated taxable income under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section,
P's basis in S's stock is reduced under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) from $500 to
$470 immediately before the disposition. Consequently, P recognizes a
$50 gain from the sale of S's stock and the group has consolidated
taxable income of $50 for Year 1 (P's $30 of ordinary income and $50
gain from the sale of S's stock, less the $30 of S's loss). In addition,
S's limited loss of $50 is treated as a separate net operating loss
attributable to S and, because S ceases to be a member, the loss is
apportioned to S under Sec. 1.1502-21 (or Sec. 1.1502-79A, as
appropriate) and carried to its first separate return year.
Example 2. Carrybacks and carryovers. (a) For Year 1, the P group
has consolidated taxable income of $30, and a consolidated net capital
loss of $100 ($50 attributable to P and $50 to S). At the beginning of
Year 2, P has a $300 basis in S's stock. For Year 2, P has ordinary
income of $30, and a $20 capital gain (determined without taking the
$100 consolidated net capital loss carryover or P's gain or loss from
the disposition of S's stock into account), and S has a $100 ordinary
loss. P sells S's stock for $280 at the close of Year 2.
(b) To determine the amount of the limitation under paragraph
(b)(2)(i) of this section on S's losses, and the effect of the
absorption of S's losses on P's basis in S's stock under Sec. 1.1502-
32(b), P's gain or loss from the disposition of S's stock is not taken
into account. For Year 2, the P group is tentatively treated as having a
$70 consolidated net operating loss (S's $100 ordinary loss, less P's
$30 of ordinary income). The P group is also treated as having no
consolidated net capital gain in Year 2, because P's $20 capital gain is
reduced by $20 of the consolidated net capital loss carryover from Year
1 under section 1212(a) (the absorption of which is attributed equally
to P and S). In addition, of the $70 consolidated net operating loss,
$30 is carried back to Year 1 and offsets P's ordinary income in that
year, and $40 is carried forward. Consequently, $40 of S's operating
loss from Year 2, and $40 of the consolidated net capital loss carryover
from Year 1 attributable to S, are limited under this paragraph (b).
(c) Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, the limitation under
this paragraph (b) does not affect the absorption of any deductions and
losses attributable to P, $60 of S's operating loss from Year 2, and $10
of the consolidated net capital loss from Year 1 attributable to S.
Consequently, P's basis in S's stock is reduced under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)
by $70, from $300 to $230, and P recognizes a $50 gain from the sale of
S's stock in Year 2. Thus, the P group is treated as having a $20
unlimited net operating loss that is carried back to Year 1:
Ordinary income:
P........................................................... $30
S (excluding the $40 limited loss).......................... (60)
---------
Sub Total................................................. $(30)
Consolidated net capital gain:
P ($20 + $50 from S stock - $50 from Year 1)................ $20
S (-$10 from Year 1)........................................ (10)
---------
Sub Total................................................. $10
Consolidated taxable income................................... $(20)
[[Page 307]]
(d) Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, S's $40 ordinary
loss from Year 2 that is limited under this paragraph (b) is treated as
a separate net operating loss arising in Year 2. Similarly, $40 of the
consolidated net capital loss from Year 1 attributable to S is treated
as a separate net capital loss carried over from Year 1. Because S
ceases to be a member, the $40 net operating loss from Year 2 and the
$40 consolidated net capital loss from Year 1 are allocated to S under
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21 and 1.1502-22, respectively (or Sec. 1.1502-79A,
as appropriate) and are carried to S's first separate return year.
Example 3. Allocation of basis adjustments. (a) For Year 1, the P
group has consolidated taxable income of $100. At the beginning of Year
2, P has a $40 basis in each of the 10 shares of S's stock. For Year 2,
P has an $80 ordinary loss (determined without taking into account P's
gain or loss from the disposition of S's stock) and S has an $80
ordinary loss. P sells 2 shares of S's stock for $85 each at the close
of Year 2.
(b) Under paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, the amount of the
limitation on S's loss is determined by tentatively treating the P group
as having a $160 consolidated net operating loss for Year 2. Of this
amount, $100 is carried back under section 172 and absorbed in Year 1
($50 attributable to S and $50 attributable to P). Consequently, $30 of
S's loss is limited under this paragraph (b).
(c) Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, the limitation under
this paragraph (b) does not affect the absorption of P's $80 ordinary
loss or $50 of S's ordinary loss. Consequently, P's basis in each share
of S's stock is reduced from $40 to $35 under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), and P
recognizes a $100 gain from the sale of the 2 shares. Thus, the P group
is treated as having a $30 unlimited net operating loss:
Ordinary loss:
P........................................................... $ (80)
S (excluding the $30 limited loss).......................... (50)
---------
Sub Total................................................. $(130)
Consolidated net capital gain:
P........................................................... $100
S........................................................... 0
---------
Sub Total................................................. $100
Unlimited consolidated net operating loss..................... $(30)
(d) A portion of the $130 of unlimited operating losses for Year 2
is fully absorbed in that year, and a portion is carried back to Year 1.
Thus, $61.50 of P's $80 loss ($100 multiplied by $80/$130) and $38.50 of
S's $50 unlimited loss ($100 multiplied by $50/$130) are absorbed in
Year 2. P's remaining $18.50 of loss and S's remaining $11.50 of loss
are not subject to limitation and are carried back and absorbed in Year
1.
(e) Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, S's $30 of loss
limited under this paragraph (b) is treated as a separate net operating
loss.
(3) Loss dispositions--(i) General rule. The principles of paragraph
(b)(2) of this section apply to the extent necessary to carry out the
purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section if P recognizes a deduction
or loss from the disposition of S's stock.
(ii) Example. The principles of this paragraph (b)(3) are
illustrated by the following example.
Example. (a) P has a $400 basis in S's stock. For Year 1, P has a
capital gain of $100 (determined without taking P's gain or loss from
the disposition of S's stock into account) and S has both a $60 capital
loss and a $200 ordinary loss. P sells S's stock for $140 at the close
of Year 1.
(b) Under paragraph (b)(3) of this section, the amount of S's
ordinary and capital losses that may offset income and gain is
determined by tentatively computing the group's consolidated net
operating loss and consolidated net capital loss without taking into
account P's loss from the disposition of S's stock. The limitation is
necessary to prevent P's loss from the disposition of S's stock from
affecting the absorption of S's losses and thereby the adjustments to
P's basis in S's stock under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) (which would, in turn,
affect P's loss).
(c) Under the principles of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, the
amount of the limitation on S's loss is determined by tentatively
treating the P group as having a $40 consolidated net capital gain and a
$200 ordinary loss, which results in a $160 consolidated net operating
loss for Year 1, all of which is attributable to S. Thus, $160 of S's
ordinary loss is limited under this paragraph (b). See also Sec. Sec.
1.337(d)-2, 1.1502-35, and 1.1502-36 for rules relating to basis
adjustments and allowance of stock loss on dispositions of stock of a
subsidiary member.
(4) Multiple dispositions--(i) Stock of a member. To the extent
income, gain, deduction, or loss from a prior disposition of S's stock
is deferred under any rule of law, the limitation under paragraph (b)(2)
of this section is determined by treating the year the deferred amount
is taken into account as the year of the disposition.
(ii) Stock of different members. If S is a higher-tier corporation
with respect to another member (T), and all of T's items of income,
gain, deduction, and
[[Page 308]]
loss (including the absorption of T's deduction or loss) would be fully
reflected in P's basis in S's stock under Sec. 1.1502-32, the
limitation under paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section with respect to T's
deductions and losses is determined without taking into account any
income, gain, deduction, or loss from the disposition of the stock of S
or T (or of the stock of members owned in the chain connecting S and T).
However, this paragraph (b) does not otherwise limit the absorption of
one member's deduction or loss with respect to the disposition of
another member's stock.
(iii) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (b)(4) are
illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Chain of subsidiaries. (a) P owns all of S's stock with a
$500 basis, and S owns all of T's stock with a $500 basis. For Year 1, P
has ordinary income of $30, S has no income or loss, and T has an $80
ordinary loss. P sells S's stock for $520 at the close of Year 1.
(b) Under paragraph (b)(4) of this section, to determine the amount
of the limitation under paragraph (b) of this section on T's loss, and
the effect of the absorption of T's loss on P's basis in S's stock under
Sec. 1.1502-32(b), P's gain or loss from the disposition of S's stock
is not taken into account. The group is tentatively treated as having a
consolidated net operating loss of $50 (P's $30 of income minus T's $80
loss). Because only $30 of T's loss offsets income or gain, P's basis in
S's stock is reduced under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) from $500 to $470
immediately before the disposition of S's stock. Thus, P takes into
account a $50 gain from the sale of S's stock.
(c) The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1,
except that S has a $10 excess loss account in T's stock (rather than a
$500 basis). Under paragraph (b)(4) of this section, neither P's gain or
loss from the disposition of S's stock nor S's gain or loss from the
disposition of T's stock (under Sec. 1.1502-19) are taken into account
for purposes of the tentative computations and the effect of any
absorption under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) on P's basis in S's stock and S's
excess loss account in T's stock. The group is tentatively treated as
having a consolidated net operating loss of $50 (P's $30 of income minus
T's $80 loss), and only $30 of T's loss may offset the group's income or
gain. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), the absorption of $30 of T's loss
increases S's excess loss account in T's stock to $40 and, under Sec.
1.1502-19, the excess loss account is taken into account. Moreover,
under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), P's basis in S's stock is increased
immediately before the sale by $10 (S's $40 gain under Sec. 1.1502-
19(b) minus T's $30 loss absorbed and tiered up under Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)), from $500 to $510. Thus, P takes into account a $10 gain from
the sale of S's stock, and S takes into account a $40 gain from its
excess loss account in T's stock.
Example 2. Brother-sister subsidiaries. (a) P owns all of the stock
of S1 and S2, each with a $50 basis. For Year 1, the group has a $100
consolidated net operating loss ($50 of which is attributable to S1, and
$50 to S2) determined without taking gain or loss from the disposition
of member stock into account. At the close of Year 1, P sells the stock
of S1 and S2 for $100 each.
(b) Paragraph (b)(4) of this section does not limit the loss of S1
or S2 with respect to the disposition of stock of the other.
Consequently, each subsidiary's loss may offset P's gain from the
disposition of the stock of the other subsidiary. Because this
absorption results in a $50 reduction in P's basis in the stock of each
subsidiary under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), P's aggregate gain from the stock
dispositions is increased from $100 to $200, $100 of which is offset by
the losses of the subsidiaries.
(5) Effective date. This paragraph (b) applies to stock dispositions
occurring in consolidated return years beginning on or after January 1,
1995. For prior years, see Sec. 1.1502-11(b) as contained in the 26 CFR
part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1994.
(c) Elimination of circular stock basis adjustments when there is
excluded COD income--(1) In general. If one member (P) disposes of the
stock of another member (S) in a year during which any member realizes
excluded COD income, this paragraph (c) limits the use of S's deductions
and losses in the year of disposition and the carryback of items to
prior years, the amount of the attributes of certain members that can be
reduced in respect of excluded COD income of certain other members, and
the attributes that can be used to offset an excess loss account taken
into account by reason of the application of Sec. 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(B). In addition to the purpose set forth in paragraph
(b)(1) of this section, the purpose of these limitations is to prevent
the reduction of tax attributes in respect of excluded COD income from
affecting P's income, gain, or loss on the disposition of S stock
(including a disposition of S stock that results from the application of
Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(B)) and, in turn, affecting the attributes
available for reduction pursuant to sections 108
[[Page 309]]
and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28. See Sec. 1.1502-19(c) for the definition
of disposition.
(2) Computation of tax liability, reduction of attributes, and
computation of limits on absorption and reduction of attributes. If a
member realizes excluded COD income in the taxable year during which P
disposes of S stock, the steps used to compute tax liability, to effect
the reduction of attributes, and to compute the limitations on the
absorption and reduction of attributes are as follows. These steps also
apply to determine whether and to what extent an excess loss account
must be taken into account as a result of the application of Sec.
1.1502-19(b)(1) and (c)(1)(iii)(B).
(i) Limitation on deductions and losses to offset income or gain.
First, the determination of the extent to which S's deductions and
losses for the tax year of the disposition (and its deductions and
losses carried over from prior years) may offset income and gain is made
pursuant to paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section.
(ii) Tentative adjustment of stock basis. Second, Sec. 1.1502-32 is
tentatively applied to adjust the basis of the S stock to reflect the
amount of S's income and gain included, and unlimited deductions and
losses that are absorbed, in the tentative computation of taxable income
or loss for the year of the disposition (and any prior years) that is
made pursuant to paragraph (b)(2) of this section, but not to reflect
the realization of excluded COD income and the reduction of attributes
in respect thereof.
(iii) Tentative computation of stock gain or loss. Third, in the
case of a disposition of S stock that does not result from the
application of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(B), P's income, gain, or loss
from the disposition of S stock is computed. For this purpose, the
result of the computation pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this
section is treated as the basis of such stock.
(iv) Tentative computation of tax imposed. Fourth, the tax imposed
by chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code for the year of disposition
(and any prior years) is tentatively computed. For this purpose, in the
case of a disposition of S stock that does not result from the
application of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(B), the tentative computation
of tax imposed takes into account P's income, gain, or loss from the
disposition of S stock computed pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of
this section. The tentative computation of tax imposed is made without
regard to whether all or a portion of an excess loss account in a share
of S stock is required to be taken into account pursuant to Sec.
1.1502-19(b)(1) and (c)(1)(iii)(B).
(v) Tentative reduction of attributes. Fifth, the rules of sections
108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 are tentatively applied to reduce the
attributes remaining after the tentative computation of tax imposed
pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section.
(vi) Actual adjustment of stock basis. Sixth, Sec. 1.1502-32 is
applied to reflect the amount of S's income and gain included, and
unlimited deductions and losses that are absorbed, in the tentative
computation of tax imposed for the year of the disposition (and any
prior years) made pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section, and
the excluded COD income applied to reduce attributes and the attributes
tentatively reduced in respect of the excluded COD income pursuant to
paragraph (c)(2)(v) of this section.
(vii) Actual computation of stock gain or loss. Seventh, the group's
actual gain or loss on the disposition of S stock (including a
disposition that results from the application of Sec. 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii)(B)) is computed. The result of the computation pursuant to
paragraph (c)(2)(vi) of this section is treated as the basis of such
stock.
(viii) Actual computation of tax imposed. Eighth, the tax imposed by
chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code for the year of the disposition
(and any prior years) is computed. The actual tax imposed on the group
for the year of the disposition is computed by applying the limitation
computed pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, and by
including the gain or loss recognized on the disposition of S stock
computed pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(vii) of this section. However,
attributes that were tentatively used in the computation of tax imposed
pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this section and attributes that
were tentatively reduced pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(v) of this section
cannot offset
[[Page 310]]
any excess loss account taken into account as a result of the
application of Sec. 1.1502-19(b)(1) and (c)(1)(iii)(B).
(ix) Actual reduction of attributes. Ninth, the rules of sections
108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 are actually applied to reduce the
attributes remaining after the actual computation of tax imposed
pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(viii) of this section.
(A) S or a lower-tier corporation realizes excluded COD income. If S
or a lower-tier corporation of S realizes excluded COD income, the
aggregate amount of excluded COD income that is applied to reduce
attributes attributable to members other than S and any lower-tier
corporation of S pursuant to this paragraph (c)(2)(ix) shall not exceed
the aggregate amount of excluded COD income that was tentatively applied
to reduce attributes attributable to members other than S and any lower-
tier corporation of S pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(v) of this section.
The amount of the actual reduction of attributes attributable to S and
any lower-tier corporation of S that may be reduced in respect of the
excluded COD income of S or a lower-tier corporation of S shall not be
so limited.
(B) A member other than S or a lower-tier corporation realizes
excluded COD income. If a member other than S or a lower-tier
corporation of S realizes excluded COD income, the aggregate amount of
excluded COD income that is applied to reduce attributes (other than
credits) attributable to S and any lower-tier corporation of S pursuant
to this paragraph (c)(2)(ix) shall not exceed the aggregate amount of
excluded COD income that was tentatively applied to reduce attributes
(other than credits) attributable to S and any lower-tier corporation of
S pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(v) of this section. The amount of the
actual reduction of attributes attributable to any member other than S
and any lower-tier corporation of S that may be reduced in respect of
the excluded COD income of S or a lower-tier corporation of S shall not
be so limited.
(3) Special rules. (i) If the reduction of attributes attributable
to a member is prevented as a result of a limitation described in
paragraph (c)(2)(ix)(B) of this section, the excluded COD income that
would have otherwise been applied to reduce such attributes is applied
to reduce the remaining attributes of the same type that are available
for reduction under Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(4), on a pro rata basis, prior to
reducing attributes of a different type. The reduction of such remaining
attributes, however, is subject to any applicable limitation described
in paragraph (c)(2)(ix)(B) of this section.
(ii) To the extent S's deductions and losses in the year of
disposition (or those of a lower-tier corporation of S) cannot offset
income or gain because of the limitation under paragraph (b) of this
section or this paragraph (c) and are not reduced pursuant to sections
108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28, such items are carried to other years
under the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and
regulations as if they were the only items incurred by S (or a lower-
tier corporation of S) in the year of disposition. For example, to the
extent S incurs an operating loss in the year of disposition that is
limited and is not reduced pursuant to section 108 and Sec. 1.1502-28,
the loss is treated as a separate net operating loss attributable to S
arising in that year.
(4) Definition of lower-tier corporation. A corporation is a lower-
tier corporation of S if all of its items of income, gain, deduction,
and loss (including the absorption of deduction or loss and the
reduction of attributes other than credits) would be fully reflected in
P's basis in S's stock under Sec. 1.1502-32.
(5) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this paragraph (c),
unless otherwise stated, the tax year of all persons is the calendar
year, all persons use the accrual method of accounting, the facts set
forth the only corporate activity, all transactions are between
unrelated persons, tax liabilities are disregarded, and no election
under section 108(b)(5) is made. The principles of this paragraph (c)
are illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Departing member realizes excluded COD income. (i) Facts.
P owns all of S's stock with a $90 basis. For Year 1, P has ordinary
income of $30, and S has an $80 ordinary loss and $100 of excluded COD
income from the discharge of non-intercompany indebtedness. P sells the
S stock for $20 at the close of Year 1. As of the beginning of Year 2, S
[[Page 311]]
has Asset A with a basis of $0 and a fair market value of $20.
(ii) Analysis. The steps used to compute the tax imposed on the
group, to effect the reduction of attributes, and to compute the
limitations on the use and reduction of attributes are as follows:
(A) Computation of limitation on deductions and losses to offset
income or gain. To determine the amount of the limitation under
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section on S's loss and the effect of the
absorption of S's loss on P's basis in S's stock under Sec. 1.1502-
32(b), P's gain or loss from the disposition of S's stock is not taken
into account. The group is tentatively treated as having a consolidated
net operating loss of $50 (P's $30 of income minus S's $80 loss). Thus,
$30 of S's loss is unlimited and $50 of S's loss is limited under
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. Under the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), all of the consolidated net operating loss is
attributable to S.
(B) Tentative adjustment of stock basis. Then, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section, Sec. 1.1502-32 is tentatively applied to
adjust the basis of S stock. For this purpose, however, adjustments
attributable to the excluded COD income and the reduction of attributes
in respect thereof are not taken into account. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b),
the absorption of $30 of S's loss decreases P's basis in S's stock by
$30 to $60.
(C) Tentative computation of stock gain or loss. Then, P's income,
gain, or loss from the sale of S stock is computed pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(iii) of this section using the basis computed in the previous
step. Thus, P is treated as recognizing a $40 loss from the sale of S
stock.
(D) Tentative computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(iv) of this section, the tax imposed for the year of disposition
is then tentatively computed, taking into account P's $40 loss on the
sale of the S stock computed pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this
section. The group has a $50 consolidated net operating loss for Year 1
that, under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), is wholly
attributable to S and a consolidated capital loss of $40 that, under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), is wholly attributable to P.
(E) Tentative reduction of attributes. Next, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(v) of this section, the rules of sections 108 and 1017 and Sec.
1.1502-28 are tentatively applied to reduce attributes remaining after
the tentative computation of the tax imposed. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-
28(a)(2), the tax attributes attributable to S would first be reduced to
take into account its $100 of excluded COD income. Accordingly, the
consolidated net operating loss for Year 1 would be reduced by $50, the
portion of that consolidated net operating loss attributable to S under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), to $0. Then, pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(4), S's remaining $50 of excluded COD income would
reduce the consolidated capital loss attributable to P of $40 by $40 to
$0. The remaining $10 of excluded COD income would have no effect.
(F) Actual adjustment of stock basis. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(vi) of this section, Sec. 1.1502-32 is applied to reflect the
amount of S's income and gain included, and unlimited deductions and
losses that are absorbed, in the tentative computation of the tax
imposed for the year of the disposition and the excluded COD income
tentatively applied to reduce attributes and the attributes reduced in
respect of the excluded COD income pursuant to the previous step. Under
Sec. 1.1502-32(b), the absorption of $30 of S's loss, the application
of $90 of S's excluded COD income to reduce attributes of P and S, and
the reduction of the $50 loss attributable to S in respect of the
excluded COD income results in a positive adjustment of $10 to P's basis
in the S stock. P's basis in the S stock, therefore, is $100.
(G) Actual computation of stock gain or loss. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(vii) of this section, P's actual gain or loss on the sale of the
S stock is computed using the basis computed in the previous step.
Accordingly, P recognizes an $80 loss on the disposition of the S stock.
(H) Actual computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(viii) of this section, the tax imposed is computed by taking into
account P's $80 loss from the sale of S stock. Before the application of
Sec. 1.1502-28, therefore, the group has a consolidated net operating
loss of $50 that is wholly attributable to S under the principles of
Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), and a consolidated capital loss of $80 that
is wholly attributable to P under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2)(iv).
(I) Actual reduction of attributes. Pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(ix)
of this section, sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 are then
actually applied to reduce attributes remaining after the actual
computation of the tax imposed. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(2), the
tax attributes attributable to S must first be reduced to take into
account its $100 of excluded COD income. Accordingly, the consolidated
net operating loss for Year 1 is reduced by $50, the portion of that
consolidated net operating loss attributable to S under the principles
of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), to $0. Then, pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-
28(a)(4), S's remaining $50 of excluded COD income reduces consolidated
tax attributes. In particular, without regard to the limitation imposed
by paragraph (c)(2)(ix)(A) of this section, the $80 consolidated capital
loss, which under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) is
attributable to P, would be reduced by $50 from $80 to $30. However, the
limitation imposed by paragraph (c)(2)(ix)(A) of this section prevents
the reduction of the consolidated capital loss attributable to P by more
than $40.
[[Page 312]]
Therefore, the consolidated capital loss attributable to P is reduced by
only $40 in respect of S's excluded COD income. The remaining $10 of
excluded COD income has no effect.
Example 2. Member other than departing member realizes excluded COD
income. (i) Facts. P owns all of S1's and S2's stock. P's basis in S2's
stock is $600. For Year 1, P has ordinary income of $30, S1 has a $100
ordinary loss and $100 of excluded COD income from the discharge of non-
intercompany indebtedness, and S2 has $200 of ordinary loss. P sells the
S2 stock for $600 at the close of Year 1. As of the beginning of Year 2,
S1 has Asset A with a basis of $0 and a fair market value of $10.
(ii) Analysis. The steps used to compute the tax imposed on the
group, to effect the reduction of attributes, and to compute the
limitations on the use and reduction of attributes are as follows:
(A) Computation of limitation on deductions and losses to offset
income or gain. To determine the amount of the limitation under
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section on S2's loss and the effect of the
absorption of S2's loss on P's basis in S2's stock under Sec. 1.1502-
32(b), P's gain or loss from the sale of S2's stock is not taken into
account. The group is tentatively treated as having a consolidated net
operating loss of $270 (P's $30 of income minus S1's $100 loss and S2's
$200 loss). Consequently, $20 of S2's loss from Year 1 is unlimited and
$180 of S2's loss from Year 1 is limited under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of
this section. Under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), $90 of
the consolidated net operating loss is attributable to S1 and $180 of
the consolidated net operating loss is attributable to S2.
(B) Tentative adjustment of stock basis. Then, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section, Sec. 1.1502-32 is tentatively applied to
adjust the basis of S2's stock. For this purpose, however, adjustments
to the basis of S2's stock attributable to the reduction of attributes
in respect of S1's excluded COD income are not taken into account. Under
Sec. 1.1502-32(b), the absorption of $20 of S2's loss decreases P's
basis in S2's stock by $20 to $580.
(C) Tentative computation of stock gain or loss. Then, P's income,
gain, or loss from the disposition of S2 stock is computed pursuant to
paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section using the basis computed in the
previous step. Thus, P is treated as recognizing a $20 gain from the
sale of the S2 stock.
(D) Tentative computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(iv) of this section, the tax imposed for the year of disposition
is then tentatively computed, taking into account P's $20 gain from the
sale of S2 stock computed pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this
section. Although S2's limited loss cannot be used to offset P's $20
gain from the sale of S2's stock under the rules of this section, S1's
loss will offset that gain. Therefore, the group is tentatively treated
as having a consolidated net operating loss of $250, $70 of which is
attributable to S1 and $180 of which is attributable to S2 under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv).
(E) Tentative reduction of attributes. Next, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(v) of this section, the rules of sections 108 and 1017 and Sec.
1.1502-28 are tentatively applied to reduce attributes remaining after
the tentative computation of the tax imposed. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-
28(a)(2), the tax attributes attributable to S1 would first be reduced
to take into account its $100 of excluded COD income. Accordingly, the
consolidated net operating loss for Year 1 would be reduced by $70, the
portion of that consolidated net operating loss attributable to S1 under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), to $0. Then, pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(4), S1's remaining $30 of excluded COD income would
reduce the consolidated net operating loss for Year 1 attributable to S2
of $180 by $30 to $150.
(F) Actual adjustment of stock basis. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(vi) of this section, Sec. 1.1502-32 is applied to reflect the
amount of S2's income and gain included, and unlimited deductions and
losses that are absorbed, in the tentative computation of the tax
imposed for the year of the disposition and the excluded COD income
tentatively applied to reduce attributes and the attributes reduced in
respect of the excluded COD income pursuant to the previous step. Under
Sec. 1.1502-32(b), the absorption of $20 of S2's loss to offset a
portion of P's income and the application of $30 of S1's excluded COD
income to reduce attributes attributable to S2 results in a negative
adjustment of $50 to P's basis in the S2 stock. P's basis in the S2
stock, therefore, is $550.
(G) Actual computation of stock gain or loss. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(vii) of this section, P's actual gain or loss on the sale of the
S2 stock is computed using the basis computed in the previous step.
Therefore, P recognizes a $50 gain on the disposition of the S2 stock.
(H) Actual computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(viii) of this section, the tax imposed is computed by taking into
account P's $50 gain from the disposition of the S2 stock. Before the
application of Sec. 1.1502-28, therefore, the group has a consolidated
net operating loss of $220, $40 of which is attributable to S1 and $180
of which is attributable to S2 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2)(iv).
(I) Actual reduction of attributes. Pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(ix)
of this section, sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 are then
actually applied to reduce attributes remaining after the actual
computation of the tax imposed. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(2), the
tax attributes attributable to S1 must first be
[[Page 313]]
reduced to take into account its $100 of excluded COD income.
Accordingly, the consolidated net operating loss for Year 1 is reduced
by $40, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss attributable
to S1 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), to $0. Then,
pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(4), without regard to the limitation
imposed by paragraph (c)(2)(ix)(B) of this section, S1's remaining $60
of excluded COD income would reduce S2's net operating loss of $180 to
$120. However, the limitation imposed by paragraph (c)(2)(ix)(B) of this
section prevents the reduction of S2's loss by more than $30. Therefore,
S2's loss of $180 is reduced by $30 to $150 in respect of S1's excluded
COD income. The remaining $30 of excluded COD income has no effect.
Example 3. Lower-tier corporation of departing member realizes
excluded COD income. (i) Facts. P owns all of S1's stock, S2's stock,
and S3's stock. S1 owns all of S4's stock. P's basis in S1's stock is
$50 and S1's basis in S4's stock is $50. For Year 1, P has $50 of
ordinary loss, S1 has $100 of ordinary loss, S2 has $150 of ordinary
loss, S3 has $50 of ordinary loss, and S4 has $50 of ordinary loss and
$80 of excluded COD income from the discharge of non-intercompany
indebtedness. P sells the S1 stock for $100 at the close of Year 1. As
of the beginning of Year 2, S4 has Asset A with a fair market value of
$10. After the computation of tax imposed for Year 1 and before the
application of sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28, Asset A has a
basis of $0.
(ii) Analysis. The steps used to compute the tax imposed on the
group, to effect the reduction of attributes, and to compute the
limitations on the use and reduction of attributes are as follows:
(A) Computation of limitation on deductions and losses to offset
income or gain. To determine the amount of the limitation under
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section on S1's and S4's losses and the
effect of the absorption of S1's and S4's losses on P's basis in S1's
stock under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), P's gain or loss from the sale of S1's
stock is not taken into account. The group is tentatively treated as
having a consolidated net operating loss of $400. Consequently, $100 of
S1's loss and $50 of S4's loss is limited under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of
this section.
(B) Tentative adjustment of stock basis. Then, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) of this section, Sec. 1.1502-32 is tentatively applied to
adjust the basis of S1's stock. For this purpose, adjustments to the
basis of S1's stock attributable to S4's realization of excluded COD
income and the reduction of attributes in respect of such excluded COD
income are not taken into account. There is no adjustment under Sec.
1.1502-32 to the basis of the S1 stock. Therefore, P's basis in the S1
stock for this purpose is $50.
(C) Tentative computation of stock gain or loss. Then, P's income,
gain, or loss from the sale of S1 stock is computed pursuant to
paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section using the basis computed in the
previous step. Thus, P is treated as recognizing a $50 gain from the
sale of the S1 stock.
(D) Tentative computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(iv) of this section, the tax imposed for the year of disposition
is then tentatively computed, taking into account P's $50 gain from the
sale of the S1 stock computed pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this
section. Although S1's and S4's limited losses cannot be used to offset
P's $50 gain from the sale of S1's stock under the rules of this
section, $10 of P's loss, $30 of S2's loss, and $10 of S3's loss will
offset that gain. Therefore, the group is tentatively treated as having
a consolidated net operating loss of $350, $40 of which is attributable
to P, $100 of which is attributable to S1, $120 of which is attributable
to S2, $40 of which is attributable to S3, and $50 of which is
attributable to S4 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv).
(E) Tentative reduction of attributes. Next, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(v) of this section, the rules of sections 108 and 1017 and Sec.
1.1502-28 are tentatively applied to reduce attributes remaining after
the tentative computation of the tax imposed. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-
28(a)(2), the tax attributes attributable to S4 would first be reduced
to take into account its $80 of excluded COD income. Accordingly, the
consolidated net operating loss for Year 1 would be reduced by $50, the
portion of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to S4 under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), to $300. Then, pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(4), S4's remaining $30 of excluded COD income would
reduce the consolidated net operating loss for Year 1 that is
attributable to other members. Therefore, the consolidated net operating
loss for Year 1 would be reduced by $30. Of that amount, $4 is
attributable to P, $10 is attributable to S1, $12 is attributable to S2,
and $4 is attributable to S3.
(F) Actual adjustment of stock basis. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(vi) of this section, Sec. 1.1502-32 is applied to reflect the
amount of S1's and S4's income and gain included, and unlimited
deductions and losses that are absorbed, in the tentative computation of
tax imposed for the year of the disposition and the excluded COD income
tentatively applied to reduce attributes and the attributes reduced in
respect of the excluded COD income pursuant to the previous step. Under
Sec. 1.1502-32(b), the application of $80 of S4's excluded COD income
to reduce attributes, and the reduction of S4's loss in the amount of
$50 and S1's loss in the amount of $10 in respect of the excluded COD
income results in a positive adjustment of $20 to P's basis in the S1
stock. Accordingly, P's basis in S1 stock is $70.
[[Page 314]]
(G) Actual computation of stock gain or loss. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(vii) of this section, P's actual gain or loss on the sale of the
S1 stock is computed using the basis computed in the previous step.
Accordingly, P recognizes a $30 gain on the disposition of the S1 stock.
(H) Actual computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(viii) of this section, the tax imposed is computed by taking into
account P's $30 gain from the sale of S1 stock. Before the application
of Sec. 1.1502-28, therefore, the group has a consolidated net
operating loss of $370, $44 of which is attributable to P, $100 of which
is attributable to S1, $132 of which is attributable to S2, $44 of which
is attributable to S3, and $50 of which is attributable to S4.
(I) Actual reduction of attributes. Pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(ix)
of this section, sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 are then
actually applied to reduce attributes remaining after the actual
computation of the tax imposed. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(2), the
tax attributes attributable to S4 must first be reduced to take into
account its $80 of excluded COD income. Accordingly, the consolidated
net operating loss for Year 1 is reduced by $50, the portion of that
consolidated net operating loss attributable to S4 under the principles
of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), to $320. Then, pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-
28(a)(4), without regard to the limitation imposed by paragraph
(c)(2)(ix)(A) of this section, S4's remaining $30 of excluded COD income
would reduce the consolidated net operating loss for Year 1 by $30
($4.12 of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to P, $9.38
of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to S1, $12.38 of the
consolidated net operating loss attributable to S2, and $4.12 of the
consolidated net operating loss attributable to S3) to $290. However,
the limitation imposed by paragraph (c)(2)(ix)(A) of this section
prevents the reduction of the consolidated net operating loss
attributable to P, S2, and S3 by more than $4, $12, and $4 respectively.
The $.62 of excluded COD income that would have otherwise reduced the
consolidated net operating loss attributable to P, S2, and S3 is applied
to reduce the consolidated net operating loss attributable to S1.
Therefore, S1 carries forward $90 of loss.
Example 4. Excess loss account taken into account. (i) Facts. P is
the common parent of a consolidated group. On Day 1 of Year 2, P
acquired all of the stock of S1. As of the beginning of Year 2, S1 had a
$30 net operating loss carryover from Year 1, a separate return
limitation year. A limitation under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) applies to the
use of that loss by the P group. For Years 1 and 2, the P group had no
consolidated taxable income or loss. On Day 1 of Year 3, S1 acquired all
of the stock of S2 for $10. In Year 3, P had ordinary income of $10, S1
had ordinary income of $25, and S2 had an ordinary loss of $50. In
addition, in Year 3, S2 realized $20 of excluded COD income from the
discharge of non-intercompany indebtedness. After the discharge of this
indebtedness, S2 had no liabilities. As of the beginning of Year 4, S2
had Asset A with a fair market value of $10. After the computation of
tax imposed for Year 3 and before the application of sections 108 and
1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28, Asset A has a basis of $0. S2 had no taxable
income (or loss) for Year 1 and Year 2.
(ii) Analysis. The steps used to compute the tax imposed on the
group, to effect the reduction of attributes, and to compute the
limitations on the use and reduction of attributes are as follows:
(A) Computation of limitation on deductions and losses to offset
income or gain, tentative basis adjustments, tentative computation of
stock gain or loss. Because it is not initially apparent that there has
been a disposition of stock, paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section does
not limit the use of deductions to offset income or gain, no adjustments
to the basis are required pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this
section, and no stock gain or loss is computed pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(iii) of this section or taken into account in the tentative
computation of tax imposed pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this
section.
(B) Tentative computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(iv) of this section, the tax imposed for Year 3 is tentatively
computed. For Year 3, the P group has a consolidated taxable loss of
$15, all of which is attributable to S2 under the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv).
(C) Tentative reduction of attributes. Next, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(v) of this section, the rules of sections 108 and 1017 and Sec.
1.1502-28 are tentatively applied to reduce attributes remaining after
the tentative computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-
28(a)(2), the tax attributes attributable to S2 would first be reduced
to take into account its $20 of excluded COD income. Accordingly, the
consolidated net operating loss for Year 3 is reduced by $15, the
portion of that consolidated net operating loss attributable to S2 under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), to $0. The remaining $5 of
excluded COD income is not applied to reduce attributes as there are no
remaining attributes that are subject to reduction.
(D) Actual adjustment of stock basis. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(vi) of this section, Sec. 1.1502-32 is applied to reflect the
amount of S2's income and gain included, and unlimited deductions and
losses that are absorbed, in the tentative computation of tax imposed
for the year of the disposition and the excluded COD income tentatively
applied to reduce attributes and the attributes reduced in respect of
the excluded COD income pursuant to the previous step. Under Sec.
1.1502-32, the absorption of $35 of S2's loss, the application of $15 in
respect of S2's excluded COD income to
[[Page 315]]
reduce attributes, and the reduction of $15 in respect of the loss
attributable to S2 reduced in respect of the excluded COD income results
in a negative adjustment of $35 to the basis of the S2 stock. Therefore,
S1 has an excess loss account of $25 in the S2 stock.
(E) Actual computation of stock gain or loss. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(vii) of this section, S1's actual gain or loss, if any, on the S2
stock is computed. Because S2 realized $5 of excluded COD income that
was not applied to reduce attributes, pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-19(b)(1)
and (c)(1)(iii)(B), S1 is required to take into account $5 of its excess
loss account in the S2 stock.
(F) Actual computation of tax imposed. Pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)(viii) of this section, the tax imposed is computed by taking into
account the $5 of the excess loss account in the S2 stock required to be
taken into account. See Sec. 1.1502-28(b)(6) (requiring an excess loss
account that is required to be taken into account as a result of the
application of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(B) to be included in the
group's tax return for the year that includes the date of the debt
discharge). However, pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(viii) of this section,
such amount may not be offset by any of the consolidated net operating
loss attributable to S2. It may, however, subject to applicable
limitations, be offset by the separate net operating loss of S1 from
Year 1.
(G) Actual reduction of attributes. Pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(ix)
of this section, sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 are then
actually applied to reduce attributes remaining after the actual
computation of the tax imposed. Attributes will be actually reduced in
the same way that they were tentatively reduced.
(6) Additional rules for multiple dispositions. [Reserved]
(7) Effective date. This paragraph (c) applies to dispositions of
subsidiary stock that occur after March 22, 2005. Taxpayers may apply
Sec. 1.1502-11(c) of REG-167265-03 (2004-15 IRB 730) (see Sec.
601.601(d)(2) of this chapter) in whole, but not in part, to any
disposition of subsidiary stock that occurs on or before March 22, 2005,
if a member of the group realized excluded COD income after August 29,
2003, in the taxable year that includes the date of the disposition of
such subsidiary stock.
(d) Disallowance of loss attributable to pre-1966 distributions. No
loss shall be allowed upon the sale or other disposition of stock,
bonds, or other obligations of a member or former member to the extent
that such loss is attributable to a distribution made in an affiliated
year beginning before January 1, 1966, out of earnings and profits
accumulated before the distributing corporation became a member.
[T.D. 7246, 38 FR 759, Jan. 4, 1973]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1502-11, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Computation of Separate Taxable Income
Sec. 1.1502-12 Separate taxable income.
The separate taxable income of a member (including a case in which
deductions exceed gross income) is computed in accordance with the
provisions of the Code covering the determination of taxable income of
separate corporations, subject to the following modifications:
(a) Transactions between members and transactions with respect to
stock, bonds, or other obligations of members shall be reflected
according to the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-13;
(b) Any deduction which is disallowed under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-15A or
1.1502-15 shall be taken into account as provided in those sections;
(c) The limitation on deductions provided in section 615(c) or
section 617(h) shall be taken into account as provided in Sec. 1.1502-
16;
(d) The method of accounting under which such computation is made
and the adjustments to be made because of any change in method of
accounting shall be determined under Sec. 1.1502-17;
(e) Inventory adjustments shall be made as provided in Sec. 1.1502-
18;
(f) Any amount included in income under Sec. 1.1502-19 shall be
taken into account;
(g) In the computation of the deduction under section 167, property
shall not lose its character as new property as a result of a transfer
from one member to another member during a consolidated return year if:
(1) The transfer occurs on or before January 4, 1973, or
(2) The transfer occurs after January 4, 1973, and the transfer is
an intercompany transaction as defined in Sec. 1.1502-13 or the basis
of the property in the hands of the transferee is determined
[[Page 316]]
(in whole or in part) by reference to its basis in the hands of the
transferor;
(h) No net operating loss deduction shall be taken into account;
(i) [Reserved]
(j) No capital gains or losses shall be taken into account;
(k) No gains and losses subject to section 1231 shall be taken into
account;
(l) No deduction under section 170 with respect to charitable
contributions shall be taken into account;
(m) No deduction under section 922 (relating to the deduction for
Western Hemisphere trade corporations) shall be taken into account;
(n) No deductions under section 243(a)(1), 244(a), 245, or 247
(relating to deductions with respect to dividends received and dividends
paid) shall be taken into account;
(o) Basis shall be determined under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-31 and 1.1502-
32, and earnings and profits shall be determined under Sec. 1.1502-33;
and
(p) The limitation on deductions provided in section 613A shall be
taken into account for each member's oil and gas properties as provided
in Sec. 1.1502-44.
(q) A thrift institution's deduction under section 593(b)(2)
(relating to the addition to the reserve for bad debts of a thrift
institution under the percentage of taxable income method) shall be
determined under Sec. 1.1502-42.
(r) See Sec. Sec. 1.337(d)-2, 1.1502-35, and 1.1502-36 for rules
relating to basis adjustments and allowance of stock loss on
dispositions or transfers of subsidiary stock.
(Secs. 1502 and 7805 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (68A Stat.
637; 917; 26 U.S.C. 1502, 7805))
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1502-12, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Sec. 1.1502-13 Intercompany transactions.
(a) In general--(1) Purpose. This section provides rules for taking
into account items of income, gain, deduction, and loss of members from
intercompany transactions. The purpose of this section is to provide
rules to clearly reflect the taxable income (and tax liability) of the
group as a whole by preventing intercompany transactions from creating,
accelerating, avoiding, or deferring consolidated taxable income (or
consolidated tax liability).
(2) Separate entity and single entity treatment. Under this section,
the selling member (S) and the buying member (B) are treated as separate
entities for some purposes but as divisions of a single corporation for
other purposes. The amount and location of S's intercompany items and
B's corresponding items are determined on a separate entity basis
(separate entity treatment). For example, S determines its gain or loss
from a sale of property to B on a separate entity basis, and B has a
cost basis in the property. The timing, and the character, source, and
other attributes of the intercompany items and corresponding items,
although initially determined on a separate entity basis, are
redetermined under this section to produce the effect of transactions
between divisions of a single corporation (single entity treatment). For
example, if S sells land to B at a gain and B sells the land to a
nonmember, S does not take its gain into account until B's sale to the
nonmember.
(3) Timing rules as a method of accounting--(i) In general. The
timing rules of this section are a method of accounting for intercompany
transactions, to be applied by each member in addition to the member's
other methods of accounting. See Sec. 1.1502-17 and, with regard to
consolidated return years beginning on or after November 7, 2001, Sec.
1.446-1(c)(2)(iii). To the extent the timing rules of this section are
inconsistent with a member's otherwise applicable methods of accounting,
the timing rules of this section control. For example, if S sells
property to B in exchange for B's note, the timing rules of this section
apply instead of the installment sale rules of section 453. S's or B's
application of the timing rules of this section to an intercompany
transaction clearly reflects income only if the effect of that
transaction as a whole (including, for example, related costs and
expenses) on consolidated taxable income is clearly reflected.
(ii) Automatic consent for joining and departing members--(A)
Consent granted. Section 446(e) consent is granted under this section to
the extent a change in
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method of accounting is necessary solely by reason of the timing rules
of this section--
(1) For each member, with respect to its intercompany transactions,
in the first consolidated return year which follows a separate return
year and in which the member engages in an intercompany transaction; and
(2) For each former member, with respect to its transactions with
members that would otherwise be intercompany transactions if the former
member were still a member, in the first separate return year in which
the former member engages in such a transaction.
(B) Cut-off basis. Any change in method of accounting described in
paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A) of this section is to be effected on a cut-off
basis for transactions entered into on or after the first day of the
year for which consent is granted under paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A) of this
section.
(4) Application of other rules of law. See Sec. 1.1502-80(a)
regarding the general applicability of other rules of law and a
limitation on duplicative adjustments. The rules of this section apply
in addition to other applicable law (including nonstatutory
authorities). For example, this section applies in addition to sections
267(f) (additional rules for certain losses), 269 (acquisitions to evade
or avoid income tax), and 482 (allocations among commonly controlled
taxpayers). Thus, an item taken into account under this section can be
deferred, disallowed, or eliminated under other applicable law, for
example, section 1091 (losses from wash sales).
(5) References. References in other sections to this section
include, as appropriate, references to prior law. For effective dates
and prior law see paragraph (l) of this section.
(6) Overview--(i) In general. The principal rules of this section
that implement single entity treatment are the matching rule and the
acceleration rule of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. Under the
matching rule, S and B are generally treated as divisions of a single
corporation for purposes of taking into account their items from
intercompany transactions. The acceleration rule provides additional
rules for taking the items into account if the effect of treating S and
B as divisions cannot be achieved (for example, if S or B becomes a
nonmember). Paragraph (b) of this section provides definitions.
Paragraph (e) of this section provides simplifying rules for certain
transactions. Paragraphs (f) and (g) of this section provide additional
rules for stock and obligations of members. Paragraphs (h) and (j) of
this section provide anti-avoidance rules and miscellaneous operating
rules.
(ii) Table of examples. Set forth below is a table of the examples
contained in this section.
Matching rule. (Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(7)(ii))
Example 1. Intercompany sale of land.
Example 2. Dealer activities.
Example 3. Intercompany section 351 transfer.
Example 4. Depreciable property.
Example 5. Intercompany sale followed by installment sale.
Example 6. Intercompany sale of installment obligation.
Example 7. Performance of services.
Example 8. Rental of property.
Example 9. Intercompany sale of a partnership interest.
Example 10. Net operating losses subject to section 382 or the SRLY
rules.
Example 11. Section 475.
Example 12. Section 1092.
Example 13. [Reserved]
Example 14. Source of income under section 863.
Example 15. Section 1248.
Acceleration rule. (Sec. 1.1502-13(d)(3))
Example 1. Becoming a nonmember--timing.
Example 2. Becoming a nonmember--attributes.
Example 3. Selling member's disposition of installment note.
Example 4. Cancellation of debt and attribute reduction under
section 108(b).
Example 5. Section 481.
Simplifying rules--inventory. (Sec. 1.1502-13(e)(1)(v))
Example 1. Increment averaging method.
Example 2. Increment valuation method.
Example 3. Other reasonable inventory methods.
Stock of members. (Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(7))
Example 1. Dividend exclusion and property distribution.
Example 2. Excess loss accounts.
Example 3. Intercompany reorganizations.
Example 4. All cash intercompany reorganization under section
368(a)(1)(D).
[[Page 318]]
Example 5. Stock redemptions and distributions.
Example 6. Intercompany stock sale followed by section 332
liquidation.
Example 7. Intercompany stock sale followed by section 355
distribution.
Obligations of members. (Sec. 1.1502-13(g)(7)(ii))
Example 1. Interest on intercompany obligation.
Example 2. Intercompany obligation becomes nonintercompany
obligation.
Example 3. Loss or bad debt deduction with respect to intercompany
obligation.
Example 4. Intercompany nonrecognition transactions.
Example 5. Assumption of intercompany obligation.
Example 6. Extinguishment of intercompany obligation.
Example 7. Exchange of intercompany obligations.
Example 8. Tax benefit rule.
Example 9. Issuance at off-market rate of interest.
Example 10. Nonintercompany obligation becomes intercompany
obligation.
Example 11. Notional principal contracts.
Anti-avoidance rules. (Sec. 1.1502-13(h)(2))
Example 1. Sale of a partnership interest.
Example 2. Transitory status as an intercompany obligation.
Example 3. Corporate mixing bowl.
Example 4. Partnership mixing bowl.
Example 5. Sale and leaseback.
Miscellaneous operating rules. (Sec. 1.1502-13(j)(9))
Example 1. Intercompany sale followed by section 351 transfer to
member.
Example 2. Intercompany sale of member stock followed by
recapitalization.
Example 3. Back-to-back intercompany transactions--matching.
Example 4. Back-to-back intercompany transactions--acceleration.
Example 5. Successor group.
Example 6. Liquidation--80% distributee.
Example 7. Liquidation--no 80% distributee.
(b) Definitions. For purposes of this section--
(1) Intercompany transactions--(i) In general. An intercompany
transaction is a transaction between corporations that are members of
the same consolidated group immediately after the transaction. S is the
member transferring property or providing services, and B is the member
receiving the property or services. Intercompany transactions include--
(A) S's sale of property (or other transfer, such as an exchange or
contribution) to B, whether or not gain or loss is recognized;
(B) S's performance of services for B, and B's payment or accrual of
its expenditure for S's performance;
(C) S's licensing of technology, rental of property, or loan of
money to B, and B's payment or accrual of its expenditure; and
(D) S's distribution to B with respect to S stock.
(ii) Time of transaction. If a transaction occurs in part while S
and B are members and in part while they are not members, the
transaction is treated as occurring when performance by either S or B
takes place, or when payment for performance would be taken into account
under the rules of this section if it were an intercompany transaction,
whichever is earliest. Appropriate adjustments must be made in such
cases by, for example, dividing the transaction into two separate
transactions reflecting the extent to which S or B has performed.
(iii) Separate transactions. Except as otherwise provided in this
section, each transaction is analyzed separately. For example, if S
simultaneously sells two properties to B, one at a gain and the other at
a loss, each property is treated as sold in a separate transaction.
Thus, the gain and loss cannot be offset or netted against each other
for purposes of this section. Similarly, each payment or accrual of
interest on a loan is a separate transaction. In addition, an accrual of
premium is treated as a separate transaction, or as an offset to
interest that is not a separate transaction, to the extent required
under separate entity treatment. If two members exchange property, each
member is S with respect to the property it transfers and B with respect
to the property it receives. If two members enter into a notional
principal contract, each payment under the contract is a separate
transaction and the member making the payment is B with respect to that
payment and the member receiving the payment is S. See paragraph (j)(4)
of this section for rules aggregating certain transactions.
(2) Intercompany items--(i) In general. S's income, gain, deduction,
and loss from an intercompany transaction are its intercompany items.
For example,
[[Page 319]]
S's gain from the sale of property to B is intercompany gain. An item is
an intercompany item whether it is directly or indirectly from an
intercompany transaction.
(ii) Related costs or expenses. S's costs or expenses related to an
intercompany transaction are included in determining its intercompany
items. For example, if S sells inventory to B, S's direct and indirect
costs properly includible under section 263A are included in determining
its intercompany income. Similarly, related costs or expenses that are
not capitalized under S's separate entity method of accounting are
included in determining its intercompany items. For example, deductions
for employee wages, in addition to other related costs, are included in
determining S's intercompany items from performing services for B, and
depreciation deductions are included in determining S's intercompany
items from renting property to B.
(iii) Amounts not yet recognized or incurred. S's intercompany items
include amounts from an intercompany transaction that are not yet taken
into account under its separate entity method of accounting. For
example, if S is a cash method taxpayer, S's intercompany income might
be taken into account under this section even if the cash is not yet
received. Similarly, an amount reflected in basis (or an amount
equivalent to basis) under S's separate entity method of accounting that
is a substitute for income, gain, deduction or loss from an intercompany
transaction is an intercompany item.
(3) Corresponding items--(i) In general. B's income, gain,
deduction, and loss from an intercompany transaction, or from property
acquired in an intercompany transaction, are its corresponding items.
For example, if B pays rent to S, B's deduction for the rent is a
corresponding deduction. If B buys property from S and sells it to a
nonmember, B's gain or loss from the sale to the nonmember is a
corresponding gain or loss; alternatively, if B recovers the cost of the
property through depreciation, B's depreciation deductions are
corresponding deductions. An item is a corresponding item whether it is
directly or indirectly from an intercompany transaction (or from
property acquired in an intercompany transaction).
(ii) Disallowed or eliminated amounts. B's corresponding items
include amounts that are permanently disallowed or permanently
eliminated, whether directly or indirectly. Thus, corresponding items
include amounts disallowed under section 265 (expenses relating to tax-
exempt income), and amounts not recognized under section 311(a)
(nonrecognition of loss on distributions), section 332 (nonrecognition
on liquidating distributions), or section 355(c) (certain distributions
of stock of a subsidiary). On the other hand, an amount is not
permanently disallowed or permanently eliminated (and therefore is not a
corresponding item) to the extent it is not recognized in a transaction
in which B receives a successor asset within the meaning of paragraph
(j)(1) of this section. For example, B's corresponding items do not
include amounts not recognized from a transaction with a nonmember to
which section 1031 applies or from another transaction in which B
receives exchanged basis property.
(4) Recomputed corresponding items. The recomputed corresponding
item is the corresponding item that B would take into account if S and B
were divisions of a single corporation and the intercompany transaction
were between those divisions. For example, if S sells property with a
$70 basis to B for $100, and B later sells the property to a nonmember
for $90, B's corresponding item is its $10 loss, and the recomputed
corresponding item is $20 of gain (determined by comparing the $90 sales
price with the $70 basis the property would have if S and B were
divisions of a single corporation). Although neither S nor B actually
takes the recomputed corresponding item into account, it is computed as
if B did take it into account (based on reasonable and consistently
applied assumptions, including any provision of the Internal Revenue
Code or regulations that would affect its timing or attributes).
(5) Treatment as a separate entity. Treatment as a separate entity
means treatment without application of the
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rules of this section, but with the application of the other
consolidated return regulations. For example, if S sells the stock of
another member to B, S's gain or loss on a separate entity basis is
determined with the application of Sec. 1.1502-80(b) (non-applicability
of section 304), but without redetermination under paragraph (c) or (d)
of this section.
(6) Attributes. The attributes of an intercompany item or
corresponding item are all of the item's characteristics, except amount,
location, and timing, necessary to determine the item's effect on
taxable income (and tax liability). For example, attributes include
character, source, treatment as excluded from gross income or as a
noncapital, nondeductible amount, and treatment as built-in gain or loss
under section 382(h) or 384. In contrast, the characteristics of
property, such as a member's holding period, or the fact that property
is included in inventory, are not attributes of an item, but these
characteristics might affect the determination of the attributes of
items from the property.
(c) Matching rule. For each consolidated return year, B's
corresponding items and S's intercompany items are taken into account
under the following rules:
(1) Attributes and holding periods--(i) Attributes. The separate
entity attributes of S's intercompany items and B's corresponding items
are redetermined to the extent necessary to produce the same effect on
consolidated taxable income (and consolidated tax liability) as if S and
B were divisions of a single corporation, and the intercompany
transaction were a transaction between divisions. Thus, the activities
of both S and B might affect the attributes of both intercompany items
and corresponding items. For example, if S holds property for sale to
unrelated customers in the ordinary course of its trade or business, S
sells the property to B at a gain and B sells the property to an
unrelated person at a further gain, S's intercompany gain and B's
corresponding gain might be ordinary because of S's activities with
respect to the property. Similar principles apply if S performs
services, rents property, or engages in any other intercompany
transaction.
(ii) Holding periods. The holding period of property transferred in
an intercompany transaction is the aggregate of the holding periods of S
and B. However, if the basis of the property is determined by reference
to the basis of other property, the property's holding period is
determined by reference to the holding period of the other property. For
example, if S distributes stock to B in a transaction to which section
355 applies, B's holding period in the distributed stock is determined
by reference to B's holding period in the stock of S.
(2) Timing--(i) B's items. B takes its corresponding items into
account under its accounting method, but the redetermination of the
attributes of a corresponding item might affect its timing. For example,
if B's sale of property acquired from S is treated as a dealer
disposition because of S's activities, section 453(b) prevents any
corresponding income of B from being taken into account under the
installment method.
(ii) S's items. S takes its intercompany item into account to
reflect the difference for the year between B's corresponding item taken
into account and the recomputed corresponding item.
(3) Divisions of a single corporation. As divisions of a single
corporation, S and B are treated as engaging in their actual transaction
and owning any actual property involved in the transaction (rather than
treating the transaction as not occurring). For example, S's sale of
land held for investment to B for cash is not disregarded, but is
treated as an exchange of land for cash between divisions (and B
therefore succeeds to S's basis in the property). Similarly, S's
issuance of its own stock to B in exchange for property is not
disregarded, B is treated as owning the stock it receives in the
exchange, and section 1032 does not apply to B on its subsequent sale of
the S stock. Although treated as divisions, S and B nevertheless are
treated as:
(i) Operating separate trades or businesses. See, e.g., Sec. 1.446-
1(d) (accounting methods for a taxpayer engaged in more than one
business).
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(ii) Having any special status that they have under the Internal
Revenue Code or regulations. For example, a bank defined in section 581,
a domestic building and loan association defined in section 7701(a)(19),
and an insurance company to which section 801 or 831 applies are treated
as divisions having separate special status. On the other hand, the fact
that a member holds property for sale to customers in the ordinary
course of its trade or business is not a special status.
(4) Conflict or allocation of attributes. This paragraph (c)(4)
provides special rules for redetermining and allocating attributes under
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section.
(i) Offsetting amounts--(A) In general. To the extent B's
corresponding item offsets S's intercompany item in amount, the
attributes of B's corresponding item, determined based on both S's and
B's activities, control the attributes of S's offsetting intercompany
item. For example, if S sells depreciable property to B at a gain and B
depreciates the property, the attributes of B's depreciation deduction
(ordinary deduction) control the attributes of S's offsetting
intercompany gain. Accordingly, S's gain is ordinary.
(B) B controls unreasonable. To the extent the results under
paragraph (c)(4)(i)(A) are inconsistent with treating S and B as
divisions of a single corporation, the attributes of the offsetting
items must be redetermined in a manner consistent with treating S and B
as divisions of a single corporation. To the extent, however, that B's
corresponding item on a separate entity basis is excluded from gross
income, is a noncapital, nondeductible amount, or is otherwise
permanently disallowed or eliminated, the attributes of B's
corresponding item always control the attributes of S's offsetting
intercompany item.
(ii) Allocation. To the extent S's intercompany item and B's
corresponding item do not offset in amount, the attributes redetermined
under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section must be allocated to S's
intercompany item and B's corresponding item by using a method that is
reasonable in light of all the facts and circumstances, including the
purposes of this section and any other rule affected by the attributes
of S's intercompany item and B's corresponding item. A method of
allocation or redetermination is unreasonable if it is not used
consistently by all members of the group from year to year.
(5) Special status. Notwithstanding the general rule of paragraph
(c)(1)(i) of this section, to the extent an item's attributes determined
under this section are permitted or not permitted to a member under the
Internal Revenue Code or regulations by reason of the member's special
status, the attributes required under the Internal Revenue Code or
regulations apply to that member's items (but not the other member). For
example, if S is a bank to which section 582(c) applies, and sells debt
securities at a gain to B, a nonbank, the character of S's intercompany
gain is ordinary as required under section 582(c), but the character of
B's corresponding item as capital or ordinary is determined under
paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section without the application of section
582(c). For other special status issues, see, for example, sections
595(b) (foreclosure on property securing loans), 818(b) (life insurance
company treatment of capital gains and losses), and 1503(c) (limitation
on absorption of certain losses).
(6) Treatment of intercompany items if corresponding items are
excluded or nondeductible--(i) In general. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of
this section, S's intercompany item might be redetermined to be excluded
from gross income or treated as a noncapital, nondeductible amount. For
example, S's intercompany loss from the sale of property to B is treated
as a noncapital, nondeductible amount if B distributes the property to a
nonmember shareholder at no further gain or loss (because, if S and B
were divisions of a single corporation, the loss would not have been
recognized under section 311(a)). Paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section,
however, provides limitations on the application of this rule to
intercompany income or gain. See also Sec. Sec. 1.1502-32 and 1.1502-33
(adjustments to S's stock basis and earnings and profits to reflect
amounts so treated).
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(ii) Limitation on treatment of intercompany items as excluded from
gross income. Notwithstanding the general rule of paragraph (c)(1)(i) of
this section, S's intercompany income or gain is redetermined to be
excluded from gross income only to the extent one of the following
applies:
(A) Disallowed amounts. B's corresponding item is a deduction or
loss and, in the taxable year the item is taken into account under this
section, it is permanently and explicitly disallowed under another
provision of the Internal Revenue Code or regulations. For example,
deductions that are disallowed under section 265 are permanently and
explicitly disallowed. An amount is not permanently and explicitly
disallowed, for example, to the extent that--
(1) The Internal Revenue Code or regulations provide that the amount
is not recognized (for example, a loss that is realized but not
recognized under section 332 or section 355(c) is not permanently and
explicitly disallowed, notwithstanding that it is a corresponding item
within the meaning of paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section (certain
disallowed or eliminated amounts));
(2) A related amount might be taken into account by B with respect
to successor property, such as under section 280B (demolition costs
recoverable as capitalized amounts);
(3) A related amount might be taken into account by another
taxpayer, such as under section 267(d) (disallowed loss under section
267(a) might result in nonrecognition of gain for a related person);
(4) A related amount might be taken into account as a deduction or
loss, including as a carryforward to a later year, under any provision
of the Internal Revenue Code or regulations (whether or not the
carryforward expires in a later year); or
(5) The amount is reflected in the computation of any credit against
(or other reduction of) Federal income tax (whether allowed for the
taxable year or carried forward to a later year).
(B) Section 311. The corresponding item is a loss that is realized,
but not recognized under section 311(a) on a distribution to a nonmember
(even though the loss is not a permanently and explicitly disallowed
amount within the meaning of paragraph (c)(6)(ii)(A) of this section).
(C) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-
13T(c)(6)(ii)(C).
(D) Other amounts. The Commissioner determines that treating S's
intercompany item as excluded from gross income is consistent with the
purposes of this section and other applicable provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code and regulations.
(7) Examples--(i) In general. For purposes of the examples in this
section, unless otherwise stated, P is the common parent of the P
consolidated group, P owns all of the only class of stock of
subsidiaries S and B, X is a person unrelated to any member of the P
group, the taxable year of all persons is the calendar year, all persons
use the accrual method of accounting, tax liabilities are disregarded,
the facts set forth the only corporate activity, no member has any
special status, and the transaction is not otherwise subject to
recharacterization. If a member acts as both a selling member and a
buying member (e.g., with respect to different aspects of a single
transaction, or with respect to related transactions), the member is
referred to as M, M1, or M2 (rather than as S or B).
(ii) Matching rule. The matching rule of this paragraph (c) is
illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Intercompany sale of land followed by sale to a
nonmember. (a) Facts. S holds land for investment with a basis of $70. S
has held the land for more than one year. On January 1 of Year 1, S
sells the land to B for $100. B also holds the land for investment. On
July 1 of Year 3, B sells the land to X for $110.
(b) Definitions. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, S's sale of
the land to B is an intercompany transaction, S is the selling member,
and B is the buying member. Under paragraphs (b)(2) and (3) of this
section, S's $30 gain from the sale to B is its intercompany item, and
B's $10 gain from the sale to X is its corresponding item.
(c) Attributes. Under the matching rule of paragraph (c) of this
section, S's $30 intercompany gain and B's $10 corresponding gain are
taken into account to produce the same effect on consolidated taxable
income (and consolidated tax liability) as if S and B were divisions of
a single corporation. In addition, the holding periods of S and B for
the land
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are aggregated. Thus, the group's entire $40 of gain is long-term
capital gain. Because both S's intercompany item and B's corresponding
item on a separate entity basis are long-term capital gain, the
attributes are not redetermined under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this
section.
(d) Timing. For each consolidated return year, S takes its
intercompany item into account under the matching rule to reflect the
difference for the year between B's corresponding item taken into
account and the recomputed corresponding item. If S and B were divisions
of a single corporation and the intercompany sale were a transfer
between the divisions, B would succeed to S's $70 basis in the land and
would have a $40 gain from the sale to X in Year 3, instead of a $10
gain. Consequently, S takes no gain into account in Years 1 and 2, and
takes the entire $30 gain into account in Year 3, to reflect the $30
difference in that year between the $10 gain B takes into account and
the $40 recomputed gain (the recomputed corresponding item). Under
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-32 and 1.1502-33, P's basis in its S stock and the
earnings and profits of S and P do not reflect S's $30 gain until the
gain is taken into account in Year 3. (Under paragraph (a)(3) of this
section, the results would be the same if S sold the land to B in an
installment sale to which section 453 would otherwise apply, because S
must take its intercompany gain into account under this section.)
(e) Intercompany loss followed by sale to a nonmember at a gain. The
facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that
S's basis in the land is $130 (rather than $70). The attributes and
timing of S's intercompany loss and B's corresponding gain are
determined under the matching rule in the manner provided in paragraphs
(c) and (d) of this Example 1. If S and B were divisions of a single
corporation and the intercompany sale were a transfer between the
divisions, B would succeed to S's $130 basis in the land and would have
a $20 loss from the sale to X instead of a $10 gain. Thus, S takes its
entire $30 loss into account in Year 3 to reflect the $30 difference
between B's $10 gain taken into account and the $20 recomputed loss.
(The results are the same under section 267(f).) S's $30 loss is long-
term capital loss, and B's $10 gain is long-term capital gain.
(f) Intercompany gain followed by sale to a nonmember at a loss. The
facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that B
sells the land to X for $90 (rather than $110). The attributes and
timing of S's intercompany gain and B's corresponding loss are
determined under the matching rule. If S and B were divisions of a
single corporation and the intercompany sale were a transfer between the
divisions, B would succeed to S's $70 basis in the land and would have a
$20 gain from the sale to X instead of a $10 loss. Thus, S takes its
entire $30 gain into account in Year 3 to reflect the $30 difference
between B's $10 loss taken into account and the $20 recomputed gain. S's
$30 gain is long-term capital gain, and B's $10 loss is long-term
capital loss.
(g) Intercompany gain followed by distribution to a nonmember at a
loss. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1,
except that B distributes the land to X, a minority shareholder of B,
and at the time of the distribution the land has a fair market value of
$90. The attributes and timing of S's intercompany gain and B's
corresponding loss are determined under the matching rule. Under section
311(a), B does not recognize its $10 loss on the distribution to X. If S
and B were divisions of a single corporation and the intercompany sale
were a transfer between divisions, B would succeed to S's $70 basis in
the land and would have a $20 gain from the distribution to X instead of
an unrecognized $10 loss. Under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section,
B's loss that is not recognized under section 311(a) is a corresponding
item. Thus, S takes its $30 gain into account under the matching rule in
Year 3 to reflect the difference between B's $10 corresponding
unrecognized loss and the $20 recomputed gain. B's $10 corresponding
loss offsets $10 of S's intercompany gain and, under paragraph (c)(4)(i)
of this section, the attributes of B's corresponding item control the
attributes of S's intercompany item. Paragraph (c)(6) of this section
does not prevent the redetermination of S's intercompany item as
excluded from gross income. (See paragraph (c)(6)(ii)(B) of this
section). Thus, $10 of S's $30 gain is redetermined to be excluded from
gross income.
(h) Intercompany sale followed by section 1031 exchange with
nonmember. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1,
except that, instead of selling the land to X, B exchanges the land for
land owned by X in a transaction to which section 1031 applies. There is
no difference in Year 3 between B's $0 corresponding item taken into
account and the $0 recomputed corresponding item. Thus, none of S's
intercompany gain is taken into account under the matching rule as a
result of the section 1031 exchange. Instead, B's gain is preserved in
the land received from X and, under the successor asset rule of
paragraph (j)(1) of this section, S's intercompany gain is taken into
account by reference to the replacement property. (If B takes gain into
account as a result of boot received in the exchange, S's intercompany
gain is taken into account under the matching rule to the extent the
boot causes a difference between B's gain taken into account and the
recomputed gain.)
(i) Intercompany sale followed by section 351 transfer to nonmember.
The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except
that, instead of selling the land to X, B transfers the land to X in a
transaction to
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which section 351(a) applies and X remains a nonmember. There is no
difference in Year 3 between B's $0 corresponding item taken into
account and the $0 recomputed corresponding item. Thus, none of S's
intercompany gain is taken into account under the matching rule as a
result of the section 351(a) transfer. However, S's entire gain is taken
into account in Year 3 under the acceleration rule of paragraph (d) of
this section (because X, a nonmember, reflects B's $100 cost basis in
the land under section 362).
Example 2. Dealer activities. (a) Facts. S holds land for investment
with a basis of $70. On January 1 of Year 1, S sells the land to B for
$100. B develops the land as residential real estate, and sells
developed lots to customers during Year 3 for an aggregate amount of
$110.
(b) Attributes. S and B are treated under the matching rule as
divisions of a single corporation for purposes of determining the
attributes of S's intercompany item and B's corresponding item. Thus,
although S held the land for investment, whether the gain is treated as
from the sale of property described in section 1221(1) is based on the
activities of both S and B. If, based on both S's and B's activities,
the land is described in section 1221(1), both S's gain and B's gain are
ordinary income.
Example 3. Intercompany section 351 transfer. (a) Facts. S holds
land with a $70 basis and a $100 fair market value for sale to customers
in the ordinary course of business. On January 1 of Year 1, S transfers
the land to B in exchange for all of the stock of B in a transaction to
which section 351 applies. S has no gain or loss under section 351(a),
and its basis in the B stock is $70 under section 358. Under section
362, B's basis in the land is $70. B holds the land for investment. On
July 1 of Year 3, B sells the land to X for $100. Assume that if S and B
were divisions of a single corporation, B's gain from the sale would be
ordinary income because of S's activities.
(b) Timing and attributes. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section,
S's transfer to B is an intercompany transaction. Under paragraph (c)(3)
of this section, S is treated as transferring the land in exchange for
B's stock even though, as divisions, S could not own stock of B. S has
no intercompany item, but B's $30 gain from its sale of the land to X is
a corresponding item because the land was acquired in an intercompany
transaction. B's $30 gain is ordinary income that is taken into account
under B's method of accounting.
(c) Intercompany section 351 transfer with boot. The facts are the
same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 3, except that S receives $10
cash in addition to the B stock in the transfer. S recognizes $10 of
gain under section 351(b), and its basis in the B stock is $70 under
section 358. Under section 362, B's basis in the land is $80. S takes
its $10 intercompany gain into account in Year 3 to reflect the $10
difference between B's $20 corresponding gain taken into account and the
$30 recomputed gain. Both S's $10 gain and B's $20 gain are ordinary
income.
(d) Partial disposition. The facts are the same as in paragraph (c)
of this Example 3, except B sells only a one- half, undivided interest
in the land to X for $50. The timing and attributes are determined in
the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this Example 3, except that S
takes only $5 of its gain into account in Year 3 to reflect the $5
difference between B's $10 gain taken into account and the $15
recomputed gain.
Example 4. Depreciable property. (a) Facts. On January 1 of Year 1,
S buys 10-year recovery property for $100 and depreciates it under the
straight-line method. On January 1 of Year 3, S sells the property to B
for $130. Under section 168(i)(7), B is treated as S for purposes of
section 168 to the extent B's $130 basis does not exceed S's adjusted
basis at the time of the sale. B's additional basis is treated as new
10-year recovery property for which B elects the straight-line method of
recovery. (To simplify the example, the half-year convention is
disregarded.)
(b) Depreciation through Year 3; intercompany gain. S claims $10 of
depreciation for each of Years 1 and 2 and has an $80 basis at the time
of the sale to B. Thus, S has a $50 intercompany gain from its sale to
B. For Year 3, B has $10 of depreciation with respect to $80 of its
basis (the portion of its $130 basis not exceeding S's adjusted basis).
In addition, B has $5 of depreciation with respect to the $50 of its
additional basis that exceeds S's adjusted basis.
(c) Timing. S's $50 gain is taken into account to reflect the
difference for each consolidated return year between B's depreciation
taken into account with respect to the property and the recomputed
depreciation. For Year 3, B takes $15 of depreciation into account. If
the intercompany transaction were a transfer between divisions of a
single corporation, B would succeed to S's adjusted basis in the
property and take into account only $10 of depreciation for Year 3.
Thus, S takes $5 of gain into account in Year 3. In each subsequent year
that B takes into account $15 of depreciation with respect to the
property, S takes into account $5 of gain.
(d) Attributes. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, the
attributes of S's gain and B's depreciation must be redetermined to the
extent necessary to produce the same effect on consolidated taxable
income as if the intercompany transaction were between divisions of a
single corporation (the group must have a net depreciation deduction of
$10). In each year, $5 of B's corresponding depreciation deduction
offsets S's $5 intercompany gain taken into account and, under paragraph
(c)(4)(i) of this section, the attributes of B's corresponding item
control
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the attributes of S's intercompany item. Accordingly, S's intercompany
gain that is taken into account as a result of B's depreciation
deduction is ordinary income.
(e) Sale of property to a nonmember. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 4, except that B sells the property to X
on January 1 of Year 5 for $110. As set forth in paragraphs (c) and (d)
of this Example 4, B has $15 of depreciation with respect to the
property in each of Years 3 and 4, causing S to take $5 of intercompany
gain into account in each year as ordinary income. The $40 balance of
S's intercompany gain is taken into account in Year 5 as a result of B's
sale to X, to reflect the $40 difference between B's $10 gain taken into
account and the $50 of recomputed gain ($110 of sale proceeds minus the
$60 basis B would have if the intercompany sale were a transfer between
divisions of a single corporation). Treating S and B as divisions of a
single corporation, $40 of the gain is section 1245 gain and $10 is
section 1231 gain. On a separate entity basis, S would have more than
$10 treated as section 1231 gain, and B would have no amount treated as
section 1231 gain. Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section, all $10
of the section 1231 gain is allocated to S. S's remaining $30 of gain,
and all of B's $10 gain, is treated as section 1245 gain.
Example 5. Intercompany sale followed by installment sale. (a)
Facts. S holds land for investment with a basis of $70x. On January 1 of
Year 1, S sells the land to B for $100x. B also holds the land for
investment. On July 1 of Year 3, B sells the land to X in exchange for
X's $110x note. The note bears a market rate of interest in excess of
the applicable Federal rate, and provides for principal payments of $55x
in Year 4 and $55x in Year 5. The interest charge under section 453A(c)
applies to X's note.
(b) Timing and attributes. S takes its $30x gain into account to
reflect the difference in each consolidated return year between B's gain
taken into account for the year and the recomputed gain. Under section
453, B takes into account $5x of gain in Year 4 and $5x of gain in Year
5. Thus, S takes into account $15x of gain in Year 4 and $15x of gain in
Year 5 to reflect the $15x difference in each of those years between B's
$5x gain taken into account and the $20x recomputed gain. Both S's $30x
gain and B's $10x gain are subject to the section 453A(c) interest
charge beginning in Year 3.
(c) Election out under section 453(d). If, under the facts in
paragraph (a) of this Example 5, the P group wishes to elect not to
apply section 453 with respect to S's gain, an election under section
453(d) must be made for Year 3 with respect to B's gain. This election
will cause B's $10x gain to be taken into account in Year 3. Under the
matching rule, this will result in S's $30x gain being taken into
account in Year 3. (An election by the P group solely with respect to
S's gain has no effect because the gain from S's sale to B is taken into
account under the matching rule, and therefore must reflect the
difference between B's gain taken into account and the recomputed gain.)
(d) Sale to a nonmember at a loss, but overall gain. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 5, except that B sells the
land to X in exchange for X's $90x note (rather than $110x note). If S
and B were divisions of a single corporation, B would succeed to S's
basis in the land, and the sale to X would be eligible for installment
reporting under section 453, because it resulted in an overall gain.
However, because only gains may be reported on the installment method,
B's $10x corresponding loss is taken into account in Year 3. Under
paragraph (b)(4) of this section the recomputed corresponding item is
$20x gain that would be taken into account under the installment method,
$0 in Year 3 and $10x in each of Years 4 and 5. Thus, in Year 3 S takes
$10x of gain into account to reflect the difference between B's $10x
loss taken into account and the $0 recomputed gain for Year 3. Under
paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, B's $10x corresponding loss offsets
$10x of S's intercompany gain, and B's attributes control. S takes $10x
of gain into account in each of Years 4 and 5 to reflect the difference
in those years between B's $0 gain taken into account and the $10x
recomputed gain that would be taken into account under the installment
method. Only the $20x of S's gain taken into account in Years 4 and 5 is
subject to the interest charge under section 453A(c) beginning in Year
3. (If P elects under section 453(d) for Year 3 not to apply section 453
with respect to the gain, all of S's $30x gain will be taken into
account in Year 3 to reflect the difference between B's $10x loss taken
into account and the $20x recomputed gain.)
(e) Intercompany loss, installment gain. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (a) of this Example 5, except that S has a $130x (rather
than $70x) basis in the land. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section,
the separate entity attributes of S's and B's items from the
intercompany transaction must be redetermined to produce the same effect
on consolidated taxable income (and tax liability) as if the transaction
had been a transfer between divisions. If S and B were divisions of a
single corporation, B would succeed to S's basis in the land and the
group would have $20x loss from the sale to X, installment reporting
would be unavailable, and the interest charge under section 453A(c)
would not apply. Accordingly, B's gain from the transaction is not
eligible for installment treatment under section 453. B takes its $10x
gain into account in Year 3, and S takes its $30x of loss into account
in Year 3 to reflect the difference between B's $10x gain and the $20x
recomputed loss.
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(f) Recapture income. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 5, except that S bought depreciable property (rather than
land) for $100x, claimed depreciation deductions, and reduced the
property's basis to $70x before Year 1. (To simplify the example, B's
depreciation is disregarded.) If the intercompany sale of property had
been a transfer between divisions of a single corporation, $30x of the
$40x gain from the sale to X would be section 1245 gain (which is
ineligible for installment reporting) and $10x would be section 1231
gain (which is eligible for installment reporting). On a separate entity
basis, S would have $30x of section 1245 gain and B would have $10x of
section 1231 gain. Accordingly, the attributes are not redetermined
under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. All of B's $10x gain is
eligible for installment reporting and is taken into account $5x each in
Years 4 and 5 (and is subject to the interest charge under section
453A(c)). S's $30x gain is taken into account in Year 3 to reflect the
difference between B's $0 gain taken into account and the $30x of
recomputed gain. (If S had bought the depreciable property for $110x and
its recomputed basis under section 1245 had been $110x (rather than
$100x), B's $10x gain and S's $30x gain would both be recapture income
ineligible for installment reporting.)
Example 6. Intercompany sale of installment obligation. (a) Facts. S
holds land for investment with a basis of $70x. On January 1 of Year 1,
S sells the land to X in exchange for X's $100x note, and S reports its
gain on the installment method under section 453. X's note bears
interest at a market rate of interest in excess of the applicable
Federal rate, and provides for principal payments of $50x in Year 5 and
$50x in Year 6. Section 453A applies to X's note. On July 1 of Year 3, S
sells X's note to B for $100x, resulting in $30x gain from S's prior
sale of the land to X under section 453B(a).
(b) Timing and attributes. S's sale of X's note to B is an
intercompany transaction, and S's $30x gain is intercompany gain. S
takes $15x of the gain into account in each of Years 5 and 6 to reflect
the $15x difference in each year between B's $0 gain taken into account
and the $15x recomputed gain. S's gain continues to be treated as its
gain from the sale to X, and the deferred tax liability remains subject
to the interest charge under section 453A(c).
(c) Worthlessness. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 6, except that X's note becomes worthless on December 1 of
Year 3 and B has a $100x short-term capital loss under section 165(g) on
a separate entity basis. Under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, B's
holding period for X's note is aggregated with S's holding period. Thus,
B's loss is a long- term capital loss. S takes its $30x gain into
account in Year 3 to reflect the $30x difference between B's $100x loss
taken into account and the $70x recomputed loss. Under paragraph
(c)(1)(i) of this section, S's gain is long-term capital gain.
(d) Pledge. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this
Example 6, except that, on December 1 of Year 3, B borrows $100x from an
unrelated bank and secures the indebtedness with X's note. X's note
remains subject to section 453A(d) following the sale to B. Under
section 453A(d), B's $100x of proceeds from the secured indebtedness is
treated as an amount received on December 1 of Year 3 by B on X's note.
Thus, S takes its entire $30x gain into account in Year 3.
Example 7. Performance of services. (a) Facts. S is a driller of
water wells. B operates a ranch in a remote location, and B's taxable
income from the ranch is not subject to section 447. B's ranch requires
water to maintain its cattle. During Year 1, S drills an artesian well
on B's ranch in exchange for $100 from B, and S incurs $80 of expenses
(e.g., for employees and equipment). B capitalizes its $100 cost for the
well under section 263, and takes into account $10 of cost recovery
deductions in each of Years 2 through 11. Under its separate entity
method of accounting, S would take its income and expenses into account
in Year 1. If S and B were divisions of a single corporation, the costs
incurred in drilling the well would be capitalized.
(b) Definitions. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the service
transaction is an intercompany transaction, S is the selling member, and
B is the buying member. Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, S's
$100 of income and $80 of related expenses are both included in
determining its intercompany income of $20.
(c) Timing and attributes. S's $20 of intercompany income is taken
into account under the matching rule to reflect the $20 difference
between B's corresponding items taken into account (based on its $100
cost basis in the well) and the recomputed corresponding items (based on
the $80 basis that B would have if S and B were divisions of a single
corporation and B's basis were determined by reference to S's $80 of
expenses). In Year 1, S takes into account $80 of its income and the $80
of expenses. In each of Years 2 through 11, S takes $2 of its $20
intercompany income into account to reflect the annual $2 difference
between B's $10 of cost recovery deductions taken into account and the
$8 of recomputed cost recovery deductions. S's $100 income and $80
expenses, and B's cost recovery deductions, are ordinary items (because
S's and B's items would be ordinary on a separate entity basis, the
attributes are not redetermined under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this
section). If S's offsetting $80 of income and expense would not be taken
into account in the same year under its separate entity method of
accounting, they nevertheless must be taken into account under this
section in a manner that
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clearly reflects consolidated taxable income. See paragraph (a)(3)(i) of
this section.
(d) Sale of capitalized services. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 7, except that B sells the ranch before
Year 11 and recognizes gain attributable to the well. To the extent of
S's income taken into account as a result of B's cost recovery
deductions, as well as S's offsetting $80 of income and expense, the
timing and attributes are determined in the manner provided in paragraph
(c) of this Example 7. The attributes of the remainder of S's $20 of
income and B's gain from the sale are redetermined to produce the same
effect on consolidated taxable income as if S and B were divisions of a
single corporation. Accordingly, S's remaining intercompany income is
treated as recapture income or section 1231 gain, even though it is from
S's performance of services.
Example 8. Rental of property. B operates a ranch that requires
grazing land for its cattle. S owns undeveloped land adjoining B's
ranch. On January 1 of Year 1, S leases grazing rights to B for Year 1.
B's $100 rent expense is deductible for Year 1 under its separate entity
accounting method. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the rental
transaction is an intercompany transaction, S is the selling member, and
B is the buying member. S takes its $100 of income into account in Year
1 to reflect the $100 difference between B's rental deduction taken into
account and the $0 recomputed rental deduction. S's income and B's
deduction are ordinary items (because S's intercompany item and B's
corresponding item would both be ordinary on a separate entity basis,
the attributes are not redetermined under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this
section).
Example 9. Intercompany sale of a partnership interest. (a) Facts. S
owns a 20% interest in the capital and profits of a general partnership.
The partnership holds land for investment with a basis equal to its
value, and operates depreciable assets which have value in excess of
basis. S's basis in its partnership interest equals its share of the
adjusted basis of the partnership's land and depreciable assets. The
partnership has an election under section 754 in effect. On January 1 of
Year 1, S sells its partnership interest to B at a gain. During Years 1
through 10, the partnership depreciates the operating assets, and B's
depreciation deductions from the partnership reflect the increase in the
basis of the depreciable assets under section 743(b).
(b) Timing and attributes. S's gain is taken into account during
Years 1 through 10 to reflect the difference in each year between B's
depreciation deductions from the partnership taken into account and the
recomputed depreciation deductions from the partnership. Under
paragraphs (c)(1)(i) and (c)(4)(i) of this section, S's gain taken into
account is ordinary income. (The acceleration rule does not apply to S's
gain as a result of the section 743(b) adjustment, because the
adjustment is solely with respect to B and therefore no nonmember
reflects any part of the intercompany transaction.)
(c) Partnership sale of assets. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 9, and the partnership sells some of its
depreciable assets to X at a gain on December 31 of Year 4. In addition
to the intercompany gain taken into account as a result of the
partnership's depreciation, S takes intercompany gain into account in
Year 4 to reflect the difference between B's partnership items taken
into account from the sale (which reflect the basis increase under
section 743(b)) and the recomputed partnership items. The attributes of
S's additional gain are redetermined to produce the same effect on
consolidated taxable income as if S and B were divisions of a single
corporation (recapture income or section 1231 gain).
(d) B's sale of partnership interest. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 9, and on December 31 of Year 4, B sells
its partnership interest to X at no gain or loss. In addition to the
intercompany gain taken into account as a result of the partnership's
depreciation, the remaining balance of S's intercompany gain is taken
into account in Year 4 to reflect the difference between B's $0 gain
taken into account from the sale of the partnership interest and the
recomputed gain. The character of S's remaining intercompany item and
B's corresponding item are determined on a separate entity basis under
section 751, and then redetermined to the extent necessary to produce
the same effect as treating the intercompany transaction as occurring
between divisions of a single corporation.
(e) No section 754 election. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(d) of this Example 9, except that the partnership does not have a
section 754 election in effect, and B recognizes a capital loss from its
sale of the partnership interest to X on December 31 of Year 4. Because
there is no difference between B's depreciation deductions from the
partnership taken into account and the recomputed depreciation
deductions, S does not take any of its gain into account during Years 1
through 4 as a result of B's partnership's items. Instead, S's entire
intercompany gain is taken into account in Year 4 to reflect the
difference between B's loss taken into account from the sale to X and
the recomputed gain or loss.
Example 10. Net operating losses subject to section 382 or the SRLY
rules. (a) Facts. On January 1 of Year 1, P buys all of S's stock. S has
net operating loss carryovers from prior years. P's acquisition results
in an ownership change under section 382 with respect to S's loss
carryovers, and S has a net unrealized built-in gain (within the meaning
of section 382(h)(3)). S owns nondepreciable
[[Page 328]]
property with a $70 basis and $100 value. On July 1 of Year 3, S sells
the property to B for $100, and its $30 gain is recognized built-in gain
(within the meaning of section 382(h)(2)) on a separate entity basis. On
December 1 of Year 5, B sells the property to X for $90.
(b) Timing and attributes. S's $30 gain is taken into account in
Year 5 to reflect the $30 difference between B's $10 loss taken into
account and the recomputed $20 gain. S and B are treated as divisions of
a single corporation for purposes of applying section 382 in connection
with the intercompany transaction. Under a single entity analysis, the
single corporation has losses subject to limitation under section 382,
and this limitation may be increased under section 382(h) if the single
corporation has recognized built-in gain with respect to those losses.
B's $10 corresponding loss offsets $10 of S's intercompany gain, and
thus, under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, $10 of S's intercompany
gain is redetermined not to be recognized built-in gain. S's remaining
$20 intercompany gain continues to be treated as recognized built-in
gain.
(c) B's recognized built-in gain. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 10, except that the property declines in
value after S becomes a member of the P group, S sells the property to B
for its $70 basis, and B sells the property to X for $90 during Year 5.
Treating S and B as divisions of a single corporation, S's sale to B
does not cause the property to cease to be built-in gain property. Thus,
B's $20 gain from its sale to X is recognized built-in gain that
increases the section 382 limitation applicable to S's losses.
(d) SRLY limitation. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 10, except that P's acquisition of S is not subject to the
overlap rule of Sec. 1.1502-21(g), and S's net operating loss
carryovers are subject to the separate return limitation year (SRLY)
rules. See Sec. 1.1502-21(c). The application of the SRLY rules depends
on S's status as a separate corporation having losses from separate
return limitation years. Under paragraph (c)(5), the attribute of S's
intercompany item as it relates to S's SRLY limitation is not
redetermined, because the SRLY limitation depends on S's special status.
Accordingly, S's $30 intercompany gain is included in determining its
SRLY limitation for Year 5.
Example 11. Section 475. (a) Facts. S, a dealer in securities within
the meaning of section 475(c), owns a security with a basis of $70. The
security is held for sale to customers and is not identified under
section 475(b) as within an exception to marking to market. On July 1 of
Year 1, S sells the security to B for $100. B is not a dealer and holds
the security for investment. On December 31 of Year 1, the fair market
value of the security is $100. On July 1 of Year 2, B sells the security
to X for $110.
(b) Attributes. Under section 475, a dealer in securities can treat
a security as within an exception to marking to market under section
475(b) only if it timely identifies the security as so described. Under
the matching rule, attributes must be redetermined by treating S and B
as divisions of a single corporation. As a result of S's activities, the
single corporation is treated as a dealer with respect to securities,
and B must continue to mark to market the security acquired from S.
Thus, B's corresponding items and the recomputed corresponding items are
determined by continuing to treat the security as not within an
exception to marking to market. Under section 475(d)(3), it is possible
for the character of S's intercompany items to differ from the character
of B's corresponding items.
(c) Timing and character. S has a $30 gain when it disposes of the
security by selling it to B. This gain is intercompany gain that is
taken into account in Year 1 to reflect the $30 difference between B's
$0 gain taken into account from marking the security to market under
section 475 and the recomputed $30 gain that would be taken into
account. The character of S's gain and B's gain are redetermined as if
the security were transferred between divisions. Accordingly, S's gain
is ordinary income under section 475(d)(3)(A)(i), but under section
475(d)(3)(B)(ii) B's $10 gain from its sale to X is capital gain that is
taken into account in Year 2.
(d) Nondealer to dealer. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 11, except that S is not a dealer and holds the security
for investment with a $70 basis, B is a dealer to which section 475
applies and, immediately after acquiring the security from S for $100, B
holds the security for sale to customers in the ordinary course of its
trade or business. Because S is not a dealer and held the security for
investment, the security is treated as properly identified as held for
investment under section 475(b)(1) until it is sold to B. Under section
475(b)(3), the security thereafter ceases to be described in section
475(b)(1) because B holds the security for sale to customers. The mark-
to-market requirement applies only to changes in the value of the
security after B's acquisition. B's mark-to-market gain taken into
account and the recomputed mark-to-market gain are both determined based
on changes from the $100 value of the security at the time of B's
acquisition. There is no difference between B's $0 mark-to-market gain
taken into account in Year 1 and the $0 recomputed mark-to-market gain.
Therefore, none of S's gain is taken into account in Year 1 as a result
of B's marking the security to market in Year 1. In Year 2, B has a $10
gain when it disposes of the security by selling it to X, but would have
had a $40 gain if S and B were divisions of a single corporation. Thus,
S takes its $30 gain into account in Year 2
[[Page 329]]
under the matching rule. Under section 475(d)(3), S's gain is capital
gain even though B's subsequent gain or loss from marking to market or
disposing of the security is ordinary gain or loss. If B disposes of the
security at a $10 loss in Year 2, S's gain taken into account in Year 2
is still capital because on a single entity basis section 475(d)(3)
would provide for $30 of capital gain and $10 of ordinary loss. Because
the attributes are not redetermined under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this
section, paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section does not apply.
Furthermore, if B held the security for investment, and so identified
the security under section 475(b)(1), the security would continue to be
excepted from marking to market.
Example 12. Section 1092. (a) Facts. On July 1 of Year 1, S enters
into offsetting long and short positions with respect to actively traded
personal property. The positions are not section 1256 contracts, and
they are the only positions taken into account for purposes of applying
section 1092. On August 1 of Year 1, S sells the long position to B at
an $11 loss, and there is $11 of unrealized gain in the offsetting short
position. On December 1 of Year 1, B sells the long position to X at no
gain or loss. On December 31 of Year 1, there is still $11 of unrealized
gain in the short position. On February 1 of Year 2, S closes the short
position at an $11 gain.
(b) Timing and attributes. If the sale from S to B were a transfer
between divisions of a single corporation, the $11 loss on the sale to X
would have been deferred under section 1092(a)(1)(A). Accordingly, there
is no difference in Year 1 between B's corresponding item of $0 and the
recomputed corresponding item of $0. S takes its $11 loss into account
in Year 2 to reflect the difference between B's corresponding item of $0
taken into account in Year 2 and the recomputed loss of $11 that would
have been taken into account in Year 2 under section 1092(a)(1)(B) if S
and B had been divisions of a single corporation. (The results are the
same under section 267(f)).
Example 13. [Reserved]
Example 14. Source of income under section 863. (a) Intercompany
sale with no independent factory price. S manufactures inventory in the
United States, and recognizes $75 of income on sales to B in Year 1. B
distributes the inventory in Country Y and recognizes $25 of income on
sales to X, also in Year 1. Title passes from S to B, and from B to X,
in Country Y. There is no independent factory price (as defined in
regulations under section 863) for the sale from S to B. Under the
matching rule, S's $75 intercompany income and B's $25 corresponding
income are taken into account in Year 1. In determining the source of
income, S and B are treated as divisions of a single corporation, and
section 863 applies as if $100 of income were recognized from producing
in the United States and selling in Country Y. Assume that applying the
section 863 regulations on a single entity basis, $50 is treated as
foreign source income and $50 as U.S. source income. Assume further that
on a separate entity basis, S would have $37.50 of foreign source income
and $37.50 of U.S. source income, and that all of B's $25 of income
would be foreign source income. Thus, on a separate entity basis, S and
B would have $62.50 of combined foreign source income and $37.50 of U.S.
source income. Accordingly, under single entity treatment, $12.50 that
would be treated as foreign source income on a separate entity basis is
redetermined to be U.S. source income. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this
section, attributes are redetermined only to the extent of the $12.50
necessary to achieve the same effect as a single entity determination.
Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section, the redetermined attribute
must be allocated between S and B using a reasonable method. For
example, it may be reasonable to recharacterize only S's foreign source
income as U.S. source income because only S would have any U.S. source
income on a separate entity basis. However, it may also be reasonable to
allocate the redetermined attribute between S and B in proportion to
their separate entity amounts of foreign source income (in a 3:2 ratio,
so that $7.50 of S's foreign source income is redetermined to be U.S.
source and $5 of B's foreign source income is redetermined to be U.S.
source), provided the same method is applied to all similar transactions
within the group.
(b) Intercompany sale with independent factory price. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 14, except that an
independent factory price exists for the sale by S to B such that $70 of
S's $75 of income is attributable to the production function. Assume
that on a single entity basis, $70 is treated as U.S. source income
(because of the existence of the independent factory price) and $30 is
treated as foreign source income. Assume that on a separate entity
basis, $70 of S's income would be treated as U.S. source, $5 of S's
income would be treated as foreign source income, and all of B's $25
income would be treated as foreign source income. Because the results
are the same on a single entity basis and a separate entity basis, the
attributes are not redetermined under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this
section.
(c) Sale of property reflecting intercompany services or
intangibles. S earns $10 of income performing services in the United
States for B. B capitalizes S's fees into the basis of property that it
manufactures in the United States and sells to an unrelated person in
Year 1 at a $90 profit, with title passing in Country Y. Under the
matching rule, S's $10 income and B's $90 income are taken into account
in Year 1. In determining the source of income, S and B are treated as
divisions of a single corporation, and section 863 applies as
[[Page 330]]
if $100 were earned from manufacturing in the United States and selling
in Country Y. Assume that on a single entity basis $50 is treated as
foreign source income and $50 is treated as U.S. source income. Assume
that on a separate entity basis, S would have $10 of U.S. source income,
and B would have $45 of foreign source income and $45 of U.S. source
income. Accordingly, under single entity treatment, $5 of income that
would be treated as U.S. source income on a separate entity basis is
redetermined to be foreign source income. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of
this section, attributes are redetermined only to the extent of the $5
necessary to achieve the same effect as a single entity determination.
Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section, the redetermined attribute
must be allocated between S and B using a reasonable method. (If instead
of performing services, S licensed an intangible to B and earned $10
that would be treated as U.S. source income on a separate entity basis,
the results would be the same.)
Example 15. Section 1248. (a) Facts. On January 1 of Year 1, S forms
FT, a wholly owned foreign subsidiary, with a $10 contribution. During
Years 1 through 3, FT has earnings and profits of $40. None of the
earnings and profits is taxed as subpart F income under section 951, and
FT distributes no dividends to S during this period. On January 1 of
Year 4, S sells its FT stock to B for $50. While B owns FT, FT has a
deficit in earnings and profits of $10. On July 1 of Year 6, B sells its
FT stock for $70 to X, an unrelated foreign corporation.
(b) Timing. S's $40 of intercompany gain is taken into account in
Year 6 to reflect the difference between B's $20 of gain taken into
account and the $60 recomputed gain.
(c) Attributes. Under the matching rule, the attributes of S's
intercompany gain and B's corresponding gain are redetermined to have
the same effect on consolidated taxable income (and consolidated tax
liability) as if S and B were divisions of a single corporation. On a
single entity basis, there is $60 of gain and the portion which is
characterized as a dividend under section 1248 is determined on the
basis of FT's $30 of earnings and profits at the time of the sale of FT
to X (the sum of FT's $40 of earnings and profits while held by S and
FT's $10 deficit in earnings and profits while held by B). Therefore,
$30 of the $60 gain is treated as a dividend under section 1248. The
remaining $30 is treated as capital gain. On a separate entity basis,
all of S's $40 gain would be treated as a dividend under section 1248
and all of B's $20 gain would be treated as capital gain. Thus, as a
result of the single entity determination, $10 that would be treated as
a dividend under section 1248 on a separate entity basis is redetermined
to be capital gain. Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section, this
redetermined attribute must be allocated between S's intercompany item
and B's corresponding item by using a reasonable method. On a separate
entity basis, only S would have any amount treated as a dividend under
section 1248 available for redetermination. Accordingly, $10 of S's
income is redetermined to be not subject to section 1248, with the
result that $30 of S's intercompany gain is treated as a dividend and
the remaining $10 is treated as capital gain. All of B's corresponding
gain is treated as capital gain, as it would be on a separate entity
basis.
(d) B has loss. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this
Example 15, except that FT has no earnings and profits or deficit in
earnings and profits while B owns FT, and B sells the FT stock to X for
$40. On a single entity basis, there is $30 of gain, and section 1248 is
applied on the basis of FT's $40 earnings and profits at the time of the
sale of FT to X. Under section 1248, the amount treated as a dividend is
limited to $30 (the amount of the gain). On a separate entity basis, S's
entire $40 gain would be treated as a dividend under section 1248, and
B's $10 loss would be a capital loss. B's $10 corresponding loss offsets
$10 of S's intercompany gain and, under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this
section, the attributes of B's corresponding item control. Accordingly,
$10 of S's gain must be redetermined to be capital gain. B's $10 loss
remains a capital loss. (If, however, S sold FT to B at a loss and B
sold FT to X at a gain, it may be unreasonable for the attributes of B's
corresponding gain to control S's offsetting intercompany loss. If B's
attributes were to control, for example, the group could possibly claim
a larger foreign tax credit than would be available if S and B were
divisions of a single corporation.)
(d) Acceleration rule. S's intercompany items and B's corresponding
items are taken into account under this paragraph (d) to the extent they
cannot be taken into account to produce the effect of treating S and B
as divisions of a single corporation. For this purpose, the following
rules apply:
(1) S's items--(i) Timing. S takes its intercompany items into
account to the extent they cannot be taken into account to produce the
effect of treating S and B as divisions of a single corporation. The
items are taken into account immediately before it first becomes
impossible to achieve this effect. For this purpose, the effect cannot
be achieved--
(A) To the extent an intercompany item or corresponding item will
not be taken into account in determining the group's consolidated
taxable income (or consolidated tax liability) under
[[Page 331]]
the matching rule (for example, if S or B becomes a nonmember, or if S's
intercompany item is no longer reflected in the difference between B's
basis (or an amount equivalent to basis) in property and the basis (or
equivalent amount) the property would have if S and B were divisions of
a single corporation); or
(B) To the extent a nonmember reflects, directly or indirectly, any
aspect of the intercompany transaction (e.g., if B's cost basis in
property purchased from S is reflected by a nonmember under section 362
following a section 351 transaction).
(ii) Attributes. The attributes of S's intercompany items taken into
account under this paragraph (d)(1) are determined as follows:
(A) Sale, exchange, or distribution. If the item is from an
intercompany sale, exchange, or distribution of property, its attributes
are determined under the principles of the matching rule as if B sold
the property, at the time the item is taken into account under paragraph
(d)(1)(i) of this section, for a cash payment equal to B's adjusted
basis in the property (i.e., at no net gain or loss), to the following
person:
(1) Property leaves the group. If the property is owned by a
nonmember immediately after S's item is taken into account, B is treated
as selling the property to that nonmember. If the nonmember is related
for purposes of any provision of the Internal Revenue Code or
regulations to any party to the intercompany transaction (or any related
transaction) or to the common parent, the nonmember is treated as
related to B for purposes of that provision. For example, if the
nonmember is related to P within the meaning of section 1239(b), the
deemed sale is treated as being described in section 1239(a). See
paragraph (j)(6) of this section, under which property is not treated as
being owned by a nonmember if it is owned by the common parent after the
common parent becomes the only remaining member.
(2) Property does not leave the group. If the property is not owned
by a nonmember immediately after S's item is taken into account, B is
treated as selling the property to an affiliated corporation that is not
a member of the group.
(B) Other transactions. If the item is from an intercompany
transaction other than a sale, exchange, or distribution of property
(e.g., income from S's services capitalized by B), its attributes are
determined on a separate entity basis.
(2) B's items--(i) Attributes. The attributes of B's corresponding
items continue to be redetermined under the principles of the matching
rule, with the following adjustments:
(A) If S and B continue to join with each other in the filing of
consolidated returns, the attributes of B's corresponding items (and any
applicable holding periods) are determined by continuing to treat S and
B as divisions of a single corporation.
(B) Once S and B no longer join with each other in the filing of
consolidated returns, the attributes of B's corresponding items are
determined as if the S division (but not the B division) were
transferred by the single corporation to an unrelated person. Thus, S's
activities (and any applicable holding period) before the intercompany
transaction continue to affect the attributes of the corresponding items
(and any applicable holding period).
(ii) Timing. If paragraph (d)(1) of this section applies to S, B
nevertheless continues to take its corresponding items into account
under its accounting method. However, the redetermination of the
attributes of a corresponding item under this paragraph (d)(2) might
affect its timing.
(3) Examples. The acceleration rule of this paragraph (d) is
illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Becoming a nonmember--timing. (a) Facts. S owns land with
a basis of $70. On January 1 of Year 1, S sells the land to B for $100.
On July 1 of Year 3, P sells 60% of S's stock to X for $60 and, as a
result, S becomes a nonmember.
(b) Matching rule. Under the matching rule, none of S's $30 gain is
taken into account in Years 1 through 3 because there is no difference
between B's $0 gain or loss taken into account and the recomputed gain
or loss.
(c) Acceleration of S's intercompany items. Under the acceleration
rule of paragraph (d)
[[Page 332]]
of this section, S's $30 gain is taken into account in computing
consolidated taxable income (and consolidated tax liability) immediately
before the effect of treating S and B as divisions of a single
corporation cannot be produced. Because the effect cannot be produced
once S becomes a nonmember, S takes its $30 gain into account in Year 3
immediately before becoming a nonmember. S's gain is reflected under
Sec. 1.1502-32 in P's basis in the S stock immediately before P's sale
of the stock. Under Sec. 1.1502-32, P's basis in the S stock is
increased by $30, and therefore P's gain is reduced (or loss is
increased) by $18 (60% of $30). See also Sec. Sec. 1.1502-33 and
1.1502-76(b). (The results would be the same if S sold the land to B in
an installment sale to which section 453 would otherwise apply, because
S must take its intercompany gain into account under this section.)
(d) B's corresponding items. Notwithstanding the acceleration of S's
gain, B continues to take its corresponding items into account under its
accounting method. Thus, B's items from the land are taken into account
based on subsequent events (e.g., its sale of the land).
(e) Sale of B's stock. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 1, except that P sells 60% of B's stock (rather than S
stock) to X for $60 and, as a result, B becomes a nonmember. Because the
effect of treating S and B as divisions of a single corporation cannot
be produced once B becomes a nonmember, S takes its $30 gain into
account under the acceleration rule immediately before B becomes a
nonmember. (The results would be the same if S sold the land to B in an
installment sale to which section 453 would otherwise apply, because S
must take its intercompany gain into account under this section.)
(f) Discontinue filing consolidated returns. The facts are the same
as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that the P group receives
permission under Sec. 1.1502-75(c) to discontinue filing consolidated
returns beginning in Year 3. Under the acceleration rule, S takes its
$30 gain into account on December 31 of Year 2.
(g) No subgroups. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this
Example 1, except that P simultaneously sells all of the stock of both S
and B to X (rather than 60% of S's stock), and S and B become members of
the X consolidated group. Because the effect of treating S and B as
divisions of a single corporation in the P group cannot be produced once
S and B become nonmembers, S takes its $30 gain into account under the
acceleration rule immediately before S and B become nonmembers.
(Paragraph (j)(5) of this section does not apply to treat the X
consolidated group as succeeding to the P group because the X group
acquired only the stock of S and B.) However, so long as S and B
continue to join with each other in the filing of consolidated returns,
B continues to treat S and B as divisions of a single corporation for
purposes of determining the attributes of B's corresponding items from
the land.
Example 2. Becoming a nonmember--attributes. (a) Facts. S holds land
for investment with a basis of $70. On January 1 of Year 1, S sells the
land to B for $100. B holds the land for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of business, and expends substantial resources over a
two-year period subdividing, developing, and marketing the land. On July
1 of Year 3, before B has sold any of the land, P sells 60% of S's stock
to X for $60 and, as a result, S becomes a nonmember.
(b) Attributes. Under the acceleration rule, the attributes of S's
gain are redetermined under the principles of the matching rule as if B
sold the land to an affiliated corporation that is not a member of the
group for a cash payment equal to B's adjusted basis in the land
(because the land continues to be held within the group). Thus, whether
S's gain is capital gain or ordinary income depends on the activities of
both S and B. Because S and B no longer join with each other in the
filing of consolidated returns, the attributes of B's corresponding
items (e.g., from its subsequent sale of the land) are redetermined
under the principles of the matching rule as if the S division (but not
the B division) were transferred by the single corporation to an
unrelated person at the time of P's sale of the S stock. Thus, B
continues to take into account the activities of S with respect to the
land before the intercompany transaction.
(c) Depreciable property. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 2, except that the property sold by S to B is
depreciable property. Section 1239 applies to treat all of S's gain as
ordinary income because it is taken into account as a result of B's
deemed sale of the property to an affiliated corporation that is not a
member of the group (a related person within the meaning of section
1239(b)).
Example 3. Selling member's disposition of installment note. (a)
Facts. S owns land with a basis of $70. On January 1 of Year 1, S sells
the land to B in exchange for B's $110 note. The note bears a market
rate of interest in excess of the applicable Federal rate, and provides
for principal payments of $55 in Year 4 and $55 in Year 5. On July 1 of
Year 3, S sells B's note to X for $110.
(b) Timing. S's intercompany gain is taken into account under this
section, and not under the rules of section 453. Consequently, S's sale
of B's note does not result in its intercompany gain from the land being
taken into account (e.g., under section 453B). The sale does not prevent
S's intercompany items and B's corresponding items from being taken into
account in determining the group's consolidated taxable income under
[[Page 333]]
the matching rule, and X does not reflect any aspect of the intercompany
transaction (X has its own cost basis in the note). S will take the
intercompany gain into account under the matching rule or acceleration
rule based on subsequent events (e.g., B's sale of the land). See also
paragraph (g) of this section for additional rules applicable to B's
note as an intercompany obligation.
Example 4. Cancellation of debt and attribute reduction under
section 108(b). (a) Facts. S holds land for investment with a basis of
$0. On January 1 of Year 1, S sells the land to B for $100. B also holds
the land for investment. During Year 3, B is insolvent and B's nonmember
creditors discharge $60 of B's indebtedness. Because of insolvency, B's
$60 discharge is excluded from B's gross income under section 108(a),
and B reduces the basis of the land by $60 under sections 108(b) and
1017.
(b) Acceleration rule. As a result of B's basis reduction under
section 1017, $60 of S's intercompany gain will not be taken into
account under the matching rule (because there is only a $40 difference
between B's $40 basis in the land and the $0 basis the land would have
if S and B were divisions of a single corporation). Accordingly, S takes
$60 of its gain into account under the acceleration rule in Year 3. S's
gain is long-term capital gain, determined under paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of
this section as if B sold the land to an affiliated corporation that is
not a member of the group for $100 immediately before the basis
reduction.
(c) Purchase price adjustment. Assume instead that S sells the land
to B in exchange for B's $100 purchase money note, B remains solvent,
and S subsequently agrees to discharge $60 of the note as a purchase
price adjustment to which section 108(e)(5) applies. Under applicable
principles of tax law, $60 of S's gain and $60 of B's basis in the land
are eliminated and never taken into account. Similarly, the note is not
treated as satisfied and reissued under paragraph (g) of this section.
Example 5. Section 481. (a) Facts. S operates several trades or
businesses, including a manufacturing business. S receives permission to
change its method of accounting for valuing inventory for its
manufacturing business. S increases the basis of its ending inventory by
$100, and the related $100 positive section 481(a) adjustment is to be
taken into account ratably over six taxable years, beginning in Year 1.
During Year 3, S sells all of the assets used in its manufacturing
business to B at a gain. Immediately after the transfer, B does not use
the same inventory valuation method as S. On a separate entity basis,
S's sale results in an acceleration of the balance of the section 481(a)
adjustment to Year 3.
(b) Timing and attributes. Under paragraph (b)(2) of this section,
the balance of S's section 481(a) adjustment accelerated to Year 3 is
intercompany income. However, S's $100 basis increase before the
intercompany transaction eliminates the related difference for this
amount between B's corresponding items taken into account and the
recomputed corresponding items in subsequent periods. Because the
accelerated section 481(a) adjustment will not be taken into account in
determining the group's consolidated taxable income (and consolidated
tax liability) under the matching rule, the balance of S's section 481
adjustment is taken into account under the acceleration rule as ordinary
income at the time of the intercompany transaction. (If S's sale had not
resulted in accelerating S's section 481(a) adjustment on a separate
entity basis, S would have no intercompany income to be taken into
account under this section.)
(e) Simplifying rules--(1) Dollar-value LIFO inventory methods--(i)
In general. This paragraph (e)(1) applies if either S or B uses a
dollar-value LIFO inventory method to account for intercompany
transactions. Rather than applying the matching rule separately to each
intercompany inventory transaction, this paragraph (e)(1) provides
methods to apply an aggregate approach that is based on dollar-value
LIFO inventory accounting. Any method selected under this paragraph
(e)(1) must be applied consistently.
(ii) B uses dollar-value LIFO--(A) In general. If B uses a dollar-
value LIFO inventory method to account for its intercompany inventory
purchases, and includes all of its inventory costs incurred for a year
in its cost of goods sold for the year (that is, B has no inventory
increment for the year), S takes into account all of its intercompany
inventory items for the year. If B does not include all of its inventory
costs incurred for the year in its cost of goods sold for the year (that
is, B has an inventory increment for the year), S does not take all of
its intercompany inventory income or loss into account. The amount not
taken into account is determined under either the increment averaging
method of paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(B) of this section or the increment
valuation method of paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(C) of this section. Separate
computations are made for each pool of B that receives intercompany
purchases from S, and S's amount not taken into account is layered based
on B's LIFO inventory layers.
[[Page 334]]
(B) Increment averaging method. Under this paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(B),
the amount not taken into account is the amount of S's intercompany
inventory income or loss multiplied by the ratio of the LIFO value of
B's current-year costs of its layer of increment to B's total inventory
costs incurred for the year under its LIFO inventory method. If B
includes more than its inventory costs incurred during any subsequent
year in its cost of goods sold (a decrement), S takes into account the
intercompany inventory income or loss layers in the same manner and
proportion as B takes into account its inventory decrements.
(C) Increment valuation method. Under this paragraph (e)(1)(ii)(C),
the amount not taken into account is the amount of S's intercompany
inventory income or loss for the appropriate period multiplied by the
ratio of the LIFO value of B's current-year costs of its layer of
increment to B's total inventory costs incurred in the appropriate
period under its LIFO inventory method. The principles of paragraph
(e)(1)(ii)(B) of this section otherwise apply. The appropriate period is
the period of B's year used to determine its current-year costs.
(iii) S uses dollar-value LIFO. If S uses a dollar-value LIFO
inventory method to account for its intercompany inventory sales, S may
use any reasonable method of allocating its LIFO inventory costs to
intercompany transactions. LIFO inventory costs include costs of prior
layers if a decrement occurs. For example, a reasonable allocation of
the most recent costs incurred during the consolidated return year can
be used to compute S's intercompany inventory income or loss for the
year if S has an inventory increment and uses the earliest acquisitions
costs method, but S must apportion costs from the most recent
appropriate layers of increment if an inventory decrement occurs for the
year.
(iv) Other reasonable methods. S or B may use a method not
specifically provided in this paragraph (e)(1) that is expected to
reasonably take into account intercompany items and corresponding items
from intercompany inventory transactions. However, if the method used
results, for any year, in a cumulative amount of intercompany inventory
items not taken into account by S that significantly exceeds the
cumulative amount that would not be taken into account under paragraph
(e)(1)(ii) or (iii) of this section, S must take into account for that
year the amount necessary to eliminate the excess. The method is
thereafter applied with appropriate adjustments to reflect the amount
taken into account.
(v) Examples. The inventory rules of this paragraph (e)(1) are
illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Increment averaging method. (a) Facts. Both S and B use a
double-extension, dollar-value LIFO inventory method, and both value
inventory increments using the earliest acquisitions cost valuation
method. During Year 2, S sells 25 units of product Q to B on January 15
at $10/unit. S sells another 25 units on April 15, on July 15, and on
September 15, at $12/unit. S's earliest cost of product Q is $7.50/unit
and S's most recent cost of product Q is $8.00/unit. Both S and B have
an inventory increment for the year. B's total inventory costs incurred
during Year 2 are $6,000 and the LIFO value of B's Year 2 layer of
increment is $600.
(b) Intercompany inventory income. Under paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of
this section, S must use a reasonable method of allocating its LIFO
inventory costs to intercompany transactions. Because S has an inventory
increment for Year 2 and uses the earliest acquisitions cost method, a
reasonable method of determining its intercompany cost of goods sold for
product Q is to use its most recent costs. Thus, its intercompany cost
of goods sold is $800 ($8.00 most recent cost, multiplied by 100 units
sold to B), and its intercompany inventory income is $350 ($1,150 sales
proceeds from B minus $800 cost).
(c) Timing. (i) Under the increment averaging method of paragraph
(e)(1)(ii)(B) of this section, $35 of S's $350 of intercompany inventory
income is not taken into account in Year 2, computed as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18JY95.002
(ii) Thus, $315 of S's intercompany inventory income is taken into
account in Year 2
[[Page 335]]
($350 of total intercompany inventory income minus $35 not taken into
account).
(d) S incurs a decrement. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 1, except that in Year 2, S incurs a decrement equal to
50% of its Year 1 layer. Under paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section, S
must reasonably allocate the LIFO cost of the decrement to the cost of
goods sold to B to determine S's intercompany inventory income.
(e) B incurs a decrement. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 1, except that B incurs a decrement in Year 2. S must
take into account the entire $350 of Year 2 intercompany inventory
income because all 100 units of product Q are deemed sold by B in Year
2.
Example 2. Increment valuation method. (a) The facts are the same as
in Example 1. In addition, B's use of the earliest acquisition's cost
method of valuing its increments results in B valuing its year-end
inventory using costs incurred from January through March. B's costs
incurred during the year are: $1,428 in the period January through
March; $1,498 in the period April through June; $1,524 in the period
July through September; and $1,550 in the period October through
December. S's intercompany inventory income for these periods is: $50 in
the period January through March ((25x$10)-(25x$8)); $100 in the period
April through June ((25x$12)-(25x$8)); $100 in the period July through
September ((25x$12)-(25x$8)); and $100 in the period October through
December ((25x$12)-(25x$8)).
(b) Timing. (i) Under the increment valuation method of paragraph
(e)(1)(ii)(C) of this section, $21 of S's $350 of intercompany inventory
income is not taken into account in Year 2, computed as follows:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR18JY95.003
(ii) Thus, $329 of S's intercompany inventory income is taken into
account in Year 2 ($350 of total intercompany inventory income minus $21
not taken into account).
(c) B incurs a subsequent decrement. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 2. In addition, assume that in Year 3, B
experiences a decrement in its pool that receives intercompany purchases
from S. B's decrement equals 20% of the base-year costs for its Year 2
layer. The fact that B has incurred a decrement means that all of its
inventory costs incurred for Year 3 are included in cost of goods sold.
As a result, S takes into account its entire amount of intercompany
inventory income from its Year 3 sales. In addition, S takes into
account $4.20 of its Year 2 layer of intercompany inventory income not
already taken into account (20% of $21).
Example 3. Other reasonable inventory methods. (a) Facts. Both S and
B use a dollar-value LIFO inventory method for their inventory
transactions. During Year 1, S sells inventory to B and to X. Under
paragraph (e)(1)(iv) of this section, to compute its intercompany
inventory income and the amount of this income not taken into account, S
computes its intercompany inventory income using the transfer price of
the inventory items less a FIFO cost for the goods, takes into account
these items based on a FIFO cost flow assumption for B's corresponding
items, and the LIFO methods used by S and B are ignored for these
computations. These computations are comparable to the methods used by S
and B for financial reporting purposes, and the book methods and results
are used for tax purposes. S adjusts the amount of intercompany
inventory items not taken into account as required by section 263A.
(b) Reasonable method. The method used by S is a reasonable method
under paragraph (e)(1)(iv) of this section if the cumulative amount of
intercompany inventory items not taken into account by S is not
significantly greater than the cumulative amount that would not be taken
into account under the methods specifically described in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section. If, for any year, the method results in a
cumulative amount of intercompany inventory items not taken into account
by S that significantly exceeds the cumulative amount that would not be
[[Page 336]]
taken into account under the methods specifically provided, S must take
into account for that year the amount necessary to eliminate the excess.
The method is thereafter applied with appropriate adjustments to reflect
the amount taken into account (e.g., to prevent the amount from being
taken into account more than once).
(2) Reserve accounting--(i) Banks and thrifts. Except as provided in
paragraph (g)(4)(v) of this section (deferral of items from an
intercompany obligation), a member's addition to, or reduction of, a
reserve for bad debts that is maintained under section 585 is taken into
account on a separate entity basis. For example, if S makes a loan to a
nonmember and subsequently sells the loan to B, any deduction for an
addition to a bad debt reserve under section 585 and any recapture
income (or reduced bad debt deductions) are taken into account on a
separate entity basis rather than as intercompany items or corresponding
items taken into account under this section. Any gain or loss of S from
its sale of the loan to B is taken into account under this section,
however, to the extent it is not attributable to recapture of the
reserve.
(ii) Insurance companies--(A) Direct insurance. If a member provides
insurance to another member in an intercompany transaction, the
transaction is taken into account by both members on a separate entity
basis. For example, if one member provides life insurance coverage for
another member with respect to its employees, the premiums, reserve
increases and decreases, and death benefit payments are determined and
taken into account by both members on a separate entity basis rather
than taken into account under this section as intercompany items and
corresponding items.
(B) Reinsurance--(1) In general. Paragraph (e)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section does not apply to a reinsurance transaction that is an
intercompany transaction. For example, if a member assumes all or a
portion of the risk on an insurance contract written by another member,
the amounts transferred as reinsurance premiums, expense allowances,
benefit reimbursements, reimbursed policyholder dividends, experience
rating adjustments, and other similar items are taken into account under
the matching rule and the acceleration rule. For purposes of this
section, the assuming company is treated as B and the ceding company is
treated as S.
(2) Reserves determined on a separate entity basis. For purposes of
determining the amount of a member's increase or decrease in reserves,
the amount of any reserve item listed in section 807(c) or 832(b)(5)
resulting from a reinsurance transaction that is an intercompany
transaction is determined on a separate entity basis. But see section
845, under which the Commissioner may allocate between or among the
members any items, recharacterize any such items, or make any other
adjustments necessary to reflect the proper source and character of the
separate taxable income of a member.
(3) Consent to treat intercompany transactions on a separate entity
basis--(i) General rule. The common parent may request consent to take
into account on a separate entity basis items from intercompany
transactions other than intercompany transactions with respect to stock
or obligations of members. Consent may be granted for all items, or for
items from a class or classes of transactions. The consent is effective
only if granted in writing by the Internal Revenue Service. Unless
revoked with the written consent of the Internal Revenue Service, the
separate entity treatment applies to all affected intercompany
transactions in the consolidated return year for which consent is
granted and in all subsequent consolidated return years. Consent under
this paragraph (e)(3) does not apply for purposes of taking into account
losses and deductions deferred under section 267(f).
(ii) Time and manner for requesting consent. The request for consent
described in paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section must be made in the
form of a ruling request. The request must be signed by the common
parent, include any information required by the Internal Revenue
Service, and be filed on or before the due date of the consolidated
return (not including extensions of time) for the first consolidated
return year to which the consent is to apply. The Internal Revenue
Service may impose terms and conditions for granting
[[Page 337]]
consent. A copy of the consent must be attached to the group's
consolidated returns (or amended returns) as required by the terms of
the consent.
(iii) Effect of consent on methods of accounting. A consent for
separate entity accounting under this paragraph (e)(3), and a revocation
of that consent, may require changes in members' methods of accounting
for intercompany transactions. Because the consent, or a revocation of
the consent, is effective for all intercompany transactions occurring in
the consolidated return year for which the consent or revocation is
first effective, any change in method is effected on a cut-off basis.
Section 446(e) consent is granted for any changes in methods of
accounting for intercompany transactions that are necessary solely to
conform a member's methods to a binding consent with respect to the
group under this paragraph (e)(3) or the revocation of that consent,
provided the changes are made in the first consolidated return year for
which the consent or revocation under this paragraph (e)(3) is
effective. Therefore, section 446(e) consent must be separately
requested under applicable administrative procedures if a member has
failed to conform its practices to the separate entity accounting
provided under this paragraph (e)(3) or the revocation of that treatment
in the first consolidated return year for which the consent to use
separate entity accounting or revocation of that consent is effective.
(iv) Consent to treat intercompany transactions on a separate entity
basis under prior law. A group that has received consent that is in
effect as of the first day of the first consolidated return year
beginning on or after July 12, 1995 to treat certain intercompany
transactions as provided in Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(3) of the regulations (as
contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1995) will
be considered to have obtained the consent of the Commissioner to take
items from intercompany transactions into account on a separate entity
basis as provided in paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section. This treatment
is applicable only to the items, class or classes of transactions for
which consent was granted under prior law.
(f) Stock of members--(1) In general. In addition to the general
rules of this section, the rules of this paragraph (f) apply to stock of
members.
(2) Intercompany distributions to which section 301 applies--(i) In
general. This paragraph (f)(2) provides rules for intercompany
transactions to which section 301 applies (intercompany distributions).
For purposes of determining whether a distribution is an intercompany
distribution, it is treated as occurring under the principles of the
entitlement rule of paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of this section. A distribution
is not an intercompany distribution to the extent it is deducted by the
distributing member. See, for example, section 1382(c)(1).
(ii) Distributee member. An intercompany distribution is not
included in the gross income of the distributee member (B). However,
this exclusion applies to a distribution only to the extent there is a
corresponding negative adjustment reflected under Sec. 1.1502-32 in B's
basis in the stock of the distributing member (S). For example, no
amount is included in B's gross income under section 301(c)(3) from a
distribution in excess of the basis of the stock of a subsidiary that
results in an excess loss account under Sec. 1.1502-32(a) which is
treated as negative basis under Sec. 1.1502-19. B's dividend received
deduction under section 243(a)(3) is determined without regard to any
intercompany distributions under this paragraph (f)(2) to the extent
they are not included in gross income. See Sec. 1.1502-26(b)
(applicability of the dividends received deduction to distributions not
excluded from gross income, such as a distribution from the common
parent to a subsidiary owning stock of the common parent).
(iii) Distributing member. The principles of section 311(b) apply to
S's loss, as well as gain, from an intercompany distribution of
property. Thus, S's loss is taken into account under the matching rule
if the property is subsequently sold to a nonmember. However, section
311(a) continues to apply to distributions to nonmembers (for example,
loss is not recognized).
(iv) Entitlement rule--(A) In general. For all Federal income tax
purposes,
[[Page 338]]
an intercompany distribution is treated as taken into account when the
shareholding member becomes entitled to it (generally on the record
date). For example, if B becomes entitled to a cash distribution before
it is made, the distribution is treated as made when B becomes entitled
to it. For this purpose, B is treated as entitled to a distribution no
later than the time the distribution is taken into account under the
Internal Revenue Code (e.g., under section 305(c)). To the extent a
distribution is not made, appropriate adjustments must be made as of the
date it was taken into account.
(B) Nonmember shareholders. If nonmembers own stock of the
distributing corporation at the time the distribution is treated as
occurring under this paragraph (f)(2)(iv), appropriate adjustments must
be made to prevent the acceleration of the distribution to members from
affecting distributions to nonmembers.
(3) Boot in an intercompany reorganization--(i) Scope. This
paragraph (f)(3) provides additional rules for an intercompany
transaction in which the receipt of money or other property
(nonqualifying property) results in the application of section 356. For
example, the distribution of stock of a lower-tier member to a higher-
tier member in an intercompany transaction to which section 355 would
apply but for the receipt of nonqualifying property is a transaction to
which this paragraph (f)(3) applies. This paragraph (f)(3) does not
apply if a party to the transaction becomes a member or nonmember as
part of the same plan or arrangement. For example, if S merges into a
nonmember in a transaction described in section 368(a)(1)(A), this
paragraph (f)(3) does not apply.
(ii) Treatment. Nonqualifying property received as part of a
transaction described in this paragraph (f)(3) is treated as received by
the member shareholder in a separate transaction. See, for example,
sections 302 and 311 (rather than sections 356 and 361). The
nonqualifying property is treated as taken into account immediately
after the transaction if section 354 would apply but for the fact that
nonqualifying property is received. It is treated as taken into account
immediately before the transaction if section 355 would apply but for
the fact that nonqualifying property is received. The treatment under
this paragraph (f)(3)(ii) applies for all Federal income tax purposes.
(4) Acquisition by issuer of its own stock. If a member acquires its
own stock, or an option to buy or sell its own stock, in an intercompany
transaction, the member's basis in that stock or option is treated as
eliminated for all purposes. Accordingly, S's intercompany items from
the stock or options of B are taken into account under this section if B
acquires the stock or options in an intercompany transaction (unless,
for example, B acquires the stock in exchange for successor property
within the meaning of paragraph (j)(1) of this section in a
nonrecognition transaction). For example, if B redeems its stock from S
in a transaction to which section 302(a) applies, S's gain from the
transaction is taken into account immediately under the acceleration
rule.
(5) Certain liquidations and distributions--(i) Netting allowed. S's
intercompany item from a transfer to B of the stock of another
corporation (T) is taken into account under this section in certain
circumstances even though the T stock is never held by a nonmember after
the intercompany transaction. For example, if S sells all of T's stock
to B at a gain, and T subsequently liquidates into B in a separate
transaction to which section 332 applies, S's gain is taken into account
under the matching rule. Under paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section, S's
intercompany gain taken into account as a result of a liquidation under
section 332 or a comparable nonrecognition transaction is not
redetermined to be excluded from gross income. Under this paragraph
(f)(5)(i), if S has both intercompany income or gain and intercompany
deduction or loss attributable to stock of the same corporation having
the same material terms, only the income or gain in excess of the
deduction or loss is subject to paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section.
This paragraph (f)(5)(i) applies only to a transaction in which B's
basis in its T stock is permanently eliminated in a liquidation under
section 332 or any comparable
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nonrecognition transaction, including--
(A) A merger of B into T under section 368(a);
(B) A distribution by B of its T stock in a transaction described in
section 355; or
(C) A deemed liquidation of T resulting from an election under
section 338(h)(10).
(ii) Elective relief--(A) In general. If an election is made
pursuant to this paragraph (f)(5)(ii), certain transactions are
recharacterized to prevent S's items from being taken into account or to
provide offsets to those items. This paragraph (f)(5)(ii) applies only
if T is a member throughout the period beginning with S's transfer and
ending with the completion of the nonrecognition transaction.
(B)(1) [Reserved] For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-
13T(f)(5)(ii)(B)(1).
(2) [Reserved] For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-
13T(f)(5)(ii)(B)(2).
(C) Section 338(h)(10)--(1) In general. This paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(C)
applies to a deemed liquidation of T under section 332 as the result of
an election under section 338(h)(10). This paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(C) does
not apply if paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(B) of this section is applied to the
deemed liquidation. Under this paragraph, B is treated with respect to
each share of its T stock as recognizing as a corresponding item any
loss or deduction it would recognize (determined after adjusting stock
basis under Sec. 1.1502-32) if section 331 applied to the deemed
liquidation. For all other Federal income tax purposes, the deemed
liquidation remains subject to section 332.
(2) Limitation on amount of loss. The amount of B's loss or
deduction under this paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(C) is limited as follows--
(i) The aggregate amount of loss recognized with respect to T stock
cannot exceed the amount of S's intercompany income or gain that is in
excess of S's intercompany deduction or loss with respect to shares of T
stock having the same material terms as the shares giving rise to S's
intercompany income or gain; and
(ii) The aggregate amount of loss recognized under this paragraph
(f)(5)(ii)(C) from T's deemed liquidation cannot exceed the net amount
of deduction or loss (if any) that would be taken into account from the
deemed liquidation if section 331 applied with respect to all T shares.
(3) Asset sale, etc. The principles of this paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(C)
apply, with appropriate adjustments, if T transfers all of its assets to
a nonmember and completely liquidates in a transaction comparable to the
section 338(h)(10) transaction described in paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(C)(1)
of this section. For example, if S sells all of T's stock to B at a gain
followed by T's merger into a nonmember in exchange for a cash payment
to B in a transaction treated for Federal income tax purposes as T's
sale of its assets to the nonmember and complete liquidation, the merger
is ordinarily treated as a comparable transaction.
(D) Section 355. If B distributes the T stock in an intercompany
transaction to which section 355 applies (including an intercompany
transaction to which 355 applies because of the application of paragraph
(f)(3) of this section), the redetermination of the basis of the T stock
under section 358 could cause S's gain or loss to be taken into account
under this section. This paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(D) applies to treat B's
distribution as subject to sections 301 and 311 (as modified by this
paragraph (f)), rather than section 355. The election will prevent S's
gain or loss from being taken into account immediately to the extent
matching remains possible, but B's gain or loss from the distribution
will also be taken into account under this section.
(E) Election. An election to apply paragraph (f)(5)(ii) of this
section is made in a separate statement entitled, ``[INSERT NAME AND
EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER OF COMMON PARENT] HEREBY ELECTS THE
APPLICATION OF Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(5)(ii) FOR AN INTERCOMPANY TRANSACTION
INVOLVING [INSERT NAME AND EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER OF S] AND
[INSERT NAME AND EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER OF T].'' A separate
election must be made for each such application. The election must be
filed by including the statement on or with the consolidated group's
income tax return
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for the year of T's liquidation (or other transaction). The Commissioner
may impose reasonable terms and conditions to the application of
paragraph (f)(5)(ii) of this section that are consistent with the
purposes of such section. The statement must--
(1) Identify S's intercompany transaction and T's liquidation (or
other transaction); and
(2) Specify which provision of paragraph (f)(5)(ii) of this section
applies and how it alters the otherwise applicable results under this
section (including, for example, the amount of S's intercompany items
and the amount deferred or offset as a result of paragraph (f)(5)(ii) of
this section).
(6) Stock of common parent. In addition to the general rules of this
section, this paragraph (f)(6) applies to parent stock (P stock) and
positions in P stock held or entered into by another member. For this
purpose, P stock is any stock of the common parent held (directly or
indirectly) by another member or any stock of a member (the issuer) that
was the common parent if the stock was held (directly or indirectly) by
another member while the issuer was the common parent.
(i) Loss stock--(A) Recognized loss. Any loss recognized, directly
or indirectly, by a member with respect to P stock is permanently
disallowed and does not reduce earnings and profits. See Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(3)(iii)(A) for a corresponding reduction in the basis of the
member's stock.
(B) Other cases. If a member, M, owns P stock, the stock is
subsequently owned by a nonmember, and, immediately before the stock is
owned by the nonmember, M's basis in the share exceeds its fair market
value, then, to the extent paragraph (f)(6)(i)(A) of this section does
not apply, M's basis in the share is reduced to the share's fair market
value immediately before the share is held by the nonmember. For
example, if M owns shares of P stock with a $100x basis and M becomes a
nonmember at a time when the P shares have a value of $60x, M's basis in
the P shares is reduced to $60x immediately before M becomes a
nonmember. Similarly, if M contributes the P stock to a nonmember in a
transaction subject to section 351, M's basis in the shares is reduced
to $60x immediately before the contribution. See Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(3)(iii)(B) for a corresponding reduction in the basis of M's
stock.
(C) Waiver of built-in loss on P stock--(1) In general. If a
nonmember that owns P stock with a basis in excess of its fair market
value becomes a member of the P consolidated group in a qualifying cost
basis transaction, the group may make an irrevocable election to reduce
the basis of the P stock to its fair market value immediately before the
nonmember becomes a member of the P group. If the nonmember was a member
of another consolidated group immediately before becoming a member of
the P group, the reduction in basis is treated as occurring immediately
after it ceases to be a member of the prior group. A qualifying cost
basis transaction is the purchase (i.e., a transaction in which basis is
determined under section 1012) by members of the P consolidated group
(while they are members) in a 12-month period of an amount of the
nonmember's stock satisfying the requirements of section 1504(a)(2).
(2) Election. The election described in paragraph (f)(6)(i)(C)(1) of
this section must be made in a separate statement entitled, ``ELECTION
TO REDUCE BASIS OF P STOCK UNDER Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(6) HELD BY [INSERT
NAME AND EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER OF MEMBER WHOSE BASIS IN P STOCK
IS REDUCED].'' The election must be filed by including the statement on
or with the consolidated group's income tax return for the year in which
the nonmember becomes a member. The statement must identify the member's
basis in the P stock (taking into account the effect of this election)
and the number of shares of P stock held by the member.
(ii) Gain stock. For dispositions of P stock occurring before May
16, 2000, see Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(6)(ii) as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in
effect on April 1, 2000. For dispositions of P stock occurring on or
after May 16, 2000, see Sec. 1.1032-3.
(iii) Mark-to-market of P stock. Paragraphs (f)(6)(i) and (ii) of
this section shall not apply to any gain or loss from a share of P stock
held by a member, M, if--
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(A) M regularly trades in P stock (of the same class) with customers
in the ordinary course of its business as a dealer;
(B) The gain or loss on the share is taken into account by M
pursuant to section 475(a);
(C) M's basis in the share is not adjusted by reference to the basis
of any other property or by reference to income, gain, deduction, or
loss from other property; and
(D) Neither M nor any other member of the group has structured or
engaged in any transaction while a member (or in anticipation of
becoming a member), during the taxable year or in any year within the
preceding five taxable years that is open for assessment under section
6501, with a principal purpose of avoiding gain or creating loss on P
stock subject to section 475(a).
(iv) Options, warrants, and other positions--(A) In general. This
paragraph (f)(6) applies with appropriate adjustments to positions in P
stock to the extent that P's gain or loss from an equivalent position
would not be recognized under section 1032. Thus, if M purchases an
option to buy or sell P stock and sells the option at a loss, the loss
is permanently disallowed under paragraph (f)(6)(i)(A) of this section.
Similarly, if M is the grantor of such an option and becomes a
nonmember, then the principles of paragraph (f)(6)(i)(B) of this section
apply to the extent that M would recognize loss from cash settlement of
the option at its fair market value immediately before M becomes a
nonmember, and proper adjustments must be made in the amount of any gain
or loss subsequently realized from the position by M. If P grants M an
option to acquire P stock in a transaction meeting the requirements of
Sec. 1.1032-3, M is treated as having purchased the option from P for
fair market value with cash contributed to M by P.
(B) Mark-to-market of positions in P stock. For purposes of
paragraph (f)(6)(iii) of this section, gain or loss with respect to a
position taken into account under section 1256(a) is treated as taken
into account under section 475(a) to the extent that the gain or loss
would be taken into account under the principles of section 475.
(v) Effective date. This paragraph (f)(6) applies to gain or loss
taken into account on or after July 12, 1995, and to transactions
occurring on or after July 12, 1995. For example, if S sells P stock to
B at a loss prior to July 12, 1995, and B sells the P stock to a
nonmember after July 12, 1995, S's loss is disallowed because it is
taken into account after July 12, 1995. If a taxpayer takes a gain or
loss into account or engages in a transaction on or after July 12, 1995,
during a tax year ending prior to December 31, 1995, the taxpayer may
treat the gain or loss or the transaction under the rules published in
1995-32 I.R.B. 47, instead of under the rules of this paragraph (f)(6).
(7) Examples--(i) In general.The application of this section to
intercompany transactions with respect to stock of members is
illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Dividend exclusion and property distribution. (a) Facts.
S owns land with a $70 basis and $100 value. On January 1 of Year 1, P's
basis in S's stock is $100. During Year 1, S declares and makes a
dividend distribution of the land to P. Under section 311(b), S has a
$30 gain. Under section 301(d), P's basis in the land is $100. On July 1
of Year 3, P sells the land to X for $110.
(b) Dividend elimination and stock basis adjustments. Under
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, S's distribution to P is an
intercompany distribution. Under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section,
P's $100 of dividend income is not included in gross income. Under Sec.
1.1502-32, P's basis in S's stock is reduced from $100 to $0 in Year 1.
(c) Matching rule and stock basis adjustments. Under the matching
rule (treating P as the buying member and S as the selling member), S
takes its $30 gain into account in Year 3 to reflect the $30 difference
between P's $10 gain taken into account and the $40 recomputed gain.
Under Sec. 1.1502-32, P's basis in S's stock is increased from $0 to
$30 in Year 3.
(d) Loss property. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 1, except that S has a $130 (rather than $70) basis in the
land. Under paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section, the principles of
section 311(b) apply to S's loss from the intercompany distribution.
Thus, S has a $30 loss that is taken into account under the matching
rule in Year 3 to reflect the $30 difference between P's $10 gain taken
into account and the $20 recomputed loss. (The results are the same
under section 267(f).) Under Sec. 1.1502-32, P's basis in S's stock is
reduced from $100 to $0 in Year 1, and from $0 to a $30 excess loss
account in Year 3. (If
[[Page 342]]
P had distributed the land to its shareholders, rather than selling the
land to X, P would take its $10 gain under section 311(b) into account,
and S would take its $30 loss into account under the matching rule with
$10 offset by P's gain and $20 recharacterized as a noncapital,
nondeductible amount.)
(e) Entitlement rule. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 1, except that, after P becomes entitled to the
distribution but before the distribution is made, S issues additional
stock to the public and becomes a nonmember. Under paragraph (f)(2)(i)
of this section, the determination of whether a distribution is an
intercompany distribution is made under the entitlement rule of
paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of this section. Treating S's distribution as made
when P becomes entitled to it results in the distribution being an
intercompany distribution. Under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section,
the distribution is not included in P's gross income. S's $30 gain from
the distribution is intercompany gain that is taken into account under
the acceleration rule immediately before S becomes a nonmember. Thus,
there is a net $70 decrease in P's basis in its S stock under Sec.
1.1502-32 ($100 decrease for the distribution and a $30 increase for S's
$30 gain). Under paragraph (f)(2)(iv) of this section, P does not take
the distribution into account again under separate return rules when
received, and P is not entitled to a dividends received deduction.
Example 2. Excess loss accounts. (a) Facts. S owns all of T's only
class of stock with a $10 basis and $100 value. S has substantial
earnings and profits, and T has $10 of earnings and profits. On January
1 of Year 1, S declares and distributes a dividend of all of the T stock
to P. Under section 311(b), S has a $90 gain. Under section 301(d), P's
basis in the T stock is $100. During Year 3, T borrows $90 and declares
and makes a $90 distribution to P to which section 301 applies, and P's
basis in the T stock is reduced under Sec. 1.1502-32 from $100 to $10.
During Year 6, T has $5 of earnings that increase P's basis in the T
stock under Sec. 1.1502-32 from $10 to $15. On December 1 of Year 9, T
issues additional stock to X and, as a result, T becomes a nonmember.
(b) Dividend exclusion. Under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section,
P's $100 of dividend income from S's distribution of the T stock, and
its $10 of dividend income from T's $90 distribution, are not included
in gross income.
(c) Matching and acceleration rules. Under Sec. 1.1502-19(b)(1),
when T becomes a nonmember P must include in income the amount of its
excess loss account (if any) in T stock. P has no excess loss account in
the T stock. Therefore P's corresponding item from the deconsolidation
of T is $0. Treating S and P as divisions of a single corporation, the T
stock would continue to have a $10 basis after the distribution, and the
adjustments under Sec. 1.1502-32 for T's $90 distribution and $5 of
earnings would result in a $75 excess loss account. Thus, the recomputed
corresponding item from the deconsolidation is $75. Under the matching
rule, S takes $75 of its $90 gain into account in Year 9 as a result of
T becoming a nonmember, to reflect the difference between P's $0 gain
taken into account and the $75 recomputed gain. S's remaining $15 of
gain is taken into account under the matching and acceleration rules
based on subsequent events (for example, under the matching rule if P
subsequently sells its T stock, or under the acceleration rule if S
becomes a nonmember).
(d) Reverse sequence. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 2, except that T borrows $90 and makes its $90 distribution
to S before S distributes T's stock to P. Under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of
this section, T's $90 distribution to S ($10 of which is a dividend) is
not included in S's gross income. The corresponding negative adjustment
under Sec. 1.1502-32 reduces S's basis in the T stock from $10 to an
$80 excess loss account. Under section 311(b), S has a $90 gain from the
distribution of T stock to P. Under section 301(d) P's initial basis in
the T stock is $10 (the stock's fair market value), and the basis
increases to $15 under Sec. 1.1502-32 as a result of T's earnings in
Year 6. The timing and attributes of S's gain are determined in the
manner provided in paragraph (c) of this Example 2. Thus, $75 of S's
gain is taken into account under the matching rule in Year 9 as a result
of T becoming a nonmember, and the remaining $15 is taken into account
under the matching and acceleration rules based on subsequent events.
(e) Partial stock sale. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 2, except that P sells 10% of T's stock to X on December
1 of Year 9 for $1.50 (rather than T's issuing additional stock and
becoming a nonmember). Under the matching rule, S takes $9 of its gain
into account to reflect the difference between P's $0 gain taken into
account ($1.50 sale proceeds minus $1.50 basis) and the $9 recomputed
gain ($1.50 sale proceeds plus $7.50 excess loss account).
(f) Loss, rather than cash distribution. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (a) of this Example 2, except that T retains the loan
proceeds and incurs a $90 loss in Year 3 that is absorbed by the group.
The timing and attributes of S's gain are determined in the same manner
provided in paragraph (c) of this Example 2. Under Sec. 1.1502-32, the
loss in Year 3 reduces P's basis in the T stock from $100 to $10, and
T's $5 of earnings in Year 6 increase the basis to $15. Thus, $75 of S's
gain is taken into account under the matching rule in Year 9 as a result
of T becoming a nonmember, and the remaining $15 is taken into account
under the matching and acceleration rules based on subsequent events.
[[Page 343]]
(The timing and attributes of S's gain would be determined in the same
manner provided in paragraph (d) of this Example 2 if T incurred the $90
loss before S's distribution of the T stock to P.)
(g) Stock sale, rather than stock distribution. The facts are the
same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 2, except that S sells the T
stock to P for $100 (rather than distributing the stock). The timing and
attributes of S's gain are determined in the same manner provided in
paragraph (c) of this Example 2. Thus, $75 of S's gain is taken into
account under the matching rule in Year 9 as a result of T becoming a
nonmember, and the remaining $15 is taken into account under the
matching and acceleration rules based on subsequent events.
Example 3. Intercompany reorganization. (a) Facts. P forms S and B
by contributing $200 to the capital of each. During Years 1 through 4, S
and B each earn $50, and under Sec. 1.1502-32 P adjusts its basis in
the stock of each to $250. (See Sec. 1.1502-33 for adjustments to
earnings and profits.) On January 1 of Year 5, the fair market value of
S's assets and its stock is $500, and S merges into B in a tax-free
reorganization. Pursuant to the plan of reorganization, P receives B
stock with a fair market value of $350 and $150 of cash.
(b) Treatment as a section 301 distribution. The merger of S into B
is a transaction to which paragraph (f)(3) of this section applies. P is
treated as receiving additional B stock with a fair market value of $500
and, under section 358, a basis of $250. Immediately after the merger,
$150 of the stock received is treated as redeemed, and the redemption is
treated under section 302(d) as a distribution to which section 301
applies. Because the $150 distribution is treated as not received as
part of the merger, section 356 does not apply and no basis adjustments
are required under section 358(a)(1)(A) and (B). Because B is treated
under section 381(c)(2) as receiving S's earnings and profits and the
redemption is treated as occurring after the merger, $100 of the
distribution is treated as a dividend under section 301 and P's basis in
the B stock is reduced correspondingly under Sec. 1.1502-32. The
remaining $50 of the distribution reduces P's basis in the B stock.
Section 301(c)(2) and Sec. 1.1502-32. Under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of
this section, P's $100 of dividend income is not included in gross
income. Under Sec. 1.302-2(c), proper adjustments are made to P's basis
in its B stock to reflect its basis in the B stock redeemed, with the
result that P's basis in the B stock is reduced by the entire $150
distribution.
(c) Depreciated property. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 3, except that property of S with a $200 basis and $150
fair market value is distributed to P (rather than cash of B). As in
paragraph (b) of this Example 3, P is treated as receiving additional B
stock in the merger and a $150 distribution to which section 301 applies
immediately after the merger. Under paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this
section, the principles of section 311(b) apply to B's $50 loss and the
loss is taken into account under the matching and acceleration rules
based on subsequent events (e.g., under the matching rule if P
subsequently sells the property, or under the acceleration rule if B
becomes a nonmember). The results are the same under section 267(f).
(d) Divisive transaction. Assume instead that, pursuant to a plan, S
distributes the stock of a lower-tier subsidiary in a spin-off
transaction to which section 355 applies together with $150 of cash. The
distribution of stock is a transaction to which paragraph (f)(3) of this
section applies. P is treated as receiving the $150 of cash immediately
before the section 355 distribution, as a distribution to which section
301 applies. Section 356(b) does not apply and no basis adjustments are
required under section 358(a)(1) (A) and (B). Because the $150
distribution is treated as made before the section 355 distribution, the
distribution reduces P's basis in the S stock under Sec. 1.1502-32, and
the basis allocated under section 358(c) between the S stock and the
lower-tier subsidiary stock received reflects this basis reduction.
Example 4. All cash intercompany reorganization under section
368(a)(1)(D). (a) Facts. P owns all of the stock of M and B. M owns all
of the stock of S with a basis of $25. On January 1 of Year 2, the fair
market value of S's assets and its stock is $100, and S sells all of its
assets to B for $100 cash and liquidates. The transaction qualifies as a
reorganization described in section 368(a)(1)(D). Pursuant to Sec.
1.368-2(l), B will be deemed to issue a nominal share of B stock to S in
addition to the $100 of cash actually exchanged for the S assets, and S
will be deemed to distribute all of the consideration to M. M will be
deemed to distribute the nominal share of B stock to P.
(b) Treatment as a section 301 distribution. The sale of S's assets
to B is a transaction to which paragraph (f)(3) of this section applies.
In addition to the nominal share issued by B to S under Sec. 1.368-
2(l), S is treated as receiving additional B stock with a fair market
value of $100 (in lieu of the $100) and, under section 358, a basis of
$25 which S distributes to M in liquidation. Immediately after the sale,
the B stock (with the exception of the nominal share which is still held
by M) received by M is treated as redeemed for $100, and the redemption
is treated under section 302(d) as a distribution to which section 301
applies. M's basis of $25 in the B stock is reduced under Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(3)(v), resulting in an excess loss account of $75 in the nominal
share. (See Sec. 1.302-2(c)). M's deemed distribution of the nominal
share of B stock to P under Sec. 1.368-2(l) will result in M generating
an intercompany gain under section 311(b) of
[[Page 344]]
$75, to be subsequently taken into account under the matching and
acceleration rules.
Example 5. Stock redemptions and distributions. (a)Facts. Before
becoming a member of the P group, S owns P stock with a $30 basis. On
January 1 of Year 1, P buys all of S's stock. On July 1 of Year 3, P
redeems the P stock held by S for $100 in a transaction to which section
302(a) applies.
(b) Gain under section 302. Under paragraph (f)(4) of this section,
P's basis in the P stock acquired from S is treated as eliminated. As a
result of this elimination, S's intercompany item will never be taken
into account under the matching rule because P's basis in the stock does
not reflect S's intercompany item. Therefore, S's $70 gain is taken into
account under the acceleration rule in Year 3. The attributes of S's
item are determined under paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section by
applying the matching rule as if P had sold the stock to an affiliated
corporation that is not a member of the group at no gain or loss.
Although P's corresponding item from a sale of its stock would have been
excluded from gross income under section 1032, paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of
this section prevents S's gain from being treated as excluded from gross
income; instead S's gain is capital gain.
(c) Gain under section 311. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(a) of this Example 4, except that S distributes the P stock to P in a
transaction to which section 301 applies (rather than the stock being
redeemed), and S has a $70 gain under section 311(b). The timing and
attributes of S's gain are determined in the manner provided in
paragraph (b) of this Example 4.
(d) Loss stock. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this
Example 4, except that S has a $130 (rather than $30) basis in the P
stock and has a $30 loss under section 302(a). The limitation under
paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section does not apply to intercompany
losses. Thus, S's loss is taken into account in Year 3 as a noncapital,
nondeductible amount.
Example 6. Intercompany stock sale followed by section 332
liquidation. (a) Facts. S owns all of the stock of T, with a $70 basis
and $100 value, and T's assets have a $10 basis and $100 value. On
January 1 of Year 1, S sells all of T's stock to B for $100. On July 1
of Year 3, when T's assets are still worth $100, T distributes all of
its assets to B in an unrelated complete liquidation to which section
332 applies.
(b) Timing and attributes. Under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this
section, B's unrecognized gain or loss under section 332 is a
corresponding item for purposes of applying the matching rule. In Year 3
when T liquidates, B has $0 of unrecognized gain or loss under section
332 because B has a $100 basis in the T stock and receives a $100
distribution with respect to its T stock. Treating S and B as divisions
of a single corporation, the recomputed corresponding item would have
been $30 of unrecognized gain under section 332 because B would have
succeeded to S's $70 basis in the T stock. Thus, under the matching
rule, S's $30 intercompany gain is taken into account in Year 3 as a
result of T's liquidation. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section,
the attributes of S's gain and B's corresponding item are redetermined
as if S and B were divisions of a single corporation. Although S's gain
ordinarily would be redetermined to be treated as excluded from gross
income to reflect the nonrecognition of B's gain under section 332, S's
gain remains capital gain because B's unrecognized gain under section
332 is not permanently and explicitly disallowed under the Code. See
paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section. However, relief may be elected
under paragraph (f)(5)(ii) of this section.
(c) Intercompany sale at a loss. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 5, except that S has a $130 (rather than
$70) basis in the T stock. The limitation under paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of
this section does not apply to intercompany losses. Thus, S's
intercompany loss is taken into account in Year 3 as a noncapital,
nondeductible amount. However, relief may be elected under paragraph
(f)(5)(ii) of this section.
Example 7. Intercompany stock sale followed by section 355
distribution. (a) Facts. S owns all of the stock of T with a $70 basis
and a $100 value. On January 1 of Year 1, S sells all of T's stock to M
for $100. On June 1 of Year 6, M distributes all of its T stock to its
nonmember shareholders in a transaction to which section 355 applies. At
the time of the distribution, M has a basis in T stock of $100 and T has
a value of $150.
(b) Timing and attributes. Under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this
section, M's $50 gain not recognized on the distribution under section
355 is a corresponding item. Treating S and M as divisions of a single
corporation, the recomputed corresponding item would be $80 of
unrecognized gain under section 355 because M would have succeeded to
S's $70 basis in the T stock. Thus, under the matching rule, S's $30
intercompany gain is taken into account in Year 6 as a result of the
distribution. Under paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section, the attributes
of S's intercompany item and M's corresponding item are redetermined to
produce the same effect on consolidated taxable income as if S and M
were divisions of a single corporation. Although S's gain ordinarily
would be redetermined to be treated as excluded from gross income to
reflect the nonrecognition of M's gain under section 355(c), S's gain
remains capital gain because M's unrecognized gain under section 355(c)
is not permanently and explicitly disallowed under the Code. See
paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section. Because M's distribution of the T
stock is not an intercompany transaction,
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relief is not available under paragraph (f)(5)(ii) of this section.
(c) Section 355 distribution within the group. The facts are the
same as under paragraph (a) of this Example 6, except that M distributes
the T stock to B (another member of the group), and B takes a $75 basis
in the T stock under section 358. Under paragraph (j)(2) of this
section, B is a successor to M for purposes of taking S's intercompany
gain into account, and therefore both M and B might have corresponding
items with respect to S's intercompany gain. To the extent it is
possible, matching with respect to B's corresponding items produces the
result most consistent with treating S, M, and B as divisions of a
single corporation. See paragraphs (j)(3) and (j)(4) of this section.
However, because there is only $5 difference between B's $75 basis in
the T stock and the $70 basis the stock would have if S, M, and B were
divisions of a single corporation, only $5 can be taken into account
under the matching rule with respect to B's corresponding items. (This
$5 is taken into account with respect to B's corresponding items based
on subsequent events.) The remaining $25 of S's $30 intercompany gain is
taken into account in Year 6 under the matching rule with respect to M's
corresponding item from its distribution of the T stock. The attributes
of S's remaining $25 of gain are determined in the same manner as in
paragraph (b) of this Example 6.
(d) Relief elected. The facts are the same as in paragraph (c) of
this Example 6 except that P elects relief pursuant to paragraph
(f)(5)(ii)(D) of this section. As a result of the election, M's
distribution of the T stock is treated as subject to sections 301 and
311 instead of section 355. Accordingly, M recognizes $50 of
intercompany gain from the distribution, B takes a basis in the stock
equal to its fair market value of $150, and S and M take their
intercompany gains into account with respect to B's corresponding items
based on subsequent events. (None of S's gain is taken into account in
Year 6 as a result of M's distribution of the T stock.)
Example 8. [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-
13T(f)(7)(i) Example 7.
Example 9. [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-
13T(f)(7)(i) Example 8.
(ii) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-
13T(f)(7)(ii).
(g) Obligations of members--(1) In general. In addition to the
general rules of this section, the rules of this paragraph (g) apply to
intercompany obligations.
(2) Definitions. For purposes of this section, the following
definitions apply--
(i) Obligation of a member is a debt or security of a member.
(A) Debt of a member is any obligation of the member constituting
indebtedness under general principles of Federal income tax law (for
example, under nonstatutory authorities, or under section 108, section
163, or Sec. 1.1275-1(d)), but not an executory obligation to purchase
or provide goods or services.
(B) Security of a member is any security of the member described in
section 475(c)(2)(D) or (E), and any commodity of the member described
in section 475(e)(2)(A), (B), or (C), but not if the security or
commodity is a position with respect to the member's stock. See
paragraphs (f)(4) and (f)(6) of this section for special rules
applicable to positions with respect to a member's stock.
(ii) Intercompany obligation is an obligation between members, but
only for the period during which both parties are members.
(iii) Intercompany obligation subgroup is comprised of two or more
members that include the creditor and debtor on an intercompany
obligation if the creditor and debtor bear the relationship described in
section 1504(a)(1) to each other through an intercompany obligation
subgroup parent.
(iv) Intercompany obligation subgroup parent is the corporation
(including either the creditor or debtor) that bears the same
relationship to the other members of the intercompany obligation
subgroup as a common parent bears to the members of a consolidated
group. Any reference to an intercompany obligation subgroup parent
includes, as the context may require, a reference to a predecessor or
successor. For this purpose, a predecessor is a transferor of assets to
a transferee (the successor) in a transaction to which section 381(a)
applies.
(v) Tax benefit is the benefit of, for Federal tax purposes, a net
reduction in income or gain, or a net increase in loss, deduction,
credit, or allowance. A tax benefit includes, but is not limited to, the
use of a built-in item or items from an intercompany obligation to
reduce gain or increase loss on the sale of member stock, or to create
or absorb a tax attribute of a member or subgroup.
(vi) Eighty-percent chain is a chain of two or more corporations in
which
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stock meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2) of each lower-tier
member is held directly by a higher-tier member of such chain.
(3) Deemed satisfaction and reissuance of intercompany obligations
in triggering transactions--(i) Scope--(A) Triggering transactions. For
purposes of this paragraph (g)(3), a triggering transaction includes the
following:
(1) Assignment and extinguishment transactions. Any intercompany
transaction in which a member realizes an amount, directly or
indirectly, from the assignment or extinguishment of all or part of its
remaining rights or obligations under an intercompany obligation or any
comparable transaction in which a member realizes any such amount,
directly or indirectly, from an intercompany obligation (for example, a
mark to fair market value of an obligation or a bad debt deduction).
However, a reduction of the basis of an intercompany obligation pursuant
to Sec. 1.1502-36(d) (attribute reduction to prevent duplication of
loss), or pursuant to sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 (basis
reductions upon the exclusion from gross income of discharge of
indebtedness) or any other provision that adjusts the basis of an
intercompany obligation as a substitute for income, gain, deduction, or
loss, is not a comparable transaction.
(2) Outbound transactions. Any transaction in which an intercompany
obligation becomes an obligation that is not an intercompany obligation.
(B) Exceptions. Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3)(i)(C) of this
section, a transaction is not a triggering transaction as described in
paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A) of this section if any of the exceptions in this
paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B) apply. In making this determination, if a
creditor or debtor realizes an amount in a transaction in which a
creditor assigns all or part of its rights under an intercompany
obligation to the debtor, or a debtor assigns all or part of its
obligations under an intercompany obligation to the creditor, the
transaction will be treated as an extinguishment and will be excepted
from the definition of ``triggering transaction'' only if either of the
exceptions in paragraphs (g)(3)(i)(B)(5) or (6) of this section apply.
The exceptions are as follows.
(1) Intercompany section 361, 332, or 351 exchange. The transaction
is an intercompany exchange to which section 361(a), sections 332 and
337(a), or (except as provided in the following sentence) section 351
applies in which no amount of income, gain, deduction or loss is
recognized by the creditor or debtor. The assignment of an intercompany
obligation by a creditor member in an intercompany exchange to which
section 351 applies is a triggering transaction, notwithstanding the
preceding sentence, if a member of the group is described in, or engages
in a transaction that is described in, any of the following paragraphs.
(i) The transferor or transferee member has a loss subject to a
limitation (for example, a loss from a separate return limitation year
that is subject to limitation under Sec. 1.1502-21(c), or a dual
consolidated loss that is subject to limitation under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4), but only if the other member is not subject to a comparable
limitation;
(ii) The transferor or transferee member has a special status within
the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(5) (for example, a bank defined in
section 581, or a life insurance company subject to tax under section
801) that the other member does not also possess;
(iii) A member of the group realizes discharge of indebtedness
income that is excluded from gross income under section 108(a) within
the same taxable year as that of the exchange, and the tax attributes
attributable to either the transferor or the transferee member are
reduced under sections 108, 1017, and Sec. 1.1502-28 (except if the
attribute reduction results solely from the application of Sec. 1.1502-
28(a)(4) (reduction of certain tax attributes attributable to other
members));
(iv) The transferee member has a nonmember shareholder;
(v) The transferee member issues preferred stock to the transferor
member in exchange for the assignment of the intercompany obligation; or
(vi) The stock of the transferee member (or a higher-tier member
other than a higher-tier member of an 80-percent chain that includes the
transferor and transferee) is disposed of within 12 months from the
assignment of the intercompany obligation, unless at the
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time of the assignment, the transferor member, transferee member (or in
the case of successive section 351 exchanges, each transferor and
transferee member) and the debtor member are all in the same 80-percent
chain; and all of the stock of the transferee (or in the case of
successive section 351 exchanges, the lowest-tier transferee) held by
members of the group is disposed of as part of the same plan or
arrangement, either directly or indirectly, to persons that are not
members of the group.
(2) Intercompany assumption transaction. All of the debtor's
obligations under an intercompany obligation are assumed in connection
with the debtor's sale or other disposition of property (other than
solely money) in an intercompany transaction in which gain or loss is
recognized under section 1001.
(3) Exception to the application of section 108(e)(4). The
obligation became an intercompany obligation by reason of an event
described in Sec. 1.108-2(e)(2) (exception to the application of
section 108(e)(4) in the case of acquisitions by securities dealers).
(4) Reserve accounting. The amount realized is from reserve
accounting under section 585 (see paragraph (g)(4)(v) of this section
for special rules).
(5) Intercompany extinguishment transaction. All or part of the
rights and obligations under the intercompany obligation are
extinguished in an intercompany transaction (other than an exchange or
deemed exchange of an intercompany obligation for a newly issued
intercompany obligation), the adjusted issue price of the obligation is
equal to the creditor's basis in the obligation, and the debtor's
corresponding item and the creditor's intercompany item (after taking
into account the special rules of paragraph (g)(4)(i)(C) of this
section) with respect to the obligation offset in amount.
(6) Routine modification of intercompany obligation. All of the
rights and obligations under the intercompany obligation are
extinguished in an intercompany transaction that is an exchange (or
deemed exchange) for a newly issued intercompany obligation, and the
issue price of the newly issued obligation equals both the adjusted
issue price of the extinguished obligation and the creditor's basis in
the extinguished obligation. Solely for purposes of the preceding
sentence, a newly issued intercompany obligation includes an obligation
that is issued (or deemed issued) by a member other than the original
debtor if such other member assumes the original debtor's obligations
under the original obligation in a transaction that is described in
either paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(1) or (g)(3)(i)(B)(2) of this section and
the assumption results in a significant modification of the original
obligation under Sec. 1.1001-3(e)(4) and a deemed exchange under Sec.
1.1001-3(b).
(7) Outbound distribution of newly issued intercompany obligation.
The intercompany obligation becomes an obligation that is not an
intercompany obligation in a transaction in which a member that is a
party to the reorganization exchanges property in pursuance of the plan
of reorganization for a newly issued intercompany obligation of another
member that is a party to the reorganization and distributes such
intercompany obligation to a nonmember shareholder or nonmember creditor
in a transaction to which section 361(c) applies.
(8) Outbound subgroup exception. The intercompany obligation becomes
an obligation that is not an intercompany obligation in a transaction in
which the members of an intercompany obligation subgroup cease to be
members of a consolidated group, neither the creditor nor the debtor
recognize any income, gain, deduction, or loss with respect to the
intercompany obligation, and such members constitute an intercompany
obligation subgroup of another consolidated group immediately after the
transaction.
(C) Tax benefit rule. If an assignment or extinguishment of an
intercompany obligation in an intercompany transaction is otherwise
excepted from the definition of triggering transaction under paragraph
(g)(3)(i)(B)(1), (2), (5), or (6) of this section (and not also under
paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(3) or (4) of this section), and the assignment or
extinguishment is engaged in with a view to shift items of built-in
gain, loss, income, or deduction from the obligation
[[Page 348]]
from one member to another member in order to secure a tax benefit (as
defined in paragraph (g)(2)(v) of this section) that the group or its
members would not otherwise enjoy in a consolidated or separate return
year, then the assignment or extinguishment will be a triggering
transaction to which paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section applies.
(ii) Application of deemed satisfaction and reissuance. This
paragraph (g)(3)(ii) applies if a triggering transaction occurs.
(A) General rule. If the intercompany obligation is debt of a
member, then (except as provided in the following sentence) the debt is
treated for all Federal income tax purposes as having been satisfied by
the debtor for cash in an amount equal to its fair market value, and
then as having been reissued as a new obligation (with a new holding
period but otherwise identical terms) for the same amount of cash,
immediately before the triggering transaction. However, if the creditor
realizes an amount with respect to the debt in the triggering
transaction that differs from the debt's fair market value, and the
triggering transaction is not an exchange (or deemed exchange) of debt
of a member for newly issued debt of a member, then the debt is treated
for all Federal income tax purposes as having been satisfied by the
debtor for cash in an amount equal to such amount realized, and reissued
as a new obligation (with a new holding period but otherwise identical
terms) for the same amount of cash, immediately before the triggering
transaction. If the triggering transaction is a mark to fair market
value under section 475, then the intercompany obligation will be deemed
satisfied and reissued for its fair market value (as determined under
section 475 and applicable regulations) and section 475 will not
otherwise apply with respect to that triggering transaction. If the
intercompany obligation is a security of a member, similar principles
apply (with appropriate adjustments) to treat the security as having
been satisfied and reissued immediately before the triggering
transaction.
(B) Treatment as separate transaction. The deemed satisfaction and
deemed reissuance are treated as transactions separate and apart from
the triggering transaction. The deemed satisfaction and reissuance of a
member's debt will not cause the debt to be recharacterized as other
than debt for Federal income tax purposes.
(4) Special rules--(i) Timing and attributes. For purposes of
applying the matching rule and the acceleration rule to a transaction
involving an intercompany obligation (other than a transaction to which
paragraph (g)(5) of this section applies)--
(A) Paragraph (c)(6)(i) of this section (treatment of intercompany
items if corresponding items are excluded or nondeductible) will not
apply to exclude any amount of income or gain attributable to a
reduction of the basis of the intercompany obligation pursuant to Sec.
1.1502-36(d), or pursuant to sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28
or any other provision that adjusts the basis of an intercompany
obligation as a substitute for income or gain;
(B) Paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section (limitation on treatment of
intercompany income or gain as excluded from gross income) does not
apply to prevent any intercompany income or gain from the intercompany
obligation from being excluded from gross income;
(C) Any income, gain, deduction, or loss from the intercompany
obligation is not subject to section 108(a), section 354, section
355(a)(1), section 1091, or, in the case of an extinguishment of an
intercompany obligation in a transaction in which the creditor transfers
the obligation to the debtor in exchange for stock in such debtor,
section 351(a); and
(D) Section 108(e)(7) does not apply upon the extinguishment of an
intercompany obligation.
(ii) Newly issued obligation in intercompany exchange. If an
intercompany obligation is exchanged (or is deemed exchanged) for a
newly issued intercompany obligation and the exchange (or deemed
exchange) is not a routine modification of an intercompany obligation
(as described in paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(6) of this section), then the
newly issued obligation will be treated for all Federal income tax
purposes as having an issue price equal to its fair market value.
[[Page 349]]
(iii) Off-market issuance. If an intercompany obligation is issued
at a rate of interest that is materially off-market (off-market
obligation) with a view to shift items of built-in gain, loss, income,
or deduction from the obligation from one member to another member in
order to secure a tax benefit (as defined in paragraph (g)(2)(v) of this
section), then the intercompany obligation will be treated, for all
Federal income tax purposes, as originally issued for its fair market
value, and any difference between the amount loaned and the fair market
value of the obligation will be treated as transferred between the
creditor and the debtor at the time the obligation is issued. For
example, if S lends $100 to B in return for an off-market B note valued
at $130, and the note is issued with a view to shift items from the note
to secure a tax benefit, then the B note will be treated as issued for
$130. The $30 difference will be treated as a distribution or capital
contribution between S and B (as appropriate) at the time of issuance,
and this amount will be reflected in future payments on the note as bond
issuance premium. An adjustment to an off-market obligation under this
paragraph (g)(4)(iii) will be made without regard to the application of,
and in lieu of any adjustment under, section 467 (certain payments for
the use of property or services), 482 (allocations among commonly
controlled taxpayers), 483 (interest on certain deferred payments), 1274
(determination of issue price for certain debt instruments issued for
property), or 7872 (treatment of loans with below-market interest
rates).
(iv) Deferral of loss or deduction with respect to nonmember
indebtedness acquired in certain debt exchanges. If a creditor transfers
an intercompany obligation to a nonmember (former intercompany
obligation) in exchange for newly issued debt of a nonmember (nonmember
debt), and the issue price of the nonmember debt is not determined by
reference to its fair market value (for example, the issue price is
determined under section 1273(b)(4) or 1274(a) or any other provision of
applicable law), then any loss of the creditor otherwise allowable on
the subsequent disposition of the nonmember debt, or any comparable tax
benefit that would otherwise be available in any other transaction that
directly or indirectly results from the disposition of the nonmember
debt, is deferred until the date the debtor retires the former
intercompany obligation.
(v) Bad debt reserve. A member's deduction under section 585 for an
addition to its reserve for bad debts with respect to an intercompany
obligation is not taken into account, and is not treated as realized for
purposes of paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A)(1) of this section, until the
intercompany obligation is extinguished or becomes an obligation that is
not an intercompany obligation.
(5) Deemed satisfaction and reissuance of obligations becoming
intercompany obligations--(i) Application of deemed satisfaction and
reissuance--(A) In general. This paragraph (g)(5) applies if an
obligation that is not an intercompany obligation becomes an
intercompany obligation.
(B) Exceptions. This paragraph (g)(5) does not apply to an
intercompany obligation if either of the following exceptions apply.
(1) Exception to the application of section 108(e)(4). The
obligation becomes an intercompany obligation by reason of an event
described in Sec. 1.108-2(e)(2) (exception to the application of
section 108(e)(4) in the case of acquisitions by securities dealers); or
(2) Inbound subgroup exception. The obligation becomes an
intercompany obligation in a transaction in which the members of an
intercompany obligation subgroup cease to be members of a consolidated
group, neither the creditor nor the debtor recognize any income, gain,
deduction, or loss with respect to the intercompany obligation, and such
members constitute an intercompany obligation subgroup of another
consolidated group immediately after the transaction.
(ii) Deemed satisfaction and reissuance--(A) General rule. If the
intercompany obligation is debt of a member, then the debt is treated
for all Federal income tax purposes, immediately after it becomes an
intercompany obligation, as having been satisfied by the debtor for cash
in an
[[Page 350]]
amount determined under the principles of Sec. 1.108-2(f), and then as
having been reissued as a new obligation (with a new holding period but
otherwise identical terms) for the same amount of cash. If the
intercompany obligation is a security of a member, similar principles
apply (with appropriate adjustments) to treat the security, immediately
after it becomes an intercompany obligation, as satisfied and reissued
by the debtor for cash in an amount equal to its fair market value.
(B) Treatment as separate transaction. The deemed satisfaction and
deemed reissuance are treated as transactions separate and apart from
the transaction in which the debt becomes an intercompany obligation,
and the tax consequences of the transaction in which the debt becomes an
intercompany obligation must be determined before the deemed
satisfaction and reissuance occurs. (For example, if the debt becomes an
intercompany obligation in a transaction to which section 351 applies,
any limitation imposed by section 362(e) on the basis of the
intercompany obligation in the hands of the transferee member is
determined before the deemed satisfaction and reissuance.) The deemed
satisfaction and reissuance of a member's debt will not cause the debt
to be recharacterized as other than debt for Federal income tax
purposes.
(6) Special rules--(i) Timing and attributes. If paragraph (g)(5) of
this section applies to an intercompany obligation--
(A) Section 108(e)(4) does not apply;
(B) The attributes of all items taken into account from the
satisfaction of the intercompany obligation are determined on a separate
entity basis, rather than by treating S and B as divisions of a single
corporation; and
(C) Any intercompany gain or loss realized by the creditor is not
subject to section 354 or section 1091.
(ii) Waiver of loss carryovers from separate return limitation
years. Solely for purposes of Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(4) and the effect of
any election under that provision, any loss taken into account under
paragraph (g)(5) of this section by a corporation that becomes a member
as a result of the transaction in which the obligation becomes an
intercompany obligation is treated as a loss carryover from a separate
return limitation year.
(iii) Deduction of repurchase premium in certain debt exchanges. If
an obligation to which paragraph (g)(5) of this section applies is
acquired in exchange for the issuance of an obligation to a nonmember
and the issue price of this newly issued obligation is not determined by
reference to its fair market value (for example, the issue price is
determined under section 1273(b)(4) or 1274(a) or any other provision of
applicable law), then, under the principles of Sec. 1.163-7(c), any
repurchase premium from the deemed satisfaction of the intercompany
obligation under paragraph (g)(5)(ii) of this section will be amortized
by the debtor over the term of the obligation issued to the nonmember in
the same manner as if it were original issue discount and the obligation
to the nonmember had been issued directly by the debtor.
(7) Examples--(i) In general. For purposes of the examples in this
paragraph (g), unless otherwise stated, interest is qualified stated
interest under Sec. 1.1273-1(c), and the intercompany obligations are
capital assets and are not subject to section 475.
(ii) The application of this section to obligations of members is
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Interest on intercompany obligation. (i) Facts. On
January 1 of year 1, B borrows $100 from S in return for B's note
providing for $10 of interest annually at the end of each year, and
repayment of $100 at the end of year 5. B fully performs its
obligations. Under their separate entity methods of accounting, B
accrues a $10 interest deduction annually under section 163, and S
accrues $10 of interest income annually under section 61(a)(4) and Sec.
1.446-2.
(ii) Matching rule. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the
accrual of interest on B's note is an intercompany transaction. Under
the matching rule, S takes its $10 of income into account in each of
years 1 through 5 to reflect the $10 difference between B's $10 of
interest expense taken into account and the $0 recomputed expense. S's
income and B's deduction are ordinary items. (Because S's intercompany
item and B's corresponding item would both be ordinary on a separate
entity basis, the attributes are not redetermined under paragraph
(c)(1)(i) of this section.)
(iii) Original issue discount. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example
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1, except that B borrows $90 (rather than $100) from S in return for B's
note providing for $10 of interest annually and repayment of $100 at the
end of year 5. The principles described in paragraph (ii) of this
Example 1 for stated interest also apply to the $10 of original issue
discount. Thus, as B takes into account its corresponding expense under
section 163(e), S takes into account its intercompany income under
section 1272. S's income and B's deduction are ordinary items.
(iv) Tax-exempt income. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 1, except that B's borrowing from S is allocable under
section 265 to B's purchase of state and local bonds to which section
103 applies. The timing of S's income is the same as in paragraph (ii)
of this Example 1. Under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, the
attributes of B's corresponding item of disallowed interest expense
control the attributes of S's offsetting intercompany interest income.
Paragraph (c)(6) of this section does not prevent the redetermination of
S's intercompany item as excluded from gross income because section
265(a)(2) permanently and explicitly disallows B's corresponding
deduction and because, under paragraph (g)(4)(i)(B) of this section,
paragraph (c)(6)(ii) of this section does not apply to prevent any
intercompany income from the B note from being excluded from gross
income. Accordingly, S's intercompany income is treated as excluded from
gross income.
Example 2. Intercompany obligation becomes nonintercompany
obligation. (i) Facts. On January 1 of year 1, B borrows $100 from S in
return for B's note providing for $10 of interest annually at the end of
each year, and repayment of $100 at the end of year 5. As of January 1
of year 3, B has paid the interest accruing under the note and S sells
B's note to X for $70, reflecting an increase in prevailing market
interest rates. B is never insolvent within the meaning of section
108(d)(3).
(ii) Deemed satisfaction and reissuance. Because the B note becomes
an obligation that is not an intercompany obligation, the transaction is
a triggering transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A)(2) of this
section. Under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section, B's note is treated
as satisfied and reissued for its fair market value of $70 immediately
before S's sale to X. As a result of the deemed satisfaction of the note
for less than its adjusted issue price, B takes into account $30 of
discharge of indebtedness income under Sec. 1.61-12. On a separate
entity basis, S's $30 loss would be a capital loss under section
1271(a)(1). Under the matching rule, however, the attributes of S's
intercompany item and B's corresponding item must be redetermined to
produce the same effect as if the transaction had occurred between
divisions of a single corporation. Under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this
section, the attributes of B's $30 of discharge of indebtedness income
control the attributes of S's loss. Thus, S's loss is treated as
ordinary loss. B is also treated as reissuing, immediately after the
satisfaction, a new note to S with a $70 issue price, a $100 stated
redemption price at maturity, and a $70 basis in the hands of S. S is
then treated as selling the new note to X for the $70 received by S in
the actual transaction. Because S has a basis of $70 in the new note, S
recognizes no gain or loss from the sale to X. After the sale, the new
note held by X is not an intercompany obligation, it has a $70 issue
price, a $100 stated redemption price at maturity, and a $70 basis. The
$30 of original issue discount will be taken into account by B and X
under sections 163(e) and 1272.
(iii) Creditor deconsolidation. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 2, except that P sells S's stock to X
(rather than S selling B's note to X). Because the B note becomes an
obligation that is not an intercompany obligation, the transaction is a
triggering transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A)(2) of this section.
Under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section, B's note is treated as
satisfied and reissued for its $70 fair market value immediately before
S becomes a nonmember. The treatment of S's $30 of loss and B's $30 of
discharge of indebtedness income is the same as in paragraph (ii) of
this Example 2. The new note held by S upon deconsolidation is not an
intercompany obligation, it has a $70 issue price, a $100 stated
redemption price at maturity, and a $70 basis. The $30 of original issue
discount will be taken into account by B and S under sections 163(e) and
1272.
(iv) Debtor deconsolidation. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(i) of this Example 2, except that P sells B's stock to X (rather than S
selling B's note to X). The results to S and B are the same as in
paragraph (iii) of this Example 2.
(v) Subgroup exception. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 2, except that P owns all of the stock of S, S owns all
of the stock of B, and P sells all of the S stock to X, the parent of
another consolidated group. Because B and S, members of an intercompany
obligation subgroup, cease to be members of the P group in a transaction
that does not cause either member to recognize an item with respect to
the B note, and such members constitute an intercompany obligation
subgroup in the X group, P's sale of S stock is not a triggering
transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(8) of this section, and the
note is not treated as satisfied and reissued under paragraph (g)(3)(ii)
of this section. After the sale, the note held by S has a $100 issue
price, a $100 stated redemption price at maturity, and a $100 basis. The
results are the same if the S stock is sold to an individual and the S-B
affiliated group elects to file a consolidated return for the period
beginning on the day
[[Page 352]]
after S and B cease to be members of the P group.
(vi) Section 338 election. The facts are the same as paragraph (i)
of this Example 2, except that P sells S's stock to X and a section 338
election is made with respect to the stock sale. Under section 338, S is
treated as selling all of its assets to new S, including the B note, at
the close of the acquisition date. The aggregate deemed sales price
(within the meaning of Sec. 1.338-4) allocated to the B note is $70.
Because the B note becomes an obligation that is not an intercompany
obligation, the transaction is a triggering transaction under paragraph
(g)(3)(i)(A)(2) of this section. Under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this
section, B's note is treated as satisfied and reissued immediately
before S's deemed sale to new S for $70, the amount realized with
respect to the note (the aggregate deemed sales price allocated to the
note under Sec. 1.338-6). The results to S and B are the same as in
paragraph (ii) of this Example 2.
(vii) Appreciated note. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 2, except that S sells B's note to X for $130 (rather
than $70), reflecting a decline in prevailing market interest rates.
Because the B note becomes an obligation that is not an intercompany
obligation, the transaction is a triggering transaction under paragraph
(g)(3)(i)(A)(2) of this section. Under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this
section, B's note is treated as satisfied and reissued for its fair
market value of $130 immediately before S's sale to X. As a result of
the deemed satisfaction of the note for more than its adjusted issue
price, B takes into account $30 of repurchase premium under Sec. 1.163-
7(c). On a separate entity basis, S's $30 gain would be a capital gain
under section 1271(a)(1). Under the matching rule, however, the
attributes of S's intercompany item and B's corresponding item must be
redetermined to produce the same effect as if the transaction had
occurred between divisions of a single corporation. Under paragraph
(c)(4)(i) of this section, the attributes of B's premium deduction
control the attributes of S's gain. Accordingly, S's gain is treated as
ordinary income. B is also treated as reissuing, immediately after the
satisfaction, a new note to S with a $130 issue price, $100 stated
redemption price at maturity, and $130 basis in the hands of S. S is
then treated as selling the new note to X for the $130 received by S in
the actual transaction. Because S has a basis of $130 in the new note, S
recognizes no gain or loss from the sale to X. After the sale, the new
note held by X is not an intercompany obligation, it has a $130 issue
price, a $100 stated redemption price at maturity, and a $130 basis. The
treatment of B's $30 of bond issuance premium under the new note is
determined under Sec. 1.163-13.
(viii) Deferral of loss or deduction with respect to nonmember
indebtedness acquired in debt exchange. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 2, except that S sells B's note to X for a
non-publicly traded X note with an issue price and face amount of $100
and a fair market value of $70, and that, subsequently, S sells the X
note for $70. Because the B note becomes an obligation that is not an
intercompany obligation, the transaction is a triggering transaction
under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A)(2) of this section. Under paragraph
(g)(3)(ii) of this section, B's note is treated as satisfied and
reissued immediately before S's sale to X for $100, the amount realized
with respect to the note (determined under section 1274). As a result of
the deemed satisfaction, neither S nor B take into account any items of
income, gain, deduction, or loss. S is then treated as selling the new B
note to X for the X note received by S in the actual transaction.
Because S has a basis of $100 in the new note, S recognizes no gain or
loss from the sale to X. After the sale, the new B note held by X is not
an intercompany obligation, it has a $100 issue price, a $100 stated
redemption price at maturity, and a $100 basis. S also holds an X note
with a basis of $100 but a fair market value of $70. When S disposes of
the X note, S's loss on the disposition is deferred under paragraph
(g)(4)(iv) of this section, until B retires its note (the former
intercompany obligation in the hands of X).
Example 3. Loss or bad debt deduction with respect to intercompany
obligation. (i) Facts. On January 1 of year 1, B borrows $100 from S in
return for B's note providing for $10 of interest annually at the end of
each year, and repayment of $100 at the end of year 5. On January 1 of
year 3, the fair market value of the B note has declined to $60 and S
sells the B note to P for property with a fair market value of $60. B is
never insolvent within the meaning of section 108(d)(3). The B note is
not a security within the meaning of section 165(g)(2).
(ii) Deemed satisfaction and reissuance. Because S realizes an
amount of loss from the assignment of the B note, the transaction is a
triggering transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A)(1) of this section.
Under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section, B's note is treated as
satisfied and reissued for its fair market value of $60 immediately
before S's sale to P. As a result of the deemed satisfaction of the note
for less than its adjusted issue price ($100), B takes into account $40
of discharge of indebtedness income under Sec. 1.61-12. On a separate
entity basis, S's $40 loss would be a capital loss under section
1271(a)(1). Under the matching rule, however, the attributes of S's
intercompany item and B's corresponding item must be redetermined to
produce the same effect as if the transaction had occurred between
divisions of a single corporation. Under paragraph
[[Page 353]]
(c)(4)(i) of this section, the attributes of B's $40 of discharge of
indebtedness income control the attributes of S's loss. Thus, S's loss
is treated as ordinary loss. B is also treated as reissuing, immediately
after the satisfaction, a new note to S with a $60 issue price, $100
stated redemption price at maturity, and $60 basis in the hands of S. S
is then treated as selling the new note to P for the $60 of property
received by S in the actual transaction. Because S has a basis of $60 in
the new note, S recognizes no gain or loss from the sale to P. After the
sale, the note is an intercompany obligation, it has a $60 issue price
and a $100 stated redemption price at maturity, and the $40 of original
issue discount will be taken into account by B and P under sections
163(e) and 1272.
(iii) Partial bad debt deduction. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 3, except that S claims a $40 partial bad
debt deduction under section 166(a)(2) (rather than selling the note to
P). Because S realizes a deduction from a transaction comparable to an
assignment of the B note, the transaction is a triggering transaction
under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A)(1) of this section. Under paragraph
(g)(3)(ii) of this section, B's note is treated as satisfied and
reissued for its fair market value of $60 immediately before section
166(a)(2) applies. The treatment of S's $40 loss and B's $40 of
discharge of indebtedness income are the same as in paragraph (ii) of
this Example 3. After the reissuance, S has a basis of $60 in the new
note. Accordingly, the application of section 166(a)(2) does not result
in any additional deduction for S. The $40 of original issue discount on
the new note will be taken into account by B and S under sections 163(e)
and 1272.
(iv) Insolvent debtor. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of
this Example 3, except that B is insolvent within the meaning of section
108(d)(3) at the time that S sells the note to P. As explained in
paragraph (ii) of this Example 3, the transaction is a triggering
transaction and the B note is treated as satisfied and reissued for its
fair market value of $60 immediately before S's sale to P. On a separate
entity basis, S's $40 loss would be capital, B's $40 income would be
excluded from gross income under section 108(a), and B would reduce
attributes under section 108(b) or section 1017 (see also Sec. 1.1502-
28). However, under paragraph (g)(4)(i)(C) of this section, section
108(a) does not apply to characterize B's income as excluded from gross
income. Accordingly, the attributes of S's loss and B's income are
redetermined in the same manner as in paragraph (ii) of this Example 3.
Example 4. Intercompany nonrecognition transactions. (i) Facts. On
January 1 of year 1, B borrows $100 from S in return for B's note
providing for $10 of interest annually at the end of each year, and
repayment of $100 at the end of year 5. As of January 1 of year 3, B has
fully performed its obligations, but the note's fair market value is
$130, reflecting a decline in prevailing market interest rates. On
January 1 of year 3, S transfers the note and other assets to a newly
formed corporation, Newco, for all of Newco's common stock in an
exchange to which section 351 applies.
(ii) No deemed satisfaction and reissuance. Because the assignment
of the B note is an exchange to which section 351 applies and neither S
nor B recognize gain or loss, the transaction is not a triggering
transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(1) of this section, and the
note is not treated as satisfied and reissued under paragraph (g)(3)(ii)
of this section.
(iii) Receipt of other property. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 4, except that the other assets
transferred to Newco have a basis of $100 and a fair market value of
$260, and S receives, in addition to Newco common stock, $15 of cash.
Because S would recognize $15 of gain under section 351(b), the
assignment of the B note is a triggering transaction under paragraph
(g)(3)(i)(A)(1) of this section. Under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this
section, B's note is treated as satisfied and reissued for its fair
market value of $130 immediately before the transfer to Newco. As a
result of the deemed satisfaction of the note for more than its adjusted
issue price, B takes into account $30 of repurchase premium under Sec.
1.163-7(c). On a separate entity basis, S's $30 gain would be a capital
gain under section 1271(a)(1). Under the matching rule, however, the
attributes of S's intercompany item and B's corresponding item must be
redetermined to produce the same effect as if the transaction had
occurred between divisions of a single corporation. Under paragraph
(c)(4)(i) of this section, the attributes of B's premium deduction
control the attributes of S's gain. Accordingly, S's gain is treated as
ordinary income. B is also treated as reissuing, immediately after the
satisfaction, a new note to S with a $130 issue price, $100 stated
redemption price at maturity, and $130 basis in the hands of S. S is
then treated as transferring the new note to Newco for the Newco stock
and cash received by S in the actual transaction. Because S has a basis
of $130 in the new B note, S recognizes no gain or loss with respect to
the transfer of the note in the section 351 exchange, and S recognizes
$10 of gain with respect to the transfer of the other assets under
section 351(b). After the transfer, the note has a $130 issue price and
a $100 stated redemption price at maturity. The treatment of B's $30 of
bond issuance premium under the new note is determined under Sec.
1.163-13.
(iv) Transferee loss subject to limitation. The facts are the same
as in paragraph (i) of this Example 4, except that T is a member with a
[[Page 354]]
loss from a separate return limitation year that is subject to
limitation under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) (a SRLY loss), and on January 1 of
year 3, S transfers the assets and the B note to T in an exchange to
which section 351 applies. Because the transferee, T, has a loss that is
subject to a limitation, the assignment of the B note is a triggering
transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A)(1) of this section (the
exception in paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(1) of this section does not apply).
Under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section, B's note is treated as
satisfied and reissued for its fair market value, immediately before S's
transfer to T. As a result of the deemed satisfaction of the note for
more than its adjusted issue price, B takes into account $30 of
repurchase premium under Sec. 1.163-7(c). On a separate entity basis,
S's $30 gain would be a capital gain under section 1271(a)(1). Under the
matching rule, however, the attributes of S's intercompany item and B's
corresponding item must be redetermined to produce the same effect as if
the transaction had occurred between divisions of a single corporation.
Under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, the attributes of B's premium
deduction control the attributes of S's gain. Accordingly, S's gain is
treated as ordinary income. B is also treated as reissuing, immediately
after the satisfaction, a new note to S with a $130 issue price, $100
stated redemption price at maturity, and $130 basis in the hands of S.
The treatment of B's $30 of bond issuance premium under the new note is
determined under Sec. 1.163-13. S is then treated as transferring the
new note to T as part of the section 351 exchange. Because T will have a
fair market value basis in the reissued B note immediately after the
exchange, T's intercompany item from the subsequent retirement of the B
note will not reflect any of S's built-in gain (and the amount of T's
SRLY loss that may be absorbed by such item will be limited to any
appreciation in the B note accruing after the exchange).
(v) Intercompany obligation transferred in section 332 transaction.
The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example 4, except
that S transfers the B note to P in complete liquidation under section
332. Because the transaction is an exchange to which section 332 and
section 337(a) applies, and neither S nor B recognize gain or loss, the
transaction is not a triggering transaction under paragraph
(g)(3)(i)(B)(1) of this section, and the note is not treated as
satisfied and reissued under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section.
Example 5. Assumption of intercompany obligation. (i) Facts. On
January 1 of year 1, B borrows $100 from S in return for B's note
providing for $10 of interest annually at the end of each year, and
repayment of $100 at the end of year 5. The note is fully recourse and
is incurred for use in Business Z. As of January 1 of year 3, B has
fully performed its obligations, but the note's fair market value is
$110 reflecting a decline in prevailing market interest rates. Business
Z has a fair market value of $95. On January 1 of year 3, B transfers
all of the assets of Business Z and $15 of cash (substantially all of
B's assets) to member T in exchange for the assumption by T of all of
B's obligations under the note in a transaction in which gain or loss is
recognized under section 1001. The terms and conditions of the note are
not modified in connection with the sales transaction, the transaction
does not result in a change in payment expectations, and no amount of
income, gain, deduction, or loss is recognized by S, B, or T with
respect to the note.
(ii) No deemed satisfaction and reissuance. Because all of B's
obligations under the B note are assumed by T in connection with the
sale of the Business Z assets, the assignment of B's obligations under
the note is not a triggering transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(2)
of this section, and the note is not treated as satisfied and reissued
under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section.
Example 6. Extinguishment of intercompany obligation. (i) Facts. On
January 1 of year 1, B borrows $100 from S in return for B's note
providing for $10 of interest annually at the end of each year, and
repayment of $100 at the end of year 20. The note is a security within
the meaning of section 351(d)(2). As of January 1 of year 3, B has fully
performed its obligations, but the fair market value of the B note is
$130, reflecting a decline in prevailing market interest rates, and S
transfers the note to B in exchange for $130 of B stock in a transaction
to which both section 351 and section 354 applies.
(ii) No deemed satisfaction and reissuance. As a result of the
satisfaction of the note for more than its adjusted issue price, B takes
into account $30 of repurchase premium under Sec. 1.163-7(c). Although
the transfer of the B note is a transaction to which both section 351
and section 354 applies, under paragraph (g)(4)(i)(C) of this section,
any gain or loss from the intercompany obligation is not subject to
either section 351(a) or section 354, and therefore, S has a $30 gain
under section 1001. Because the note is extinguished in a transaction in
which the adjusted issue price of the note is equal to the creditor's
basis in the note, and the debtor's and creditor's items offset in
amount, the transaction is not a triggering transaction under paragraph
(g)(3)(i)(B)(5) of this section, and the note is not treated as
satisfied and reissued under paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section. On a
separate entity basis, S's $30 gain would be a capital gain under
section 1271(a)(1). Under the matching rule, however, the attributes of
S's intercompany item and B's corresponding item must be redetermined to
produce the same effect as if the transaction had occurred between
divisions of a single corporation. Under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this
section, the attributes of B's
[[Page 355]]
premium deduction control the attributes of S's gain. Accordingly, S's
gain is treated as ordinary income. Under paragraph (g)(4)(i)(D) of this
section, section 108(e)(7) does not apply upon the extinguishment of the
B note, and therefore, the B stock received by S in the exchange will
not be treated as section 1245 property.
Example 7. Exchange of intercompany obligations. (i) Facts. On
January 1 of year 1, B borrows $100 from S in return for B's note
providing for $10 of interest annually at the end of each year, and
repayment of $100 at the end of year 20. As of January 1 of year 3, B
has fully performed its obligations and, pursuant to a recapitalization
to which section 368(a)(1)(E) applies, B issues a new note to S in
exchange for the original B note. The new B note has an issue price,
stated redemption price at maturity, and stated principal amount of
$100, but contains terms that differ sufficiently from the terms of the
original B note to cause a realization event under Sec. 1.1001-3. The
original B note and the new B note are both securities (within the
meaning of section 354(a)(1)).
(ii) No deemed satisfaction and reissuance. Because the original B
note is extinguished in exchange for a newly issued B note and the issue
price of the new B note is equal to both the adjusted issue price of the
original B note and S's basis in the original B note, the transaction is
not a triggering transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(6) of this
section, and the note is not treated as satisfied and reissued under
paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section. B has neither income from
discharge of indebtedness under section 108(e)(10) nor a deduction for
repurchase premium under Sec. 1.163-7(c). Although the exchange of the
original B note for the new B note is a transaction to which section 354
applies, under paragraph (g)(4)(i)(C) of this section, any gain or loss
from the intercompany obligation is not subject to section 354. Under
section 1001, S has no gain or loss from the exchange of notes.
Example 8. Tax benefit rule. (i) Facts. On January 1 of year 1, B
borrows $100 from S in return for B's note providing for $10 of interest
annually at the end of each year, and repayment of $100 at the end of
year 5. As of January 1 of year 3, B has fully performed its
obligations, but the note's fair market value has depreciated,
reflecting an increase in prevailing market interest rates. On that
date, S transfers the B note to member T as part of an exchange for T
common stock which is intended to qualify for nonrecognition treatment
under section 351 but with a view to sell the T stock at a reduced gain.
On February 1 of year 4, all of the stock of T is sold at a reduced
gain.
(ii) Deemed satisfaction and reissuance. Because the assignment of
the B note does not occur within 12 months of the sale of T stock,
paragraph (g)(3)(i)(B)(1)(vi) of this section does not apply to treat
the assignment as a triggering transaction. However, because the
assignment of the B note was engaged in with a view to shift built-in
loss from the obligation in order to secure a tax benefit that the group
or its members would not otherwise enjoy, under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(C)
of this section, the assignment of the B note is a triggering
transaction to which paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section applies. Under
paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section, B's note is treated as satisfied
and reissued for its fair market value, immediately before S's transfer
to T. As a result of the deemed satisfaction of the note for less than
its adjusted issue price, B takes into account discharge of indebtedness
income and S has a corresponding loss which is treated as ordinary loss.
B is also treated as reissuing, immediately after the deemed
satisfaction, a new note to S with an issue price and basis equal to its
fair market value. S is then treated as transferring the new note to T
as part of the section 351 exchange. Because S's basis in the T stock
received with respect to the transferred B note is equal to its fair
market value, S's gain with respect to the T stock will not reflect any
of the built-in loss attributable to the B note. (This example does not
address common law doctrines or other authorities that might apply to
recharacterize the transaction or to otherwise affect the tax treatment
of the transaction.)
Example 9. Issuance at off-market rate of interest. (i) Facts. T is
a member with a SRLY loss. T's sole shareholder, P, borrows an amount of
cash from T in return for a P note that provides for a materially above
market rate of interest. The P note is issued with a view to generate
additional interest income to T over the term of the note to facilitate
the absorption of T's SRLY loss.
(ii) With a view. Because the P note is issued with a view to shift
interest income from the off-market obligation in order to secure a tax
benefit that the group or its members would not otherwise enjoy, under
paragraph (g)(4)(iii) of this section, the intercompany obligation is
treated, for all Federal income tax purposes, as originally issued for
its fair market value so T is treated as purchasing the note at a
premium. The difference between the amount loaned and the fair market
value of the obligation is treated as transferred from P to T as a
capital contribution at the time the note is issued. Throughout the term
of the note, T takes into account interest income and bond premium and P
takes into account interest deduction and bond issuance premium under
generally applicable Internal Revenue Code sections. The adjustment
under paragraph (g)(4)(iii) of this section is made without regard to
the application of, and in lieu of any adjustment under, section 482 or
1274.
Example 10. Nonintercompany obligation becomes intercompany
obligation. (i) Facts. On
[[Page 356]]
January 1 of year 1, B borrows $100 from X in return for B's note
providing for $10 of interest annually at the end of each year, and
repayment of $100 at the end of year 5. As of January 1 of year 3, B has
fully performed its obligations, but the note's fair market value is
$70, reflecting an increase in prevailing market interest rates. On
January 1 of year 3, P buys all of X's stock. B is solvent within the
meaning of section 108(d)(3).
(ii) Deemed satisfaction and reissuance. Under paragraph (g)(5)(ii)
of this section, B's note is treated as satisfied for $70 (determined
under the principles of Sec. 1.108-2(f)(2)) immediately after it
becomes an intercompany obligation. Both X's $30 capital loss (under
section 1271(a)(1)) and B's $30 of discharge of indebtedness income
(under Sec. 1.61-12) are taken into account in determining consolidated
taxable income for year 3. Under paragraph (g)(6)(i)(B) of this section,
the attributes of items resulting from the satisfaction are determined
on a separate entity basis. But see section 382 and Sec. 1.1502-15 (as
appropriate). B is also treated as reissuing a new note to X. The new
note is an intercompany obligation, it has a $70 issue price and $100
stated redemption price at maturity, and the $30 of original issue
discount will be taken into account by B and X in the same manner as
provided in paragraph (iii) of Example 1 of this paragraph (g)(7).
(iii) Amortization of repurchase premium. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (i) of this Example 10, except that on January 1 of year 3,
the B note has a fair market value of $130 and rather than P purchasing
the X stock, P purchases the B note from X by issuing its own note. The
P note has an issue price, stated redemption price at maturity, stated
principal amount, and fair market value of $130. Under paragraph
(g)(5)(ii) of this section, B's note is treated as satisfied for $130
(determined under the principles of Sec. 1.108-2(f)(1)) immediately
after it becomes an intercompany obligation. As a result of the deemed
satisfaction of the note, P has no gain or loss and B has $30 of
repurchase premium. Under paragraph (g)(6)(iii) of this section, B's $30
of repurchase premium from the deemed satisfaction is amortized by B
over the term of the newly issued P note in the same manner as if it
were original issue discount and the newly issued P note had been issued
directly by B. B is also treated as reissuing a new note to P. The new
note is an intercompany obligation, it has a $130 issue price and $100
stated redemption price at maturity, and the treatment of B's $30 of
bond issuance premium under the new B note is determined under Sec.
1.163-13.
(iv) Election to file consolidated returns. Assume instead that B
borrows $100 from S during year 1, but the P group does not file
consolidated returns until year 3. Under paragraph (g)(5)(ii) of this
section, B's note is treated as satisfied and reissued as a new note
immediately after the note becomes an intercompany obligation. The
satisfaction and reissuance are deemed to occur on January 1 of year 3,
for the fair market value of the obligation (determined under the
principles of Sec. 1.108-2(f)(2)) at that time.
Example 11. Notional principal contracts. (i) Facts. On April 1 of
year 1, M1 enters into a contract with counterparty M2 under which, for
a term of five years, M1 is obligated to make a payment to M2 each April
1, beginning in year 2, in an amount equal to the London Interbank
Offered Rate (LIBOR), as determined by reference to LIBOR on the day
each payment is due, multiplied by a $1,000 notional principal amount.
M2 is obligated to make a payment to M1 each April 1, beginning in year
2, in an amount equal to 8 percent multiplied by the same notional
principal amount. LIBOR is 7.80 percent on April 1 of year 2, and
therefore, M2 owes $2 to M1.
(ii) Matching rule. Under Sec. 1.446-3(d), the net income (or net
deduction) from a notional principal contract for a taxable year is
included in (or deducted from) gross income. Under Sec. 1.446-3(e), the
ratable daily portion of M2's obligation to M1 as of December 31 of year
1 is $1.50 ($2 multiplied by 275/365). Under the matching rule, M1's net
income for year 1 of $1.50 is taken into account to reflect the
difference between M2's net deduction of $1.50 taken into account and
the $0 recomputed net deduction. Similarly, the $.50 balance of the $2
of net periodic payments made on April 1 of year 2 is taken into account
for year 2 in M1's and M2's net income and net deduction from the
contract. In addition, the attributes of M1's intercompany income and
M2's corresponding deduction are redetermined to produce the same effect
as if the transaction had occurred between divisions of a single
corporation. Under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, the attributes
of M2's corresponding deduction control the attributes of M1's
intercompany income. (Although M1 is the selling member with respect to
the payment on April 1 of year 2, it might be the buying member in a
subsequent period if it owes the net payment.)
(iii) Dealer. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of this
Example 11, except that M2 is a dealer in securities, and the contract
with M1 is not inventory in the hands of M2. Under section 475, M2 must
mark its securities to fair market value at year-end. Assume that under
section 475, M2's loss from marking to fair market value the contract
with M1 is $10. Because M2 realizes an amount of loss from the mark to
fair market value of the contract, the transaction is a triggering
transaction under paragraph (g)(3)(i)(A)(1) of this section. Under
paragraph (g)(3)(ii) of this section, M2 is treated as making a $10
payment to M1 to terminate the contract immediately before a new
contract is treated as reissued with an up-front
[[Page 357]]
payment by M1 to M2 of $10. M1's $10 of income from the termination
payment is taken into account under the matching rule to reflect M2's
deduction under Sec. 1.446-3(h). The attributes of M1's intercompany
income and M2's corresponding deduction are redetermined to produce the
same effect as if the transaction had occurred between divisions of a
single corporation. Under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, the
attributes of M2's corresponding deduction control the attributes of
M1's intercompany income. Accordingly, M1's income is treated as
ordinary income. Under Sec. 1.446-3(f), the deemed $10 up-front payment
by M1 to M2 in connection with the issuance of a new contract is taken
into account over the term of the new contract in a manner reflecting
the economic substance of the contract (for example, allocating the
payment in accordance with the forward rates of a series of cash-settled
forward contracts that reflect the specified index and the $1,000
notional principal amount). (The timing of taking items into account is
the same if M1, rather than M2, is the dealer subject to the mark-to-
market requirement of section 475 at year-end. However in this case,
because the attributes of the corresponding deduction control the
attributes of the intercompany income, M1's income from the deemed
termination payment from M2 might be ordinary or capital). Under
paragraph (g)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, section 475 does not apply to
mark the notional principal contract to fair market value after its
deemed satisfaction and reissuance.
(8) Effective/applicability date. The rules of this paragraph (g)
apply to transactions involving intercompany obligations occurring in
consolidated return years beginning on or after December 24, 2008.
(h) Anti-avoidance rules--(1) In general. If a transaction is
engaged in or structured with a principal purpose to avoid the purposes
of this section (including, for example, by avoiding treatment as an
intercompany transaction), adjustments must be made to carry out the
purposes of this section.
(2) Examples. The anti-avoidance rules of this paragraph (h) are
illustrated by the following examples. The examples set forth below do
not address common law doctrines or other authorities that might apply
to recast a transaction or to otherwise affect the tax treatment of a
transaction. Thus, in addition to adjustments under this paragraph (h),
the Commissioner can, for example, apply the rules of section 269 or
Sec. 1.701-2 to disallow a deduction or to recast a transaction.
Example 1. Sale of a partnership interest. (a) Facts. S owns land
with a $10 basis and $100 value. B has net operating losses from
separate return limitation years (SRLYs) subject to limitation under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c). Pursuant to a plan to absorb the losses without
limitation by the SRLY rules, S transfers the land to an unrelated,
calendar-year partnership in exchange for a 10% interest in the capital
and profits of the partnership in a transaction to which section 721
applies. The partnership does not have a section 754 election in effect.
S later sells its partnership interest to B for $100. In the following
year, the partnership sells the land to X for $100. Because the
partnership does not have a section 754 election in effect, its $10
basis in the land does not reflect B's $100 basis in the partnership
interest. Under section 704(c), the partnership's $90 built-in gain is
allocated to B, and B's basis in the partnership interest increases to
$190 under section 705. In a later year, B sells the partnership
interest to a nonmember for $100.
(b) Adjustments. Under Sec. 1.1502-21(c), the partnership's $90
built-in gain allocated to B ordinarily increases the amount of B's SRLY
limitation, and B's $90 loss from its sale of the partnership interest
ordinarily is not subject to limitation under the SRLY rules. Because
the contribution of property to the partnership and the sale of the
partnership interest were part of a plan a principal purpose of which
was to achieve a reduction in consolidated tax liability by creating
offsetting gain and loss for B while deferring S's intercompany gain,
B's allocable share of the partnership's gain from its sale of the land
is treated under paragraph (h)(1) of this section as not increasing the
amount of B's SRLY limitation.
Example 2. Transitory status as an intercompany obligation. (a)
Facts. P historically has owned 70% of X's stock and the remaining 30%
is owned by unrelated shareholders. On January 1 of Year 1, S borrows
$100 from X in return for S's note requiring $10 of interest annually at
the end of each year, and repayment of $100 at the end of Year 20. As of
January 1 of Year 3, the P group has substantial net operating loss
carryovers, and the fair market value of S's note falls to $70 due to an
increase in prevailing market interest rates. X is not permitted under
section 166(a)(2) to take into account a $30 loss with respect to the
note. Pursuant to a plan to permit X to take into account its $30 loss
without disposing of the note, P acquires an additional 10% of X's
stock, causing X to become a member, and P subsequently resells the 10%
interest. X's $30 loss with respect to the note is a net unrealized
built-in loss within the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-15.
[[Page 358]]
(b) Adjustments. Under paragraph (g)(4) of this section, X
ordinarily would take into account its $30 loss as a result of the note
becoming an intercompany obligation, and S would take into account $30
of discharge of indebtedness income. Under Sec. 1.1502-22, X's loss is
not combined with items of the other members and the loss would be
carried to X's separate return years as a result of X becoming a
nonmember. However, the transitory status of S's indebtedness to X as an
intercompany obligation is structured with a principal purpose to
accelerate the recognition of X's loss. Thus, S's note is treated under
paragraph (h)(1) of this section as not becoming an intercompany
obligation.
Example 3. Corporate mixing bowl. (a) Facts. M1 and M2 are
subsidiaries of P. M1 operates a manufacturing business on land it
leases from M2. The land is the only asset held by M2. P intends to
dispose of the M1 business, including the land owned by M2; P's basis in
the M1 stock is equal to the stock's fair market value. M2's land has a
value of $20 and a basis of $0 and P has a $0 basis in the stock of M2.
In Year 1, with a principal purpose of avoiding gain from the sale of
the land (by transferring the land to M1 with a carry-over basis without
affecting P's basis in the stock of M1 or M2), M1 and M2 form
corporation T; M1 contributes cash in exchange for 80% of the T stock
and M2 contributes the land in exchange for 20% of the stock. In Year 3,
T liquidates, distributing $20 cash to M2 and the land (plus $60 cash)
to M1. Under Sec. 1.1502-34, section 332 applies to both M1 and M2.
Under section 337, T recognizes no gain or loss from its liquidating
distribution of the land to M1. T has neither gain nor loss on its
distribution of cash to M2. In Year 4, P sells all of the stock of M1 to
X and liquidates M2.
(b) Adjustments. A principal purpose for the formation and
liquidation of T was to avoid gain from the sale of M2's land. Thus,
under paragraph (h)(1) of this section, M2 must take $20 of gain into
account when the stock of M1 is sold to X.
Example 4. Partnership mixing bowl. (a) Facts. M1 owns a self-
created intangible asset with a $0 basis and a fair market value of
$100. M2 owns land with a basis of $100 and a fair market value of $100.
In Year 1, with a principal purpose of creating basis in the intangible
asset (which would be eligible for amortization under section 197), M1
and M2 form partnership PRS; M1 contributes the intangible asset and M2
contributes the land. X, an unrelated person, contributes cash to PRS in
exchange for a substantial interest in the partnership. PRS uses the
contributed assets in legitimate business activities. Five years and six
months later, PRS liquidates, distributing the land to M1, the
intangible to M2, and cash to X. The group reports no gain under
sections 707(a)(2)(B) and 737(a) and claims that M2's basis in the
intangible asset is $100 under section 732 and that the asset is
eligible for amortization under section 197.
(b) Adjustments. A principal purpose of the formation and
liquidation of PRS was to create additional amortization without an
offsetting increase in consolidated taxable income by avoiding treatment
as an intercompany transaction. Thus, under paragraph (h)(1) of this
section, appropriate adjustments must be made.
Example 5. Sale and leaseback. (a) Facts. S operates a factory with
a $70 basis and $100 value, and has loss carryovers from SRLYs. Pursuant
to a plan to take into account the $30 unrealized gain while continuing
to operate the factory, S sells the factory to X for $100 and leases it
back on a long-term basis. In the transaction, a substantial interest in
the factory is transferred to X. The sale and leaseback are not
recharacterized under general principles of Federal income tax law. As a
result of S's sale to X, the $30 gain is taken into account and
increases S's SRLY limitation.
(b) No adjustments. Although S's sale was pursuant to a plan to
accelerate the $30 gain, it is not subject to adjustment under paragraph
(h)(1) of this section. The sale is not treated as engaged in or
structured with a principal purpose to avoid the purposes of this
section.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Miscellaneous operating rules. For purposes of this section--
(1) Successor assets. Any reference to an asset includes, as the
context may require, a reference to any other asset the basis of which
is determined, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, by reference
to the basis of the first asset.
(2) Successor persons--(i) In general. Any reference to a person
includes, as the context may require, a reference to a predecessor or
successor. For this purpose, a predecessor is a transferor of assets to
a transferee (the successor) in a transaction--
(A) To which section 381(a) applies;
(B) In which substantially all of the assets of the transferor are
transferred to members in a complete liquidation;
(C) In which the successor's basis in assets is determined (directly
or indirectly, in whole or in part) by reference to the basis of the
transferor, but the transferee is a successor only with respect to the
assets the basis of which is so determined; or
(D) Which is an intercompany transaction, but only with respect to
assets that are being accounted for by the
[[Page 359]]
transferor in a prior intercompany transaction.
(ii) Intercompany items. If the assets of a predecessor are acquired
by a successor member, the successor succeeds to, and takes into account
(under the rules of this section), the predecessor's intercompany items.
If two or more successor members acquire assets of the predecessor, the
successors take into account the predecessor's intercompany items in a
manner that is consistently applied and reasonably carries out the
purposes of this section and applicable provisions of law.
(3) Multiple triggers. If more than one corresponding item can cause
an intercompany item to be taken into account under the matching rule,
the intercompany item is taken into account in connection with the
corresponding item most consistent with the treatment of members as
divisions of a single corporation. For example, if S sells a truck to B,
its intercompany gain from the sale is not taken into account by
reference to B's depreciation if the depreciation is capitalized under
section 263A as part of B's cost for a building; instead, S's gain
relating to the capitalized depreciation is taken into account when the
building is sold or as it is depreciated. Similarly, if B purchases
appreciated land from S and transfers the land to a lower-tier member in
exchange for stock, thereby duplicating the basis of the land in the
basis of the stock, items with respect to both the stock and the land
can cause S's intercompany gain to be taken into account; if the lower-
tier member becomes a nonmember as a result of the sale of its stock,
the attributes of S's intercompany gain are determined with respect to
the land rather than the stock.
(4) Multiple or successive intercompany transactions. If a member's
intercompany item or corresponding item affects the accounting for more
than one intercompany transaction, appropriate adjustments are made to
treat all of the intercompany transactions as transactions between
divisions of a single corporation. For example, if S sells property to
M, and M sells the property to B, then S, M, and B are treated as
divisions of a single corporation for purposes of applying the rules of
this section. Similar principles apply with respect to intercompany
transactions that are part of the same plan or arrangement. For example,
if S sells separate properties to different members as part of the same
plan or arrangement, all of the participating members are treated as
divisions of a single corporation for purposes of determining the
attributes (which might also affect timing) of the intercompany items
and corresponding items from each of the properties.
(5) Acquisition of group--(i) Scope. This paragraph (j)(5) applies
only if a consolidated group (the terminating group) ceases to exist as
a result of--
(A) The acquisition of either the assets of the common parent of the
terminating group in a reorganization described in section 381(a)(2), or
the stock of the common parent of the terminating group; or
(B) The application of the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2) or
(d)(3).
(ii) Application. If the terminating group ceases to exist under
circumstances described in paragraph (j)(5)(i) of this section, the
surviving group is treated as the terminating group for purposes of
applying this section to the intercompany transactions of the
terminating group. For example, intercompany items and corresponding
items from intercompany transactions between members of the terminating
group are taken into account under the rules of this section by the
surviving group. This treatment does not apply, however, to members of
the terminating group that are not members of the surviving group
immediately after the terminating group ceases to exist (for example,
under section 1504(a)(3) relating to reconsolidation, or section 1504(c)
relating to includible insurance companies).
(6) Former common parent treated as continuation of group. If a
group terminates because the common parent is the only remaining member,
the common parent succeeds to the treatment of the terminating group for
purposes of applying this section so long as it neither becomes a member
of an affiliated group filing separate returns nor becomes a corporation
described in section 1504(b). For example, if the only subsidiary of the
group liquidates into
[[Page 360]]
the common parent in a complete liquidation to which section 332
applies, or the common parent merges into the subsidiary and the
subsidiary is treated as the common parent's successor under paragraph
(j)(2)(i) of this section, the taxable income of the surviving
corporation is treated as the group's consolidated taxable income in
which the intercompany and corresponding items must be included. See
Sec. 1.267(f)-1 for additional rules applicable to intercompany losses
or deductions.
(7) Becoming a nonmember. For purposes of this section, a member is
treated as becoming a nonmember if it has a separate return year
(including another group's consolidated return year). A member is not
treated as having a separate return year if its items are treated as
taken into account in computing the group's consolidated taxable income
under paragraph (j)(5) or (6) of this section.
(8) Recordkeeping. Intercompany and corresponding items must be
reflected on permanent records (including work papers). See also section
6001, requiring records to be maintained. The group must be able to
identify from these permanent records the amount, location, timing, and
attributes of the items, so as to permit the application of the rules of
this section for each year.
(9) Examples. The operating rules of this paragraph (j) are
illustrated generally throughout this section, and by the following
examples.
Example 1. Intercompany sale followed by section 351 transfer to
member. (a) Facts. S holds land for investment with a basis of $70. On
January 1 of Year 1, S sells the land to M for $100. M also holds the
land for investment. On July 1 of Year 3, M transfers the land to B in
exchange for all of B's stock in a transaction to which section 351
applies. Under section 358, M's basis in the B stock is $100. B holds
the land for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business and,
under section 362(b), B's basis in the land is $100. On December 1 of
Year 5, M sells 20% of the B stock to X for $22. In an unrelated
transaction on July 1 of Year 8, B sells 20% of the land for $22.
(b) Definitions. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, S's sale of
the land to M and M's transfer of the land to B are both intercompany
transactions. S is the selling member and M is the buying member in the
first intercompany transaction, and M is the selling member and B is the
buying member in the second intercompany transaction. M has no
intercompany items under paragraph (b)(2) of this section. Because B
acquired the land in an intercompany transaction, B's items from the
land are corresponding items to be taken into account under this
section. Under the successor asset rule of paragraph (j)(1) of this
section, references to the land include references to M's B stock. Under
the successor person rule of paragraph (j)(2) of this section,
references to M include references to B with respect to the land.
(c) Timing and attributes resulting from the stock sale. Under
paragraph (c)(3) of this section, M is treated as owning and selling B's
stock for purposes of the matching rule even though, as divisions, M
could not own and sell stock in B. Under paragraph (j)(3) of this
section, both M's B stock and B's land can cause S's intercompany gain
to be taken into account under the matching rule. Thus, S takes $6 of
its gain into account in Year 5 to reflect the $6 difference between M's
$2 gain taken into account from its sale of B stock and the $8
recomputed gain. Under paragraph (j)(4) of this section, the attributes
of this gain are determined by treating S, M, and B as divisions of a
single corporation. Under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, S's $6 gain
and M's $2 gain are treated as long-term capital gain. The gain would be
capital on a separate entity basis (assuming that section 341 does not
apply), and this treatment is not inconsistent with treating S, M, and B
as divisions of a single corporation because the stock sale and
subsequent land sale are unrelated transactions and B remains a member
following the sale.
(d) Timing and attributes resulting from the land sale. Under
paragraph (j)(3) of this section, S takes $6 of its gain into account in
Year 8 under the matching rule to reflect the $6 difference between B's
$2 gain taken into account from its sale of an interest in the land and
the $8 recomputed gain. Under paragraph (j)(4) of this section, the
attributes of this gain are determined by treating S, M, and B as
divisions of a single corporation and taking into account the activities
of S, M, and B with respect to the land. Thus, both S's gain and B's
gain might be ordinary income as a result of B's activities. (If B
subsequently sells the balance of the land, S's gain taken into account
is limited to its remaining $18 of intercompany gain.)
(e) Sale of successor stock resulting in deconsolidation. The facts
are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that M sells
60% of the B stock to X for $66 on December 1 of Year 5 and B becomes a
nonmember. Under the matching rule, M's sale of B stock results in $18
of S's gain being taken into account (to reflect the difference between
M's $6 gain taken into account and the $24 recomputed gain). Under the
acceleration rule, however, the entire $30 gain is
[[Page 361]]
taken into account (to reflect B becoming a nonmember, because its basis
in the land reflects M's $100 cost basis from the prior intercompany
transaction). Under paragraph (j)(4) of this section, the attributes of
S's gain are determined by treating S, M, and B as divisions of a single
corporation. Because M's cost basis in the land will be reflected by B
as a nonmember, all of S's gain is treated as from the land (rather than
a portion being from B's stock), and B's activities with respect to the
land might therefore result in S's gain being ordinary income.
Example 2. Intercompany sale of member stock followed by
recapitalization. (a) Facts. Before becoming a member of the P group, S
owns P stock with a basis of $70. On January 1 of Year 1, P buys all of
S's stock. On July 1 of Year 3, S sells the P stock to M for $100. On
December 1 of Year 5, P acquires M's original P stock in exchange for
new P stock in a recapitalization described in section 368(a)(1)(E).
(b) Timing and attributes. Although P's basis in the stock acquired
from M is eliminated under paragraph (f)(4) of this section, the new P
stock received by M is exchanged basis property (within the meaning of
section 7701(a)(44)) having a basis under section 358 equal to M's basis
in the original P stock. Under the successor asset rule of paragraph
(j)(1) of this section, references to M's original P stock include
references to M's new P stock. Because it is still possible to take S's
intercompany item into account under the matching rule with respect to
the successor asset, S's gain is not taken into account under the
acceleration rule as a result of the basis elimination under paragraph
(f)(4) of this section. Instead, the gain is taken into account based on
subsequent events with respect to M's new P stock (for example, a
subsequent distribution or redemption of the new stock).
Example 3. Back-to-back intercompany transactions--matching. (a)
Facts. S holds land for investment with a basis of $70. On January 1 of
Year 1, S sells the land to M for $90. M also holds the land for
investment. On July 1 of Year 3, M sells the land for $100 to B, and B
holds the land for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business.
During Year 5, B sells all of the land to customers for $105.
(b) Timing. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, S's sale of the
land to M and M's sale of the land to B are both intercompany
transactions. S is the selling member and M is the buying member in the
first intercompany transaction, and M is the selling member and B is the
buying member in the second intercompany transaction. Under paragraph
(j)(4) of this section, S, M and B are treated as divisions of a single
corporation for purposes of determining the timing of their items from
the intercompany transactions. See also paragraph (j)(2) of this section
(B is treated as a successor to M for purposes of taking S's
intercompany gain into account). Thus, S's $20 gain and M's $10 gain are
both taken into account in Year 5 to reflect the difference between B's
$5 gain taken into account with respect to the land and the $35
recomputed gain (the gain that B would have taken into account if the
intercompany sales had been transfers between divisions of a single
corporation, and B succeeded to S's $70 basis).
(c) Attributes. Under paragraphs (j)(4) of this section, the
attributes of the intercompany items and corresponding items of S, M,
and B are also determined by treating S, M, and B as divisions of a
single corporation. For example, the attributes of S's and M's
intercompany items are determined by taking B's activities into account.
Example 4. Back-to-back intercompany transactions--acceleration. (a)
Facts. During Year 1, S performs services for M in exchange for $10 from
M. S incurs $8 of employee expenses. M capitalizes the $10 cost of S's
services under section 263 as part of M's cost to acquire real property
from X. Under its separate entity method of accounting, S would take its
income and expenses into account in Year 1. M holds the real property
for investment and, on July 1 of Year 5, M sells it to B at a gain. B
also holds the real property for investment. On December 1 of Year 8,
while B still owns the real property, P sells all of M's stock to X and
M becomes a nonmember.
(b) M's items. M takes its gain into account immediately before it
becomes a nonmember. Because the real property stays in the group, the
acceleration rule redetermines the attributes of M's gain under the
principles of the matching rule as if B sold the real property to an
affiliated corporation that is not a member of the group for a cash
payment equal to B's adjusted basis in the real property, and S, M, and
B were divisions of a single corporation. Thus, M's gain is capital
gain.
(c) S's items. Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, S
includes the $8 of expenses in determining its $2 intercompany income.
In Year 1, S takes into account $8 of income and $8 of expenses. Under
paragraph (j)(4) of this section, appropriate adjustments must be made
to treat both S's performance of services for M and M's sale to B as
occurring between divisions of a single corporation. Thus, S's $2 of
intercompany income is not taken into account as a result of M becoming
a nonmember, but instead will be taken into account based on subsequent
events (e.g., under the matching rule based on B's sale of the real
property to a nonmember, or under the acceleration rule based on P's
sale of the stock of S or B to a nonmember). See the successor person
rules of paragraph (j)(2) of this section (B is treated as a successor
to M for purposes of taking S's intercompany income into account).
[[Page 362]]
(d) Sale of S's stock. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 4, except that P sells all of S's stock (rather than M's
stock) and S becomes a nonmember on July 1 of Year 5. S's remaining $2
of intercompany income is taken into account immediately before S
becomes a nonmember. Because S's intercompany income is not from an
intercompany sale, exchange, or distribution of property, the attributes
of the intercompany income are determined on a separate entity basis.
Thus, S's $2 of intercompany income is ordinary income. M does not take
any of its intercompany gain into account as a result of S becoming a
nonmember.
(e) Intercompany income followed by intercompany loss. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 4, except that M sells the
real property to B at a $1 loss (rather than a gain). M takes its $1
loss into account under the acceleration rule immediately before M
becomes a nonmember. But see Sec. 1.267(f)-1 (which might further defer
M's loss if M and B remain in a controlled group relationship after M
becomes a nonmember). Under paragraph (j)(4) of this section appropriate
adjustments must be made to treat the group as if both intercompany
transactions occurred between divisions of a single corporation.
Accordingly, P's sale of M stock also results in S taking into account
$1 of intercompany income as capital gain to offset M's $1 of
corresponding capital loss. The remaining $1 of S's intercompany income
is taken into account based on subsequent events.
Example 5. Successor group. (a) Facts. On January 1 of Year 1, B
borrows $100 from S in return for B's note providing for $10 of interest
annually at the end of each year, and repayment of $100 at the end of
Year 20. As of January 1 of Year 3, B has paid the interest accruing
under the note. On that date, X acquires all of P's stock and the former
P group members become members of the X consolidated group.
(b) Successor. Under paragraph (j)(5) of this section, although B's
note ceases to be an intercompany obligation of the P group, the note is
not treated as satisfied and reissued under paragraph (g) of this
section as a result of X's acquisition of P stock. Instead, the X
consolidated group succeeds to the treatment of the P group for purposes
of paragraph (g) of this section, and B's note is treated as an
intercompany obligation of the X consolidated group.
Example 6. Liquidation--80% distributee. (a) Facts. X has had
preferred stock described in section 1504(a)(4) outstanding for several
years. On January 1 of Year 1, S buys all of X's common stock for $60,
and B buys all of X's preferred stock for $40. X's assets have a $0
basis and $100 value. On July 1 of Year 3, X distributes all of its
assets to S and B in a complete liquidation. Under Sec. 1.1502-34,
section 332 applies to both S and B. Under section 337, X has no gain or
loss from its liquidating distribution to S. Under sections 336 and
337(c), X has a $40 gain from its liquidating distribution to B. B has a
$40 basis under section 334(a) in the assets received from X, and S has
a $0 basis under section 334(b) in the assets received from X.
(b) Intercompany items from the liquidation. Under the matching
rule, X's $40 gain from its liquidating distribution to B is not taken
into account under this section as a result of the liquidation (and
therefore is not yet reflected under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-32 and 1.1502-
33). Under the successor person rule of paragraph (j)(2)(i) of this
section, S and B are both successors to X. Under section 337(c), X
recognizes gain or loss only with respect to the assets distributed to
B. Under paragraph (j)(2)(ii) of this section, to be consistent with the
purposes of this section, S succeeds to X's $40 intercompany gain. The
gain will be taken into account by S under the matching and acceleration
rules of this section based on subsequent events. (The allocation of the
intercompany gain to S does not govern the allocation of any other
attributes.)
Example 7. Liquidation--no 80% distributee. (a) Facts. X has only
common stock outstanding. On January 1 of Year 1, S buys 60% of X's
stock for $60, and B buys 40% of X's stock for $40. X's assets have a $0
basis and $100 value. On July 1 of Year 3, X distributes all of its
assets to S and B in a complete liquidation. Under Sec. 1.1502-34,
section 332 applies to both S and B. Under sections 336 and 337(c), X
has a $100 gain from its liquidating distributions to S and B. Under
section 334(b), S has a $60 basis in the assets received from X and B
has a $40 basis in the assets received from X.
(b) Intercompany items from the liquidation. Under the matching
rule, X's $100 intercompany gain from its liquidating distributions to S
and B is not taken into account under this section as a result of the
liquidation (and therefore is not yet reflected under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-
32 and 1.1502-33). Under the successor person rule of paragraph
(j)(2)(i) of this section, S and B are both successors to X. Under
paragraph (j)(2)(ii) of this section, to be consistent with the purposes
of this section, S succeeds to X's $40 intercompany gain with respect to
the assets distributed to B, and B succeeds to X's $60 intercompany gain
with respect to the assets distributed to S. The gain will be taken into
account by S and B under the matching and acceleration rules of this
section based on subsequent events. (The allocation of the intercompany
gain does not govern the allocation of any other attributes.)
(k) Cross references--(1) Section 108. See Sec. 1.108-3 for the
treatment of intercompany deductions and losses as subject to attribute
reduction under section 108(b).
[[Page 363]]
(2) Section 263A(f). See section 263A(f) and Sec. 1.263A-9(g)(5)
for special rules regarding interest from intercompany transactions.
(3) Section 267(f). See section 267(f) and Sec. 1.267(f)-1 for
special rules applicable to certain losses and deductions from
transactions between members of a controlled group.
(4) Section 460. See Sec. 1.460-4(j) for special rules regarding
the application of section 460 to intercompany transactions.
(5) Section 469. See Sec. 1.469-1(h) for special rules regarding
the application of section 469 to intercompany transactions.
(6) Sec. 1.1502-80. See Sec. 1.1502-80 for the non-application of
certain Internal Revenue Code rules.
(l) Effective/applicability dates--(1) In general. This section
applies with respect to transactions occurring in years beginning on or
after July 12, 1995. If both this section and prior law apply to a
transaction, or neither applies, with the result that items may be
duplicated, omitted, or eliminated in determining taxable income (or tax
liability), or items may be treated inconsistently, prior law (and not
this section) applies to the transaction. For example, S's and B's items
from S's sale of property to B which occurs in a consolidated return
year beginning before July 12, 1995, are taken into account under prior
law, even though B may dispose of the property in a consolidated return
year beginning on or after July 12, 1995. Similarly, an intercompany
distribution to which a shareholder becomes entitled in a consolidated
return year beginning before July 12, 1995, but which is distributed in
a consolidated return year beginning on or after that date is taken into
account under prior law (generally when distributed), because this
section generally takes dividends into account when the shareholder
becomes entitled to them but this section does not apply at that time.
If application of prior law to S's deferred gain or loss from a deferred
intercompany transaction (as defined under prior law) occurring in a
consolidated return year beginning prior to July 12, 1995, would be
affected by an intercompany transaction (as defined under this section)
occurring in a consolidated return year beginning on or after July 12,
1995, S's deferred gain or loss continues to be taken into account as
provided under prior law, and the items from the subsequent intercompany
transaction are taken into account under this section. Appropriate
adjustments must be made to prevent items from being duplicated,omitted,
or eliminated in determining taxable income as a result of the
application of both this section and prior law to the successive
transactions, and to ensure the proper application of prior law.
Paragraphs (a)(4), (f)(6)(ii), (f)(6)(iv)(A), (g)(3)(ii)(B)(2), and
(j)(5)(i)(A) of this section apply with respect to transactions
occurring on or after September 17, 2008. However, taxpayers may apply
paragraph (j)(5)(i)(A) of this section to transactions that occurred
prior to September 17, 2008.
(2) Avoidance transactions. This paragraph (l)(2) applies if a
transaction is engaged in or structured on or after April 8, 1994, with
a principal purpose to avoid the rules of this section (and instead to
apply prior law). If this paragraph (l)(2) applies, appropriate
adjustments must be made in years beginning on or after July 12, 1995,
to prevent the avoidance, duplication, omission, or elimination of any
item (or tax liability), or any other inconsistency with the rules of
this section. For example, if S is a dealer in real property and sells
land to B on March 16, 1995 with a principal purpose of converting any
future appreciation in the land to capital gain, B's gain from the sale
of the land on May 11, 1997 might be characterized as ordinary income
under this paragraph (l)(2).
(3) Election for certain stock elimination transactions--(i) In
general. A group may elect pursuant to this paragraph (l)(3) to apply
this section (including the elections available under paragraph
(f)(5)(ii) of this section) to stock elimination transactions to which
prior law would otherwise apply. If an election is made, this section,
and not prior law, applies to determine the timing and attributes of S's
and B's gain or loss from stock with respect to all stock elimination
transactions.
(ii) Stock elimination transactions. For purposes of this paragraph
(l)(3), a stock elimination transaction is a
[[Page 364]]
transaction in which stock transferred from S to B--
(A) Is cancelled or redeemed on or after July 12, 1995;
(B) Is treated as cancelled in a liquidation pursuant to an election
under section 338(h)(10) with respect to a qualified stock purchase with
an acquisition date on or after July 12, 1995;
(C) Is distributed on or after July 12, 1995; or
(D) Is exchanged on or after July 12, 1995 for stock of a member
(determined immediately after the exchange) in a transaction that would
cause S's gain or loss from the transfer to be taken into account under
prior law.
(iii) Time and manner of making election. An election under this
paragraph (l)(3) is made by attaching to a timely filed original return
(including extensions) for the consolidated return year including July
12, 1995 a statement entitled ``[Insert Name and Employer Identification
Number of Common Parent] HEREBY ELECTS THE APPLICATION OF Sec. 1.1502-
13(l)(3).'' See paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(E) of this section for the manner
of electing the relief provisions of paragraph (f)(5)(ii) of this
section.
(4) Prior law. For transactions occurring in S's years beginning
before July 12, 1995, see the applicable regulations issued under
section 1502. See Sec. Sec. 1.1502-13, 1.1502-13T, 1.1502-14, 1.1502-
14T, 1.1502-31, and 1.1502-32 (as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition
revised as of April 1, 1995).
(5) Consent to adopt method of accounting. For intercompany
transactions occurring in a consolidated group's first taxable year
beginning on or after July 12, 1995, the Commissioner's consent under
section 446(e) is hereby granted for any changes in methods of
accounting that are necessary solely by reason of the timing rules of
this section. Changes in method of accounting for these transactions are
to be effected on a cut-off basis.
(m) Effective/applicability date. Paragraphs (f)(5)(ii)(E) and
(f)(6)(i)(C)(2) of this section apply to any original consolidated
Federal income tax return due (without extensions) after June 14, 2007.
For original consolidated Federal income tax returns due (without
extensions) after May 30, 2006, and on or before June 14, 2007, see
Sec. 1.1502-13T as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1,
2007. For original consolidated Federal income tax returns due (without
extensions) on or before May 30, 2006, see Sec. 1.1502-13 as contained
in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2006.
[T.D. 8597, 60 FR 36685, July 18, 1995]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1502-13, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Sec. 1.1502-13T Intercompany transactions (temporary).
(a) through (c)(6)(ii)(B) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see
Sec. 1.1502-13(a) through (c)(6)(ii)(B).
(C) Certain intercompany gains on member stock--(1) In general.
Notwithstanding paragraph (c)(6)(ii)(A)(1), intercompany gain with
respect to member stock is redetermined to be excluded from gross income
to the extent that--
(i) The gain is the common parent's (P) intercompany item;
(ii) Immediately before the intercompany gain is taken into account,
P holds the member stock with respect to which the intercompany gain was
realized;
(iii) P's basis in such member stock that reflects the intercompany
gain that is taken into account is eliminated without the recognition of
gain or loss (and such eliminated basis is not further reflected in the
basis of any successor asset);
(iv) The group has not and will not derive any Federal income tax
benefit from the intercompany transaction that gave rise to such
intercompany gain or the redetermination of the intercompany gain
(including any adjustment to basis in member stock under Sec. 1.1502-
32); and
(v) The effects of the intercompany transaction have not previously
been reflected, directly or indirectly, on the group's consolidated
return. For this purpose, the redetermination of the intercompany gain
is not in and of itself considered a Federal income tax benefit.
(2) Effective/applicability date--(i) In general. This paragraph
(c)(6)(ii)(C) applies with respect to items taken into account on or
after March 7, 2008.
[[Page 365]]
(ii) Expiration date. The applicability of this paragraph
(c)(6)(ii)(C) will expire on March 7, 2011.
(c)(6)(ii)(D) through (f)(7)(i) Example 6 [Reserved]. For further
guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(6)(ii)(D) through (f)(7)(i) Example 6.
Example 7. Intercompany stock sale followed by section 332
liquidation into common parent. (i) Facts. P owns all of the stock of S,
S owns all the stock of T, and T owns all of the stock of T1. On January
1 of Year 1, S distributes all of the T stock to P in a distribution to
which section 301 applies. At the time of this distribution, the value
of the T stock is $100 and S has a $40 basis in the T stock. Under
section 311(b), S recognizes a $60 gain. Under section 301(d), P's basis
in the T stock is $100. S will take its $60 gain into account under the
matching rule in paragraph (c) of this section. On January 1 of Year 4,
in an independent transaction, S distributes all of its assets to P in a
complete liquidation to which section 332 applies, and, under paragraph
(j)(2) of this section, P succeeds to S's $60 gain. On January 1 of Year
7, T distributes all of its T1 stock to P in a transaction to which
section 355 applies. At the time of this distribution, P has a basis in
the T stock of $100, the value of the T stock (without regard to T1) is
$75, and the value of the T1 stock is $25. Under section 358, P
allocates $25 of its $100 basis in the T stock to the T1 stock, and,
under paragraph (j)(1) of this section, the T1 stock becomes a successor
asset to the T stock. On January 1 of Year 9, in an independent
transaction, when T's assets have a value of $75, T distributes all of
its assets to P in a complete liquidation to which section 332 applies.
(ii) Analysis. Under paragraphs (b)(1) and (f)(2) of this section,
S's distribution of the T stock to P is an intercompany transaction, S
is the selling member, and P is the buying member. In Year 9 when T
liquidates, P has $0 of unrecognized gain or loss under section 332
because P has a $75 basis in the stock of T and receives a $75
distribution with respect to its T stock. Under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of
this section, P's $0 of unrecognized gain or loss with respect to the T
stock under section 332 is a corresponding item. P takes $45 of its
intercompany gain into account under the matching rule in Year 9 to
reflect the difference between P's $0 of unrecognized gain and P's $45
of recomputed unrecognized gain. (If P and S were divisions of a single
corporation, P would have had a $40 basis in the T stock, and, after the
Year 7 distribution of the T1 stock, would have held the T stock with a
$30 basis.) Paragraph (c)(6) of this section does not prevent the
redetermination of P's intercompany gain as excluded from gross income
to the extent that the gain is P's intercompany item, P holds the T
stock with respect to which this portion of the intercompany gain was
realized, P's basis in the T stock that reflects the $45 intercompany
gain taken into account is eliminated without the recognition of gain or
loss (and this eliminated basis is not further reflected in the basis of
any successor asset), the group has not derived any Federal income tax
benefit from the basis in the T stock and will not derive any Federal
income tax benefit from a redetermination of this portion of the gain,
and the effects of the intercompany transaction have not previously been
reflected, directly or indirectly, on the P group's consolidated return.
(See paragraph (c)(6)(ii)(C) of this section). Accordingly, under
paragraph (c)(6)(ii)(C) of this section, the $45 intercompany gain that
P takes into account is redetermined to be excluded from gross income.
Example 8. Intercompany stock sale followed by section 355
distribution by the common parent. (i) Facts. The facts are the same as
Example 7, except that T does not distribute the stock of T1, instead,
in Year 7, T makes a distribution of $50 to P in a transaction to which
section 301 applies. Under Sec. 1.1502-32, P's basis in its T stock is
reduced by $50 and, under paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section, the
intercompany distribution is excluded from P's gross income. Further, in
Year 9, instead of liquidating T, P distributes the T stock to its
shareholders in a transaction to which section 355 applies.
(ii) Analysis. On the distribution of the T stock, P has $0 of
unrecognized gain under section 355(c) because P has a $50 basis in the
stock of T which has a value of $50. Under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this
section, P's $0 of unrecognized gain or loss with respect to the T stock
under section 355(c) is a corresponding item. P takes its $60
intercompany gain into account under the matching rule in Year 9 to
reflect the difference between P's $0 of unrecognized gain and P's $60
of recomputed gain ($50 unrecognized gain and $10 recognized gain). (If
P and S were divisions of a single corporation, P would have had a $40
basis in the T stock, and, after the Year 7 distribution, would have
held the T stock with a $10 excess loss account.) Paragraph (c)(6) of
this section does not prevent the redetermination of P's intercompany
gain as excluded from gross income to the extent that the gain is P's
intercompany gain, P holds the T stock with respect to which this
portion of the intercompany gain was realized, P's basis in the T stock
that reflects the $60 intercompany gain taken into account is eliminated
without the recognition of gain or loss (and this eliminated basis is
not further reflected in any successor asset), the group has not derived
any Federal income tax benefit from the basis in the T stock and will
not derive any Federal income tax benefit from a redetermination of this
portion of the gain, and the effects of the
[[Page 366]]
intercompany transaction have not previously been reflected, directly or
indirectly, on the P group's consolidated return. (See paragraph
(c)(6)(ii)(C) of this section). The intercompany transaction with
respect to the T stock resulted in an increase in the basis of the T
stock, and this increase in the basis of the T stock prevented P from
holding the T stock with a $10 excess loss account (as a result of the
Year 7 distribution) at the time of the section 355 distribution.
Accordingly, the group derived a Federal income tax benefit from the
intercompany transaction to the extent of $10. As such, under paragraph
(c)(6)(ii)(C) of this section, only $50 of the $60 intercompany gain
that P takes into account is redetermined to be excluded from gross
income.
(iii) Application of section 355(e). If it was determined that
section 355(e) applied to P's distribution of the T stock, P would
recognize $0 of gain and derive a Federal income tax benefit to the
extent of the full $60 increase in the basis of the T stock. Therefore,
no portion of P's intercompany gain would be redetermined to be excluded
from gross income under paragraph (c)(6)(ii)(C) of this section.
(ii) Effective/applicability date--(A) In general. Paragraph
(f)(7)(i) Examples 7 and 8 of this section apply with respect to items
taken into account on or after March 7, 2008.
(B) Expiration date. The applicability of paragraph (f)(7)(i)
Examples 7 and 8 of this section will expire on March 7, 2011.
(c)(6)(ii)(D) through (f)(5)(ii)(A) [Reserved] For further guidance,
see Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(6)(ii)(D) through (f)(5)(ii)(A).
(B) Section 332--(1) In general. If section 332 would otherwise
apply to T's (old T's) liquidation into B, and B transfers substantially
all of old T's assets to a new member (new T), and if a direct transfer
of substantially all of old T's assets to new T would qualify as a
reorganization described in section 368(a), then, for all Federal income
tax purposes, T's liquidation into B and B's transfer of substantially
all of old T's assets to new T will be disregarded and instead, the
transaction will be treated as if old T transferred substantially all of
its assets to new T in exchange for new T stock and the assumption of
T's liabilities in a reorganization described in section 368(a). (Under
Sec. 1.1502-13(j)(1), B's stock in new T would be a successor asset to
B's stock in old T, and S's gain would be taken into account based on
the new T stock.)
(2) Time limitation and adjustments. The transfer of old T's assets
to new T qualifies under paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(B)(1) of this section only
if B has entered into a written plan, on or before the due date of the
group's consolidated income tax return (including extensions), to
transfer the T assets to new T, and the statement described in paragraph
(f)(5)(ii)(E) of this section is included on or with a timely filed
consolidated tax return for the tax year that includes the date of the
liquidation (including extensions). However, see paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(F)
of this section for certain situations in which the plan may be entered
into after the due date of the return and the statement described in
paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(E) of this section may be included on either an
original tax return or an amended tax return filed after the due date of
the return. In either case, the transfer of substantially all of T's
assets to new T must be completed within 12 months of the filing of the
return. Appropriate adjustments are made to reflect any events occurring
before the formation of new T and to reflect any assets not transferred
to new T, or liabilities not assumed by new T. For example, if B retains
an asset of old T, the asset is treated under Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(3) as
acquired by new T but distributed to B immediately after the
reorganization.
(f)(5)(ii)(B)(3) through (f)(5)(ii)(E) [Reserved] For further
guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(5)(ii)(B)(3) through (f)(5)(ii)(E).
(F) Effective/Applicability date--(1) General rule. Paragraphs
(f)(5)(ii)(B)(1) and (2) of this section apply to transactions in which
old T's liquidation into B occurs on or after October 25, 2007.
(2) Prior periods. For transactions in which old T's liquidation
into B occurs before October 25, 2007, see Sec. 1.1502-
13(f)(5)(ii)(B)(1) and (2) in effect prior to October 25, 2007 as
contained in 26 CFR part 1, revised April 1, 2009.
(3) Special rule for tax returns filed before November 3, 2009 In
the case of a liquidation on or after October 25, 2007, by a taxpayer
whose original tax return for the year of liquidation was filed on
[[Page 367]]
or before November 3, 2009 then, notwithstanding paragraph
(f)(5)(ii)(B)(2) of this section and Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(5)(ii)(E), the
election to apply paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(B) of this section may be made by
entering into the written plan described in paragraph (f)(5)(ii)(B) of
this section on or before November 3, 2009, including the statement
described in Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(5)(ii)(E) on or with an original tax
return or an amended tax return for the tax year that includes the
liquidation filed on or before November 3, 2009, and transferring
substantially all of T's assets to new T within 12 months of the filing
of such original or amended return.
(G) Expiration date. Paragraphs (f)(5)(ii)(B), (B)(1), (B)(2) and
(F)(1), (2), and (3) of this section will expire on September 3, 2012.
(f)(6) through (f)(7)(i) Example 6 [Reserved] For further guidance,
see Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(6) through (f)(7)(i) Example 6.
(g) through (m) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-
13(g) through (m).
[T.D. 9383, 73 FR 12267, Mar. 7, 2008, as amended at 73 FR 18160, Apr.
3, 2008; 74 FR 45759, Sept. 4, 2009; T.D. 9458, 75 FR 1704, Jan. 13,
2010]
Sec. 1.1502-15 SRLY limitation on built-in losses.
(a) SRLY limitation. Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this
section (relating to built-in losses of the common parent) and paragraph
(g) of this section (relating to an overlap with section 382), built-in
losses are subject to the SRLY limitation under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(c)
and 1.1502-22(c) (including applicable subgroup principles). Built-in
losses are treated as deductions or losses in the year recognized,
except for the purpose of determining the amount of, and the extent to
which the built-in loss is limited by, the SRLY limitation for the year
in which it is recognized. Solely for such purpose, a built-in loss is
treated as a hypothetical net operating loss carryover or net capital
loss carryover arising in a SRLY, instead of as a deduction or loss in
the year recognized. To the extent that a built-in loss is allowed as a
deduction under this section in the year it is recognized, it offsets
any consolidated taxable income for the year before any loss carryovers
or carrybacks are allowed as a deduction. To the extent not so allowed,
it is treated as a separate net operating loss or net capital loss
carryover or carryback arising in the year of recognition and, under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or 1.1502-22(c), the year of recognition is treated
as a SRLY.
(b) Built-in losses--(1) Defined. If a corporation has a net
unrealized built-in loss under section 382(h)(3) (as modified by this
section) on the day it becomes a member of the group (whether or not the
group is a consolidated group), its deductions and losses are built-in
losses under this section to the extent they are treated as recognized
built-in losses under section 382(h)(2)(B) (as modified by this
section). This paragraph (b) generally applies separately with respect
to each member, but see paragraph (c) of this section for circumstances
in which it is applied on a subgroup basis.
(2) Operating rules. Solely for purposes of applying paragraph
(b)(1) of this section, the principles of Sec. 1.1502-94(c) apply with
appropriate adjustments, including the following:
(i) Stock acquisition. A corporation is treated as having an
ownership change under section 382(g) on the day the corporation becomes
a member of a group, and no other events (e.g., a subsequent ownership
change under section 382(g) while it is a member) are treated as causing
an ownership change.
(ii) Asset acquisition. In the case of an asset acquisition by a
group, the assets and liabilities acquired directly from the same
transferor (whether corporate or non-corporate, foreign or domestic)
pursuant to the same plan are treated as the assets and liabilities of a
corporation that becomes a member of the group (and has an ownership
change) on the date of the acquisition.
(iii) Recognized built-in gain or loss. A loss that is included in
the determination of net unrealized built-in gain or loss and that is
recognized but disallowed or deferred (e.g., under Sec. 1.337(d)-2,
Sec. 1.1502-35, Sec. 1.1502-36, or section 267) is not treated as a
built-in loss unless and until the loss would be allowed during the
recognition period without regard to the application of this section.
Section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii)
[[Page 368]]
does not apply to the extent it limits the amount of recognized built-in
loss that may be treated as a pre-change loss to the amount of the net
unrealized built-in loss.
(c) Built-in losses of subgroups--(1) In general. In the case of a
subgroup, the principles of paragraph (b) of this section apply to the
subgroup, and not separately to its members. Thus, the net unrealized
built-in loss and recognized built-in loss for purposes of paragraph (b)
of this section are based on the aggregate amounts for each member of
the subgroup.
(2) Members of subgroups. A subgroup is composed of those members
that have been continuously affiliated with each other for the 60
consecutive month period ending immediately before they become members
of the group in which the loss is recognized. A member remains a member
of the subgroup until it ceases to be affiliated with the loss member.
For this purpose, the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(2)(iv) through
(vi) apply with appropriate adjustments.
(3) Coordination of 60 month affiliation requirement with the
overlap rule. If one or more corporations become members of a group and
are included in the determination of a net unrealized built-in loss that
is subject to the overlap rule described in paragraph (g)(1) of this
section, then for purposes of paragraph (c)(2) of this section, such
corporations that become members of the group are treated as having been
affiliated for 60 consecutive months with the common parent of the group
and are also treated as having been affiliated with any other members
who have been affiliated or are treated as having been affiliated with
the common parent at such time. The corporations are treated as having
been affiliated with such other members for the same period of time that
those members have been affiliated or are treated as having been
affiliated with the common parent. If two or more corporations become
members of the group at the same time, but this paragraph (c)(3) does
not apply to every such corporation, then immediately after the
corporations become members of the group, and solely for purposes of
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, the corporations to which this
paragraph (c)(3) applies are treated as having not been previously
affiliated with the corporations to which this paragraph (c)(3) does not
apply. If the common parent has become the common parent of an existing
group within the previous five year period in a transaction described in
Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2)(ii) or (3), the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-
91(g)(6) and 1.1502-96(a)(2)(iii) shall apply.
(4) Built-in amounts. Solely for purposes of determining whether the
subgroup has a net unrealized built-in loss or whether it has a
recognized built-in loss, the principles of Sec. 1.1502-91(g) and (h)
apply with appropriate adjustments.
(d) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this section, unless
otherwise stated, all groups file consolidated returns, all corporations
have calendar taxable years, the facts set forth the only corporate
activity, value means fair market value and the adjusted basis of each
asset equals its value, all transactions are with unrelated persons, and
the application of any limitation or threshold under section 382 is
disregarded. The principles of this section are illustrated by the
following examples:
Example 1. Determination of recognized built-in loss. (i) Individual
A owns all of the stock of P and T. T has two depreciable assets. Asset
1 has an unrealized loss of $55 (basis $75, value $20), and asset 2 has
an unrealized gain of $20 (basis $30, value $50). P acquires all the
stock of T from Individual A during Year 1, and T becomes a member of
the P group. P's acquisition of T is not an ownership change as defined
by section 382(g). Paragraph (g) of this section does not apply because
there is not an overlap of the application of the rules contained in
paragraph (a) of this section and section 382.
(ii) Under paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, and solely for
purposes of applying paragraph (b)(1) of this section, T is treated as
having an ownership change under section 382(g) on becoming a member of
the P group. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, none of T's $55 of
unrealized loss is treated as a built-in loss unless T has a net
unrealized built-in loss under section 382(h)(3) on becoming a member of
the P group.
(iii) Under section 382(h)(3)(A), T has a $35 net unrealized built-
in loss on becoming a member of the P group (($55)+$20=($35)). Assume
that this amount exceeds the threshold requirement in section
382(h)(3)(B). Under section 382(h)(2)(B), the entire amount of T's $55
unrealized loss is treated as a built-in
[[Page 369]]
loss to the extent it is recognized during the 5-year recognition period
described in section 382(h)(7). Under paragraph (b)(2)(iii) of this
section, the restriction under section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii), which limits
the amount of recognized built-in loss that is treated as pre-change
loss to the amount of the net unrealized built-in loss, is inapplicable
for this purpose. Consequently, the entire $55 of unrealized loss (not
just the $35 net unrealized loss) is treated under paragraph (b)(1) of
this section as a built-in loss to the extent it is recognized within 5
years of T's becoming a member of the P group. Under paragraph (a) of
this section, a built-in loss is subject to the SRLY limitation under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1).
(iv) Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, the built-in loss
would similarly be subject to a SRLY limitation under Sec. 1.1502-
21(c)(1) if T transferred all of its assets and liabilities to a
subsidiary of the P group in a single transaction described in section
351. To the extent the built-in loss is recognized within 5 years of T's
transfer, all of the items contributed by the acquiring subsidiary to
consolidated taxable income (and not just the items attributable to the
assets and liabilities transferred by T) are included for purposes of
determining the SRLY limitation under Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1).
Example 2. Actual application of section 382 not relevant. (i)
Individual A owns all of the stock of P, and Individual B owns all of
the stock of T. T has two depreciable assets. Asset 1 has an unrealized
loss of $25 (basis $75, value $50), and asset 2 has an unrealized gain
of $20 (basis $30, value $50). P buys 55 percent of the stock of T in
January of Year 1, resulting in an ownership change of T under section
382(g). During March of Year 2, P buys the 45 percent balance of the T
stock, and T becomes a member of the P group.
(ii) Although T has an ownership change for purposes of section 382
in Year 1 and not Year 2, T's joining the P group in Year 2 is treated
as an ownership change under section 382(g) solely for purposes of this
section. Consequently, for purposes of this section, whether T has a net
unrealized built-in loss under section 382(h)(3) is determined as if the
day T joined the P group were a change date.
Example 3. Determination of a recognized built-in loss of a
subgroup. (i) Individual A owns all of the stock of P, S, and M. P and M
are each the common parent of a consolidated group. During Year 1, P
acquires all of the stock of S from Individual A, and S becomes a member
of the P group. P's acquisition of S is not an ownership change as
defined by section 382(g). At the beginning of Year 7, M acquires all of
the stock of P from Individual A, and P and S become members of the M
group. M's acquisitions of P and S are also not ownership changes as
defined by section 382(g). At the time of M's acquisition of the P
stock, P has (disregarding the stock of S) a $10 net unrealized built-in
gain (two depreciable assets, asset 1 with a basis of $35 and a value of
$55, and asset 2 with a basis of $55 and a value of $45), and S has a
$75 net unrealized built-in loss (two depreciable assets, asset 3 with a
basis of $95 and a value of $10, and asset 4 with a basis of $10 and a
value of $20).
(ii) Under paragraph (c) of this section, P and S compose a subgroup
on becoming members of the M group because P and S were continuously
affiliated for the 60 month period ending immediately before they became
members of the M group. Consequently, paragraph (b) of this section does
not apply to P and S separately. Instead, their separately computed
unrealized gains and losses are aggregated for purposes of determining
whether, and the extent to which, any unrealized loss is treated as
built-in loss under this section and is subject to the SRLY limitation
under Sec. 1.1502-21(c).
(iii) Under paragraph (c) of this section, the P subgroup has a net
unrealized built-in loss on the day P and S become members of the M
group, determined by treating the day they become members as a change
date. The net unrealized built-in loss is the aggregate of P's net
unrealized built-in gain of $10 and S's net unrealized built-in loss of
$75, or an aggregate net unrealized built-in loss of $65. (The stock of
S owned by P is disregarded for purposes of determining the net
unrealized built-in loss. However, any loss allowed on the sale of the
stock within the recognition period is taken into account in determining
recognized loss.) Assume that the $65 net unrealized built-in loss
exceeds the threshold requirement under section 382(h)(3)(B).
(iv) Under paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2)(iii), and (c) of this section,
a loss recognized during the 5-year recognition period on an asset of P
or S held on the day that P and S became members of the M group is a
built-in loss except to the extent the group establishes that such loss
exceeds the amount by which the adjusted basis of such asset on the day
the member became a member exceeded the fair market value of such asset
on that same day. If P sells asset 2 for $45 in Year 7 and recognizes a
$10 loss, the entire $10 loss is treated as a built-in loss under
paragraphs (b)(2)(iii) and (c) of this section. If S sells asset 3 for
$10 in Year 7 and recognizes an $85 loss, the entire $85 loss is treated
as a built-in loss under paragraphs (b)(2)(iii) and (c) of this section
(not just the $55 balance of the P subgroup's $65 net unrealized built-
in loss).
(v) The determination of whether P and S constitute a SRLY subgroup
for purposes of loss carryovers and carrybacks, and the extent to which
built-in losses are not allowed under the SRLY limitation, is made under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c).
Example 4. Computation of SRLY limitation. (i) Individual A owns all
of the stock of P, the common parent of a consolidated group.
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During Year 1, Individual A forms T by contributing $300, and T sustains
a $100 net operating loss. During Year 2, T's assets decline in value to
$100. At the beginning of Year 3, P acquires all the stock of T from
Individual A, and T becomes a member of the P group with a net
unrealized built-in loss of $100. P's acquisition of T is not an
ownership change as defined by section 382(g). Assume that $100 exceeds
the threshold requirements of section 382(h)(3)(B). During Year 3, T
recognizes its unrealized built-in loss as a $100 ordinary loss. The
members of the P group contribute the following net income to the
consolidated taxable income of the P group (disregarding T's recognized
built-in loss and any consolidated net operating loss deduction under
Sec. 1.1502-21) for Years 3 and 4:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year 3 Year 4 Total
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P group (without T) $100 $100 $200
T............................................ 60 40 100
CTI.......................................... 160 140 300
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Under paragraph (b) of this section, T's $100 ordinary loss in
Year 3 (not taken into account in the consolidated taxable income
computations above) is a built-in loss. Under paragraph (a) of this
section, the built-in loss is treated as a net operating loss carryover
for purposes of determining the SRLY limitation under Sec. 1.1502-
21(c).
(iii) For Year 3, Sec. 1.1502-21(c) limits T's $100 built-in loss
and $100 net operating loss carryover from Year 1 to the aggregate of
the P group's consolidated taxable income through Year 3, determined by
reference to only T's items. For this purpose, consolidated taxable
income is determined without regard to any consolidated net operating
loss deductions under Sec. 1.1502-21(a).
(iv) The P group's consolidated taxable income through Year 3 is $60
when determined by reference to only T's items. Under Sec. 1.1502-
21(c), the SRLY limitation for Year 3 is therefore $60.
(v) Under paragraph (a) of this section, the $100 built-in loss is
treated as a current deduction for all purposes other than determination
of the SRLY limitation under Sec. 1.1502-21(c). Consequently, a
deduction for the built-in loss is allowed in Year 3 before T's loss
carryover from Year 1 is allowed, but only to the extent of the $60 SRLY
limitation. None of T's Year 1 loss carryover is allowed because the
built-in loss ($100) exceeds the SRLY limitation for Year 3.
(vi) The $40 balance of the built-in loss that is not allowed in
Year 3 because of the SRLY limitation is treated as a $40 net operating
loss arising in Year 3 that is carried to other years in accordance with
the rules of Sec. 1.1502-21(b). The $40 net operating loss is treated
under paragraph (a) of this section and Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(ii) as a
loss carryover or carryback from Year 3 that arises in a SRLY, and is
subject to the rules of Sec. 1.1502-21 (including Sec. 1.1502-21(c))
rather than this section. See also Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(iii) Example 4.
(vii) The facts are the same as in paragraphs (i) through (vi) of
this Example 4, except that T has an additional built-in loss when it
joins the P group which is recognized in Year 4. For purposes of
determining the SRLY limitation for this additional loss in Year 4 (or
any subsequent year), the $60 of built-in loss allowed as a deduction in
Year 3 is treated under paragraph (a) of this section as a deduction in
Year 3 that reduces the P group's consolidated taxable income when
determined by reference to only T's items.
Example 5. Built-in loss exceeding consolidated taxable income in
the year recognized. (i) Individual A owns all of the stock of P and T.
During Year 1, P acquires all the stock of T from Individual A, and T
becomes a member of the P group. P's acquisition of T was not an
ownership change as defined by section 382(g). At the time of
acquisition, T has a noncapital asset with an unrealized loss of $45
(basis $100, value $55), which exceeds the threshold requirements of
section 382(h)(3)(B). During Year 2, T sells its asset for $55 and
recognizes the unrealized built-in loss. The P group has $10 of
consolidated taxable income in Year 2, computed by disregarding T's
recognition of the $45 built-in loss and the consolidated net operating
loss deduction, while the consolidated taxable income would be $25 if
determined by reference to only T's items (other than the $45 loss).
(ii) T's $45 loss is recognized in Year 2 and, under paragraph (b)
of this section, constitutes a built-in loss. Under paragraph (a) of
this section and Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(ii), the loss is treated as a net
operating loss carryover to Year 2 for purposes of applying the SRLY
limitation under Sec. 1.1502-21(c).
(iii) For Year 2, T's SRLY limitation is the aggregate of the P
group's consolidated taxable income through Year 2 determined by
reference to only T's items. For this purpose, consolidated taxable
income is determined by disregarding any built-in loss that is treated
as a net operating loss carryover, and any consolidated net operating
loss deductions under Sec. 1.1502-21(a). Consolidated taxable income so
determined is $25.
(iv) Under Sec. 1.1502-21(c), $25 of the $45 built-in loss could be
deducted in Year 2. Because the P group has only $10 of consolidated
taxable income (determined without regard to the $45), the $25 loss
creates a consolidated net operating loss of $15. This loss is carried
back or forward under the rules of Sec. 1.1502-21(b) and absorbed under
the rules of Sec. 1.1502-21(a). This loss is not treated as arising in
a SRLY (see Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(ii)) and therefore is not subject to
the SRLY limitation under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) in any consolidated return
year of the group to which it is carried. The remaining $20 is treated
as a loss carryover
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arising in a SRLY and is subject to the limitation of Sec. 1.1502-21(c)
in the year to which it is carried.
(e) Predecessors and successors. For purposes of this section, any
reference to a corporation or member includes, as the context may
require, a reference to a successor or predecessor, as defined in Sec.
1.1502-1(f)(4).
(f) Built-in losses recognized by common parent of group--(1)
General rule. Paragraph (a) of this section does not apply to any loss
recognized by the group on an asset held by the common parent on the
date the group is formed. Following an acquisition described in Sec.
1.1502-75(d)(2) or (3), references to the common parent are to the
corporation that was the common parent immediately before the
acquisition.
(2) Anti-avoidance rule. If a corporation that becomes a common
parent of a group acquires assets with a net unrealized built-in loss in
excess of the threshold requirement of section 382(h)(3)(B) (and thereby
increases its net unrealized built-in loss or decreases its net
unrealized built-in gain) prior to, and in anticipation of, the
formation of the group, paragraph (f)(1) of this section does not apply.
(g) Overlap with section 382--(1) General rule. The limitations
provided in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(c) and 1.1502-22(c) do not apply to
recognized built-in losses or to loss carryovers or carrybacks
attributable to recognized built-in losses when the application of
paragraph (a) of this section results in an overlap with the application
of section 382.
(2) Definitions--(i) Generally. For purposes of this paragraph (g),
the definitions and nomenclature contained in section 382, the
regulations thereunder, and Sec. Sec. 1.1502-90 through 1.1502-99
apply.
(ii) Overlap--(A) An overlap of the application of paragraph (a) of
this section and the application of section 382 with respect to built-in
losses occurs if a corporation becomes a member of a consolidated group
(the SRLY event) within six months of the change date of an ownership
change giving rise to a section 382(a) limitation that would apply with
respect to the corporation's recognized built-in losses (the section 382
event). Except as provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this section,
application of the overlap rule does not require that the size and
composition of the corporation's net unrealized built-in loss is the
same on the date of the section 382 event and the SRLY event.
(B) For special rules in the event that there is a SRLY subgroup
and/or a loss subgroup as defined in Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(2) with respect
to built-in losses, see paragraph (g)(4) of this section.
(3) Operating rules--(i) Section 382 event before SRLY event. If a
SRLY event occurs on the same date as a section 382 event or within the
six month period beginning on the date of the section 382 event,
paragraph (g)(1) of this section applies beginning with the tax year
that includes the SRLY event. Paragraph (g)(1) of this section does not
apply, however, if a corporation that would otherwise be subject to the
overlap rule acquires assets from a person other than a member of the
group with a net unrealized built-in loss in excess of the threshold
requirement of section 382(h)(3)(B) (and thereby increases its net
unrealized built-in loss) after the section 382 event, and before the
SRLY event.
(ii) SRLY event before section 382 event. If a section 382 event
occurs within the period beginning the day after the SRLY event and
ending six months after the SRLY event, paragraph (g)(1) of this section
applies starting with the first tax year that begins after the section
382 event. However, paragraph (g)(1) of this section does not apply at
any time if a corporation that otherwise would be subject to paragraph
(g)(1) of this section transfers assets with an unrealized built-in loss
to another member of the group after the SRLY event, but before the
section 382 event, unless the corporation recognizes the built-in loss
upon the transfer.
(4) Subgroup rules. In general, in the case of built-in losses for
which there is a SRLY subgroup and the corporations joining the group at
the time of the SRLY event also constitute a loss subgroup (as defined
in Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(2)), the principles of this paragraph (g) apply to
the SRLY subgroup, and not separately to its members. However, paragraph
(g)(1) of this section applies with respect to built-in losses only if--
(i) All members of the SRLY subgroup with respect to those built-in
[[Page 372]]
losses are also included in a loss subgroup (as defined in Sec. 1.1502-
91(d)(2)); and
(ii) All members of a loss subgroup (as defined in Sec. 1.1502-
91(d)(2)) are also members of a SRLY subgroup with respect to those
built-in losses.
(5) Asset acquisitions. Notwithstanding the application of this
paragraph (g), paragraph (a) of this section applies to asset
acquisitions by the corporation that occurs after the latter of the SRLY
event and the section 382 event. See, paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this
section.
(6) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (g) are illustrated
by the following examples:
Example 1. Determination of subgroup. (i) Individual A owns all of
the stock of P, P1, and S. In Year 1, P acquires all of the stock of P1,
and they file a consolidated return. In Year 3, P acquires all of the
stock of S, and S joins the P group. Individual B, unrelated to
Individual A, owns all of the stock of M and K, each the common parent
of a consolidated group. Individual C, unrelated to either Individual A
or Individual B, owns all of the stock of T.
(ii) At the beginning of Year 7, M acquires all of the stock of P
from Individual A, and, as a result, P, P1, and S become members of the
M group. At the time of M's acquisition of the P stock, P has a $15 net
unrealized built-in loss (disregarding the stock of P1), P1 has a net
unrealized built-in gain of $10, and S has a net unrealized built-in
gain of $5.
(iii) During Year 8, M acquires all of the stock of T, and T joins
the M group. At the time of M's acquisition of the T stock, T had an
unrealized built-in loss of $15. At the beginning of Year 9, K acquires
all of the stock of M from Individual B, and the members of the M
consolidated group including P, P1, S, and T become members of the K
group. At the time of K's acquisition of the M stock, M has
(disregarding the stock of P and T) a $15 net unrealized built-in loss,
P has a $20 net unrealized built-in loss (disregarding the stock of P1),
P1 has a net unrealized built-in gain of $5, S has a net unrealized
built-in loss of $35, and T has a $15 net unrealized built-in loss.
(iv) M's acquisition of P in Year 7 results in P, P1, and S becoming
members of the M group (the SRLY event). Under paragraph (c) of this
section, P and P1 compose a SRLY built-in loss subgroup because they
have been affiliated for the 60 consecutive month period immediately
preceding joining the M group. S is not a member of the subgroup because
on becoming a member of the M group it had not been continuously
affiliated with P and P1 for the 60 month period ending immediately
before it became a member of the M group. Consequently, Sec. 1.1502-15
applies to S separately from the P and P1 subgroup.
(v) Assuming that the $5 net unrealized built-in loss of the P/P1
subgroup exceeds the threshold requirement under section 382(h)(3)(B),
M's acquisition of P resulted in an ownership change of P and P1 within
the meaning of section 382(g) that subjects P and P1 to a limitation
under section 382(a) (the section 382 event). Because, with respect to P
and P1, the SRLY event and the change date of the section 382 event
occur on the same date and because the loss subgroup and SRLY subgroup
are coextensive, there is an overlap of the application of the SRLY
rules and the application of section 382.
(vi) S was not a loss corporation because it did not have a net
operating loss carryover, or a net unrealized built-in loss, and
therefore, M's acquisition of P did not result in an ownership change of
S within the meaning of section 382(g). S, therefore is not subject to
the overlap rule of paragraph (g) of this section.
(vii) M's acquisition of T resulted in T becoming a member of the M
group (the SRLY event). Assuming that T's $15 net unrealized built-in
loss exceeds the threshold requirement under section 382(h)(3)(B), M's
acquisition of T also resulted in an ownership change of T within the
meaning of section 382(g) that subjects T to a limitation under section
382(a) (the section 382 event). Because, with respect to T, the SRLY
event and the change date of the section 382 event occur on the same
date, there is an overlap of the application of the SRLY rules and the
application of section 382 within the meaning of paragraph (g) of this
section.
(viii) K's acquisition of M results in the members of the M
consolidated group, including T, P, P1, and S, becoming members of the K
group (the SRLY event). Because T, P, and P1 were each included in the
determination of a net unrealized built-in loss that was subject to the
overlap rule described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section when they
each became members of the M group, they are deemed under paragraph
(c)(3) of this section to have been continuously affiliated with M for
the 60 month period ending immediately before becoming a member of the M
group, notwithstanding their actual affiliation history. As a result, M,
T, P, and P1 compose a SRLY built-in loss subgroup under paragraph
(c)(2) of this section. K's acquisition of M is not subject to paragraph
(g) of this section because it does not result in a section 382 event.
(ix) S, however, is not a member of the subgroup under paragraph
(c)(2) of this section. Because S was not included in the determination
of a net unrealized built-in loss that was subject to the overlap rule
described in paragraph (g)(1) of this section when it joined the M
group, S is treated as becoming an affiliate of M on the date it
[[Page 373]]
joined the M group. Furthermore, under paragraph (c)(3) of this section,
S is deemed to have begun its affiliation with P and P1 on the date it
joined the M group. Consequently, Sec. 1.1502-15 applies to S
separately to the extent its built-in loss is recognized within the
recognition period.
Example 2. Post-overlap acquisition of assets. (i) Individual A owns
all of the stock of P, the common parent of a consolidated group. B, an
individual unrelated to Individual A, owns all of the stock of T. T has
two depreciable assets. Asset 1 has an unrealized built-in loss of $25
(basis $75, value $50), and asset 2 has an unrealized built-in gain of
$20 (basis $30, value $50). During Year 3, P buys all of the stock of T
from Individual B. On January 1, Year 4, P contributes $80 cash and
Individual A contributes asset 3, a depreciable asset, with a net
unrealized built-in loss of $45 (basis $65, value $20), in exchange for
T stock in a transaction that is described in section 351.
(ii) P's acquisition of T results in T becoming a member of the P
group (the SRLY event) and also results in an ownership change of T,
within the meaning of section 382(g), that gives rise to a limitation
under section 382(a) (the section 382 event).
(iii) Because the SRLY event and the change date of the section 382
event occur on the same date, there is an overlap of the application of
the SRLY rules and the application of section 382. Consequently, under
paragraph (g) of this section, the limitation under paragraph (a) of
this section does not apply to T's net unrealized built-in loss when it
joined the P group.
(iv) Individual A's Year 4 contribution of a depreciable asset
occurred after T was a member of the P group. Assuming that the amount
of the net unrealized built-in loss exceeds the threshold requirement of
section 382(h)(3)(B), the sale of asset 3 within the recognition period
is subject to the SRLY limitation of paragraphs (a) and (b)(2)(ii) of
this section.
Example 3. Overlap rule. (i) Individual A owns all of the stock of
P, the common parent of a consolidated group. B, an individual unrelated
to Individual A, owns all of the stock of T. T has two depreciable
assets. Asset 1 has an unrealized loss of $55 (basis $75, value $20),
and asset 2 has an unrealized gain of $30 (basis $30, value $60). On
February 28 of Year 2, P purchases 55% of T from Individual B. On June
30, of Year 2, P purchases an additional 35% of T from Individual B.
(ii) The February 28 purchase of 55% of T is a section 382 event
because it results in an ownership change of T that gives rise to a
section 382(a) limitation. The June 30 purchase of 35% of T results in T
becoming a member of the P group and is therefore a SRLY event.
(iii) Because the SRLY event occurred within six months of the
change date of the section 382 event, there is an overlap of the
application of the SRLY rules and the application of section 382, and
paragraph (a) of this section does not apply. Therefore, the SRLY
limitation does not apply to any of the $55 loss in asset 1 recognized
by T after T joined the P group. See Sec. 1.1502-94 for rules relating
to the application of section 382 with respect to T's $25 unrealized
built-in loss.
Example 4. Overlap rule-Fluctuation in value. (i) The facts are the
same as in Example 3, except that by June 30, of Year 2, asset 1 had
declined in value by a further $10. Thus asset 1 had an unrealized loss
of $65 (basis $75, value $10), and asset 2 had an unrealized gain of $30
(basis $30, value $60).
(ii) Because paragraph (a) of this section does not apply, the
further decrease in asset 1's value is disregarded. Consequently, the
results are the same as in Example 3.
(h) Effective date--(1) In general. This section generally applies
to built-in losses recognized in taxable years for which the due date
(without extensions) of the consolidated return is after June 25, 1999.
However--
(i) In the event that paragraphs (f)(1) and (g)(1) of this section
do not apply to a particular built-in loss in the current group, then
solely for purposes of applying paragraph (a) of this section to
determine a limitation with respect to that built-in loss and with
respect to which the SRLY register (consolidated taxable income
determined by reference to only the member's (or subgroup's) items of
income, gain, deduction, or loss) began in a taxable year for which the
due date of the return was on or before June 25, 1999, paragraph (c)(3)
of this section shall not apply; and
(ii) For purposes of paragraph (g) of this section, only an
ownership change to which section 382(a) as amended by the Tax Reform
Act of 1986 applies shall constitute a section 382 event.
(2) Prior periods. For certain taxable years ending on or before
June 25, 1999, see Sec. 1.1502-15T in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable.
[T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36101, July 2, 1999; 64 FR 41784, Aug. 2, 1999, as
amended by T.D. 9048, 68 FR 12290, Mar. 14, 2003; T.D. 9187, 70 FR
10326, Mar. 3, 2005; T.D. 9254, 71 FR 13018, Mar. 14, 2006; T.D. 9424,
73 FR 53986, Sept. 17, 2008]
[[Page 374]]
Sec. 1.1502-16 Mine exploration expenditures.
(a) Section 617--(1) In general. If the aggregate amount of the
expenditures to which section 617(a) applies, paid or incurred with
respect to mines or deposits located outside the United States (as
defined in section 638 and the regulations thereunder), does not exceed:
(i) $400,000 minus
(ii) All amounts deducted or deferred during the taxable year and
all preceding taxable years under section 617 or section 615 of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and section 23(ff) of the Internal Revenue
Code of 1939 by corporations which are members of the group during the
taxable year (and individuals or corporations which have transferred any
mineral property to any such member within the meaning of section
617(g)(2)(B)) for taxable years ending after December 31, 1950 and prior
to the taxable year, then the deduction under section 617 with respect
to such foreign expenditures and paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1502-12 for
each member shall be no greater than an allocable portion of such amount
hereinafter referred to as the ``consolidated foreign exploration
limitation.'' Such allocable portion shall be determined under
subparagraph (2) of this paragraph. If the amount of such expenditures
exceeds the consolidated foreign exploration limitation, no deduction
shall be allowed with respect to such excess.
(2) Allocable portion of limitation. A member's allocable portion of
the consolidated foreign exploration limitation for a consolidated
return year shall be:
(i) The amount allocated by the common parent pursuant to an
allocation plan adopted by the consolidated group, but in no event shall
a member be allocated more than the amount it could have deducted had it
filed a separate return. Such allocation plan must include a statement
which also contains the total foreign exploration expenditures of each
member which could have been deducted under section 617 if the member
had filed a separate return. Such plan must be attached to a
consolidated return filed on or before the due date of such return
(including extensions of time), and may not be changed after such date,
or
(ii) If no plan is filed in accordance with subdivision (i) of this
subparagraph, then the portion of the consolidated foreign exploration
limitation allocable to each member incurring such expenditures is an
amount equal to such limitation multiplied by a fraction, the numerator
of which is the amount of foreign exploration expenditures which could
have been deducted under section 617 by such member had it filed a
separate return and the denominator of which is the aggregate of such
amounts for all members of the group.
(b) Section 615--(1) In general. If the aggregate amount of the
expenditures, to which section 615(a) applies, which are paid or
incurred by the members of the group during any consolidated return year
exceeds the lesser of:
(i) $100,000, or
(ii) $400,000 minus all such expenditures deducted (or deferred) by
corporations which are members of the group during the taxable year (and
individuals or corporations which have transferred any mineral property
to any such member within the meaning of section 615(c)(2)(B)) for
taxable years ending after December 31, 1950, and prior to the taxable
year, then the deduction (or amount deferrable) under section 615 and
paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1502-12 for each member shall be no greater
than an allocable portion of such lesser amount, hereinafter referred to
as the ``consolidated exploration limitation''. Such allocable portion
shall be determined under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(2) Allocable portion of limitation. A member's allocable portion of
the consolidated exploration limitation for a consolidated return year
shall be:
(i) The amount allocated by the common parent pursuant to an
allocation plan adopted by the consolidated group, but in no event shall
a member be allocated more than the amount it could have deducted (or
deferred) had it filed a separate return. Such allocation plan must
include a statement which also contains the total exploration
expenditures of each member for the taxable year, and the expenditures
of each member which could have been
[[Page 375]]
deducted (or deferred) under section 615 if the member had filed a
separate return. Such plan must be attached to a consolidated return
filed on or before the due date of such return (including extensions of
time), and may not be changed after such date, or
(ii) If no plan is filed in accordance with subdivision (i) of this
subparagraph, then the portion of the consolidated exploration
limitation allocable to each member incurring such expenditures is an
amount equal to such limitation multiplied by a fraction, the numerator
of which is the amount which could have been deducted (or deferred)
under section 615 by such member had it filed a separate return and the
denominator of which is the aggregate of such amounts for all members of
the group.
(c) Examples. The provisions of this section may be illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. Corporation X and its wholly owned subsidiaries,
corporations Y and Z, file a consolidated return for the calendar year
1971. None of the corporations have incurred exploration expenditures
described in section 617 in previous years. During 1971, X incurred
foreign exploration expenditures of $30,000, Y of $20,000, and Z of
$40,000. The amount of foreign exploration expenditures deductible under
section 617 for purposes of computing separate taxable income under
Sec. 1.1502-12 will be the amount actually expended by each
corporation.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in example (1) except that prior
to 1971, X, Y, and Z had deducted (or deferred) under section 615 and
617 a total of $300,000 of exploration expenditures. During 1971, with
respect to deposits located outside the United States X incurred
exploration expenditures of $25,000, Y of $75,000, and Z of $125,000.
The consolidated exploration limitation under paragraph (a) of this
section with respect to the foreign deposits (there is no limitation
with respect to the domestic expenditures) is $100,000. X may allocate
the $100,000 in any manner among the three members, except that X may
not be allocated more than $25,000 nor Y more than $75,000, the amount
actually expended by X and Y and which they could have deducted had they
each filed a separate return. If the allocation is not made in
accordance with paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section, the $100,000
limitation will be allocated under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section
as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allocable
Corporation Expenditure Fraction Limitation portion
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.............. 25,000
X..................................................... $25,000 ---------- x $100,000 = $12,500
.............. 200,000
.............. 75,000
Y..................................................... $75,000 ---------- x $100,000 = $37,500
.............. 200,000
.............. 100,000
Z..................................................... $125,000 ---------- x $100,000 = $50,000
.............. 200,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The denominator of $200,000 was calculated as follows:
X=$25,000
Y=$75,000
Z=$100,000 (maximum amount allowed if filed separately)
Total $200,000.
Example 3. Assume the same facts as in example (2) and that on
January 1, 1971, X acquired all of the stock of corporation T which
prior to its taxable year beginning January 1, 1971, had previously
deducted (or deferred) $310,000 of exploration expenditures. Assume
further that in 1971 X incurred $25,000 of foreign exploration
expenditures, Y $50,000, T $50,000, and Z none. A consolidated return is
filed for 1971. None of the expenditures may be deducted under section
617 since the consolidated exploration limitation is zero. The
limitation is zero since the aggregate amount of previously deducted (or
deferred) exploration expenditures by the members of the group exceeds
$400,000. (The total of such expenditures is $410,000, of which $310,000
is attributable to T and, assuming the allocation of the limitation in
example (2) is made under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, $12,500
is attributable to X, $37,500 to Y, and $50,000 to Z.
Example 4. Assume the same facts as in example (3) except that on
December 31, 1971, X sold all of the stock in Z to an unrelated party.
The consolidated exploration limitation for 1972 will be $40,000,
computed by subtracting from $400,000, the aggregate amount of
previously deducted (or deferred) exploration expenditures incurred by
the members of the group prior to 1972. (The total of such expenditures
is $360,000, of which $12,500 is attributable to X, $37,500 to Y and
$310,000 to T.) Amounts previously deducted (or deferred) by Z are not
taken into account since
[[Page 376]]
it was not a member of the group at any time during 1972. Amounts
previously deducted (or deferred) by Z shall be taken into account by it
for subsequent separate return years.
[T.D. 7192, 37 FR 12949, June 30, 1972]
Sec. 1.1502-17 Methods of accounting.
(a) General rule. The method of accounting to be used by each member
of the group shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of
section 446 as if such member filed a separate return. For treatment of
depreciable property after a transfer within the group, see paragraph
(g) of Sec. 1.1502-12.
(b) Adjustments required if method of accounting changes--(1)
General rule. If a member of a group changes its method of accounting
for a consolidated return year, the terms and conditions prescribed by
the Commissioner under section 446(e), including section 481(a) where
applicable, shall apply to the member. If the requirements of section
481(b) are met because applicable adjustments under section 481(a) are
substantial, the increase in tax for any prior year shall be computed
upon the basis of a consolidated return or a separate return, whichever
was filed for such prior year.
(2) Changes in method of accounting for intercompany transactions.
If a member changes its method of accounting for intercompany
transactions for a consolidated return year, the change in method
generally will be effected on a cut-off basis.
(c) Anti-avoidance rules--(1) General rule. If one member (B)
directly or indirectly acquires an activity of another member (S), or
undertakes S's activity, with the principal purpose to avail the group
of an accounting method that would be unavailable (or would be
unavailable without securing consent from the Commissioner) if S and B
were treated as divisions of a single corporation, B must use the
accounting method for the acquired or undertaken activity determined
under paragraph (c)(2) of this section or must secure consent from the
Commissioner under applicable administrative procedures to use a
different method.
(2) Treatment as divisions of a single corporation. B must use the
method of accounting that would be required if B acquired the activity
from S in a transaction to which section 381 applied. Thus, the
principles of section 381 (c)(4) and (c)(5) apply to resolve any
conflicts between the accounting methods of S and B, and the acquired or
undertaken activity is treated as having the accounting method used by
S. Appropriate adjustments are made to treat all acquisitions or
undertakings that are part of the same plan or arrangement as a single
acquisition or undertaking.
(d) Examples. The provisions of this section are illustrated by the
following examples:
Example 1. Separate return treatment generally. X and its wholly-
owned subsidiary Y filed separate returns for their calendar years
ending December 31, 1965. During calendar year 1965, X employed an
accrual method of accounting, established a reserve for bad debts, and
elected under section 171 to amortize bond premiums with respect to its
fully taxable bonds. During calendar year 1965, Y employed the cash
receipts and disbursements method, used the specific charge-off method
with respect to its bad debts, and did not elect to amortize bond
premiums under section 171 with respect to its bonds. X and Y filed a
consolidated return for 1966. For 1966 X and Y must continue to compute
income under their respective methods of accounting (unless a change in
method under section 446 is made).
Example 2. Adopting methods. Corporation P is a member of a
consolidated group. P provides consulting services to customers under
various agreements. For one type of customer, P's agreements require
payment only when the contract is completed (payment-on-completion
contracts). P uses an overall accrual method of accounting. Accordingly,
P takes its income from consulting contracts into account when earned,
received, or due, whichever is earlier. With the principal purpose to
avoid seeking the consent of the Commissioner to change its method of
accounting for the payment-on-completion contracts to the cash method, P
forms corporation S, and S begins to render services to those customers
subject to the payment-on-completion contracts. P continues to render
services to those customers not subject to these contracts.
(b) Under paragraph (c) of this section, S must account for the
consulting income under the payment-on-completion contracts on an
accrual method rather than adopting the cash method contemplated by P.
Example 3. Changing inventory sub-method. (a) Corporation P is a
member of a consolidated group. P operates a manufacturing business that
uses dollar-value LIFO, and
[[Page 377]]
has built up a substantial LIFO reserve. P has historically manufactured
all its inventory and has used one natural business unit pool. P begins
purchasing goods identical to its own finished goods from a foreign
supplier, and is concerned that it must establish a separate resale pool
under Sec. 1.472-8(c). P anticipates that it will begin to purchase,
rather than manufacture, a substantial portion of its inventory,
resulting in a recapture of most of its LIFO reserve because of
decrements in its manufacturing pool. With the principal purpose to
avoid the decrements, P forms corporation S in Year 1. S operates as a
distributor to nonmembers, and P sells all of its existing inventories
to S. S adopts LIFO, and elects dollar-value LIFO with one resale pool.
Thereafter, P continues to manufacture and purchase inventory, and to
sell it to S for resale to nonmembers. P's intercompany gain from sales
to S is taken into account under Sec. 1.1502-13. S maintains its Year 1
base dollar value of inventory so that P will not be required to take
its intercompany items (which include the effects of the LIFO reserve
recapture) into account.
(b) Under paragraph (c) of this section, S must maintain two pools
(manufacturing and resale) to the same extent that P would be required
to maintain those pools under Sec. 1.472-8 if it had not formed S.
(e) Effective dates. Paragraph (b) of this section applies to
changes in method of accounting effective for years beginning on or
after July 12, 1995. For changes in method of accounting effective for
years beginning before that date, see Sec. 1.1502-17 (as contained in
the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1995). Paragraphs (c)
and (d) apply with respect to acquisitions occurring or activities
undertaken in years beginning on or after July 12, 1995.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 8597, 60 FR
36708, July 18, 1995]
Sec. 1.1502-18 Inventory adjustment.
(a) Definition of intercompany profit amount. For purposes of this
section, the term ``intercompany profit amount'' for a taxable year
means an amount equal to the profits of a corporation (other than those
profits which such corporation has elected not to defer pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502- 13(c)(3) or which have been taken into account pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(1)(viii)) arising in transactions with other members
of the group with respect to goods which are, at the close of such
corporation's taxable year, included in the inventories of any member of
the group. See Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(2) with respect to the determination
of profits. See the last sentence of Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(1)(i) for rules
for determining which goods are considered to be disposed of outside the
group and therefore not included in inventories of members.
(b) Addition of initial inventory amount to taxable income. If a
corporation:
(1) Is a member of a group filing a consolidated return for the
taxable year,
(2) Was a member of such group for its immediately preceding taxable
year, and
(3) Filed a separate return for such preceding year,
then the intercompany profit amount of such corporation for such
separate return year (hereinafter referred to as the ``initial inventory
amount'') shall be added to the income of such corporation for the
consolidated return year (or years) in which the goods to which the
initial inventory amount is attributable are disposed of outside the
group or such corporation becomes a nonmember. Such amount shall be
treated as gain from the sale or exchange of property which is neither a
capital asset nor property described in section 1231.
(c) Recovery of initial inventory amount--(1) Unrecovered inventory
amount. The term ``unrecovered inventory amount'' for any consolidated
return year means the lesser of:
(i) The intercompany profit amount for such year, or
(ii) The initial inventory amount.
However, if a corporation ceases to be a member of the group during a
consolidated return year, its unrecovered inventory amount for such year
shall be considered to be zero.
(2) Recovery during consolidated return years. (i) To the extent
that the unrecovered inventory amount of a corporation for a
consolidated return year is less than such amount for its immediately
preceding year, such decrease shall be treated for such year by such
corporation as a loss from the sale or exchange of property which is
neither a capital asset nor property described in section 1231.
[[Page 378]]
(ii) To the extent that the unrecovered inventory amount for a
consolidated return year exceeds such amount for the preceding year,
such increase shall be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of
property which is neither a capital asset nor property described in
section 1231.
(3) Recovery during first separate return year. For the first
separate return year of a member following a consolidated return year,
the unrecovered inventory amount for such consolidated return year
(minus any part of the initial inventory amount which has not been added
to income pursuant to paragraph (b) of this section) shall be treated as
a loss from the sale or exchange of property which is neither a capital
asset nor property described in section 1231.
(4) Acquisition of group. For purposes of this section, a member of
a group shall not become a nonmember or be considered as filing a
separate return solely because of a termination of the group
(hereinafter referred to as the ``terminating group'') resulting from:
(i) The acquisition by a nonmember corporation of (a) the assets of
the common parent in a reorganization described in subparagraph (A),
(C), or (D) (but only if the requirements of subparagraphs (A) and (B)
of section 354(b)(1) are met) of section 368 (a)(1), or (b) stock of the
common parent, or
(ii) The acquisition (in a transaction to which Sec. 1.1502-
75(d)(3) applies) by a member of (a) the assets of a nonmember
corporation in a reorganization referred to in subdivision (i) of this
subparagraph, or (b) stock of a nonmember corporation,
if all the members of the terminating group (other than such common
parent if its assets are acquired) immediately before the acquisition
are members immediately after the acquisition of another group
(hereinafter referred to as the ``succeeding group'') which files a
consolidated return for the first taxable year ending after the date of
acquisition. The members of the succeeding group shall succeed to any
initial inventory amount and to any unrecovered inventory amount of
members of the terminating group. This subparagraph shall not apply with
respect to acquisitions occurring before August 25, 1971.
(d) Examples. The provisions of paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this
section may be illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Corporations P, S, and T report income on the basis of a
calendar year. Such corporations file separate returns for 1965. P
manufactures widgets which it sells to both S and T, who act as
distributors. The inventories of S and T at the close of 1965 are
comprised of widgets which they purchased from P and with respect to
which P derived profits of $5,000 and $8,000, respectively. P, S, and T
file a consolidated return for 1966. During 1966, P sells widgets to S
and T with respect to which it derives profits of $7,000 and $10,000,
respectively. The inventories of S and T as of December 31, 1966, are
comprised of widgets on which P derived net profits of $4,000 and
$8,000, respectively. P's initial inventory amount is $13,000, P's
intercompany profit amount for 1965 (such $13,000 amount is the profits
of P with respect to goods sold to S and T and included in their
inventories at the close of 1965). Assuming that S and T identify their
goods on a first-in, first-out basis, the entire opening inventory
amount of $13,000 is added to P's income for 1966 as gain from the sale
or exchange of property which is neither a capital asset nor properly
described in section 1231, since the goods to which the initial
inventory amount is attributable were disposed of in 1966 outside the
group. However, since P's unrecovered inventory amount for 1966, $12,000
(the intercompany profit amount for the year, which is less than the
initial inventory amount), is less than the unrecovered inventory amount
for 1965, $13,000, this decrease of $1,000 is treated by P for 1966 as a
loss from the sale or exchange of property which is neither a capital
asset nor property described in section 1231.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in example (1) and that at the
close of 1967, a consolidated return year, the inventories of S and T
are comprised of widgets on which P derived profits of $5,000 and
$3,000, respectively. Since P's unrecovered inventory amount for 1967,
$8,000, is less than $12,000, the unrecovered inventory amount for 1966,
this decrease of $4,000 is treated by P for 1967 as a loss from the sale
or exchange of property which is neither a capital asset nor property
described in section 1231.
Example 3. Assume the same facts as in examples (1) and (2) and that
in 1968, a consolidated return year, P's intercompany profit amount is
$11,000. P will report $3,000 (the excess of $11,000, P's unrecovered
inventory amount for 1968, over $8,000, P's unrecovered inventory amount
for 1967) for 1968 as a gain from the sale or exchange of property which
is neither a capital asset nor property described in section 1231.
[[Page 379]]
Example 4. Assume the same facts as in examples (1), (2), and (3)
and that in 1969 P, S, and T file separate returns. P will report
$11,000 (its unrecovered inventory amount for 1968, $11,000, minus the
portion of the initial inventory amount which has not been added to
income during 1966, 1967, and 1968, zero) as a loss from the sale or
exchange of property which is neither a capital asset nor property
described in section 1231.
Example 5. Corporations P and S file a consolidated return for the
first time for the calendar year 1966. P manufactures machines and sells
them to S, which sells them to users throughout the country. At the
close of 1965, S has on hand 20 machines which it purchased from P and
with respect to which P derived profits of $3,500. During 1966, P sells
6 machines to S on which it derives profits of $1,300, and S sells 5
machines which it had on hand at the beginning of the year (S
specifically identifies the machines which it sells) and on which P had
derived profits of $900. P's initial inventory amount is $3,500, of
which $900 is added to P's income in 1966 as gain from the sale or
exchange of property which is neither a capital asset nor property
described in section 1231, since such $900 amount is attributable to
goods disposed of in 1966 outside the group, which goods were included
in S's inventory at the close of 1965. If P and S continue to file
consolidated returns, the remaining $2,600 of the initial inventory
amount will be added to P's income as the machines on which such profits
were derived are disposed of outside the group.
Example 6. Assume that in example (5) S had elected to inventory its
goods under section 472 (relating to last-in, first-out inventories).
None of P's initial inventory amount of $3,500 would be added to P's
income in 1966, since none of the goods to which such amount is
attributable would be considered to be disposed of during such year
under the last-in, first-out method of identifying inventories.
(e) Section 381 transfer. If a member of the group is a transferor
or distributor of assets to another member of the group within the
meaning of section 381(a), then the acquiring corporation shall be
treated as succeeding to the initial inventory amount of the transferor
or distributor corporation to the extent that as of the date of
distribution or transfer such amount has not yet been added to income.
Such amount shall then be added to the acquiring corporation's income
under the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section. For purposes of
applying paragraph (c) of this section:
(1) The initial inventory amount of the transferor or distributor
corporation shall be added to such amount of the acquiring corporation
as of the close of the acquiring corporation's taxable year in which the
date of distribution or transfer occurs, and
(2) The unrecovered inventory amount of the transferor or
distributor corporation for its taxable year preceding the taxable year
of the group in which the date of distribution or transfer occurs shall
be added to such amount of the acquiring corporation.
(f) Transitional rules for years before 1966--(1) In general. If:
(i) A group filed a consolidated return for the taxable year
immediately preceding the first taxable year to which this section
applies,
(ii) Any member of such group made an opening adjustment to its
inventory pursuant to paragraph (b) of Sec. 1.1502-39A (as contained in
the 26 CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1996), and
(iii) Paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1502-39A (as contained in the 26 CFR
edition revised as of April 1, 1996), has not been applicable for any
taxable year subsequent to the taxable year for which such adjustment
was made,
then subparagraphs (2) and (3) of this paragraph shall apply.
(2) Closing adjustment to inventory. (i) For the first consolidated
return year to which this section applies, the increase in inventory
prescribed in paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1502-39A (as contained in the 26
CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1996), shall be made as if such year
were a separate return year.
(ii) For the first separate return year of a member to which this
section applies, the adjustment to inventory (whether an increase or a
decrease) prescribed in paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1502-39A (as contained
in the 26 CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1996), minus any adjustment
already made pursuant to subdivision (i) of this subparagraph, shall be
made to the inventory of such member.
(3) Addition and recovery of initial inventory amount. Each selling
member shall treat as an initial inventory amount its share of the net
amount by which the inventories of all members are increased pursuant to
subparagraph (2)(i) of this paragraph for the first taxable year to
which this section applies. A member's share shall be such net
[[Page 380]]
amount multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is its initial
inventory amount (computed under paragraph (b) as if such taxable year
were its first consolidated return year), and the denominator of which
is the sum of such initial inventory amounts of all members. Such
initial inventory amount shall be added to the income of such selling
member and shall be recovered at the time and in the manner prescribed
in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section.
(4) Example. The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by
the following example:
Example. (i) Corporations P, S, and T file consolidated returns for
calendar 1966, having filed consolidated returns continuously since
1962. P is a wholesale distributor of groceries selling to chains of
supermarkets, including those owned by S and T. The opening inventories
of S and T for 1962 were reduced by $40,000 and $80,000, respectively,
pursuant to paragraph (b) of Sec. 1.1502-39A (as contained in the 26
CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1996). At the close of 1965, S and T
have on hand in their inventories goods on which P derived profits of
$80,000 and $90,000, respectively. The inventories of S and T at the
close of 1966 include goods which they purchased from P during the year
on which P derived profits of $85,000 and $105,000, respectively.
(ii) The opening inventories of S and T for 1966, the first year to
which this section applies, are increased by $40,000 and $80,000,
respectively, pursuant to the provisions of subparagraph (2)(i) of this
paragraph. P will take into account (as provided in paragraphs (b) and
(c) of this section) an initial inventory amount of $120,000 as of the
beginning of 1966, the net amount by which the inventories of S and T
were increased in such year. Since the increases in the inventories of S
and T are the maximum allowable under paragraph (c) of Sec. 1.1502-39A
(as contained in the 26 CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1996) (i.e.,
the amount by which such inventories were originally decreased), no
further adjustments will be made pursuant to subparagraph (2)(ii) of
this paragraph to such inventories in the event that separate returns
are subsequently filed.
(5) Election not to eliminate. If a group filed a consolidated
return for the taxable year immediately preceding the first taxable year
to which this section applies, and for such preceding year the members
of the group did not eliminate gain or loss on intercompany inventory
transactions pursuant to the adoption under Sec. 1.1502-31A(b)(1) (as
contained in the 26 CFR edition revised as of April 1, 1996) of a
consistent accounting practice taking into account such gain or loss,
then for purposes of this section each member shall be treated as if it
had filed a separate return for such immediately preceding year.
(g) Transitional rules for years beginning on or after July 12,
1995. Paragraphs (a) through (f) of this section do not apply for
taxable years beginning on or after July 12, 1995. Any remaining
unrecovered inventory amount of a member under paragraph (c) of this
section is recovered in the first taxable year beginning on or after
July 12, 1995, under the principles of paragraph (c)(3) of this section
by treating the first taxable year as the first separate return year of
the member. The unrecovered inventory amount can be recovered only to
the extent it was previously included in taxable income. The principles
of this section apply, with appropriate adjustments, to comparable
amounts under paragraph (f) of this section.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7246, 38 FR
762, Jan. 4, 1973; T.D. 8597, 60 FR 36709, July 18, 1995: T.D. 8677, 61
FR 33323, June 27, 1996]
Sec. 1.1502-19 Excess loss accounts.
(a) In general--(1) Purpose. This section provides rules for a
member (M) to include in income its excess loss account in the stock of
another member (S). The purpose of the excess loss account is to
recapture in consolidated taxable income M's negative adjustments with
respect to S's stock (e.g., under Sec. 1.1502-32 from S's deductions,
losses, and distributions), to the extent the negative adjustments
exceed M's basis in the stock. This section also provides rules for
eliminating losses and other attributes attributable to S in certain
cases in which S stock becomes worthless or S ceases to be a member and
does not have a separate return year.
(2) Excess loss accounts--(i) In general. M's basis in S's stock is
adjusted under the consolidated return regulations and other rules of
law. Negative adjustments may exceed M's basis in S's stock. The
resulting negative amount
[[Page 381]]
is M's excess loss account in S's stock. For example:
(A) Once M's negative adjustments under Sec. 1.1502-32 exceed its
basis in S's stock, the excess is M's excess loss account in the S
stock. If M has further adjustments, they first increase or decrease the
excess loss account.
(B) If M forms S by transferring property subject to liabilities in
excess of basis, Sec. 1.1502-80(d) provides for the nonapplicability of
section 357(c) and the resulting negative basis under section 358 is M's
excess loss account in the S stock.
(ii) Treatment as negative basis. M's excess loss account is treated
for all Federal income tax purposes as basis that is a negative amount,
and a reference to M's basis in S's stock includes a reference to M's
excess loss account.
(3) Application of other rules of law, duplicative recapture. See
Sec. 1.1502-80(a) regarding the general applicability of other rules of
law and a limitation on duplicative adjustments and recapture.
(b) Excess loss account taken into account as income or gain--(1)
Operating rules--(i) General rule. Except as provided in paragraph
(b)(1)(ii) of this section, if M is treated under this section as
disposing of a share of S's stock, M takes into account its excess loss
account in the share as income or gain from the disposition.
(ii) Special limitation on amount taken into account.
Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, if M is treated as
disposing of a share of S's stock as a result of the application of
paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(B) of this section, the aggregate amount of its
excess loss account in the shares of S's stock that M takes into account
as income or gain from the disposition shall not exceed the amount of
S's indebtedness that is discharged that is neither included in gross
income nor treated as tax-exempt income under Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(3)(ii)(C)(1). If more than one share of S's stock has an excess
loss account, such excess loss accounts shall be taken into account
pursuant to the preceding sentence, to the extent possible, in a manner
that equalizes the excess loss accounts in S's shares that have an
excess loss account.
(iii) Treatment of disposition. Except as provided in paragraph
(b)(4) of this section, the disposition is treated as a sale or exchange
for purposes of determining the character of the income or gain.
(iv) Reduction of attributes in the case of certain dispositions by
worthlessness or where S ceases to be a member and does not become a
nonmember. If this paragraph (b)(1)(iv) applies, any net operating or
capital loss carryover that is attributable to S, including any losses
that would be apportioned to S under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2) if S had a separate return year, any deferred deductions
attributable to S, including S's portion of such consolidated tax
attributes (for example, consolidated excess charitable contributions
that would be apportioned to S under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
79(e) if S had a separate return year), and any credit carryover
attributable to S, including any consolidated credits that would be
apportioned to S under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-79 if S had a
separate return year, are eliminated. Attributes other than consolidated
tax attributes (determined as of the disposition) are eliminated under
this paragraph (b)(1)(iv) immediately before the disposition resulting
in the application of this paragraph (b)(1)(iv). The elimination of
attributes under this paragraph (b)(1)(iv) is not a noncapital,
nondeductible expense described in Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(iii). This
paragraph (b)(1)(iv) applies if--
(A) A share of S stock becomes worthless under section 165, the
requirements of paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section are satisfied, M
does not recognize a net deduction or loss on the S stock, and S is a
member of the group on the day following the last day of the group's
taxable year during which the share becomes worthless; or
(B) M recognizes any amount that is not a net deduction or loss on
the stock of S in a transaction in which S ceases to be a member and
does not become a nonmember.
(2) Nonrecognition or deferral--(i) In general. M's income or gain
under paragraph (b)(1) of this section is subject to any nonrecognition
or deferral rules applicable to the disposition. For example, if S
liquidates and the exchange of M's stock in S is subject to section
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332, or M transfers all of its assets (including S's stock) to S in a
reorganization to which section 361(a) applies, M's income or gain from
the excess loss account is not recognized under these rules.
(ii) Nonrecognition or deferral inapplicable. If M's income or gain
under paragraph (b)(1) of this section is from a disposition described
in paragraph (c)(1) (ii) or (iii) of this section (relating to
deconsolidations and worthlessness), the income or gain is taken into
account notwithstanding any nonrecognition or deferral rules (even if
the disposition is also described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this
section). For example, if M transfers S's stock to a nonmember in a
transaction to which section 351 applies, M's income or gain from the
excess loss account is taken into account.
(3) Tiering up in chains. If the stock of more than one subsidiary
is disposed of in the same transaction, the income or gain under this
section is taken into account in the order of the tiers, from the lowest
to the highest.
(4) Insolvency--(i) In general. Gain under this section is treated
as ordinary income to the extent of the amount by which S is insolvent
(within the meaning of section 108(d)(3)) immediately before the
disposition. For this purpose S's liabilities include any amount to
which preferred stock would be entitled if S were liquidated immediately
before the disposition, and any former liabilities that were discharged
to the extent the discharge was treated as tax-exempt income under Sec.
1.1502-32(b)(3)(ii)(C) (special rule for discharges).
(ii) Reduction for amount of distributions. The amount treated as
ordinary income under this paragraph (b)(4) is reduced to the extent it
exceeds the amount of M's excess loss account redetermined without
taking into account S's distributions to M to which Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(2)(iv) applies.
(c) Disposition of stock. For purposes of this section:
(1) In general. M is treated as disposing of a share of S's stock:
(i) Transfer, cancellation, etc. At the time--
(A) M transfers or otherwise ceases to own the share for Federal
income tax purposes, even if no gain or loss is taken into account; or
(B) M takes into account gain or loss (in whole or in part) with
respect to the share.
(ii) Deconsolidation. At the time--
(A) M becomes a nonmember, or a nonmember determines its basis in
the share (or any other asset) by reference to M's basis in the share,
directly or indirectly, in whole or in part (e.g., under section 362);
or
(B) S becomes a nonmember, or M's basis in the share is reflected,
directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, in the basis of any asset
other than member stock (e.g., under section 1071).
(iii) Worthlessness. At the time--
(A) All of S's assets (other than its corporate charter and those
assets, if any, necessary to satisfy state law minimum capital
requirements to maintain corporate existence) are treated as disposed
of, abandoned, or destroyed for Federal income tax purposes (for
example, under section 165(a) or Sec. 1.1502-80(c), or, if S's asset is
stock of a lower-tier member, the stock is treated as disposed of under
this paragraph (c)). An asset of S is not considered to be disposed of
or abandoned to the extent the disposition is in complete liquidation of
S under section 332 or is in exchange for consideration (other than
relief from indebtedness);
(B) An indebtedness of S is discharged, if any part of the amount
discharged is not included in gross income and is not treated as tax-
exempt income under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(ii)(C); or
(C) A member takes into account a deduction or loss for the
uncollectibility of an indebtedness of S, and the deduction or loss is
not matched in the same tax year by S's taking into account a
corresponding amount of income or gain from the indebtedness in
determining consolidated taxable income.
(2) Becoming a nonmember. A member is treated as becoming a
nonmember if it has a separate return year (including another group's
consolidated return year). For example, S may become a nonmember if it
issues additional stock to nonmembers, but S does not become a nonmember
as a result of its complete liquidation. A disposition
[[Page 383]]
under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section must be taken into account in
the consolidated return of the group. For example, if a group ceases
under Sec. 1.1502-75(c) to file a consolidated return as of the close
of its consolidated return year, the disposition under paragraph
(c)(1)(ii) of this section is treated as occurring immediately before
the close of the year. If S becomes a nonmember because M sells S's
stock to a nonmember, M's sale is a disposition under both paragraphs
(c)(1) (i) and (ii) of this section. If a group terminates under Sec.
1.1502-75(d) because the common parent is the only remaining member, the
common parent is not treated as having a deconsolidation event under
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section.
(3) Exception for acquisition of group--(i) Application. This
paragraph (c)(3) applies only if a consolidated group (the terminating
group) ceases to exist as a result of--
(A) The acquisition of either the assets of the common parent of the
terminating group in a reorganization described in section 381(a)(2), or
the stock of the common parent of the terminating group; or
(B) The application of the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2) or
(d)(3).
(ii) General rule. Paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section does not
apply solely by reason of the termination of a group in a transaction to
which this paragraph (c)(3) applies, if there is a surviving group that
is, immediately thereafter, a consolidated group. Instead, the surviving
group is treated as the terminating group for purposes of applying this
section to the terminating group. This treatment does not apply,
however, to members of the terminating group that are not members of the
surviving group immediately after the terminating group ceases to exist
(e.g., under section 1504(a)(3) relating to reconsolidation, or section
1504(c) relating to includible insurance companies).
(d) Special allocation of basis in connection with an adjustment or
determination--(1) Excess loss account in original shares. If a member
has an excess loss account in shares of a class of S's stock at the time
of a basis adjustment or determination under the Internal Revenue Code
with respect to shares of the same class of S's stock owned by the
member, the adjustment or determination is allocated first to equalize
and eliminate that member's excess loss account. See Sec. 1.1502-32(c)
for similar allocations of investment adjustments to prevent or
eliminate excess loss accounts.
(2) Excess loss account in new S shares. If a member would otherwise
determine shares of a class of S's stock (new shares) to have an excess
loss account and such member owns one or more other shares of the same
class of S's stock, the basis of such other shares is allocated to
eliminate and equalize any excess loss account that would otherwise be
in the new shares.
(e) Anti-avoidance rule. If any person acts with a principal purpose
contrary to the purposes of this section, to avoid the effect of the
rules of this section or apply the rules of this section to avoid the
effect of any other provision of the consolidated return regulations,
adjustments must be made as necessary to carry out the purposes of this
section.
(f) Predecessors and successors. For purposes of this section, any
reference to a corporation (or to a share of the corporation's stock)
includes a reference to a successor or predecessor (or to a share of
stock of a predecessor or successor), as the context may require.
(g) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this section, unless
otherwise stated, M owns all 100 shares of the only class of S's stock
and S owns all 100 shares of the only class of T's stock, the stock is
owned for the entire year, T owns no stock of lower-tier members, the
tax year of all persons is the calendar year, all persons use the
accrual method of accounting, the facts set forth the only corporate
activity, all transactions are between unrelated persons, and tax
liabilities are disregarded. The principles of this section are
illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Taxable disposition of stock. (a) Facts. M has a $150
basis in S's stock, and S has a $100 basis in T's stock. For Year 1, M
has $500 of ordinary income, S has no income or loss, and T has a $200
ordinary loss. S sells T's stock to a nonmember for $60 at the close of
Year 1.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c) of this section, the sale is a
disposition of T's stock
[[Page 384]]
at the close of Year 1 (the day of the sale). Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b),
T's loss results in S having a $100 excess loss account in T's stock
immediately before the sale. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, S
takes into account the $100 excess loss account as an additional $100 of
gain from the sale. Consequently, S takes into account a $160 gain from
the sale in determining the group's consolidated taxable income. Under
Sec. 1.1502-32(b), T's $200 loss and S's $160 gain result in a net $40
decrease in M's basis in S's stock as of the close of Year 1, from $150
to $110.
(c) Intercompany sale followed by sale to nonmember. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that S sells T's
stock to M for $60 at the close of Year 1, and M sells T's stock to a
nonmember at a gain at the beginning of Year 5. Under paragraph (c) of
this section, S's sale is treated as a disposition of T's stock at the
close of Year 1 (the day of the sale). Under Sec. 1.1502-13 and
paragraph (b)(2) of this section, S's $160 gain from the sale is
deferred and taken into account in Year 5 as a result of M's sale of the
T stock. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), the absorption of T's $200 loss in
Year 1 results in M having a $50 excess loss account in S's stock at the
close of Year 1. In Year 5, S's $160 gain taken into account eliminates
M's excess loss account in S's stock and increases M's basis in the
stock to $110.
(d) Intercompany distribution followed by sale to a nonmember. The
facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that
the value of the T stock is $60 and S declares and distributes a
dividend of all of the T stock to M at the close of Year 1, and M sells
the T stock to a nonmember at a gain at the beginning of Year 5. Under
paragraph (c) of this section, S's distribution is treated as a
disposition of T's stock at the close of Year 1 (the day of the
distribution). S's $100 excess loss account in T's stock is treated as
additional gain under section 311(b) from the distribution. Under
section 301(d), M's basis in the T stock is $60. Under Sec. 1.1502-13,
and paragraph (b)(2) of this section, S's $160 gain from the
distribution is deferred and taken into account in Year 5 as a result of
M's sale of the T stock. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), T's $200 loss and S's
$60 distribution result in M having a $110 excess loss account in S's
stock at the close of Year 1. In Year 5, S's $160 gain taken into
account eliminates M's excess loss account in S's stock and increases
M's basis in the stock to $50.
Example 2. Basis determinations under the Internal Revenue Code in
intercompany reorganizations--transfer of shares without an excess loss
account. (i) Facts. M owns all of the sole class of stock of each of S
and T. M has 150 shares of S stock that it acquired on Date 1. Each S
share has a $1 basis and a fair market value of $1. M has 100 shares of
T stock that it acquired on Date 2. Each T share has a $1.20 excess loss
account and a fair market value of $1. M transfers S's stock to T
without receiving additional T stock. The transfer is an exchange
described in both section 351 and section 354.
(ii) Analysis. Under sections 351 and 354, M does not recognize gain
in connection with the transfer. Under Sec. 1.358-2(a)(2)(iii), M is
deemed to receive 150 shares of T stock of the same class. Without
regard to the application of paragraph (d) of this section, under
section 358 and Sec. 1.358-2(a)(2)(i), M would have a $1 basis in each
such share. However, because the basis of the additional shares of T
stock will be determined when M has an excess loss account in its
original shares of T stock, under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the
basis that M would otherwise have in such additional shares will
eliminate the excess loss account in M's original shares of T stock such
that each original share of T stock will have a basis of $0 and each
share of T stock deemed received will have a basis of $0.20. Then, under
Sec. 1.358-2(a)(2)(iii), the T stock is deemed to be recapitalized in a
reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(E) in which M receives 100 shares
of T stock (those shares M actually owns immediately after the transfer)
in exchange for those 100 shares of T stock that M held immediately
prior to the transfer and those 150 shares of T stock M is deemed to
receive in the transfer. Under Sec. 1.358-2(a)(2)(i), immediately after
the transfer, M holds 100 shares of T stock, 60 of which take a basis of
$0.50 each and 40 of which take a basis of $0 each. In addition, T takes
a $1 basis in each share of S stock under section 362. (If M had
actually received an additional 150 shares of T stock of the same class,
paragraph (d)(1) of this section would apply to shift basis from such
additional T shares to M's original T shares because the basis of the
additional T stock would be determined when M had an excess loss account
in its original T shares. M would have a basis of $0 in each of the
original T shares and a basis of $0.20 in each of the additional T
shares.)
(iii) Transfer of shares with an excess loss account. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example 2, except that M transfers
T's stock to S without receiving additional S stock. The transfer is an
exchange described in both section 351 and section 354. Under paragraph
(c) of this section, M's transfer is treated as a disposition of T's
stock. Under sections 351 and 354 and paragraph (b)(2) of this section,
M does not recognize gain from the disposition. Under Sec. 1.358-
2(a)(2)(iii), M is deemed to have received 100 shares of S stock of the
same class. Without regard to the application of paragraph (d) of this
section, M would have a $1.20 excess loss account in each such share.
However, because M will have an excess loss account in such shares and M
owns other shares of S stock of the same class, under paragraph (d)(2)
of this
[[Page 385]]
section, the excess loss account that M would otherwise have in such
shares will decrease M's basis in its original shares of S's stock such
that each such original share will have a basis of $0.20 and each share
deemed received will have a basis of $0. Then, under Sec. 1.358-
2(a)(2)(iii), the S stock is deemed to be recapitalized in a
reorganization under section 368(a)(1)(E) in which M receives 150 shares
of S stock (those shares M actually owns immediately after the transfer)
in exchange for those 150 shares of S stock that M held immediately
prior to the transfer and those 100 shares of S stock that M is deemed
to receive in connection with the transfer. Under Sec. 1.358-
2(a)(2)(i), immediately after the transfer, M holds 150 shares of S
stock, 90 of which take a basis of $0.33 each and 60 of which take a
basis of $0 each. In addition, S takes an excess loss account of $1.20
in each share of T stock under section 362. (If M had actually received
100 additional shares of S stock of the same class, paragraph (d)(2) of
this section would apply to shift basis from M's original S stock
because M would have otherwise had an excess loss account in such
additional shares and M owned other shares of S stock of the same class.
The excess loss account that M would have otherwise had in such
additional shares would have decreased M's basis in its original shares
of S's stock. M would have had a basis of $0.20 in each of the original
shares and a basis of $0 in each of the additional shares.)
(iv) Intercompany merger--shares with excess loss account retained.
The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example 2, except
that S merges into T in a reorganization described in section
368(a)(1)(A) (and in section 368(a)(1)(D)), and M receives 150
additional shares of T stock of the same class in the reorganization.
Under section 354, M does not recognize gain. Without regard to the
application of paragraph (d) of this section, under section 358 and
Sec. 1.358-2(a)(2)(i), M would have a $1 basis in each such share.
However, because the basis of the additional shares of T stock will be
determined when M has an excess loss account in its original shares of T
stock, under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the basis that M would
otherwise have in such additional shares eliminates the excess loss
account in M's original shares of T stock such that each original share
of T stock has a basis of $0 and each additional share of T stock has a
basis of $0.20.
(v) Intercompany merger--shares with excess loss account
surrendered. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example
2, except that T merges into S in a reorganization described in section
368(a)(1)(A) (and in section 368(a)(1)(D)), and M receives 100
additional shares of S stock of the same class in the reorganization.
Under section 354 and paragraph (b)(2) of this section, M does not
recognize gain from the disposition. Without regard to the application
of paragraph (d) of this section, under section 358 and Sec. 1.358-
2(a)(2)(i), M would have a $1.20 excess loss account in each additional
share of S stock received. However, because M would have an excess loss
account in such shares and M owns other shares of S stock of the same
class, under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, the excess loss account
that M would otherwise have in such shares decreases M's basis in its
original shares of S's stock such that each original share of S stock
has a basis of $0.20 and each additional share of S stock has a basis of
$0.
Example 3. Section 355 distribution of stock with an excess loss
account. (a) Facts. M has a $30 excess loss account in S's stock, and S
has a $90 excess loss account in T's stock. S distributes the T stock to
M in a transaction to which section 355 applies, and neither M nor S
recognizes any gain or loss. At the time of the distribution, the T
stock represents 33% of the value of the S stock. Following the
distribution, M's basis in the S stock is allocated under Sec. 1.358-2
in proportion to the fair market values of the S stock and the T stock.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c) of this section, S's distribution
of the T stock is treated as a disposition. Under section 355(c) and
paragraph (b)(2) of this section, S does not recognize any gain from the
distribution. Under section 358, S's excess loss account in the T stock
is eliminated, and M's $30 excess loss account in the S stock is treated
as basis allocated between the S stock and the T stock based on their
relative values. Consequently, M has a $20 excess loss account in the S
stock and a $10 excess loss account in the T stock. (If M had a $30
basis rather than a $30 excess loss account in the S stock, S would not
recognize gain, its excess loss account in the T stock would be
eliminated, and M's basis in the stock of S and T would be $20 and $10,
respectively.)
(c) Section 355 distribution to nonmember. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (a) of this Example 3, except that M also distributes the T
stock to its shareholders in a transaction to which section 355 applies.
Under paragraph (c) of this section, M's distribution is treated as a
disposition of T's stock. Under paragraph (b)(2) of this section,
because M's disposition is described in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this
section, M's $10 excess loss account in the T stock must be taken into
account at the time of the distribution, notwithstanding the
nonrecognition rules of section 355(c).
Example 4. Deconsolidation of a member. (a) Facts. M has a $50
excess loss account in S's stock, and S has a $100 excess loss account
in T's stock. T issues additional stock to a nonmember and, as a
consequence, T becomes a nonmember.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(2) of this section, S is treated
as disposing of each of its shares of T's stock immediately before T
[[Page 386]]
becomes a nonmember. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, S takes
into account its $100 excess loss account as gain from the sale or
exchange of T's stock. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) of this section, S's
$100 gain eliminates M's excess loss account in S's stock and increases
M's basis in S's stock to $50.
(c) Deconsolidation of a higher-tier member. The facts are the same
as in paragraph (a) of this Example 4, except that S (rather than T)
issues the stock and, as a consequence, both S and T become nonmembers.
Under paragraph (c)(2) of this section, M is treated as disposing of S's
stock and S is treated as disposing of T's stock immediately before S
and T become nonmembers. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) and paragraph (b)(3)
of this section, because S and T become nonmembers in the same
transaction and T is the lower-tier member, S is first treated under
paragraph (b)(1) of this section as taking into account its $100 excess
loss account as gain from the sale or exchange of T's stock. Under Sec.
1.1502-32(b), S's $100 gain eliminates M's excess loss account in S's
stock and increases M's basis in S's stock to $50 immediately before S
becomes a nonmember. Thus, only S's $100 gain is taken into account in
the determination of the group's consolidated taxable income.
(d) Intercompany gain and deconsolidation. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (c) of this Example 4, except that T has $30 of gain that
is deferred under Sec. 1.1502-13 and taken into account in determining
consolidated taxable income immediately before T becomes a nonmember.
Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), T's $30 gain decreases S's excess loss account
in T's stock from $100 to $70 immediately before S is treated as
disposing of T's stock. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, S is
treated as taking into account its $70 excess loss account as gain from
the disposition of T's stock. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), S's $70 gain
from the excess loss account and T's $30 deferred gain that is taken
into account eliminate M's $50 excess loss account in S's stock and
increase M's basis in S's stock to $50 immediately before S becomes a
nonmember.
Example 5. Worthlessness. (a) Facts. M forms S with a $150
contribution, and S borrows $150. For Year 1, S has a $50 ordinary loss
that is carried over as part of the group's consolidated net operating
loss. For Year 2, M has $160 of ordinary income, and S has a $160
ordinary loss. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b), S's loss results in M having a
$10 excess loss account in S's stock. During Year 3, the value of S's
assets (without taking S's liabilities into account) continues to
decline and S's stock becomes worthless within the meaning of section
165(g) (without taking into account Sec. 1.1502-80(c)). For Year 4, S
has $10 of ordinary income.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(A) of this section, M is
not treated as disposing of S's stock in Year 3 solely because S's stock
becomes worthless within the meaning of section 165(g) (taking S's
liabilities into account). In addition, because S's stock is not treated
as worthless, section 382(g)(4)(D) does not prevent the Year 1
consolidated net operating loss carryover from offsetting S's $10 of
income in Year 4.
(c) Discharge of indebtedness. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 5, except that, instead of S's stock
becoming worthless within the meaning of section 165(g), S's creditor
discharges $40 of S's indebtedness during Year 3, S is insolvent by more
than $40 before the discharge, the discharge is excluded from the M
group's gross income under section 108(a), and $40 of the $50
consolidated net operating loss carryover attributable to S is
eliminated under section 108(b). Under Sec. 1.1502- 32(b)(3)(ii)(C),
S's $40 of discharge income is treated as tax-exempt income because
there is a corresponding decrease under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(iii) for
elimination of the loss carryover. Under paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(B) of
this section, M is treated as disposing of S's stock if the amount
discharged is not included in gross income and is not treated as tax-
exempt income under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(ii)(C). Because the discharge
is treated as tax-exempt income, M is not treated as disposing of S's
stock by reason of the discharge.
Example 6. Avoiding worthlessness. (a) Facts. M forms S with a $100
contribution and S borrows $150. For Years 1 through 5, S has a $210
ordinary loss that is absorbed by the group. Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b),
S's loss results in M having a $110 excess loss account in S's stock. S
defaults on the indebtedness, but the creditor does not discharge the
debt (or initiate collection procedures). At the beginning of Year 6, S
ceases any substantial operations with respect to the assets, but
maintains their ownership with a principal purpose to avoid M's taking
into account its excess loss account in S's stock.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(A) of this section, M's
excess loss account on each of its shares of S's stock ordinarily is
taken into account at the time substantially all of S's assets are
treated as disposed of, abandoned, or destroyed for Federal income tax
purposes. Under paragraph (e) of this section, however, S's assets are
not taken into account at the beginning of Year 6 for purposes of
applying paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(A) of this section. Consequently, S is
treated as worthless at the beginning of Year 6, and M's $110 excess
loss account is taken into account.
(h) Effective/applicability dates--(1) Application. This section
applies with respect to determinations of the basis of (including an
excess loss account in) the stock of a member in consolidated return
years beginning on or after January 1, 1995. However, taxpayers may
[[Page 387]]
apply paragraph (c)(3)(i)(A) of this section to transactions that
occurred prior to September 17, 2008. Any such determination or
redetermination does not, however, affect any prior period. Paragraphs
(a)(3), (c)(1)(iii)(A), and (c)(3)(i)(A) of this section apply with
respect to determinations and transactions occurring on or after
September 17, 2008. However, taxpayers may elect to apply paragraph
(c)(3)(i)(A) of this section to transactions that occurred prior to
September 17, 2008. The last sentence of paragraph (a)(1) and paragraph
(b)(1)(iv) of this section applies with respect to dispositions on or
after December 16, 2008.
(2) Dispositions of stock--(i) Dispositions of stock before
effective date. If M was treated as disposing of stock of S in a tax
year beginning before January 1, 1995 (including, for example, a deemed
disposition because S was worthless) under the rules of this section
then in effect, the amount of M's income, gain, deduction, or loss, and
the stock basis reflected in that amount, are not redetermined under
paragraph (h)(1) of this section. See paragraph (h)(3) of this section
for the applicable rules.
(ii) Application of special limitation. If M was treated as
disposing of stock of S because S was treated as worthless as a result
of the application of paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(B) of this section after
August 29, 2003, the amount of M's income, gain, deduction, or loss, and
the stock basis reflected in that amount, are determined or redetermined
with regard to paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section. If M was treated as
disposing of stock of S because S was treated as worthless as a result
of the application of paragraph (c)(1)(iii)(B) of this section on or
before August 29, 2003, the group may determine or redetermine the
amount of M's income, gain, deduction, or loss, and the stock basis
reflected in that amount with regard to paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this
section.
(iii) Intercompany amounts. For purposes of this paragraph (h)(2), a
disposition does not include a transaction to which Sec. 1.1502-13,
Sec. 1.1502-13T, Sec. 1.1502-14, or Sec. 1.1502-14T applies. Instead,
the transaction is deemed to occur as the income, gain, deduction, or
loss (if any) is taken into account.
(iv) Intercompany reorganizations. Paragraphs (d) and (g) Example 2
of this section apply to transactions occurring on or after July 18,
2007. For transactions occurring on or after January 23, 2006, and
before July 18, 2007, see Sec. 1.1502-19T as contained in 26 CFR part 1
in effect April 1, 2007. For transactions occurring before January 23,
2006, see Sec. 1.1502-19 as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect April
1, 2005.
(3) Prior law. For prior determinations, see prior regulations under
section 1502 as in effect with respect to the determination. See, e.g.,
Sec. 1.1502-19 as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of
April 1, 1994. For guidance regarding determinations of the basis of the
stock of a subsidiary acquired in an intercompany reorganization before
January 23, 2006, see paragraph (d) and (g) Example 2 of Sec. 1.1502-19
as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 2005.
[T.D. 8560, 59 FR 41677, Aug. 15, 1994, as amended by T.D. 8597, 62 FR
12097, Mar. 14, 1997; T.D. 9089, 68 FR 52490, Sept. 4, 2003; T.D. 9192,
70 FR 14403, Mar. 22, 2005; T.D. 9242, 71 FR 4274, Jan. 26, 2006; T.D.
9341, 72 FR 39314, July 18, 2007; T.D. 9424, 73 FR 53948, Sept. 17,
2008; 73 FR 62204, Oct. 20, 2008]
Computation of Consolidated Items
Sec. 1.1502-21 Net operating losses.
(a) Consolidated net operating loss deduction. The consolidated net
operating loss deduction (or CNOL deduction) for any consolidated return
year is the aggregate of the net operating loss carryovers and
carrybacks to the year. The net operating loss carryovers and carrybacks
consist of--
(1) Any CNOLs (as defined in paragraph (e) of this section) of the
consolidated group; and
(2) Any net operating losses of the members arising in separate
return years.
(b) Net operating loss carryovers and carrybacks to consolidated
return and separate return years. Net operating losses of members
arising during a consolidated return year are taken into account in
determining the group's CNOL under paragraph (e) of this section for
that year. Losses taken into account in determining the CNOL may
[[Page 388]]
be carried to other taxable years (whether consolidated or separate)
only under this paragraph (b).
(1) Carryovers and carrybacks generally. The net operating loss
carryovers and carrybacks to a taxable year are determined under the
principles of section 172 and this section. Thus, losses permitted to be
absorbed in a consolidated return year generally are absorbed in the
order of the taxable years in which they arose, and losses carried from
taxable years ending on the same date, and which are available to offset
consolidated taxable income for the year, generally are absorbed on a
pro rata basis. In addition, the amount of any CNOL absorbed by the
group in any year is apportioned among members based on the percentage
of the CNOL attributable to each member as of the beginning of the year.
The percentage of the CNOL attributable to a member is determined
pursuant to paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(B) of this section. Additional rules
provided under the Internal Revenue Code or regulations also apply. See,
e.g., section 382(l)(2)(B) (if losses are carried from the same taxable
year, losses subject to limitation under section 382 are absorbed before
losses that are not subject to limitation under section 382). See
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section, Example 2, for an illustration of
pro rata absorption of losses subject to a SRLY limitation.
(2) Carryovers and carrybacks of CNOLs to separate return years--(i)
In general. If any CNOL that is attributable to a member may be carried
to a separate return year of the member, the amount of the CNOL that is
attributable to the member is apportioned to the member (apportioned
loss) and carried to the separate return year. If carried back to a
separate return year, the apportioned loss may not be carried back to an
equivalent, or earlier, consolidated return year of the group; if
carried over to a separate return year, the apportioned loss may not be
carried over to an equivalent, or later, consolidated return year of the
group.
(ii) Special rules--(A) Year of departure from group. If a
corporation ceases to be a member during a consolidated return year, net
operating loss carryovers attributable to the corporation are first
carried to the consolidated return year, then are subject to reduction
under section 108 and Sec. 1.1502-28 (regarding discharge of
indebtedness income that is excluded from gross income under section
108(a)), and then are subject to reduction under Sec. 1.1502-36
(regarding transfers of loss shares of subsidiary stock). Only the
amount that is neither absorbed by the group in that year nor reduced
under section 108 and Sec. 1.1502-28 or under Sec. 1.1502-36 may be
carried to the corporation's first separate return year. For rules
concerning a member departing a subgroup, see paragraph (c)(2)(vii) of
this section.
(B) Offspring rule. In the case of a member that has been a member
continuously since its organization (determined without regard to
whether the member is a successor to any other corporation), the CNOL
attributable to the member is included in the carrybacks to consolidated
return years before the member's existence. If the group did not file a
consolidated return for a carryback year, the loss may be carried back
to a separate return year of the common parent under paragraph (b)(2)(i)
of this section, but only if the common parent was not a member of a
different consolidated group or of an affiliated group filing separate
returns for the year to which the loss is carried or any subsequent year
in the carryback period. Following an acquisition described in Sec.
1.1502-75(d)(2) or (3), references to the common parent are to the
corporation that was the common parent immediately before the
acquisition.
(iii) Equivalent years. Taxable years are equivalent if they bear
the same numerical relationship to the consolidated return year in which
a CNOL arises, counting forward or backward from the year of the loss.
For example, in the case of a member's third taxable year (which was a
separate return year) that preceded the consolidated return year in
which the loss arose, the equivalent year is the third consolidated
return year preceding the consolidated return year in which the loss
arose. See paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of this section for certain short
taxable years that are disregarded in making this determination.
[[Page 389]]
(iv) Operating rules--(A) Amount of CNOL attributable to a member.
The amount of a CNOL that is attributable to a member shall equal the
product of the CNOL and the percentage of the CNOL attributable to such
member.
(B) Percentage of CNOL attributable to a member--(1) In general.
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(B)(2) of this section, the
percentage of the CNOL attributable to a member shall equal the separate
net operating loss of the member for the year of the loss divided by the
sum of the separate net operating losses for that year of all members
having such losses. For this purpose, the separate net operating loss of
a member is determined by computing the CNOL by reference to only the
member's items of income, gain, deduction, and loss, including the
member's losses and deductions actually absorbed by the group in the
taxable year (whether or not absorbed by the member).
(2) Special rules--(i) Carryback to a separate return year. If a
portion of the CNOL attributable to a member for a taxable year is
carried back to a separate return year, the percentage of the CNOL
attributable to each member as of immediately after such portion of the
CNOL is carried back shall be recomputed pursuant to paragraph
(b)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(v) of this section.
(ii) Excluded discharge of indebtedness income. If during a taxable
year a member realizes discharge of indebtedness income that is excluded
from gross income under section 108(a) and such amount reduces any
portion of the CNOL attributable to any member pursuant to section 108
and Sec. 1.1502-28, the percentage of the CNOL attributable to each
member as of immediately after the reduction of attributes pursuant to
sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 shall be recomputed pursuant
to paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(v) of this section.
(iii) Departing member. If during a taxable year a member that had a
separate net operating loss for the year of the CNOL ceases to be a
member, the percentage of the CNOL attributable to each member as of the
first day of the following consolidated return year shall be recomputed
pursuant to paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(v) of this section.
(iv) Reduction of attributes for stock loss. If during a taxable
year a member does not cease to be a member of the group and any portion
of the CNOL attributable to any member is reduced under Sec. 1.1502-36,
the percentage of the CNOL attributable to each member as of immediately
after the reduction of attributes under Sec. 1.1502-36 shall be
recomputed pursuant to paragraph (b)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(v) of this section.
(v) Recomputed percentage. The recomputed percentage of the CNOL
attributable to each member shall equal the unabsorbed CNOL attributable
to the member at the time of the recomputation divided by the sum of the
unabsorbed CNOL attributable to all of the members at the time of the
recomputation. For purposes of the preceding sentence, a CNOL that is
reduced under section 108 and Sec. 1.1502-28, or under Sec. 1.1502-36,
or that is otherwise permanently disallowed or eliminated, shall be
treated as absorbed.
(v) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this section, unless
otherwise stated, all groups file consolidated returns, all corporations
have calendar taxable years, the facts set forth the only corporate
activity, value means fair market value and the adjusted basis of each
asset equals its value, all transactions are with unrelated persons, and
the application of any limitation or threshold under section 382 is
disregarded. The principles of this paragraph (b)(2) are illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. Offspring rule. (i) During Year 1, Individual A forms P
and T, and they each file a separate return. P forms S on March 15 of
Year 2, and P and S file a consolidated return. P acquires all the stock
of T from Individual A at the beginning of Year 3, and T becomes a
member of the P group. P's acquisition of T is not an ownership change
within the meaning of section 382. P, S, and T sustain a $1,100 CNOL in
Year 3 and, under paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section, the loss is
attributable $200 to P, $300 to S, and $600 to T.
(ii) Of the $1,100 CNOL in Year 3, the $500 amount of the CNOL that
is attributable to P and S ($200 + $300) may be carried to P's separate
return in Year 1. Even though S was not in existence in Year 1, the $300
amount of the CNOL attributable to S may be carried back to P's separate
return in Year 1 because S (unlike T) has been a member of the P group
since its organization and P is a qualified parent under paragraph
(b)(2)(ii)(B) of
[[Page 390]]
this section. To the extent not absorbed in that year, the loss may then
be carried to the P group's return in Year 2. The $600 amount of the
CNOL attributable to T is a net operating loss carryback to T's separate
return in Year 1, and if not absorbed in Year 1, then to Year 2.
Example 2. Departing members. (i) The facts are the same as in
Example 1. In addition, on June 15 of Year 4, P sells all the stock of
T. The P group's consolidated return for Year 4 includes the income of T
through June 15. T files a separate return for the period from June 16
through December 31.
(ii) $600 of the Year 3 CNOL attributable to T is apportioned to T
and is carried back to its separate return in Year 1. To the extent the
$600 is not absorbed in T's separate return in Year 1 or Year 2, it is
carried to the consolidated return in Year 4 before being carried to T's
separate return in Year 4. Any portion of the loss not absorbed in T's
Year 1 or Year 2 or in the P group's Year 4 is then carried to T's
separate return in Year 4.
Example 3. Offspring rule following acquisition. (i) Individual A
owns all of the stock of P, the common parent of a consolidated group.
In Year 1, B, an individual unrelated to Individual A, forms T. P
acquires all of the stock of T at the beginning of Year 3, and T becomes
a member of the P group. The P group has $200 of consolidated taxable
income in Year 2, and $300 of consolidated taxable income in Year 3
(computed without regard to the CNOL deduction). At the beginning of
Year 4, T forms a subsidiary, Y, in a transaction described in section
351. The P group has a $300 consolidated net operating loss in Year 4,
and under paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section, the loss is attributable
entirely to Y.
(ii) Even though Y was not in existence in Year 2, $300, the amount
of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to Y, may be carried
back to the P group's Year 2 consolidated return under paragraph
(b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section because Y has been a member of the P group
since its organization. To the extent not absorbed in that year, the
loss may then be carried to the P group's consolidated return in Year 3.
(3) Special rules--(i) Election to relinquish carryback. A group may
make an irrevocable election under section 172(b)(3) to relinquish the
entire carryback period with respect to a CNOL for any consolidated
return year. Except as provided in Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(3)(ii)(B), the
election may not be made separately for any member (whether or not it
remains a member), and must be made in a separate statement entitled
``THIS IS AN ELECTION UNDER Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(3)(i) TO WAIVE THE ENTIRE
CARRYBACK PERIOD PURSUANT TO SECTION 172(b)(3) FOR THE [insert
consolidated return year] CNOLs OF THE CONSOLIDATED GROUP OF WHICH
[insert name and employer identification number of common parent] IS THE
COMMON PARENT.'' The statement must be filed with the group's income tax
return for the consolidated return year in which the loss arises. If the
consolidated return year in which the loss arises begins before January
1, 2003, the statement making the election must be signed by the common
parent. If the consolidated return year in which the loss arises begins
after December 31, 2002, the election may be made in an unsigned
statement.
(ii) Special elections--(A) Groups that include insolvent financial
institutions. For rules applicable to relinquishing the entire carryback
period with respect to losses attributable to insolvent financial
institutions, see Sec. 301.6402-7 of this chapter.
(B) Acquisition of member from another consolidated group. If one or
more members of a consolidated group becomes a member of another
consolidated group, the acquiring group may make an irrevocable election
to relinquish, with respect to all consolidated net operating losses
attributable to the member, the portion of the carryback period for
which the corporation was a member of another group, provided that any
other corporation joining the acquiring group that was affiliated with
the member immediately before it joined the acquiring group is also
included in the waiver. This election is not a yearly election and
applies to all losses that would otherwise be subject to a carryback to
a former group under section 172. The election must be made in a
separate statement entitled ``THIS IS AN ELECTION UNDER Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(3)(ii)(B)(2) TO WAIVE THE PRE-[insert first taxable year for which
the member (or members) was not a member of another group] CARRYBACK
PERIOD FOR THE CNOLs attributable to [insert names and employer
identification number of members].'' The statement must be filed with
the acquiring consolidated group's original income tax return for the
year the corporation (or corporations) became a
[[Page 391]]
member. If the year in which the corporation (or corporations) became a
member begins before January 1, 2003, the statement must be signed by
the common parent and each of the members to which it applies. If the
year in which the corporation (or corporations) became a member begins
after December 31, 2002, the election may be made in an unsigned
statement.
(C) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-
21T(b)(3)(ii)(C).
(iii) Short years in connection with transactions to which section
381(a) applies. If a member distributes or transfers assets to a
corporation that is a member immediately after the distribution or
transfer in a transaction to which section 381(a) applies, the
transaction does not cause the distributor or transferor to have a short
year within the consolidated return year of the group in which the
transaction occurred that is counted as a separate year for purposes of
determining the years to which a net operating loss may be carried.
(iv) Special status losses. [Reserved]
(c) Limitations on net operating loss carryovers and carrybacks from
separate return limitation years--(1) SRLY limitation--(i) General rule.
Except as provided in paragraph (g) of this section (relating to an
overlap with section 382), the aggregate of the net operating loss
carryovers and carrybacks of a member arising (or treated as arising) in
SRLYs that are included in the CNOL deductions for all consolidated
return years of the group under paragraph (a) of this section may not
exceed the aggregate consolidated taxable income for all consolidated
return years of the group determined by reference to only the member's
items of income, gain, deduction, and loss. For this purpose--
(A) Consolidated taxable income is computed without regard to CNOL
deductions;
(B) Consolidated taxable income takes into account the member's
losses and deductions (including capital losses) actually absorbed by
the group in consolidated return years (whether or not absorbed by the
member);
(C) In computing consolidated taxable income, the consolidated
return years of the group include only those years, including the year
to which the loss is carried, that the member has been continuously
included in the group's consolidated return, but exclude--
(1) For carryovers, any years ending after the year to which the
loss is carried; and
(2) For carrybacks, any years ending after the year in which the
loss arose; and
(D) The treatment under Sec. 1.1502-15 of a built-in loss as a
hypothetical net operating loss carryover in the year recognized is
solely for purposes of determining the limitation under this paragraph
(c) with respect to the loss in that year and not for any other purpose.
Thus, for purposes of determining consolidated taxable income for any
other losses, a built-in loss allowed under this section in the year it
arises is taken into account.
(ii) Losses treated as arising in SRLYs. If a net operating loss
carryover or carryback did not arise in a SRLY but is attributable to a
built-in loss (as defined under Sec. 1.1502-15), the carryover or
carryback is treated for purposes of this paragraph (c) as arising in a
SRLY if the built-in loss was not allowed, after application of the SRLY
limitation, in the year it arose. For an illustration, see Sec. 1.1502-
15(d), Example 5. But see Sec. 1.1502-15(g)(1).
(iii) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (c)(1) are
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Determination of SRLY limitation. (i) Individual A owns
P. In Year 1, Individual A forms T, and T sustains a $100 net operating
loss that is carried forward. P acquires all the stock of T at the
beginning of Year 2, and T becomes a member of the P group. The P group
has $300 of consolidated taxable income in Year 2 (computed without
regard to the CNOL deduction). Such consolidated taxable income would be
$70 if determined by reference to only T's items.
(ii) T's $100 net operating loss carryover from Year 1 arose in a
SRLY. See Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(2)(iii). P's acquisition of T was not an
ownership change as defined by section 382(g). Thus, the $100 net
operating loss carryover is subject to the SRLY limitation in paragraph
(c)(1) of this section. The SRLY limitation for Year 2 is consolidated
taxable income determined by reference to only T's items, or $70. Thus,
$70 of the loss is included under paragraph (a) of this section in the P
group's CNOL deduction for Year 2.
[[Page 392]]
(iii) The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example 1,
except that such consolidated taxable income (computed without regard to
the CNOL deduction and by reference to only T's items) for Year 2 is a
loss (a CNOL) of $370. Because the SRLY limitation may not exceed the
consolidated taxable income determined by reference to only T's items,
and such items aggregate to a CNOL, T's $100 net operating loss
carryover from Year 1 is not allowed under the SRLY limitation in Year
2. Moreover, if consolidated taxable income (computed without regard to
the CNOL deduction and by reference to only T's items) did not exceed
$370 in Year 3, the carryover would still be restricted under paragraph
(c) of this section in Year 3, because the aggregate consolidated
taxable income for all consolidated return years of the group computed
by reference to only T's items would not be a positive amount.
Example 2. Net operating loss carryovers. (i) In Year 1, Individual
A forms P, and P sustains a $40 net operating loss that is carried
forward. P has no income in Year 2. Individual A also owns T which
sustains a net operating loss of $50 in Year 2 that is carried forward.
P acquires the stock of T from Individual A during Year 3, but T is not
a member of the P group for each day of the year. P and T file separate
returns and sustain net operating losses of $120 and $60, respectively,
for Year 3. The P group files consolidated returns beginning in Year 4.
During Year 4, the P group has $160 of consolidated taxable income
(computed without regard to the CNOL deduction). Such consolidated
taxable income would be $70 if determined by reference to only T's
items. These results are summarized as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Separate Separate Separate/ Consolidated
---------------------- affiliated -------------
------------
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P............................................................... $ (40) $0 $ (120) $90
T............................................................... 0 (50) (60) 70
-------------
CTI............................................................. ......... ......... .......... 160
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) P's Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3 are not SRLYs with respect to
the P group. See Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(2)(i). Thus, P's $40 net operating
loss arising in Year 1 and $120 net operating loss arising in Year 3 are
not subject to the SRLY limitation under paragraph (c) of this section.
Under the principles of section 172, paragraph (b) of this section
requires that the loss arising in Year 1 be the first loss absorbed by
the P group in Year 4. Absorption of this loss leaves $120 of the
group's consolidated taxable income available for offset by other loss
carryovers.
(iii) T's Year 2 and Year 3 are SRLYs with respect to the P group.
See Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(2)(ii). P's acquisition of T was not an ownership
change as defined by section 382(g). Thus, T's $50 net operating loss
arising in Year 2 and $60 net operating loss arising in Year 3 are
subject to the SRLY limitation. Under paragraph (c)(1) of this section,
the SRLY limitation for Year 4 is $70, and under paragraph (b) of this
section, T's $50 loss from Year 2 must be included under paragraph (a)
of this section in the P group's CNOL deduction for Year 4. The
absorption of this loss leaves $70 of the group's consolidated taxable
income available for offset by other loss carryovers.
(iv) P and T each carry over net operating losses to Year 4 from a
taxable year ending on the same date (Year 3). The losses carried over
from Year 3 total $180. Under paragraph (b) of this section, the losses
carried over from Year 3 are absorbed on a pro rata basis, even though
one arises in a SRLY and the other does not. However, the group cannot
absorb more than $20 of T's $60 net operating loss arising in Year 3
because its $70 SRLY limitation for Year 4 is reduced by T's $50 Year 2
SRLY loss already included in the CNOL deduction for Year 4. Thus, the
absorption of Year 3 losses is as follows:
Amount of P's Year 3 losses absorbed = $120/($120 + $20) x $70 =
$60.
Amount of T's Year 3 losses absorbed = $20/($120 + $20) x $70 = $10.
(v) The absorption of $10 of T's Year 3 loss further reduces T's
SRLY limitation to $10 ($70 of initial SRLY limitation, reduced by the
$60 net operating loss already included in the CNOL deductions for Year
4 under paragraph (a) of this section).
(vi) P carries its remaining $60 Year 3 net operating loss and T
carries its remaining $50 Year 3 net operating loss over to Year 5.
Assume that, in Year 5, the P group has $90 of consolidated taxable
income (computed without regard to the CNOL deduction). The group's CTI
determined by reference to only T's items is a CNOL of $4. For Year 5,
the CNOL deduction is $66, which includes $60 of P's Year 3 loss and $6
of T's Year 3 loss (the aggregate consolidated taxable income for Years
4 and 5 determined by reference to T's items, or $66, reduced by T's
SRLY losses actually absorbed by the group in Year 4, or $60).
Example 3. Net operating loss carrybacks. (i) P owns all of the
stock of S and T. The members of the P group contribute the following to
the consolidated taxable income of the P group for Years 1, 2, and 3:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P........................... $100 $60 $80 $240
S........................... 20 20 30 70
T........................... 30 10 (50) (10)
CTI......................... 150 90 60 300
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) P sells all of the stock of T to Individual A at the beginning
of Year 4. For its Year 4 separate return year, T has a net operating
loss of $30.
[[Page 393]]
(iii) T's Year 4 is a SRLY with respect to the P group. See Sec.
1.1502-1(f)(1). T's $30 net operating loss carryback to the P group from
Year 4 is not allowed under paragraph (c) of this section to be included
in the CNOL deduction under paragraph (a) of this section for Year 1, 2,
or 3, because the P group's consolidated taxable income would not be a
positive amount if determined by reference to only T's items for all
consolidated return years through Year 4 (without regard to the $30 net
operating loss). The $30 loss is carried forward to T's Year 5 and
succeeding taxable years as provided under the Internal Revenue Code.
Example 4. Computation of SRLY limitation for built-in losses
treated as net operating loss carryovers. (i) Individual A owns P. In
Year 1, Individual A forms T by contributing $300 and T sustains a $100
net operating loss. During Year 2, T's assets decline in value by $100.
At the beginning of Year 3, P acquires all the stock of T from
Individual A, and T becomes a member of the P group in a transaction
that does not result in an ownership change under section 382(g). At the
time of the acquisition, T has a $100 net unrealized built-in loss,
which exceeds the threshold requirements of section 382(h)(3)(B). During
Year 3, T recognizes its unrealized loss as a $100 ordinary loss. The
members of the P group contribute the following to the consolidated
taxable income of the P group for Years 3 and 4 (computed without regard
to T's recognition of its unrealized loss and any CNOL deduction under
this section):
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year 3 Year 4 Total
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P group (without T).......................... $100 $100 $200
T............................................ 60 40 100
CTI.......................................... 160 140 300
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Under Sec. 1.1502-15(a), T's $100 of ordinary loss in Year 3
constitutes a built-in loss that is subject to the SRLY limitation under
paragraph (c) of this section. The amount of the limitation is
determined by treating the deduction as a net operating loss carryover
from a SRLY. The built-in loss is therefore subject to a $60 SRLY
limitation for Year 3. The built-in loss is treated as a net operating
loss carryover solely for purposes of determining the extent to which
the loss is not allowed by reason of the SRLY limitation, and for all
other purposes the loss remains a loss arising in Year 3. Consequently,
under paragraph (b) of this section, the $60 allowed under the SRLY
limitation is absorbed by the P group before T's $100 net operating loss
carryover from Year 1 is allowed.
(iii) Under Sec. 1.1502-15(a), the $40 balance of the built-in loss
that is not allowed in Year 3 because of the SRLY limitation is treated
as a $40 net operating loss arising in Year 3 that is subject to the
SRLY limitation because, under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section,
Year 3 is treated as a SRLY, and is carried to other years in accordance
with the rules of paragraph (b) of this section. The SRLY limitation for
Year 4 is the P group's consolidated taxable income for Year 3 and Year
4 determined by reference to only T's items and without regard to the
group's CNOL deductions ($60 + $40), reduced by T's loss actually
absorbed by the group in Year 3 ($60). The SRLY limitation for Year 4 is
$40.
(iv) Under paragraph (c) of this section and the principles of
section 172(b), $40 of T's $100 net operating loss carryover from Year 1
is included in the CNOL deduction under paragraph (a) of this section in
Year 4.
Example 5. Dual SRLY registers and accounting for SRLY losses
actually absorbed. (i) In Year 1, T sustains a $100 net operating loss
and a $50 net capital loss. At the beginning of Year 2, T becomes a
member of the P group in a transaction that does not result in an
ownership change under section 382(g). Both of T's carryovers from Year
1 are subject to SRLY limits under this paragraph (c) and Sec. 1.1502-
22(c). The members of the P group contribute the following to the
consolidated taxable income for Years 2 and 3 (computed without regard
to T's CNOL deduction under this section or net capital loss carryover
under Sec. 1.1502-22):
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P T
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year 1 (SRLY)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary.............................................. ....... (100)
Capital............................................... ....... (50)
Year 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary.............................................. 30 60
Capital............................................... 0 (20)
Year 3
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary.............................................. 10 40
Capital............................................... 0 30
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) For Year 2, the group computes separate SRLY limits for each of
T's SRLY carryovers from Year 1. The group determines its ability to use
its capital loss carryover before it determines its ability to use its
ordinary loss carryover. Under section 1212, because the group has no
Year 2 capital gain, it cannot absorb any capital losses in Year 2. T's
Year 1 net capital loss and the group's Year 2 consolidated net capital
loss (all of which is attributable to T) are carried over to Year 3.
(iii) Under this section, the aggregate amount of T's $100 net
operating loss carryover from Year 1 that may be included in the CNOL
deduction of the group for Year 2 may not exceed $60--the amount of the
consolidated taxable income computed by reference only to T's items,
including losses and deductions to the extent actually absorbed (i.e.,
$60 of T's ordinary income for Year 2). Thus, the group may include $60
of T's ordinary loss carryover from Year 1 in its Year
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2 CNOL deduction. T carries over its remaining $40 of its Year 1 loss to
Year 3.
(iv) For Year 3, the group again computes separate SRLY limits for
each of T's SRLY carryovers from Year 1. The group has consolidated net
capital gain (without taking into account a net capital loss carryover
deduction) of $30. Under Sec. 1.1502-22(c), the aggregate amount of T's
$50 capital loss carryover from Year 1 that may be included in computing
the group's consolidated net capital gain for all years of the group
(here Years 2 and 3) may not exceed $30 (the aggregate consolidated net
capital gain computed by reference only to T's items, including losses
and deductions actually absorbed (i.e., $30 of capital gain in Year 3)).
Thus, the group may include $30 of T's Year 1 capital loss carryover in
its computation of consolidated net capital gain for Year 3, which
offsets the group's capital gains for Year 3. T carries over its
remaining $20 of its Year 1 loss to Year 4. The group carries over the
Year 2 consolidated net capital loss to Year 4.
(v) Under this section, the aggregate amount of T's net operating
loss carryover from Year 1 that may be included in the CNOL deduction of
the group for Years 2 and 3 may not exceed $100, which is the amount of
the aggregate consolidated taxable income for Years 2 and 3 determined
by reference only to T's items, including losses and deductions actually
absorbed (i.e., $60 of ordinary income in Year 2 plus $40 of ordinary
income, $30 of capital gain, and $30 of SRLY capital losses actually
absorbed in Year 3). The group included $60 of T's ordinary loss
carryover in its Year 2 CNOL deduction. It may include the remaining $40
of the carryover in its Year 3 CNOL deduction.
(2) SRLY subgroup limitation. In the case of a net operating loss
carryover or carryback for which there is a SRLY subgroup, the
principles of paragraph (c)(1) of this section apply to the SRLY
subgroup, and not separately to its members. Thus, the contribution to
consolidated taxable income and the net operating loss carryovers and
carrybacks arising (or treated as arising) in SRLYs that are included in
the CNOL deductions for all consolidated return years of the group under
paragraph (a) of this section are based on the aggregate amounts of
income, gain, deduction, and loss of the members of the SRLY subgroup
for the relevant consolidated return years (as provided in paragraph
(c)(1)(i)(C) of this section). For an illustration of aggregate amounts
during the relevant consolidated return years following the year in
which a member of a SRLY subgroup ceases to be a member of the group,
see paragraph (c)(2)(viii) Example 4 of this section. A SRLY subgroup
may exist only for a carryover or carryback arising in a year that is
not a SRLY (and is not treated as a SRLY under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of
this section) with respect to another group (the former group), whether
or not the group is a consolidated group, or for a carryover that was
subject to the overlap rule described in paragraph (g) of this section
or Sec. 1.1502-15(g) with respect to another group (the former group).
A separate SRLY subgroup is determined for each such carryover or
carryback. A consolidated group may include more than one SRLY subgroup,
and a member may be a member of more than one SRLY subgroup. Solely for
purposes of determining the members of a SRLY subgroup with respect to a
loss:
(i) Carryovers. In the case of a carryover, the SRLY subgroup is
composed of the member carrying over the loss (the loss member) and each
other member that was a member of the former group that becomes a member
of the group at the same time as the loss member. A member remains a
member of the SRLY subgroup until it ceases to be affiliated with the
loss member. The aggregate determination described in paragraph (c)(1)
of this section and this paragraph (c)(2) includes the amounts of
income, gain, deduction, and loss of each member of the SRLY subgroup
for the consolidated return years during which it remains a member of
the SRLY subgroup. For an illustration of the aggregate determination of
a SRLY subgroup, see paragraph (c)(2)(viii) Example 2 of this section.
(ii) Carrybacks. In the case of a carryback, the SRLY subgroup is
composed of the member carrying back the loss (the loss member) and each
other member of the group from which the loss is carried back that has
been continuously affiliated with the loss member from the year to which
the loss is carried through the year in which the loss arises.
(iii) Built-in losses. In the case of a built-in loss, the SRLY
subgroup is composed of the member recognizing the loss (the loss
member) and each
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other member that was part of the subgroup with respect to the loss
determined under Sec. 1.1502-15(c)(2) immediately before the members
became members of the group. The principles of paragraphs (c)(2)(i) and
(ii) of this section apply to determine the SRLY subgroup for the built-
in loss that is, under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, treated as
arising in a SRLY with respect to the group in which the loss is
recognized. For this purpose and as the context requires, a reference in
paragraphs (c)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section to a group or former group
is a reference to the subgroup determined under Sec. 1.1502-15(c)(2).
(iv) Principal purpose of avoiding or increasing a SRLY limitation.
The members composing a SRLY subgroup are not treated as a SRLY subgroup
if any of them is formed, acquired, or availed of with a principal
purpose of avoiding the application of, or increasing any limitation
under, this paragraph (c). Any member excluded from a SRLY subgroup, if
excluded with a principal purpose of so avoiding or increasing any SRLY
limitation, is treated as included in the SRLY subgroup.
(v) Coordination with other limitations. This paragraph (c)(2) does
not allow a net operating loss to offset income to the extent
inconsistent with other limitations or restrictions on the use of
losses, such as a limitation based on the nature or activities of
members. For example, any dual consolidated loss may not reduce the
taxable income to an extent greater than that allowed under section
1503(d) and Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-8. See also Sec.
1.1502-47(q) (relating to preemption of rules for life-nonlife groups).
(vi) Anti-duplication. If the same item of income or deduction could
be taken into account more than once in determining a limitation under
this paragraph (c), or in a manner inconsistent with any other provision
of the Internal Revenue Code or regulations incorporating this paragraph
(c), the item of income or deduction is taken into account only once and
in such manner that losses are absorbed in accordance with the ordering
rules in paragraph (b) of this section and the underlying purposes of
this section.
(vii) Corporations that leave a SRLY subgroup. If a loss member
ceases to be affiliated with a SRLY subgroup, the amount of the member's
remaining SRLY loss from a specific year is determined pursuant to the
principles of paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) and (b)(2)(iv) of this section.
(viii) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (c)(2) are
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Members of SRLY subgroups. (i) Individual A owns all of
the stock of P, S, T and M. P and M are each the common parent of a
consolidated group. During Year 1, P sustains a $50 net operating loss.
At the beginning of Year 2, P acquires all the stock of S at a time when
the aggregate basis of S's assets exceeds their aggregate value by $70,
and S becomes a member of the P group. At the beginning of Year 3, P
acquires all the stock of T, T has a $60 net operating loss carryover at
the time of the acquisition, and T becomes a member of the P group.
During Year 4, S forms S1 and T forms T1, each by contributing assets
with built-in gains which are, in the aggregate, material. S1 and T1
become members of the P group. During Year 7, M acquires all of the
stock of P, and the members of the P group become members of the M group
for the balance of Year 7. The $50 and $60 loss carryovers of P and T
are carried to Year 7 of the M group, and the value and basis of S's
assets did not change after it became a member of the former P group.
None of the transactions described above resulted in an ownership change
under section 382(g).
(ii) Under paragraph (c)(2) of this section, a separate SRLY
subgroup is determined for each loss carryover and built-in loss. In the
P group, P's $50 loss carryover is not treated as arising in a SRLY. See
Sec. 1.1502-1(f). Consequently, the carryover is not subject to
limitation under paragraph (c) of this section in the P group.
(iii) In the M group, P's $50 loss carryover is treated as arising
in a SRLY and is subject to the limitation under paragraph (c) of this
section. A SRLY subgroup with respect to that loss is composed of
members which were members of the P group, the group as to which the
loss was not a SRLY. The SRLY subgroup is composed of P, the member
carrying over the loss, and each other member of the P group that became
a member of the M group at the same time as P. A member of the SRLY
subgroup remains a member until it ceases to be affiliated with P. For
Year 7, the SRLY subgroup is composed of P, S, T, S1, and T1.
(iv) In the P group, S's $70 unrealized loss, if recognized within
the 5-year recognition period after S becomes a member of the P
[[Page 396]]
group, is subject to limitation under paragraph (c) of this section. See
Sec. 1.1502-15 and paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section. Because S was
not continuously affiliated with P, T, or T1 for 60 consecutive months
prior to joining the P group, these corporations cannot be included in a
SRLY subgroup with respect to S's unrealized loss in the P group. See
paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section. As a successor to S, S1 is
included in a subgroup with S in the P group, and, because 100 percent
of S1's stock is owned directly by corporations that were members of the
SRLY subgroup when the members of the SRLY subgroup became members of
the P group, its net positive income is not excluded from the
consolidated taxable income of the P group that may be offset by the
built-in loss. See paragraph (f) of this section.
(v) In the M group, S's $70 unrealized loss, if recognized within
the 5-year recognition period after S becomes a member of the M group,
is subject to limitation under paragraph (c) of this section. Prior to
becoming a member of the M group, S had been continuously affiliated
with P (but not T or T1) for 60 consecutive months, and S1 is a
successor that has remained continuously affiliated with S. Those
members had a net unrealized built-in loss immediately before they
became members of the group under Sec. 1.1502-15(c). Consequently, in
Year 7, S, S1, and P compose a subgroup in the M group with respect to
S's unrealized loss. Because S1 was a member of the SRLY subgroup when
it became a member of the M group and also because 100 percent of S1's
stock is owned directly by corporations that were members of the SRLY
subgroup when the members of the SRLY subgroup became members of the M
group, its net positive income is not excluded from the consolidated
taxable income of the M group that may be offset by the recognized
built-in loss. See paragraph (f) of this section.
(vi) In the P group, T's $60 loss carryover arose in a SRLY and is
subject to limitation under paragraph (c) of this section. P, S, and S1
were not members of the group in which T's loss arose, and T's loss
carryover was not subject to the overlap rule described in paragraph (g)
of this section with respect to the P group (the former group). Thus, P,
S, and S1 are not members of a SRLY subgroup with respect to the T
carryover in the P group. See paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section. As a
successor to T, T1 is included in a SRLY subgroup with T in the P group,
and, because 100 percent of T1's stock is owned directly by corporations
that were members of the SRLY subgroup when the members of the SRLY
subgroup became members of the P group, its net positive income is not
excluded from the consolidated taxable income of the P group that may be
offset by the carryover. See paragraph (f) of this section.
(vii) In the M group, T's $60 loss carryover arose in a SRLY and is
subject to limitation under paragraph (c) of this section. T and T1
remain the only members of a SRLY subgroup with respect to the
carryover. Because T1 was a member of the SRLY subgroup when it became a
member of the M group and also because 100 percent of T1's stock is
owned directly by corporations that were members of the SRLY subgroup
when the members of the SRLY subgroup became members of the M group, its
net positive income is not excluded from the consolidated taxable income
of the M group that may be offset by the carryover. See paragraph (f) of
this section.
Example 2. Computation of SRLY subgroup limitation. (i) Individual A
owns all of the stock of S, T, P and M. P and M are each the common
parent of a consolidated group. In Year 2, P acquires all the stock of S
and T from Individual A, and S and T become members of the P group. For
Year 3, the P group has a $45 CNOL, which is attributable to P, and
which P carries forward. M is the common parent of another group. At the
beginning of Year 4, M acquires all of the stock of P, and the former
members of the P group become members of the M group. None of the
transactions described above resulted in an ownership change under
section 382(g).
(ii) P's year to which the loss is attributable, Year 3, is a SRLY
with respect to the M group. See Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(1). However, P, S,
and T compose a SRLY subgroup with respect to the Year 3 loss under
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section because Year 3 is not a SRLY (and is
not treated as a SRLY) with respect to the P group. P's loss is carried
over to the M group's Year 4 and is therefore subject to the SRLY
subgroup limitation in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(iii) In Year 4, the M group has $10 of consolidated taxable income
(computed without regard to the CNOL deduction for Year 4). Such
consolidated taxable income would be $45 if determined by reference to
only the items of P, S, and T, the members included in the SRLY subgroup
with respect to P's loss carryover. Therefore, the SRLY subgroup
limitation under paragraph (c)(2) of this section for P's net operating
loss carryover from Year 3 is $45. Because the M group has only $10 of
consolidated taxable income in Year 4, however, only $10 of P's net
operating loss carryover is included in the CNOL deduction under
paragraph (a) of this section in Year 4.
(iv) In Year 5, the M group has $100 of consolidated taxable income
(computed without regard to the CNOL deduction for Year 5). Neither P,
S, nor T has any items of income, gain, deduction, or loss in Year 5.
Although the members of the SRLY subgroup do not contribute to the $100
of consolidated taxable
[[Page 397]]
income in Year 5, the SRLY subgroup limitation for Year 5 is $35 (the
sum of SRLY subgroup consolidated taxable income of $45 in Year 4 and $0
in Year 5, less the $10 net operating loss carryover actually absorbed
by the M group in Year 4). Therefore, $35 of P's net operating loss
carryover is included in the CNOL deduction under paragraph (a) of this
section in Year 5.
Example 3. Inclusion in more than one SRLY subgroup. (i) Individual
A owns all of the stock of S, T, P and M. S, P, and M are each the
common parent of a consolidated group. At the beginning of Year 1, S
acquires all the stock of T from Individual A, and T becomes a member of
the S group. For Year 1, the S group has a CNOL of $10, all of which is
attributable to S and is carried over to Year 2. At the beginning of
Year 2, P acquires all the stock of S, and S and T become members of the
P group. For Year 2, the P group has a CNOL of $35, all of which is
attributable to P and is carried over to Year 3. At the beginning of
Year 3, M acquires all of the stock of P, and the former members of the
P group become members of the M group. None of the transactions
described above resulted in an ownership change under section 382(g).
(ii) P's and S's net operating losses arising in SRLYs with respect
to the M group are subject to limitation under paragraph (c) of this
section. P, S, and T compose a SRLY subgroup for purposes of determining
the limitation for P's $35 net operating loss carryover arising in Year
2 because, under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, Year 2 is not a
SRLY with respect to the P group. Similarly, S and T compose a SRLY
subgroup for purposes of determining the limitation for S's $10 net
operating loss carryover arising in Year 1 because Year 1 is not a SRLY
with respect to the S group.
(iii) S and T are members of both the SRLY subgroup with respect to
P's losses and the SRLY subgroup with respect to S's losses. Under
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, S's and T's items cannot be included
in the determination of the SRLY subgroup limitation for both SRLY
subgroups for the same consolidated return year; paragraph (c)(2)(vi) of
this section requires the M group to consider the items of S and T only
once so that the losses are absorbed in the order of the taxable years
in which they were sustained. Because S's loss was incurred in Year 1,
while P's loss was incurred in Year 2, the items will be added in the
determination of the consolidated taxable income of the S and T SRLY
subgroup to enable S's loss to be absorbed first. The taxable income of
the P, S, and T SRLY subgroup is then computed by including the
consolidated taxable income for the S and T SRLY subgroup less the
amount of any net operating loss carryover of S that is absorbed after
applying this section to the S subgroup for the year.
Example 4. Corporation ceases to be affiliated with a SRLY subgroup.
(i) Individual A owns all of the stock of P, and M. P and S are members
of the P group and the P group has a CNOL of $30 in Year 1, all of which
is attributable to P and carried over to Year 2. At the beginning of
Year 2, M acquires all of the stock of P, and P and S become members of
the M group. P and S compose a SRLY subgroup with respect to P's net
operating loss carryover. For Year 2, consolidated taxable income of the
M group determined by reference to only the items of P (and without
regard to the CNOL deduction for Year 2) is $40. However, such
consolidated taxable income of the M group determined by reference to
the items of both P and S is a loss of $20. Thus, the SRLY subgroup
limitation under paragraph (c)(2) of this section prevents the M group
from including any of P's net operating loss carryover in the CNOL
deduction under paragraph (a) of this section in Year 2, and P carries
the Year 1 loss to Year 3.
(ii) At the end of Year 2, P sells all of the S stock, and S ceases
to be a member of the M group and the P subgroup. For Year 3,
consolidated taxable income of the M group is $50 (determined without
regard to the CNOL deduction for Year 3), and such consolidated taxable
income would be $10 if determined by reference to only items of P.
However, the limitation under paragraph (c) of this section for Year 3
for P's net operating loss carryover still prevents the M group from
including any of P's loss in the CNOL deduction under paragraph (a) of
this section. The limitation results from the inclusion of S's items for
Year 2 in the determination of the SRLY subgroup limitation for Year 3
even though S ceased to be a member of the M group (and the P subgroup)
at the end of Year 2. Thus, the M group's consolidated taxable income
determined by reference to only the SRLY subgroup members' items for all
consolidated return years of the group through Year 3 (determined
without regard to the CNOL deduction) is not a positive amount.
(ix) Application to other than loss carryovers. Paragraph (g) of
this section and the phrase ``or for a carryover that was subject to the
overlap rule described in paragraph (g) of this section or Sec. 1.1502-
15(g) with respect to another group (the former group)'' in this
paragraph (c)(2) apply only to carryovers of net operating losses, net
capital losses, and for taxable years for which the due date (without
extensions) of the consolidated return is after May 25, 2000, to
carryovers of credits described in section 383(a)(2). Accordingly, as
the context may require, if another regulation references this section
and such
[[Page 398]]
other regulation does not concern a carryover of net operating losses,
net capital losses, or for taxable years for which the due date (without
extensions) of the consolidated return is after May 25, 2000, carryovers
of credits described in section 383(a)(2), then such reference does not
include a reference to such paragraph or phrase.
(d) Coordination with consolidated return change of ownership
limitation and transactions subject to old section 382--(1) Consolidated
return changes of ownership. If a consolidated return change of
ownership occurred before January 1, 1997, the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21A(d) apply to determine the amount of the aggregate of the net
operating losses attributable to old members of the group that may be
included in the consolidated net operating loss deduction under
paragraph (a) of this section. For this purpose, Sec. 1.1502-1(g) is
applied by treating that date as the end of the year of change.
(2) Old section 382. The principles of Sec. 1.1502-21A(e) apply to
disallow or reduce the amount of a net operating loss carryover of a
member as a result of a transaction subject to old section 382.
(e) Consolidated net operating loss. Any excess of deductions over
gross income, as determined under Sec. 1.1502-11(a) (without regard to
any consolidated net operating loss deduction), is also referred to as
the consolidated net operating loss (or CNOL).
(f) Predecessors and successors--(1) In general. For purposes of
this section, any reference to a corporation, member, common parent, or
subsidiary, includes, as the context may require, a reference to a
successor or predecessor, as defined in Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(4).
(2) Limitation on SRLY subgroups--(i) General rule. Except as
provided in paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section, if a successor's items
of income and gain exceed the successor's items of deduction and loss
(net positive income), then the net positive income attributable to the
successor is excluded from the computation of the consolidated taxable
income of a SRLY subgroup.
(ii) Exceptions. A successor's net positive income is not excluded
from the consolidated taxable income of a SRLY subgroup if--
(A) The successor acquires substantially all the assets and
liabilities of its predecessor, and the predecessor ceases to exist;
(B) The successor was a member of the SRLY subgroup when the SRLY
subgroup members became members of the group;
(C) 100 percent of the stock of the successor is owned directly by
corporations that were members of the SRLY subgroup when the SRLY
subgroup members became members of the group; or
(D) The Commissioner so determines.
(g) Overlap with section 382--(1) General rule. The limitation
provided in paragraph (c) of this section does not apply to net
operating loss carryovers (other than a hypothetical carryover described
in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(D) of this section and a carryover described in
paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section) when the application of paragraph
(c) of this section results in an overlap with the application of
section 382. For a similar rule applying in the case of net operating
loss carryovers described in paragraphs (c)(1)(i)(D) and (c)(1)(ii) of
this section, see Sec. 1.1502-15(g).
(2) Definitions--(i) Generally. For purposes of this paragraph (g),
the definitions and nomenclature contained in section 382, the
regulations thereunder, and Sec. Sec. 1.1502-90 through 1.1502-99
apply.
(ii) Overlap. (A) An overlap of the application of paragraph (c) of
this section and the application of section 382 with respect to a net
operating loss carryover occurs if a corporation becomes a member of a
consolidated group (the SRLY event) within six months of the change date
of an ownership change giving rise to a section 382(a) limitation with
respect to that carryover (the section 382 event).
(B) If an overlap described in paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section occurs with respect to net operating loss carryovers of a
corporation whose SRLY event occurs within the six month period
beginning on the date of a section 382 event, then an overlap is treated
as also occurring with respect to that corporation's net operating loss
carryover that arises within the period beginning with the section 382
event and ending with the SRLY event.
[[Page 399]]
(C) For special rules in the event that there is a SRLY subgroup
and/or a loss subgroup as defined in Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1) with respect
to a carryover, see paragraph (g)(4) of this section.
(3) Operating rules--(i) Section 382 event before SRLY event. If a
SRLY event occurs on the same date as a section 382 event or within the
six month period beginning on the date of the section 382 event,
paragraph (g)(1) of this section applies beginning with the tax year
that includes the SRLY event.
(ii) SRLY event before section 382 event. If a section 382 event
occurs within the period beginning the day after the SRLY event and
ending six months after the SRLY event, paragraph (g)(1) of this section
applies starting with the first tax year that begins after the section
382 event.
(4) Subgroup rules. In general, in the case of a net operating loss
carryover for which there is a SRLY subgroup and a loss subgroup (as
defined in Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1)), the principles of this paragraph (g)
apply to the SRLY subgroup, and not separately to its members. However,
paragraph (g)(1) of this section applies--
(i) With respect to a carryover described in paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A)
of this section only if--
(A) All members of the SRLY subgroup with respect to that carryover
are also included in a loss subgroup with respect to that carryover; and
(B) All members of a loss subgroup with respect to that carryover
are also members of a SRLY subgroup with respect to that carryover; and
(ii) With respect to a carryover described in paragraph
(g)(2)(ii)(B) of this section only if all members of the SRLY subgroup
for that carryover are also members of a SRLY subgroup that has net
operating loss carryovers described in paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section that are subject to the overlap rule of paragraph (g)(1) of this
section.
(5) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (g) are illustrated
by the following examples:
Example 1. Overlap--Simultaneous Acquisition. (i) Individual A owns
all of the stock of P, which in turn owns all of the stock of S. P and S
file a consolidated return. In Year 2, B, an individual unrelated to
Individual A, forms T which incurs a $100 net operating loss for that
year. At the beginning of Year 3, S acquires T.
(ii) S's acquisition of T results in T becoming a member of the P
group (the SRLY event) and also results in an ownership change of T,
within the meaning of section 382(g), that gives rise to a limitation
under section 382(a) (the section 382 event) with respect to the T
carryover.
(iii) Because the SRLY event and the change date of the section 382
event occur on the same date, there is an overlap of the application of
the SRLY rules and the application of section 382.
(iv) Consequently, under this paragraph (g), in Year 3 the SRLY
limitation does not apply to the Year 2 $100 net operating loss.
Example 2. Overlap--Section 382 event before SRLY event. (i)
Individual A owns all of the stock of P, which in turn owns all of the
stock of S. P and S file a consolidated return. In Year 1, B, an
individual unrelated to Individual A, forms T which incurs a $100 net
operating loss for that year. On February 28 of Year 2, S purchases 55%
of T from Individual B. On June 30, of Year 2, S purchases an additional
35% of T from Individual B.
(ii) The February 28 purchase of 55% of T is a section 382 event
because it results in an ownership change of T, under section 382(g),
that gives rise to a section 382(a) limitation with respect to the T
carryover. The June 30 purchase of 35% of T results in T becoming a
member of the P group and is therefore a SRLY event.
(iii) Because the SRLY event occurred within six months of the
change date of the section 382 event, there is an overlap of the
application of the SRLY rules and the application of section 382.
(iv) Consequently, under paragraph (g) of this section, in Year 2
the SRLY limitation does not apply to the Year 1 $100 net operating
loss.
Example 3. No overlap--Section 382 event before SRLY event. (i) The
facts are the same as in Example 2 except that Individual B does not
sell the additional 35% of T to S until September 30, Year 2.
(ii) The February 28 purchase of 55% of T is a section 382 event
because it results in an ownership change of T, under section 382(g),
that gives rise to a section 382(a) limitation with respect to the T
carryover. The September 30 purchase of 35% of T results in T becoming a
member of the P group and is therefore a SRLY event.
(iii) Because the SRLY event did not occur within six months of the
change date of the section 382 event, there is no overlap of the
application of the SRLY rules and the application of section 382.
Consequently, the Year 1 net operating loss is subject to a SRLY
limitation and a section 382 limitation.
Example 4. Overlap--SRLY event before section 382 event. (i) P and S
file a consolidated return. S has owned 40% of T for 6 years. For
[[Page 400]]
Year 6, T has a net operating loss of $500 that is carried forward. On
March 31, Year 7, S acquires an additional 40% of T, and on August 31,
Year 7, S acquires the remaining 20% of T.
(ii) The March 31 purchase of 40% of T results in T becoming a
member of the P group and is therefore a SRLY event. The August 31
purchase of 20% of T is a section 382 event because it results in an
ownership change of T, under section 382(g), that gives rise to a
section 382(a) limitation with respect to the T carryover.
(iii) Because the SRLY event occurred within six months of the
change date of the section 382 event, there is an overlap of the
application of the SRLY rules and the application of section 382 within
the meaning of this paragraph (g).
(iv) Under this paragraph (g), the SRLY rules of paragraph (c) of
this section will apply to the Year 7 tax year. Beginning in Year 8 (the
year after the section 382 event), any unabsorbed portion of the Year 6
net operating loss will not be subject to a SRLY limitation.
Example 5. Overlap--Coextensive subgroups. (i) Individual A owns all
of the stock of S, which in turn owns all of the stock of T. S and T
file a consolidated return beginning in Year 1. B, an individual
unrelated to Individual A, owns all of the stock of P, the common parent
of a consolidated group. In Year 2, the S group has a $200 consolidated
net operating loss which is carried forward, of which $100 is
attributable to S, and $100 is attributable to T. At the beginning of
Year 3, the P group acquires all of the stock of S from Individual A.
(ii) P's acquisition of S results in S and T becoming members of the
P group (the SRLY event). With respect to the Year 2 net operating loss
carryover, S and T compose a SRLY subgroup under paragraph (c)(2) of
this section.
(iii) S and T also compose a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-
91(d)(1) with respect to the Year 2 net operating loss carryover. P's
acquisition also results in an ownership change of S, the subgroup
parent, within the meaning of section 382(g), that gives rise to a
limitation under section 382(a) (the section 382 event) with respect to
the Year 2 carryover.
(iv) Because the SRLY event and the change date of the section 382
event occur on the same date, there is an overlap of the application of
the SRLY rules and the application of section 382 within the meaning of
paragraph (g) of this section. Because the SRLY subgroup and the loss
subgroup are coextensive, under paragraph (g) of this section, the SRLY
limitation does not apply to the Year 2 $200 net operating loss.
Example 6. No overlap--Different subgroups. (i) Individual B owns
all of the stock of P, the common parent of a consolidated group. P owns
all of the stock of S and all of the stock of T. Individual A owns all
of the stock of X, the common parent of another consolidated group. In
Year 1, the P group has a $200 consolidated net operating loss, of which
$100 is attributable to S and $100 is attributable to T. At the
beginning of Year 3, the X group acquires all of the stock of S and T
from P and does not make an election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4)
(concerning an election to treat the loss subgroup parent requirement as
having been satisfied).
(ii) X's acquisition of S and T results in S and T becoming members
of the X group (the SRLY event). With respect to the Year 1 net
operating loss, S and T compose a SRLY subgroup under paragraph (c)(2)
of this section.
(iii) S and T do not bear (and are not treated as bearing) a section
1504(a)(1) relationship. Therefore S and T do not qualify as a loss
subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1). X's acquisition of S and T results
in separate ownership changes of S and T, that give rise to separate
limitations under section 382(a) (the section 382 events) with respect
to each of S and T's Year 1 net operating loss carryovers. See Sec.
1.1502-94.
(iv) The SRLY event and the change dates of the section 382 events
occur on the same date. However, paragraph (g)(1) of this section does
not apply because the SRLY subgroup (composed of S and T) is not
coextensive with a loss subgroup with respect to the Year 1 carryovers.
Consequently, the Year 1 net operating loss is subject to both a SRLY
subgroup limitation and also separate section 382 limitations for each
of S and T.
Example 7. No overlap--Different subgroups. (i) Individual A owns
all of the stock of T and all of the stock of S, the common parent of a
consolidated group. B, an individual unrelated to Individual A, owns all
of the stock of P, the common parent of another consolidated group. In
Year 1, T has a net operating loss of $100 that is carried forward. At
the end of Year 2, S acquires all of the stock of T from Individual A.
In Year 3, the S group sustains a $200 consolidated net operating loss
that is carried forward. In Year 8, the P group acquires all of the
stock of S from Individual A.
(ii) S's acquisition of T in Year 1 results in T becoming a member
of the S group. The acquisition, however, did not result in an ownership
change under section 382(g). As a result, T's Year 1 net operating loss
is subject to SRLY within the S group. At the end of Year 7, Sec.
1.1502-96(a) treats T's Year 1 net operating loss as not having arisen
in a SRLY with respect to the S group. Section 1.1502-96(a), however,
applies only for purposes of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-96 and
Sec. 1.1502-98 but not for purposes of this section. See Sec. 1.1502-
96(a)(5).
(iii) P's acquisition of S in Year 8 results in S and T becoming
members of the P group (the SRLY event). With respect to the Year 1 net
operating loss, S and T do not compose
[[Page 401]]
a SRLY subgroup under paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(iv) S and T compose a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1)
with respect to the Year 1 net operating loss carryover. P's acquisition
of S results in an ownership change of the loss subgroup, within the
meaning of section 382(g), that gives rise to a subgroup limitation
under section 382(a) (the section 382 event) with respect to that
carryover.
(v) The SRLY event and the change date of the section 382 event
occur on the same date. However, under paragraph (g)(4) of this section,
because the SRLY subgroup and the loss subgroup are not coextensive, T's
Year 1 net operating loss carryover is subject to a SRLY limitation.
(vi) With respect to the Year 3 net operating loss carryover, S and
T compose both a SRLY subgroup and a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-
91(d)(1). Thus, paragraph (g)(1) of this section applies, and the S
group's Year 3 net operating loss carryover is not subject to a SRLY
limitation.
Example 8. SRLY after overlap. (i) Individual A owns all of the
stock of R and M, each the common parent of a consolidated group. B, an
individual unrelated to Individual A, owns all of the stock of D. In
Year 1, D incurs a $100 net operating loss that is carried forward. At
the beginning of Year 3, R acquires all of the stock of D. In Year 5, M
acquires all of the stock of R in a transaction that did not result in
an ownership change of R.
(ii) R's Year 3 acquisition of D results in D becoming a member of
the R group (the SRLY event) and also results in an ownership change of
D, that gives rise to a limitation under section 382(a) (the section 382
event) with respect to D's net operating loss carryover.
(iii) Because the SRLY event and the change date of the section 382
event occur on the same date, there is an overlap of the application of
paragraph (c) of this section and section 382 with respect to D's net
operating loss. Consequently, under this paragraph (g), D's Year 1 $100
net operating loss is not subject to a SRLY limitation in the R group.
(iv) M's Year 5 acquisition of R results in R and D becoming members
of the M group (the SRLY event), but does not result in an ownership
change of R or D that gives rise to a limitation under section 382(a).
Because there is no section 382 event, the application of the SRLY rules
and section 382 do not overlap. Consequently, D's Year 1 $100 net
operating loss is subject to a SRLY limitation in the M group.
(v) Because D's Year 1 net operating loss carryover was subject to
the overlap rule of paragraph (g) of this section when it joined the R
group, under Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(2), the SRLY subgroup with respect to
that carryover includes all of the members of the R group that joined
the M group at the same time as D.
Example 9. Overlap--Interim losses. (i) Individual A owns all of the
stock of P and S, each the common parent of a consolidated group. S owns
all of the stock of T, its only subsidiary. B, an individual unrelated
to Individual A, owns all of the stock of M, the common parent of a
consolidated group. In Year 1, the S group has a $100 consolidated net
operating loss. On January 1 of Year 2, P acquires all of the stock of S
from Individual A. On December 31 of Year 2, M acquires 51% of the stock
of P from Individual A. On May 31 of Year 3, M acquires the remaining
49% of the stock of P from Individual A. The P group, for the Year 3
period prior to June 1, had a $50 consolidated net operating loss, and
under paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section, the loss is attributable
entirely to S. Other than the losses described above, the P group does
not have any other consolidated net operating losses.
(ii) In the P group, S's $100 loss carryover is treated as arising
in a SRLY and is subject to the limitation under paragraph (c) of this
section. A SRLY subgroup with respect to that loss is composed of S and
T, the members which were members of the S group as to which the loss
was not a SRLY.
(iii) M's December 31 purchase of 51% of P is a section 382 event
because it results in an ownership change of the S loss subgroup that
gives rise to a section 382(a) limitation (the section 382 event) with
respect to the Year 1 net operating loss carryover. The purchase,
however, does not result in an ownership change of P because it is not a
loss corporation under section 382(k)(1). M's May 31 purchase of 49% of
P results in P, S, and T becoming members of the M group and is
therefore a SRLY event.
(iv) With respect to the Year 1 net operating loss, S and T compose
a SRLY subgroup under paragraph (c)(2) of this section and a loss
subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1). The loss subgroup does not include
P because the only loss at the time of the section 382 event was subject
to SRLY with respect to the P group. See Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1).
(v) Because the SRLY event occured within six months of the change
date of the section 382 event and the SRLY subgroup and loss subgroup
are coextensive with respect to the Year 1 net operating loss carryover,
there is an overlap of the application of the SRLY rules and the
application of section 382 within the meaning of paragraph (g) of this
section. Thus, the SRLY limitation does not apply to that carryover.
(vi) The Year 3 net operating loss, which arose between the section
382 event and the SRLY event, is a net operating loss described in
paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(B) of this section because it is the net operating
loss of a corporation whose SRLY event occurs within
[[Page 402]]
the six month period beginning on the date of a section 382 event.
(vii) With respect to the Year 3 net operating loss, P, S, and T
compose a SRLY subgroup under paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Because
P, a member of the SRLY subgroup for the Year 3 carryover, is not also a
member of a SRLY subgroup that has net operating loss carryovers
described in paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A) of this section (the Year 1 net
operating loss), the Year 3 carryover is subject to a SRLY limitation in
the M group. See paragraph (g)(4)(ii) of this section.
(h) Effective/applicability date--(1) In general. This section
generally applies to taxable years for which the due date (without
extensions) of the consolidated return is after June 25, 1999. However--
(i) In the event that paragraph (g)(1) of this section does not
apply to a particular net operating loss carryover in the current group,
then solely for purposes of applying paragraph (c) of this section to
determine a limitation with respect to that carryover and with respect
to which the SRLY register (consolidated taxable income determined by
reference to only the member's or subgroup's items of income, gain,
deduction, or loss) began in a taxable year for which the due date of
the return was on or before June 25, 1999, paragraph (c)(2) of this
section shall be applied without regard to the phrase ``or for a
carryover that was subject to the overlap rule described in paragraph
(g) of this section or Sec. 1.1502-15(g) with respect to another group
(the former group)''; and
(ii) For purposes of paragraph (g) of this section, only an
ownership change to which section 382(a), as amended by the Tax Reform
Act of 1986, applies shall constitute a section 382 event.
(iii) Paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) and (b)(2)(iv)(B)(2) of this section
apply to taxable years for which the due date of the original return
(without regard to extensions) is on or after September 17, 2008.
(2) SRLY limitation. Except in the case of those members (including
members of a SRLY subgroup) described in paragraph (h)(3) of this
section, a group does not take into account a consolidated taxable year
beginning before January 1, 1997, in determining the aggregate of the
consolidated taxable income under paragraph (c)(1) of this section
(including for purposes of Sec. 1.1502-15 and Sec. 1.1502-22(c)) for
the members (or SRLY subgroups).
(3) Prior retroactive election. A consolidated group that applied
the rules of Sec. 1.1502-21T(g)(3) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, to all consolidated
return years ending on or after January 29, 1991, and beginning before
January 1, 1997, does not take into account a consolidated taxable year
beginning before January 29, 1991, in determining the aggregate of the
consolidated taxable income under paragraph (c)(1) of this section
(including for purposes of Sec. 1.1502-15 and Sec. 1.1502-22(c)) for
the members (or SRLY subgroups).
(4) Offspring rule. Paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section applies
to net operating losses arising in taxable years ending on or after June
25, 1999.
(5) Waiver of carrybacks. Paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(B) of this section
(relating to the waiver of carrybacks for acquired members) applies to
acquisitions occurring after June 25, 1999.
(6) Certain prior periods. Paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2)(iv)(A),
(b)(2)(iv)(B)(1), and (c)(2)(vii) of this section apply to taxable years
for which the due date of the original return (without regard to
extensions) is after March 21, 2005. Paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A) and
(b)(2)(iv)(B)(2) (as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised as of April 1,
2008) apply to taxable years for which the due date of the original
return (without regard to extensions) is on or after March 21, 2005, and
before September 17, 2008. Paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A) of this section and
Sec. 1.1502-21T(b)(1), (b)(2)(iv), and (c)(2)(vii), as contained in 26
CFR part 1 revised as of April 1, 2004, apply to taxable years for which
the due date of the original return (without regard to extensions) is
after August 29, 2003, and on or before March 21, 2005. For taxable
years for which the due date of the original return (without regard to
extensions) is on or before August 29, 2003, see paragraphs (b)(1),
(b)(2)(ii)(A), (b)(2)(iv), and (c)(2)(vii) of this section and Sec.
1.1502-21T(b)(1) as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised as of April 1,
2003.
(7) Prior periods. For certain taxable years ending on or before
June 25, 1999, see Sec. 1.1502-21T in effect prior to June
[[Page 403]]
25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as
applicable.
(8) Losses treated as expired under Sec. 1.1502-35(f)(1). For rules
regarding losses treated as expired under Sec. 1.1502-35(f) on or after
March 10, 2006, see Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(3)(v) as contained in 26 CFR part
1 in effect on April 1, 2006. For rules regarding losses treated as
expired before March 10, 2006, see Sec. 1.1502-21T(h)(8) as contained
in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on January 1, 2006.
[T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36105, July 2, 1999]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1502-21, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Sec. 1.1502-21T Net operating losses (temporary).
(a) through (b)(3)(ii)(B) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see
Sec. 1.1502-21(a) through (b)(3)(ii)(B).
(C) Partial waiver of carryback period for 2001 and 2002 losses--(1)
Application. The acquiring group may make the elections described in
paragraphs (b)(3)(ii)(C)(2) and (3) of this section with respect to an
acquired member or members only if it did not file a valid election
described in Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(3)(ii)(B) with respect to such acquired
member or members on or before May 31, 2002.
(2) Partial waiver of entire pre-acquisition carryback period. If
one or more members of a consolidated group become members of another
consolidated group after June 25, 1999, then, with respect to all
consolidated net operating losses attributable to the member for the
taxable year ending during either 2001 or 2002, or both, the acquiring
group may make an irrevocable election to relinquish the portion of the
carryback period for such losses for which the corporation was a member
of another group, provided that any other corporation joining the
acquiring group that was affiliated with the member immediately before
it joined the acquiring group is also included in the waiver and that
the conditions of this paragraph are satisfied. The acquiring group
cannot make the election described in this paragraph with respect to any
consolidated net operating losses arising in a particular taxable year
if any carryback is claimed, as provided in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(4)
of this section, with respect to any such losses on a return or other
filing by a group of which the acquired member was previously a member
and such claim is filed on or before the date the election described in
this paragraph is filed. The election must be made in a separate
statement entitled ``THIS IS AN ELECTION UNDER SECTION 1.1502-21T
(b)(3)(ii)(C)(2) TO WAIVE THE PRE-[insert first day of the first taxable
year for which the member (or members) was a member of the acquiring
group] CARRYBACK PERIOD FOR THE CNOLS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE [insert
taxable year of losses] TAXABLE YEAR(S) OF [insert names and employer
identification numbers of members].'' Such statement must be filed as
provided in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(5) of this section.
(3) Partial waiver of pre-acquisition extended carryback period. If
one or more members of a consolidated group become members of another
consolidated group, then, with respect to all consolidated net operating
losses attributable to the member for the taxable year ending during
either 2001 or 2002, or both, the acquiring group may make an
irrevocable election to relinquish the portion of the carryback period
for such losses for which the corporation was a member of another group
to the extent that such carryback period includes one or more taxable
years that are prior to the taxable year that is 2 taxable years
preceding the taxable year of the loss, provided that any other
corporation joining the acquiring group that was affiliated with the
member immediately before it joined the acquiring group is also included
in the waiver and that the conditions of this paragraph are satisfied.
The acquiring group cannot make the election described in this paragraph
with respect to any consolidated net operating losses arising in a
particular taxable year if a carryback to one or more taxable years that
are prior to the taxable year that is 2 taxable years preceding the
taxable year of the loss is claimed, as provided in paragraph
(b)(3)(ii)(C)(4) of this section, with respect to any such losses on a
return or
[[Page 404]]
other filing by a group of which the acquired member was previously a
member and such claim is filed on or before the date the election
described in this paragraph is filed. The election must be made in a
separate statement entitled ``THIS IS AN ELECTION UNDER SECTION 1.1502-
21T (b)(3)(ii)(C)(3) TO WAIVE THE PRE-[insert first day of the first
taxable year for which the member (or members) was a member of the
acquiring group] EXTENDED CARRYBACK PERIOD FOR THE CNOLS ATTRIBUTABLE TO
THE [insert taxable year of losses] TAXABLE YEAR(S) OF [insert names and
employer identification numbers of members].'' Such statement must be
filed as provided in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(5) of this section.
(4) Claim for a carryback. For purposes of paragraphs
(b)(3)(ii)(C)(2) and (3) of this section, a carryback is claimed with
respect to a consolidated net operating loss if there is a claim for
refund, an amended return, an application for a tentative carryback
adjustment, or any other filing that claims the benefit of the net
operating loss in a taxable year prior to the taxable year of the loss,
whether or not subsequently revoked in favor of a claim based on a 5-
year carryback period.
(5) Time and manner for filing statement. A statement described in
paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(2) or (3) of this section that relates to
consolidated net operating losses attributable to a taxable year ending
during 2001 must be filed with the acquiring consolidated group's timely
filed (including extensions) original or amended return for the taxable
year ending during 2001, provided that such original or amended return
is filed on or before October 31, 2002. A statement described in
paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(2) or (3) of this section that relates to
consolidated net operating losses attributable to a taxable year ending
during 2002 must be filed with the acquiring consolidated group's timely
filed (including extensions) original or amended return for the taxable
year ending during 2001 or 2002, provided that such original or amended
return is filed on or before September 15, 2003.
(b)(3)(iii) and (b)(3)(iv) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see
Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(3)(iii) and (b)(3)(iv).
(c)(1) through (h)(7) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec.
1.1502-21(c)(1) through (h)(7).
[T.D. 9048, 68 FR 12291, Mar. 14, 2003; 68 FR 16430, Apr. 4, 2003; T.D.
9089, 68 FR 52491, Sept. 4, 2003; T.D. 9100, 68 FR 70706, Dec. 19, 2003;
69 FR 5017, Feb. 3, 2004; T.D. 9192, 70 FR 14404, Mar. 22, 2005; T.D.
9254, 71 FR 13009, Mar. 14, 2006; T.D. 9300, 71 FR 71044, Dec. 8, 2006]
Sec. 1.1502-22 Consolidated capital gain and loss.
(a) Capital gain. The determinations under section 1222, including
capital gain net income, net long-term capital gain, and net capital
gain, with respect to members during consolidated return years are not
made separately. Instead, consolidated amounts are determined for the
group as a whole. The consolidated capital gain net income for any
consolidated return year is determined by reference to--
(1) The aggregate gains and losses of members from sales or
exchanges of capital assets for the year (other than gains and losses to
which section 1231 applies);
(2) The consolidated net section 1231 gain for the year (determined
under Sec. 1.1502-23); and
(3) The net capital loss carryovers or carrybacks to the year.
(b) Net capital loss carryovers and carrybacks--(1) In general. The
determinations under section 1222, including net capital loss and net
short-term capital loss, with respect to members during consolidated
return years are not made separately. Instead, consolidated amounts are
determined for the group as a whole. Losses included in the consolidated
net capital loss may be carried to consolidated return years, and, after
apportionment, may be carried to separate return years. The net capital
loss carryovers and carrybacks consist of--
(i) Any consolidated net capital losses of the group; and
(ii) Any net capital losses of the members arising in separate
return years.
(2) Carryovers and carrybacks generally. The net capital loss
carryovers
[[Page 405]]
and carrybacks to a taxable year are determined under the principles of
section 1212 and this section. Thus, losses permitted to be absorbed in
a consolidated return year generally are absorbed in the order of the
taxable years in which they were sustained, and losses carried from
taxable years ending on the same date, and which are available to offset
consolidated capital gain net income, generally are absorbed on a pro
rata basis. Additional rules provided under the Internal Revenue Code or
regulations also apply, as well as the SRLY limitation under paragraph
(c) of this section. See, e.g., section 382(l)(2)(B).
(3) Carryovers and carrybacks of consolidated net capital losses to
separate return years. If any consolidated net capital loss that is
attributable to a member may be carried to a separate return year under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2), the amount of the consolidated
net capital loss that is attributable to the member is apportioned and
carried to the separate return year (apportioned loss).
(4) Special rules--(i) Short years in connection with transactions
to which section 381(a) applies. If a member distributes or transfers
assets to a corporation that is a member immediately after the
distribution or transfer in a transaction to which section 381(a)
applies, the transaction does not cause the distributor or transferor to
have a short year within the consolidated return year of the group in
which the transaction occurred that is counted as a separate year for
purposes of determining the years to which a net capital loss may be
carried.
(ii) Special status losses. [Reserved]
(c) Limitations on net capital loss carryovers and carrybacks from
separate return limitation years. The aggregate of the net capital
losses of a member arising (or treated as arising) in SRLYs that are
included in the determination of consolidated capital gain net income
for all consolidated return years of the group under paragraph (a) of
this section may not exceed the aggregate of the consolidated capital
gain net income for all consolidated return years of the group
determined by reference to only the member's items of gain and loss from
capital assets as defined in section 1221 and trade or business assets
defined in section 1231(b), including the member's losses actually
absorbed by the group in the taxable year (whether or not absorbed by
the member). The principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(c) (including the SRLY
subgroup principles under Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(2)) apply with appropriate
adjustments for purposes of applying this paragraph (c).
(d) Coordination with respect to consolidated return change of
ownership limitation occurring in consolidated return years beginning
before January 1, 1997. If a consolidated return change of ownership
occurred before January 1, 1997, the principles of Sec. 1.1502-22A(d)
apply to determine the amount of the aggregate of the net capital loss
attributable to old members of the group (as those terms are defined in
Sec. 1.1502-1(g)), that may be included in the net capital loss
carryover under paragraph (b) of this section. For this purpose, Sec.
1.1502-1(g) is applied by treating that date as the end of the year of
change.
(e) Consolidated net capital loss. Any excess of losses over gains,
as determined under paragraph (a) of this section (without regard to any
carryovers or carrybacks), is also referred to as the consolidated net
capital loss.
(f) Predecessors and successors. For purposes of this section, the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(f) apply with appropriate adjustments.
(g) Overlap with section 383--(1) General rule. The limitation
provided in paragraph (c) of this section does not apply to net capital
loss carryovers ((other than a hypothetical carryover like those
described in Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(i)(D) and a carryover like those
described in Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(ii)) when the application of
paragraph (c) of this section results in an overlap with the application
of section 383. For a similar rule applying in the case of net capital
loss carryovers like those described in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(i)(D)
and (c)(1)(ii), see Sec. 1.1502-15(g).
(2) Definitions--(i) Generally. For purposes of this paragraph (g),
the definitions and nomenclature contained in sections 382 and 383, the
regulations thereunder, and Sec. Sec. 1.1502-90 through 1.1502-99
apply.
[[Page 406]]
(ii) Overlap. (A) An overlap of the application of paragraph (c) of
this section and the application of section 383 with respect to a net
capital loss carryover occurs if a corporation becomes a member of the
consolidated group (the SRLY event) within six months of the change date
of an ownership change giving rise to a section 382 limitation with
respect to that carryover (the section 383 event).
(B) If an overlap described in paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section occurs with respect to net capital loss carryovers of a
corporation whose SRLY event occurs within the six month period
beginning on the date of a section 383 event, then an overlap is treated
as also occurring with respect to that corporation's net capital loss
carryover that arises within the period beginning with the section 383
event and ending with the SRLY event.
(C) For special rules in the event that there is a SRLY subgroup
and/or a loss subgroup as defined in Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1) with respect
to a carryover, see paragraph (g)(4) of this section.
(3) Operating rules--(i) Section 383 event before SRLY event. If a
SRLY event occurs on the same date as a section 383 event or within the
six month period beginning on the date of the section 383 event,
paragraph (g)(1) of this section applies beginning with the tax year
that includes the SRLY event.
(ii) SRLY event before section 383 event. If a section 383 event
occurs within the period beginning the day after the SRLY event and
ending six months after the SRLY event, paragraph (g)(1) of this section
applies starting with the first tax year that begins after the section
383 event.
(4) Subgroup rules. In general, in the case of a net capital loss
carryover for which there is a SRLY subgroup and a loss subgroup (as
defined in Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1)), the principles of this paragraph (g)
apply to the SRLY subgroup, and not separately to its members. However,
paragraph (g)(1) of this section applies--
(i) With respect to a carryover described in paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A)
of this section only if--
(A) All members of the SRLY subgroup with respect to that carryover
are also included in a loss subgroup with respect to that carryover; and
(B) All members of a loss subgroup with respect to that carryover
are also members of a SRLY subgroup with respect to that carryover; and
(ii) With respect to a carryover described in paragraph
(g)(2)(ii)(B) of this section only if all members of the SRLY subgroup
for that carryover are also members of a SRLY subgroup that has net
capital loss carryovers described in paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section that are subject to the overlap rule of paragraph (g)(1) of this
section.
(h) Effective date--(1) In general. This section generally applies
to taxable years for which the due date (without extensions) of the
consolidated return is after June 25, 1999. However--
(i) In the event that paragraph (g)(1) of this section does not
apply to a particular net capital loss carryover in the current group,
then solely for purposes of applying paragraph (c) of this section to
determine a limitation with respect to that carryover and with respect
to which the SRLY register (consolidated taxable income determined by
reference to only the member's or subgroup's items of income, gain,
deduction, or loss) began in a taxable year for which the due date of
the return was on or before June 25, 1999, the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(c)(2) shall be applied without regard to the phrase ``or for a
carryover that was subject to the overlap rule described in paragraph
(g) of this section or Sec. 1.1502-15(g) with respect to another group
(the former group)''; and
(ii) For purposes of paragraph (g) of this section, only an
ownership change to which section 383, as amended by the Tax Reform Act
of 1986, applies and which results in a section 382 limitation shall
constitute a section 383 event.
(2) Prior periods. For certain taxable years ending on or before
June 25, 1999, see Sec. 1.1502-22T in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable.
[T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36114, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-23 Consolidated net section 1231 gain or loss.
(a) In general. Net section 1231 gains and losses of members arising
during
[[Page 407]]
consolidated return years are not determined separately. Instead, the
consolidated net section 1231 gain or loss is determined under this
section for the group as a whole.
(b) Example. The following example illustrates the provisions of
this section:
Example. Use of SRLY registers with net gains and net losses under
section 1231. (i) In Year 1, T sustains a $20 net capital loss. At the
beginning of Year 2, T becomes a member of the P group. T's capital loss
carryover from Year 1 is subject to SRLY limits under Sec. 1.1502-
22(c). The members of the P group contribute the following to the
consolidated taxable income for Year 2 (computed without regard to T's
net capital loss carryover under Sec. 1.1502-22):
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P T
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year 1 (SRLY)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary.............................................. ....... .......
Capital............................................... ....... (20)
Year 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ordinary.............................................. 10 20
Capital............................................... 70 0
Sec. 1231........................................... (60) 30
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Under section 1231, if the section 1231 losses for any taxable
year exceed the section 1231 gains for such taxable year, such gains and
losses are treated as ordinary gains or losses. Because the P group's
section 1231 losses, $(60), exceed the section 1231 gains, $30, the P
group's net loss is treated as an ordinary loss. T's net section 1231
gain has the same character as the P group's consolidated net section
1231 loss, so T's $30 of section 1231 income is treated as ordinary
income for purposes of applying Sec. 1.1502-22(c). Under Sec. 1.1502-
22(c), the group's consolidated net capital gain determined by reference
only to T's items is $0. None of T's capital loss carryover from Year 1
may be taken into account in Year 2.
(c) Recapture of ordinary loss. [Reserved]
(d) Effective date--(1) In general. This section applies to gains
and losses arising in the determination of consolidated net section 1231
gain or loss for taxable years for which the due date (without
extensions) of the consolidated return is after June 25, 1999.
(2) Application to prior periods. See Sec. 1.1502-21(h)(3) for
rules applicable to groups that applied the rules of this section to
consolidated return years ending on or after January 29, 1991, and
beginning before January 1, 1997.
[T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36115, July 2, 1999; 64 FR 41784, Aug. 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-24 Consolidated charitable contributions deduction.
(a) Determination of amount of consolidated charitable contributions
deduction. The deduction allowed by section 170 for the taxable year
shall be the lesser of:
(1) The aggregate deductions of the members of the group allowable
under section 170 (determined without regard to section 170(b)(2)), plus
the consolidated charitable contribution carryovers to such year, or
(2) Five percent of the adjusted consolidated taxable income as
determined under paragraph (c) of this section.
(b) Carryover of excess charitable contributions. The consolidated
charitable contribution carryovers to any consolidated return year shall
consist of any excess consolidated charitable contributions of the
group, plus any excess charitable contributions of members of the group
arising in separate return years of such members, which may be carried
over to the taxable year under the principles of section 170(b) (2) and
(3). However, such consolidated carryovers shall not include any excess
charitable contributions apportioned to a corporation for a separate
return year pursuant to paragraph (e) of Sec. 1.1502-79.
(c) Adjusted consolidated taxable income. For purposes of this
section, the adjusted consolidated taxable income of the group for any
consolidated return year shall be the consolidated taxable income
computed without regard to this section, section 242, section 243(a) (2)
and (3), Sec. 1.1502-25, Sec. 1.1502-26, and Sec. 1.1502-27, and
without regard to any consolidated net operating or net capital loss
carrybacks to such year.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966]
Sec. 1.1502-26 Consolidated dividends received deduction.
(a) In general. (1) The consolidated dividends received deduction
for the taxable year shall be the lesser of:
(i) The aggregate of the deduction of the members of the group
allowable
[[Page 408]]
under sections 243(a)(1), 244(a), and 245 (computed without regard to
the limitations provided in section 246(b)), or
(ii) 85 percent of the consolidated taxable income computed without
regard to the consolidated net operating loss deduction, consolidated
section 247 deduction, the consolidated dividends received deduction,
and any consolidated net capital loss carryback to the taxable year.
Subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph shall not apply for any
consolidated return year for which there is a consolidated net operating
loss. (See Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(e) or 1.1502-21A(f), as appropriate for
the definition of a consolidated net operating loss.)
(2) If any member computes a deduction under section 593(b)(2) for a
taxable year beginning after July 11, 1969, and ending before August 30,
1975, the deduction otherwise computed under this section shall be
reduced by an amount determined by multiplying the deduction (determined
without regard to this sentence and without regard to dividends received
by the common parent if such parent does not use the percentage of
income method provided by section 593(b)(2)) by the applicable
percentage of the member with the highest applicable percentage
(determined under subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 593(b)(2)).
(3) For taxable years ending on or after August 30, 1975, the
deduction otherwise computed under this section shall be reduced by the
sum of the amounts determined under paragraph (a)(4) of this section for
each member that is a thrift institution that computes a deduction under
section 593(b)(2).
(4) For each thrift institution, the amount determined under this
subparagraph is the product of:
(i) The portion of the deduction determined with regard to the sum
of the dividends received by: (A) The thrift institution, and (B) any
member in which that thrift institution owns, directly and with the
application of paragraph (a)(5) of this section, 5 percent or more of
the stock on any day during the consolidated return year, and
(ii) The thrift institution's applicable percentage determined under
subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section 593(b)(2).
For purposes of this subparagraph, dividends allocated to a thrift
institution under Sec. 1.596-1(c) shall be considered received by the
thrift institution.
(5) For purposes of paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section, a member
owning stock of another member (the ``second member'') shall be
considered as owning its proportionate share of any stock of a member
owned by the second member. Stock considered as being owned by reason of
the preceding sentence shall, for purposes of applying that sentence, be
treated as actually owned. The proportionate share of stock in a member
owned by another member is the proportion which the value of the stock
so owned bears to the value of all the outstanding stock in the member.
For purposes of this paragraph the term ``stock'' includes nonvoting
stock which is limited and preferred as to dividends.
(6) For purposes of paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section, if two or
more thrift institutions that are both members of the group each owns 5
percent or more of the same member's stock, the member's stock will be
considered to be owned only by the thrift institution with the highest
applicable percentage.
(b) Intercompany dividends. The deduction determined under paragraph
(a) of this section is determined without taking into account
intercompany dividends to the extent that, under Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(2),
they are not included in gross income. See Sec. 1.1502-13 for
additional rules relating to intercompany dividends.
(c) Examples. The provisions of this section may be illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. Corporations P, S, and S-1 filed a consolidated return
for the calendar year 1966 showing consolidated taxable income of
$100,000 (determined without regard to the consolidated net operating
loss deduction, consolidated dividends received deduction, and the
consolidated section 247 deduction). Such corporations received
dividends during such year from nonmember domestic corporations as
follows:
Dividends
Corporation:
P......................................................... $6,000
S......................................................... 10,000
S-1....................................................... 34,000
-----------
Total................................................... 50,000
[[Page 409]]
The dividends received deduction allowable to each member under section
243(a)(1) (computed without regard to the limitation in section 246(b))
is as follows: P has $5,100 (85 percent of $6,000), S has $8,500 (85
percent of $10,000), and S-1 has $28,900 (85 percent of $34,000), or a
total of $42,500. Since $42,500 is less than $85,000 (85 percent of
$100,000), the consolidated dividends received deduction is $42,500.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in example (1) except that
consolidated taxable income (computed without regard to the consolidated
net operating loss deduction, consolidated dividends received deduction,
and the consolidated section 247 deduction) was $40,000. The aggregate
of the dividends received deductions, $42,500, computed without regard
to section 246(b), results in a consolidated net operating loss of
$2,500. See section 172(d)(6). Therefore, paragraph (a)(2) of this
section does not apply and the consolidated dividends received deduction
is $42,500.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7631, 44 FR
40497, July 11, 1979; T.D. 8597, 60 FR 36710, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8677,
61 FR 33323, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36099, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-27 Consolidated section 247 deduction.
(a) Amount of deduction. The consolidated section 247 deduction for
the taxable year shall be an amount computed as follows:
(1) First, determine the amount which is the lesser of:
(i) The aggregate of the dividends paid (within the meaning of
section 247(a)) during such year by members of the group which are
public utilities (within the meaning of section 247(b)(1)) on preferred
stock (within the meaning of section 247(b)(2)), other than dividends
paid to other members of the group, or
(ii) The aggregate of the taxable income (or loss) (as determined
under paragraph (b) of this section) of each such member which is a
public utility.
(2) Then, multiply the amount determined under subparagraph (1) of
this paragraph by the fraction specified in section 247(a)(2).
(b) Computation of taxable income. For purposes of paragraph
(a)(1)(ii) of this section, the taxable income (or loss) of a member of
the group described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) shall be determined under
Sec. 1.1502-12, adjusted for the following items taken into account in
the computation of consolidated taxable income:
(1) The portion of the consolidated net operating loss deduction,
the consolidated charitable contributions deduction, and the
consolidated dividends received deduction, attributable to such member;
(2) Such member's capital gain net income (net capital gain for
taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) (determined without
regard to any net capital loss carryover or carryback attributable to
such member);
(3) Such member's net capital loss and section 1231 net loss,
reduced by the portion of the consolidated net capital loss attributable
to such member; and
(4) The portion of any consolidated net capital loss carryover or
carryback attributable to such member which is absorbed in the taxable
year.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7728, 45 FR
72650, Nov. 3, 1980]
Sec. 1.1502-28 Consolidated section 108.
(a) In general. This section sets forth rules for the application of
section 108(a) and the reduction of tax attributes pursuant to section
108(b) when a member of the group realizes discharge of indebtedness
income that is excluded from gross income under section 108(a) (excluded
COD income).
(1) Application of section 108(a). Section 108(a)(1)(A) and (B) is
applied separately to each member that realizes excluded COD income.
Therefore, the limitation of section 108(a)(3) on the amount of
discharge of indebtedness income that is treated as excluded COD income
is determined based on the assets (including stock and securities of
other members) and liabilities (including liabilities to other members)
of only the member that realizes excluded COD income.
(2) Reduction of tax attributes attributable to the debtor--(i) In
general. With respect to a member that realizes excluded COD income in a
taxable year, the tax attributes attributable to that member (and its
direct and indirect subsidiaries to the extent required by section
1017(b)(3)(D) and paragraph (a)(3) of this section), including basis of
assets and losses and credits arising in
[[Page 410]]
separate return limitation years, shall be reduced as provided in
sections 108 and 1017 and this section. Basis of subsidiary stock,
however, shall not be reduced below zero pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of
this section (including when subsidiary stock is treated as depreciable
property under section 1017(b)(3)(D) when there is an election under
section 108(b)(5)).
(ii) Consolidated tax attributes attributable to a member. For
purposes of this section, the amount of a consolidated tax attribute
(e.g., a consolidated net operating loss) that is attributable to a
member shall be determined pursuant to the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2)(iv). In addition, if the member is a member of a separate
return limitation year subgroup, the amount of a tax attribute that
arose in a separate return limitation year that is attributable to that
member shall also be determined pursuant to the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv).
(3) Look-through rules--(i) Priority of section 1017(b)(3)(D). If a
member treats stock of a subsidiary as depreciable property pursuant to
section 1017(b)(3)(D), the basis of the depreciable property of such
subsidiary shall be reduced pursuant to section 1017(b)(3)(D) prior to
the application of paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section.
(ii) Application of additional look-through rule. If the basis of
stock of a corporation (the lower-tier member) that is owned by another
corporation (the higher-tier member) is reduced pursuant to sections 108
and 1017 and paragraph (a)(2) of this section (but not as a result of
treating subsidiary stock as depreciable property pursuant to section
1017(b)(3)(D)), and both of such corporations are members of the same
consolidated group on the last day of the higher-tier member's taxable
year that includes the date on which the excluded COD income is realized
or the first day of the higher-tier member's taxable year that follows
the taxable year that includes the date on which the excluded COD income
is realized, solely for purposes of sections 108 and 1017 and this
section other than paragraphs (a)(4) and (b)(1) of this section, the
lower-tier member shall be treated as realizing excluded COD income on
the last day of the taxable year of the higher-tier member that includes
the date on which the higher-tier member realized the excluded COD
income. The amount of such excluded COD income shall be the amount of
such basis reduction. Accordingly, the tax attributes attributable to
such lower-tier member shall be reduced as provided in sections 108 and
1017 and this section. To the extent that the excluded COD income
realized by the lower-tier member pursuant to this paragraph (a)(3) does
not reduce a tax attribute attributable to the lower-tier member, such
excluded COD income shall not be applied to reduce tax attributes
attributable to any member under paragraph (a)(4) of this section and
shall not cause an excess loss account to be taken into account under
Sec. 1.1502-19(b)(1) and (c)(1)(iii)(B).
(4) Reduction of certain tax attributes attributable to other
members. To the extent that, pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this
section, the excluded COD income is not applied to reduce the tax
attributes attributable to the member that realizes the excluded COD
income, after the application of paragraph (a)(3) of this section, such
amount shall be applied to reduce the remaining consolidated tax
attributes of the group, other than consolidated tax attributes to which
a SRLY limitation applies, as provided in section 108 and this section.
Such amount also shall be applied to reduce the tax attributes
attributable to members that arose (or are treated as arising) in a
separate return limitation year to the extent that the member that
realizes excluded COD income is a member of the separate return
limitation year subgroup with respect to such attribute if a SRLY
limitation applies to the use of such attribute. In addition, such
amount shall be applied to reduce the tax attributes attributable to
members that arose in a separate return year or that arose (or are
treated as arising) in a separate return limitation year if no SRLY
limitation applies to the use of such attribute. The reduction of each
tax attribute pursuant to the three preceding sentences shall be made in
the order prescribed in section 108(b)(2) and pursuant to the principles
of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(1). Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph
(a)(4), a tax attribute that
[[Page 411]]
arose in a separate return year or that arose (or is treated as arising)
in a separate return limitation year is not subject to reduction
pursuant to this paragraph (a)(4). Basis in assets is not subject to
reduction pursuant to this paragraph (a)(4). Finally, to the extent that
the realization of excluded COD income by a member pursuant to paragraph
(a)(3) does not reduce a tax attribute attributable to such lower-tier
member, such excess shall not be applied to reduce tax attributes
attributable to any member pursuant to this paragraph (a)(4).
(b) Special rules--(1) Multiple debtor members--(i) Reduction of tax
attributes attributable to debtor members prior to reduction of
consolidated tax attributes. If in a single taxable year multiple
members realize excluded COD income, paragraphs (a)(2) and (3) of this
section shall apply with respect to the excluded COD income of each such
member before the application of paragraph (a)(4) of this section.
(ii) Reduction of higher-tier debtor's tax attributes. If in a
single taxable year multiple members realize excluded COD income and one
such member is a higher-tier member of another such member, paragraphs
(a)(2) and (3) of this section shall be applied with respect to the
excluded COD income of the higher-tier member before such paragraphs are
applied to the excluded COD income of the other such member. In applying
the rules of paragraph (a)(2) and (3) of this section with respect to
the excluded COD income of the higher-tier member, the liabilities that
give rise to the excluded COD income of the other such member shall not
be treated as discharged for purposes of computing the limitation on
basis reduction under section 1017(b)(2). A member (the first member) is
a higher-tier member of another member (the second member) if the first
member is the common parent or investment adjustments under Sec.
1.1502-32 with respect to the stock of the second member would affect
investment adjustments with respect to the stock of the first member.
(iii) Reduction of additional tax attributes. If more than one
member realizes excluded COD income that has not been applied to reduce
a tax attribute attributable to such member (the remaining COD amount)
and the remaining tax attributes available for reduction under paragraph
(a)(4) of this section are less than the aggregate of the remaining COD
amounts, after the application of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, each
such member's remaining COD amount shall be applied on a pro rata basis
(based on the relative remaining COD amounts), pursuant to paragraph
(a)(4) of this section, to reduce such remaining available tax
attributes.
(iv) Ownership of lower-tier member by multiple higher-tier members.
If stock of a corporation is held by more than one higher-tier member of
the group and more than one such higher-tier member reduces its basis in
such stock, then under paragraph (a)(3) of this section the excluded COD
income resulting from the stock basis reductions shall be applied on a
pro rata basis (based on the amount of excluded COD income caused by
each basis reduction) to reduce the attributes of the corporation.
(v) Ownership of lower-tier member by multiple higher-tier members
in multiple groups. If a corporation is a member of one group (the first
group) on the last day of the first group's higher-tier member's taxable
year that includes the date on which that higher-tier member realizes
excluded COD income and is a member of another group (the second group)
on the following day and the first group's higher-tier member and the
second group's higher-tier member both reduce their basis in the stock
of such corporation pursuant to sections 108 and 1017 and this section,
paragraph (a)(3) of this section shall first be applied in respect of
the excluded COD income that results from the reduction of the basis of
the corporation's stock owned by the first group's higher-tier member
and then shall be applied in respect of the excluded COD income that
results from the reduction of the basis of the corporation's stock owned
by the second group's higher-tier member.
(2) Election under section 108(b)(5)--(i) Availability of election.
The group may make the election described in section 108(b)(5) for any
member that realizes excluded COD income. The election is
[[Page 412]]
made separately for each member. Therefore, an election may be made for
one member that realizes excluded COD income (either actually or
pursuant to paragraph (a)(3) of this section) while another election, or
no election, may be made for another member that realizes excluded COD
income (either actually or pursuant to paragraph (a)(3) of this
section). See Sec. 1.108-4 for rules relating to the procedure for
making an election under section 108(b)(5).
(ii) Treatment of shares with an excess loss account. For purposes
of applying section 108(b)(5)(B), the basis of stock of a subsidiary
that has an excess loss account shall be treated as zero.
(3) Application of section 1017--(i) Timing of basis reduction.
Basis of property shall be subject to reduction pursuant to the rules of
sections 108 and 1017 and this section after the determination of the
tax imposed by chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code for the taxable
year during which the member realizes excluded COD income and any prior
years and coincident with the reduction of other attributes pursuant to
section 108 and this section. However, only the basis of property held
as of the beginning of the taxable year following the taxable year
during which the excluded COD income is realized is subject to reduction
pursuant to sections 108 and 1017 and this section.
(ii) Limitation of section 1017(b)(2). The limitation of section
1017(b)(2) on the reduction in basis of property shall be applied by
reference to the aggregate of the basis of the property held by the
member that realizes excluded COD income, not the aggregate of the basis
of the property held by all of the members of the group, and the
liabilities of such member, not the aggregate liabilities of all of the
members of the group.
(iii) Treatment of shares with an excess loss account. For purposes
of applying section 1017(b)(2) and Sec. 1.1017-1, the basis of stock of
a subsidiary that has an excess loss account shall be treated as zero.
(4) Application of section 1245. Notwithstanding section
1017(d)(1)(B), a reduction of the basis of subsidiary stock is treated
as a deduction allowed for depreciation only to the extent that the
amount by which the basis of the subsidiary stock is reduced exceeds the
total amount of the attributes attributable to such subsidiary that are
reduced pursuant to the subsidiary's consent under section 1017(b)(3)(D)
or as a result of the application of paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this
section.
(5) Reduction of basis of intercompany obligations and former
intercompany obligations--(i) Intercompany obligations that cease to be
intercompany obligations. If excluded COD income is realized in a
consolidated return year in which an intercompany obligation becomes an
obligation that is not an intercompany obligation because the debtor or
creditor becomes a nonmember, or because the assets of the debtor or the
creditor are acquired by a nonmember in a transaction to which section
381 applies, then the basis of such intercompany obligation (or new
obligation if the intercompany obligation is deemed reissued under Sec.
1.1502-13(g)(3)) is available for reduction in respect of such excluded
COD income pursuant to sections 108 and 1017 and this section.
(ii) Intercompany obligations. The reduction of the basis of an
intercompany obligation pursuant to sections 108 and 1017 and this
section shall not result in the satisfaction and reissuance of the
obligation under Sec. 1.1502-13(g). Therefore, any income or gain (or
reduction of loss or deduction) attributable to a reduction of the basis
of an intercompany obligation will be taken into account when Sec.
1.1502-13(g)(3) applies to such obligation. Furthermore, Sec. 1.1502-
13(c)(6)(i) (regarding the treatment of intercompany items if
corresponding items are excluded or nondeductible) will not apply to
exclude any amount of income or gain attributable to a reduction of the
basis of an intercompany obligation pursuant to sections 108 and 1017
and this section. See Sec. 1.1502-13(g)(3)(i)(A)(1) and (g)(4)(i)(A).
(6) Taking into account excess loss account--(i) Determination of
inclusion. The determination of whether any portion of an excess loss
account in a share of stock of a subsidiary that realizes excluded COD
income is required to be taken into account as a result of the
application of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(B) is made after the
determination of the
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tax imposed by chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code for the year
during which the member realizes excluded COD income (without regard to
whether any portion of an excess loss account in a share of stock of the
subsidiary is required to be taken into account) and any prior years,
after the reduction of tax attributes pursuant to sections 108 and 1017
and this section, and after the adjustment of the basis of the share of
stock of the subsidiary pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-32 to reflect the
amount of the subsidiary's deductions and losses that are absorbed in
the computation of taxable income (or loss) for the year of the
disposition and any prior years, and the excluded COD income applied to
reduce attributes and the attributes reduced in respect thereof. See
Sec. 1.1502-11(c) for special rules related to the computation of tax
that apply when an excess loss account is required to be taken into
account.
(ii) Timing of inclusion. To the extent an excess loss account in a
share of stock of a subsidiary that realizes excluded COD income is
required to be taken into account as a result of the application of
Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(B), such amount shall be included on the
group's tax return for the taxable year that includes the date on which
the subsidiary realizes such excluded COD income.
(7) Dispositions of stock. See Sec. 1.1502-11(c) for limitations on
the reduction of tax attributes when a member disposes of stock of
another member (including dispositions that result from the application
of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(B)) during a taxable year in which any
member realizes excluded COD income.
(8) Departure of member. If the taxable year of a member (the
departing member) during which such member realizes excluded COD income
ends on or prior to the last day of the consolidated return year and, on
the first day of the taxable year of such member that follows the
taxable year during which such member realizes excluded COD income, such
member is not a member of the group and does not have a successor member
(within the meaning of paragraph (b)(10) of this section), all tax
attributes listed in section 108(b)(2) that remain after the
determination of the tax imposed that belong to members of the group
(including the departing member and subsidiaries of the departing
member) shall be subject to reduction as provided in section 108 and the
regulations promulgated thereunder (including Sec. 1.108-7(c), if
applicable) and this section.
(9) Intragroup reorganization--(i) In general. If the taxable year
of a member during which such member realizes excluded COD income ends
prior to the last day of the consolidated return year and, on the first
day that follows the taxable year of such member during which such
member realizes excluded COD income, such member has a successor member,
for purposes of applying the rules of sections 108 and 1017 and this
section, notwithstanding Sec. 1.108-7, the successor member shall be
treated as the member that realized the excluded COD income. Thus, all
attributes attributable to the successor member listed in section
108(b)(2) (including attributes that were attributable to the successor
member prior to the date such member became a successor member) are
available for reduction under paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
(ii) Group structure change. If a member that realizes excluded COD
income acquires the assets of the common parent of the consolidated
group in a transaction to which section 381(a) applies and succeeds such
common parent under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2) as the
common parent of the consolidated group, the member's attributes that
remain after the determination of tax for the group for the consolidated
return year during which the excluded COD income is realized (and any
prior years) (including attributes that were attributable to the former
common parent prior to the date of the transaction to which section
381(a) applies) shall be available for reduction under paragraph (a)(2)
of this section.
(10) Definition of successor member. A successor member means a
person to which the member that realizes excluded COD income (or a
successor member) transfers its assets in a transaction to which section
381(a) applies if such transferee is a member of the group immediately
after the transaction.
[[Page 414]]
(11) Non-application of next day rule. For purposes of applying the
rules of sections 108 and 1017 and this section, the next day rule of
Sec. 1.1502-76(b)(1)(ii)(B) shall not apply to treat a member's
excluded COD income as realized at the beginning of the day following
the day on which such member's status as a member changes.
(c) Examples. The principles of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section are illustrated by the following examples. Unless otherwise
indicated, no election under section 108(b)(5) has been made and the
taxable year of all consolidated groups is the calendar year. The
examples are as follows:
Example 1. (i) Facts. P is the common parent of a consolidated group
that includes subsidiary S1. P owns 80 percent of the stock of S1. In
Year 1, the P group sustained a $250 consolidated net operating loss.
Under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $125
was attributable to P and $125 was attributable to S1. On Day 1 of Year
2, P acquired 100 percent of the stock of S2, and S2 joined the P group.
As of the beginning of Year 2, S2 had a $50 net operating loss carryover
from Year 1, a separate return limitation year. In Year 2, the P group
sustained a $200 consolidated net operating loss. Under the principles
of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $90 was attributable to P,
$70 was attributable to S1, and $40 was attributable to S2. In Year 3,
S2 realized $200 of excluded COD income from the discharge of non-
intercompany indebtedness. In that same year, the P group sustained a
$50 consolidated net operating loss, of which $40 was attributable to S1
and $10 was attributable to S2 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2)(iv). As of the beginning of Year 4, S2 had Asset A with a fair
market value of $10. After the computation of tax imposed for Year 3 and
before the application of sections 108 and 1017 and this section, Asset
A had a basis of $40 and S2 had no liabilities.
(ii) Analysis--(A) Reduction of tax attributes attributable to
debtor. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the tax attributes
attributable to S2 must first be reduced to take into account its
excluded COD income in the amount of $200.
(1) Reduction of net operating losses. Pursuant to section
108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, the net operating loss
and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S2 under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the order
prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated net
operating loss for Year 3 is reduced by $10, the portion of the
consolidated net operating loss attributable to S2, to $40. Then, again
pursuant to section 108(b)(4)(B), S2's net operating loss carryover of
$50 from its separate return limitation year is reduced to $0. Finally,
the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 2 is reduced by
$40, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss carryover
attributable to S2, to $160.
(2) Reduction of basis. Following the reduction of the net operating
loss and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S2, S2
reduces its basis in its assets pursuant to section 1017 and Sec.
1.1017-1. Accordingly, S2 reduces its basis in Asset A by $40, from $40
to $0.
(B) Reduction of remaining consolidated tax attributes. The
remaining $60 of excluded COD income then reduces consolidated tax
attributes pursuant to paragraph (a)(4) of this section. In particular,
the remaining $40 consolidated net operating loss for Year 3 is reduced
to $0. Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1
is reduced by $20 from $250 to $230. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(4) of
this section, a pro rata amount of the consolidated net operating loss
carryover from Year 1 that is attributable to each of P and S1 is
treated as reduced. Therefore, $10 of the consolidated net operating
loss carryover from Year 1 that is attributable to each of P and S1 is
treated as reduced.
Example 2. (i) Facts.P is the common parent of a consolidated group
that includes subsidiaries S1 and S2. P owns 100 percent of the stock of
S1 and S1 owns 100 percent of the stock of S2. None of P, S1, or S2 has
a separate return limitation year. In Year 1, the P group sustained a
$50 consolidated net operating loss. Under the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $10 was attributable to P, $20 was
attributable to S1, and $20 was attributable to S2. In Year 2, the P
group sustained a $70 consolidated net operating loss. Under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $30 was
attributable to P, $30 was attributable to S1, and $10 was attributable
to S2. In Year 3, S1 realized $170 of excluded COD income from the
discharge of non-intercompany indebtedness. In that same year, the P
group sustained a $50 consolidated net operating loss, of which $10 was
attributable to S1 and $40 was attributable to S2 under the principles
of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv). As of the beginning of Year 4, S1's sole
asset was the stock of S2, and S2 had Asset A with a $10 value. After
the computation of tax imposed for Year 3 and before the application of
sections 108 and 1017 and this section, S1 had an $80 basis in the S2
stock, Asset A had a basis of $0, and neither S1 nor S2 had any
liabilities.
(ii) Analysis--(A) Reduction of tax attributes attributable to
debtor. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the tax attributes
attributable to S1 must first be reduced to take into account its
excluded COD income in the amount of $170.
[[Page 415]]
(1) Reduction of net operating losses. Pursuant to section
108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, the net operating loss
and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S1 under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the order
prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated net
operating loss for Year 3 is reduced by $10, the portion of the
consolidated net operating loss for Year 3 attributable to S1, to $40.
Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1 is
reduced by $20, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss
carryover attributable to S1, to $30, and the consolidated net operating
loss carryover from Year 2 is reduced by $30, the portion of that
consolidated net operating loss carryover attributable to S1, to $40.
(2) Reduction of basis. Following the reduction of the net operating
loss and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S1, S1
reduces its basis in its assets pursuant to section 1017 and Sec.
1.1017-1. Accordingly, S1 reduces its basis in the stock of S2 by $80,
from $80 to $0.
(3) Tiering down of stock basis reduction. Pursuant to paragraph
(a)(3) of this section, for purposes of sections 108 and 1017 and this
section, S2 is treated as realizing $80 of excluded COD income. Pursuant
to section 108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, therefore,
the net operating loss and net operating loss carryovers attributable to
S2 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the
order prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated
net operating loss for Year 3 is reduced by an additional $40, the
portion of the consolidated net operating loss for Year 3 attributable
to S2, to $0. Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from
Year 1 is reduced by $20, the portion of that consolidated net operating
loss carryover attributable to S2, to $10. Then, the consolidated net
operating loss carryover from Year 2 is reduced by $10, the portion of
that consolidated net operating loss carryover attributable to S2, to
$30. S2's remaining $10 of excluded COD income does not reduce
consolidated tax attributes attributable to P or S1 under paragraph
(a)(4) of this section.
(B) Reduction of remaining consolidated tax attributes. Finally,
pursuant to paragraph (a)(4) of this section, S1's remaining $30 of
excluded COD income reduces the remaining consolidated tax attributes.
In particular, the remaining $10 consolidated net operating loss
carryover from Year 1 is reduced by $10 to $0, and the remaining $30
consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 2 is reduced by $20
to $10.
Example 3. (i) Facts. P is the common parent of a consolidated group
that includes subsidiaries S1, S2, and S3. P owns 100 percent of the
stock of S1, S1 owns 100 percent of the stock of S2, and S2 owns 100
percent of the stock of S3. None of P, S1, S2, or S3 had a separate
return limitation year prior to Year 1. In Year 1, the P group sustained
a $150 consolidated net operating loss. Under the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $50 was attributable to S2, and
$100 was attributable to S3. In Year 2, the P group sustained a $50
consolidated net operating loss. Under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $40 was attributable to S1 and $10 was
attributable to S2. In Year 3, S1 realized $170 of excluded COD income
from the discharge of non-intercompany indebtedness. In that same year,
the P group sustained a $50 consolidated net operating loss, of which
$10 was attributable to S1, $20 was attributable to S2, and $20 was
attributable to S3 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv). At
the beginning of Year 4, S1's only asset was the stock of S2, and S2's
only asset was the stock of S3 with a value of $10. After the
computation of tax imposed for Year 3 and before the application of
sections 108 and 1017 and this section, S1's stock of S2 had a basis of
$120 and S2's stock of S3 had a basis of $180. In addition, none of S1,
S2, and S3 had any liabilities.
(ii) Analysis--(A) Reduction of tax attributes attributable to
debtor. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the tax attributes
attributable to S1 must first be reduced to take into account its
excluded COD income in the amount of $170.
(1) Reduction of net operating losses. Pursuant to section
108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, the net operating loss
and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S1 under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the order
prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated net
operating loss for Year 3 is reduced by $10, the portion of the
consolidated net operating loss attributable to S1, to $40. Then, the
consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 2 is reduced by $40,
the portion of that consolidated net operating loss carryover
attributable to S1, to $10.
(2) Reduction of basis. Following the reduction of the net operating
loss and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S1, S1
reduces its basis in its assets pursuant to section 1017 and Sec.
1.1017-1. Accordingly, S1 reduces its basis in the stock of S2 by $120,
from $120 to $0.
(B) Tiering down of stock basis reduction to S2. Pursuant to
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, for purposes of sections 108 and 1017
and this section, S2 is treated as realizing $120 of excluded COD
income. Pursuant to section 108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this
section, therefore, the net operating loss and net operating loss
carryovers attributable to S2 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the order prescribed by section
108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated
[[Page 416]]
net operating loss for Year 3 is further reduced by $20, the portion of
the consolidated net operating loss attributable to S2, to $20. Then,
the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1 is reduced by
$50, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss carryover
attributable to S2, to $100. Then, the consolidated net operating loss
carryover from Year 2 is further reduced by $10, the portion of that
consolidated net operating loss carryover attributable to S2, to $0.
Following the reduction of the net operating loss and the net operating
loss carryovers attributable to S2, S2 reduces its basis in its assets
pursuant to section 1017 and Sec. 1.1017-1. Accordingly, S2 reduces its
basis in its S3 stock by $40 to $140.
(C) Tiering down of stock basis reduction to S3. Pursuant to
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, for purposes of sections 108 and 1017
and this section, S3 is treated as realizing $40 of excluded COD income.
Pursuant to section 108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section,
therefore, the net operating loss and the net operating loss carryovers
attributable to S3 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are
reduced in the order prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly,
the consolidated net operating loss for Year 3 is further reduced by
$20, the portion of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to
S3, to $0. Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year
1 is reduced by $20, the lesser of the portion of that consolidated net
operating loss carryover attributable to S3 and the remaining excluded
COD income, to $80.
Example 4. (i) Facts. P is the common parent of a consolidated group
that includes subsidiaries S1, S2, and S3. P owns 100 percent of the
stock of each of S1 and S2. Each of S1 and S2 owns stock of S3 that
represents 50 percent of the value of the stock of S3. None of P, S1,
S2, or S3 had a separate return limitation year prior to Year 1. In Year
1, the P group sustained a $160 consolidated net operating loss. Under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $10 was
attributable to P, $50 was attributable to S2, and $100 was attributable
to S3. In Year 2, the P group sustained a $110 consolidated net
operating loss. Under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of
that amount, $40 was attributable to S1 and $70 was attributable to S2.
In Year 3, S1 realized $200 of excluded COD income from the discharge of
non-intercompany indebtedness, and S2 realized $270 of excluded COD
income from the discharge of non-intercompany indebtedness. In that same
year, the P group sustained a $50 consolidated net operating loss, of
which $10 was attributable to S1, $20 was attributable to S2, and $20
was attributable to S3 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2)(iv). At the beginning of Year 4, S3 had one asset with a value
of $10. After the computation of tax imposed for Year 3 and before the
application of sections 108 and 1017 and this section, S1's basis in its
S3 stock was $60, S2's basis in its S3 stock was $120, and S3's asset
had a basis of $200. In addition, none of S1, S2, and S3 had any
liabilities.
(ii) Analysis--(A) Reduction of tax attributes attributable to
debtors. Pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, the tax
attributes attributable to each of S1 and S2 are reduced pursuant to
paragraph (a)(2) of this section. Then, pursuant to paragraph (a)(3) of
this section, the tax attributes attributable to S3 are reduced so as to
reflect a reduction of S1's and S2's basis in the stock of S3. Then,
paragraph (a)(4) is applied to reduce additional tax attributes.
(1) Reduction of net operating losses generally. Pursuant to section
108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, the net operating losses
and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S1 and S2 under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the order
prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B).
(2) Reduction of net operating losses attributable to S1. The
consolidated net operating loss for Year 3 is reduced by $10, the
portion of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to S1, to
$40. Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 2 is
reduced by $40, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss
carryover attributable to S1, to $70.
(3) Reduction of net operating losses attributable to S2. The
consolidated net operating loss for Year 3 is also reduced by $20, the
portion of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to S2, to
$20. Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1 is
reduced by $50, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss
carryover attributable to S2, to $110. Then, the consolidated net
operating loss carryover from Year 2 is reduced by $70, the portion of
that consolidated net operating loss carryover attributable to S2, to
$0.
(4) Reduction of basis. Following the reduction of the net operating
losses and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S1 and S2,
S1 and S2 must reduce their basis in their assets pursuant to section
1017 and Sec. 1.1017-1. Accordingly, S1 reduces its basis in the stock
of S3 by $60, from $60 to $0, and S2 reduces its basis in the stock of
S3 by $120, from $120 to $0.
(B) Tiering down of basis reduction. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(3) of
this section, for purposes of sections 108 and 1017 and this section, S3
is treated as realizing $180 of excluded COD income. Pursuant to section
108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, therefore, the net
operating loss and the net operating loss carryovers attributable to S3
under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the
order prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated
[[Page 417]]
net operating loss for Year 3 is further reduced by $20, the portion of
the consolidated net operating loss attributable to S3, to $0. Then, the
consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1 is reduced by
$100, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss carryover
attributable to S3, to $10. Following the reduction of the net operating
loss and the net operating loss carryover attributable to S3, S3 reduces
its basis in its asset pursuant to section 1017 and Sec. 1.1017-1.
Accordingly, S3 reduces its basis in its asset by $60, from $200 to
$140.
(C) Reduction of remaining consolidated tax attributes. Finally,
pursuant to paragraph (a)(4) of this section, the remaining $90 of S1's
excluded COD income and the remaining $10 of S2's excluded COD income
reduce the remaining consolidated tax attributes. In particular, the
remaining $10 consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1 is
reduced by $10 to $0. Because that amount is less than the aggregate
amount of remaining excluded COD income, such income is applied on a pro
rata basis to reduce the remaining consolidated tax attributes.
Accordingly, $9 of S1's remaining excluded COD income and $1 of S2's
remaining excluded COD income is applied to reduce the remaining
consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1. Consequently, of
S1's excluded COD income of $200, only $119 is applied to reduce tax
attributes, and, of S2's excluded COD income of $270, only $261 is
applied to reduce tax attributes.
Example 5. (i) Facts. P is the common parent of a consolidated group
that includes subsidiaries S1, S2, and S3. P owns 100 percent of the
stock of S1 and S2, and S1 owns 100 percent of the stock of S3. None of
P, S1, S2, or S3 has a separate return limitation year prior to Year 1.
In Year 1, the P group sustained a $90 consolidated net operating loss.
Under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $10
was attributable to P, $15 was attributable to S1, $20 was attributable
to S2, and $45 was attributable to S3. On January 1 of Year 2, P
realized $140 of excluded COD income from the discharge of non-
intercompany indebtedness. On December 31 of Year 2, S1 issued stock
representing 50 percent of the vote and value of its outstanding stock
to a person that was not a member of the group. As a result of the
issuance of stock, S1 and S3 ceased to be members of the P group. For
the consolidated return year of Year 2, the P group sustained a $60
consolidated net operating loss, of which $5 was attributable to S1, $40
was attributable to S2, and $15 was attributable to S3 under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv). As of the beginning of Year 3,
P's only assets were the stock of S1 and S2, S1's sole asset was the
stock of S3, S2 had Asset A with a value of $10, and S3 had Asset B with
a value of $10. After the computation of tax imposed for Year 2 and
before the application of sections 108 and 1017 and this section, P had
a $80 basis in the S1 stock and a $50 basis in the S2 stock, S1 had a
$80 basis in the S3 stock, and Asset A and B each had a basis of $10. In
addition, none of P, S1, S2, and S3 had any liabilities.
(ii) Analysis. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the tax
attributes attributable to P must first be reduced to take into account
its excluded COD income in the amount of $140.
(A) Reduction of net operating losses. Pursuant to section
108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, the net operating loss
and the net operating loss carryover attributable to P under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the order
prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated net
operating loss carryover from Year 1 is reduced by $10, the portion of
that consolidated net operating loss carryover attributable to P, to
$80.
(B) Reduction of basis. Following the reduction of the net operating
loss and the net operating loss carryover attributable to P, P reduces
its basis in its assets pursuant to section 1017 and Sec. 1.1017-1.
Accordingly, P reduces its basis in the stock of S1 by $80, from $80 to
$0, and its basis in the stock of S2 by $50, from $50 to $0.
(C) Tiering down of stock basis reduction to S1. Pursuant to
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, for purposes of sections 108 and 1017
and this section, S1 is treated as realizing $80 of excluded COD income,
despite the fact that it ceases to be a member of the group at the end
of the day on December 31 of Year 2. Pursuant to section 108(b)(2)(A)
and paragraph (a) of this section, therefore, the net operating loss and
net operating loss carryovers attributable to S1 under the principles of
Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the order prescribed by section
108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated net operating loss for Year
2 is reduced by $5, the portion of the consolidated net operating loss
for Year 2 attributable to S1, to $55. Then, the consolidated net
operating loss carryover from Year 1 is reduced by an additional $15,
the portion of that consolidated net operating loss carryover
attributable to S1, to $65. Following the reduction of the net operating
loss and the net operating loss carryover attributable to S1, S1 reduces
its basis in its assets pursuant to section 1017 and Sec. 1.1017-1.
Accordingly, S1 reduces its basis in the stock of S3 by $60, from $80 to
$20.
(D) Tiering down of stock basis reduction to S2. Pursuant to
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, for purposes of sections 108 and 1017
and this section, S2 is treated as realizing $50 of excluded COD income.
Pursuant to section 108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section,
therefore, the net operating loss and net operating loss carryovers
attributable to S2 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are
reduced in the order prescribed by section
[[Page 418]]
108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated net operating loss for Year
2 is reduced by an additional $40, the portion of the consolidated net
operating loss for Year 2 attributable to S2, to $15. Then, the
consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1 is reduced by an
additional $10, a portion of the consolidated net operating loss
carryover attributable to S2, to $55.
(E) Tiering down of stock basis reduction to S3. Pursuant to
paragraph (a)(3) of this section, for purposes of sections 108 and 1017
and this section, S3 is treated as realizing $60 of excluded COD income
(by reason of S1's reduction in its basis of its S3 stock). Pursuant to
section 108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, therefore, the
net operating loss and net operating loss carryovers attributable to S3
under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the
order prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated
net operating loss for Year 2 is reduced by an additional $15, the
portion of the consolidated net operating loss for Year 2 attributable
to S3, to $0. Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from
Year 1 is reduced by an additional $45, the portion of that consolidated
net operating loss carryover attributable to S3, to $10.
Example 6. (i) Facts. P1 is the common parent of a consolidated
group that includes subsidiaries S1, S2, and S3. P1 owns 100 percent of
the stock of S1 and S2. S1 owns 100 percent of the stock of S3. None of
P1, S1, S2, or S3 has a separate return limitation year prior to Year 1.
In Year 1, the P1 group sustained a $120 consolidated net operating
loss. Under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount,
$40 was attributable to P1, $35 was attributable to S1, $30 was
attributable to S2, and $15 was attributable to S3. On January 1 of Year
2, S3 realized $65 of excluded COD income from the discharge of non-
intercompany indebtedness. On June 30 of Year 2, S3 issued stock
representing 80 percent of the vote and value of its outstanding stock
to P2, the common parent of another group. As a result of the issuance
of stock, S3 ceased to be a member of the P1 group and became a member
of the P2 group. For the consolidated return year of Year 2, the P1
group sustained a $50 consolidated net operating loss, of which $5 was
attributable to S1, $40 was attributable to S2, and $5 was attributable
to S3 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv). As of the
beginning of its taxable year beginning on July 1 of Year 2, S3's sole
asset was Asset A with a $10 value. After the computation of tax imposed
for Year 2 on the P1 group and before the application of sections 108
and 1017 and this section and the computation of tax imposed for Year 2
on the P2 group, Asset A had a basis of $0. In addition, S3 had no
liabilities. On January 1 of Year 3, P1 sold all of its stock of S1.
(ii) Analysis--(A) Reduction of tax attributes attributable to
debtor. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the tax attributes
attributable to S3 must first be reduced to take into account its
excluded COD income in the amount of $65. Pursuant to section
108(b)(2)(A) and paragraph (a) of this section, the net operating loss
and the net operating loss carryover attributable to S3 under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced in the order
prescribed by section 108(b)(4)(B). Accordingly, the consolidated net
operating loss for Year 2 is reduced by $5, the portion of the
consolidated net operating loss for Year 2 attributable to S3, to $45.
Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1 is
reduced by $15, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss
carryover attributable to S3, to $105.
(B) Reduction of remaining consolidated tax attributes. Pursuant to
paragraphs (a)(4) and (b)(8) of this section, S3's remaining $45 of
excluded COD income reduces the remaining consolidated tax attributes in
the P1 group. In particular, the remaining $45 consolidated net
operating loss for Year 2 is reduced by an additional $45 to $0.
(C) Basis Adjustments. For purposes of computing P1's gain or loss
on the sale of the S1 stock in Year 3, P1's basis in its S1 stock will
reflect a net positive adjustment of $40, which is the excess of the
amount of S3's excluded COD income that is applied to reduce attributes
($65) over the reduction of S1's and S3's attributes in respect of such
excluded COD income ($25).
Example 7. (i) Facts. P is the common parent of a consolidated group
that includes subsidiaries S1 and S2. P owns 100 percent of the stock of
S1, and S1 owns 100 percent of the stock of S2. None of P, S1, or S2 has
a separate return limitation year prior to Year 1. In Year 1, the P
group sustained a $50 consolidated net operating loss. Under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $10 was
attributable to P, $20 was attributable to S1, and $20 was attributable
to S2. On January 1 of Year 2, S1 realized $55 of excluded COD income
from the discharge of non-intercompany indebtedness. On June 30 of Year
2, P transferred all of its assets to S1 in a transaction to which
section 381(a) applied. As a result of that transaction, pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2)(ii), S1 succeeded P as the common parent of the
group. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2)(iii), S1's taxable year closed
on the date of the acquisition. However, P's taxable year did not close.
On the consolidated return for Year 2, the group sustained a $50
consolidated net operating loss. Under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
21(b)(2)(iv), of that amount, $10 was attributable to S1 for its taxable
year that ended on June 30, $15 was attributable to S1 as the successor
of P, and $25 was attributable to S2.
[[Page 419]]
(ii) Analysis. Pursuant to paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the tax
attributes attributable to S1 must first be reduced to take into account
its excluded COD income in the amount of $55. For this purpose, S1's
attributes that remain after the determination of tax for the group for
Year 2 are subject to reduction. Pursuant to section 108(b)(2)(A) and
paragraph (a) of this section, the net operating loss and the net
operating loss carryover attributable to S1 under the principles of
Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) are reduced. Accordingly, the consolidated net
operating loss for Year 2 is reduced by $25, the portion of the
consolidated net operating loss for Year 2 attributable to S1, to $25.
Then, the consolidated net operating loss carryover from Year 1 is
reduced by $30, the portion of that consolidated net operating loss
carryover attributable to S1 (which includes the portion attributable to
P), to $20.
(d) Effective dates. This section applies to discharges of
indebtedness that occur after March 21, 2005. Groups, however, may apply
this section in whole, but not in part, to discharges of indebtedness
that occur on or before March 21, 2005, and after August 29, 2003. For
discharges of indebtedness occurring on or before March 21, 2005, and
after August 29, 2003, with respect to which a group chooses not to
apply this section, see Sec. 1.1502-28T as contained in 26 CFR part 1
revised as of April 1, 2004. Furthermore, groups may apply paragraph
(b)(4) of this section to discharges of indebtedness that occur on or
before August 29, 2003, in cases in which section 1017(b)(3)(D) was
applied. Paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section and the last sentence of
paragraph (b)(5)(ii) of this section applies to transactions occurring
in consolidated return years beginning on or after December 24, 2008.
[T.D. 9192, 70 FR 14404, Mar. 22, 2005, as amended by T.D. 9442, 73 FR
79334, Dec. 29, 2008]
Basis, Stock Ownership, and Earnings and Profits Rules
Sec. 1.1502-30 Stock basis after certain triangular reorganizations.
(a) Scope. This section provides rules for determining the basis of
the stock of an acquiring corporation as a result of a triangular
reorganization. The definitions and nomenclature contained in Sec.
1.358-6 apply to this section.
(b) General rules--(1) Forward triangular merger, triangular C
reorganization, or triangular B reorganization. P adjusts its basis in
the stock of S as a result of a forward triangular merger, triangular C
reorganization, or triangular B reorganization under Sec. 1.358-6(c)
and (d), except that Sec. 1.358-6 (c)(1)(ii) and (d)(2) do not apply.
Instead, P adjusts such basis by taking into account the full amount
of--
(i) T liabilities assumed by S or the amount of liabilities to which
the T assets acquired by S are subject, and
(ii) The fair market value of any consideration not provided by P
pursuant to the plan of reorganization.
(2) Reverse triangular merger. If P adjusts its basis in the T stock
acquired as a result of a reverse triangular merger under Sec. 1.358-6
(c)(2)(i) and (d), Sec. 1.358-6 (c)(1)(ii) and (d)(2) do not apply.
Instead, P adjusts such basis by taking into account the full amount
of--
(i) T liabilities deemed assumed by S or the amount of liabilities
to which the T assets deemed acquired by S are subject, and
(ii) The fair market value of any consideration not provided by P
pursuant to the plan of reorganization.
(3) Excess loss accounts. Negative adjustments under this section
may exceed P's basis in its S or T stock. The resulting negative amount
is P's excess loss account in its S or T stock. See Sec. 1.1502-19 for
rules treating excess loss accounts as negative basis, and treating
references to stock basis as including references to excess loss
accounts.
(4) Application of other rules of law. If a transaction otherwise
subject to this section is also a group structure change subject to
Sec. 1.1502-31, the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-31 and not this section
apply to determine stock basis. See Sec. 1.1502-80(a) regarding the
general applicability of other rules of law and a limitation on
duplicative adjustments. See Sec. 1.1502-80(d) for the non-application
of section 357(c) to P.
(5) Examples. The rules of this paragraph (b) are illustrated by the
following examples. For purposes of these examples, P, S, and T are
domestic corporations, P and S file consolidated returns, P owns all of
the only class of S stock, the P stock exchanged in the transaction
satisfies the requirements
[[Page 420]]
of the applicable triangular reorganization provisions, the facts set
forth the only corporate activity, and tax liabilities are disregarded.
Example 1. Liabilities. (a) Facts. T has assets with an aggregate
basis of $60 and fair market value of $100. T's assets are subject to
$70 of liabilities. Pursuant to a plan, P forms S with $5 of cash (which
S retains), and T merges into S. In the merger, the T shareholders
receive P stock worth $30 in exchange for their T stock. The transaction
is a reorganization to which sections 368 (a)(1)(A) and (a)(2)(D) apply.
(b) Basis adjustment. Under Sec. 1.358-6, P adjusts its $5 basis in
the S stock as if P had acquired the T assets with a carryover basis
under section 362 and transferred these assets to S in a transaction in
which P determines its basis in the S stock under section 358. Under the
rules of this section, the limitation described in Sec. 1.358-
6(c)(1)(ii) does not apply. Thus, P adjusts its basis in the S stock by
-$10 (the aggregate adjusted basis of T's assets decreased by the amount
of liabilities to which the T assets are subject). Consequently, as a
result of the reorganization, P has an excess loss account of $5 in its
S stock.
Example 2. Consideration not provided by P. (a) Facts. T has assets
with an aggregate basis of $10 and fair market value of $100 and no
liabilities. S is an operating company with substantial assets that has
been in existence for several years. P has a $5 basis in its S stock.
Pursuant to a plan, T merges into S and the T shareholders receive $70
of P stock provided by P pursuant to the plan of reorganization and $30
of cash provided by S in exchange for their T stock. The transaction is
a reorganization to which sections 368 (a)(1)(A) and (a)(2)(D) apply.
(b) Basis adjustment. Under Sec. 1.358-6, P adjusts its $5 basis in
the S stock as if P had acquired the T assets with a carryover basis
under section 362 and transferred these assets to S in a transaction in
which P determines its basis in the S stock under section 358. Under the
rules of this section, the limitation described in Sec. 1.358-6(d)(2)
does not apply. Thus, P adjusts its basis in the S stock by -$20 (the
aggregate adjusted basis of T's assets decreased by the fair market
value of the consideration provided by S). As a result of the
reorganization, P has an excess loss account of $15 in its S stock.
(c) Appreciated asset. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 2, except that in the reorganization S provides an asset
with a $20 adjusted basis and $30 fair market value instead of $30 cash.
The basis is adjusted in the same manner as in paragraph (b) of this
Example 2. In addition, because S recognizes a $10 gain from the asset
under section 1001, P's basis in its S stock is increased under Sec.
1.1502-32(b) by S's $10 gain. Consequently, as a result of the
reorganization, P has an excess loss account of $5 in its S stock. (The
results would be the same if the appreciated asset provided by S was P
stock with respect to which S recognized gain. See Sec. 1.1032-2(c)).
Example 3. Reverse triangular merger. (a) Facts. T has assets with
an aggregate basis of $60 and fair market value of $100. T's assets are
subject to $70 of liabilities. P owns all of the only class of S stock.
P has a $5 basis in its S stock. Pursuant to a plan, S merges into T
with T surviving. In the merger, the T shareholders exchange their T
stock for $2 cash from P and $28 worth of P stock provided by P pursuant
to the plan. The transaction is a reorganization to which sections 368
(a)(1)(A) and (a)(2)(E) apply.
(b) Basis adjustment. Under Sec. 1.358-6, P's basis in the T stock
acquired equals its $5 basis in its S stock immediately before the
transaction adjusted by the $60 basis in the T assets deemed
transferred, and the $70 of liabilities to which the T assets are
subject. Under the rules of this section, the limitation described in
Sec. 1.358-6(c)(1)(ii) does not apply. Consequently, P has an excess
loss account of $5 in its T stock as a result of the transaction.
(c) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to
reorganizations occurring on or after December 21, 1995. However,
paragraph (b)(4) of this section applies to reorganizations occurring on
or after September 17, 2008.
[T.D. 8648, 60 FR 66082, Dec. 21, 1995, as amended by T.D. 9424, 73 FR
53949, Sept. 17, 2008]
Sec. 1.1502-31 Stock basis after a group structure change.
(a) In general--(1) Overview. If one corporation (P) succeeds
another corporation (T) under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d) (2)
or (3) as the common parent of a consolidated group in a group structure
change, the basis of members in the stock of the former common parent
(or the stock of a successor) is adjusted or determined under this
section. See Sec. 1.1502-33(f)(1) for the definition of group structure
change. For example, if P owns all of the stock of another corporation
(S), and T merges into S in a group structure change that is a
reorganization described in section 368(a)(2)(D) in which P becomes the
common parent of the T group, P's basis in S's stock must be adjusted to
reflect the change in S's assets and liabilities. The rules of this
section coordinate with the earnings
[[Page 421]]
and profits adjustments required under Sec. 1.1502-33(f)(1), generally
conforming the results of transactions in which the T group continues
under Sec. 1.1502-75 with P as the common parent. By preserving in P
the relationship between T's earnings and profits and asset basis, these
adjustments limit possible distortions under section 1502 (e.g., in the
deconsolidation rules for earnings and profits under Sec. 1.1502-33(e),
and the continued filing requirements under Sec. 1.1502-75(a)). This
section applies whether or not T continues to exist after the group
structure change.
(2) Application of other rules of law. If a transaction subject to
this section is also a triangular reorganization otherwise subject to
Sec. 1.1502-30, the provisions of this section and not those of Sec.
1.1502-30 apply to determine stock basis. See Sec. 1.1502-80(a)
regarding the general applicability of other rules of law and a
limitation on duplicative adjustments.
(b) General rules. Except as otherwise provided in this section--
(1) Asset acquisitions. If a corporation acquires the former common
parent's assets (and any liabilities assumed or to which the assets are
subject) in a group structure change, the basis of members in the stock
of the acquiring corporation is adjusted immediately after the group
structure change to reflect the acquiring corporation's allocable share
of the former common parent's net asset basis as determined under
paragraph (c) of this section. For example, if S acquires all of T's
assets in a group structure change that is a reorganization described in
section 368(a)(2)(D), P's basis in S's stock is adjusted to reflect T's
net asset basis. If P owned some of T's stock before the group structure
change, the results would be the same because P's basis in the T stock
is not taken into account in determining P's basis in S's stock. If T's
net asset basis is a negative amount, it reduces P's basis in S's stock
and, if the reduction exceeds P's basis in S's stock, the excess is P's
excess loss account in S's stock. See Sec. 1.1502-19 for rules treating
P's excess loss account as negative basis, and treating a reference to
P's basis in S's stock as including an excess loss account.
(2) Stock acquisitions. If a corporation acquires stock of the
former common parent in a group structure change, the basis of the
members in the former common parent's stock immediately after the group
structure change (including any stock of the former common parent owned
before the group structure change) that is, or would otherwise be,
transferred basis property is redetermined in accordance with the
results for an asset acquisition described in paragraph (b)(1) of this
section. For example, if all of T's stock is contributed to P in a group
structure change to which section 351 applies, P's basis in T's stock is
T's net asset basis, rather than the amount determined under section
362. Similarly, if S merges into T in a group structure change described
in section 368(a)(2)(E) and P acquires all of the T stock, P's basis in
T's stock is the basis that P would have in S's stock under paragraph
(b)(1) of this section if T had merged into S in a group structure
change described in section 368(a)(2)(D).
(c) Net asset basis. The former common parent's net asset basis is
the basis it would have in the stock of a newly formed subsidiary, if--
(1) The former common parent transferred its assets (and any
liabilities assumed or to which the assets are subject) to the
subsidiary in a transaction to which section 351 applies;
(2) The former common parent and the subsidiary were members of the
same consolidated group (see Sec. 1.1502-80(d) for the non-application
of section 357(c) to the transfer); and
(3) The asset basis taken into account is each asset's basis
immediately after the group structure change (e.g., taking into account
any income or gain recognized in the group structure change and
reflected in the asset's basis).
(d) Additional adjustments. In addition to the adjustments in
paragraph (b) of this section, the following adjustments are made:
(1) Consideration not provided by P. The basis is reduced to reflect
the fair market value of any consideration not provided by the member.
For example, if S acquires T's assets in a group structure change
described in section
[[Page 422]]
368(a)(2)(D), and S provides an appreciated asset (e.g., stock of P) as
partial consideration in the transaction, P's basis in S's stock is
reduced by the fair market value of the asset.
(2) Allocable share--(i) Asset acquisitions. If a corporation
receives less than all of the former common parent's assets and
liabilities in the group structure change, the former common parent's
net asset basis taken into account under paragraph (b)(1) of this
section is adjusted accordingly.
(ii) Stock acquisitions. If less than all of the former common
parent's stock is subject to the redetermination described in paragraph
(b)(2) of this section, the percentage of the former common parent's net
asset basis taken into account in the redetermination equals the
percentage (by fair market value) of the former common parent's stock
subject to the redetermination. For example, if P owns less than all of
the former common parent's stock immediately after the group structure
change and such stock would otherwise be transferred basis property,
only an allocable part of the basis determined under this section is
reflected in the shares owned by P (and the amount allocable to shares
owned by nonmembers has no effect on the basis of their shares).
Alternatively, if P acquired 10 percent of the former common parent's
stock in a transaction in which the stock basis was determined by P's
cost, and P later acquires the remaining 90 percent of the former common
parent's stock in a separate transaction that is described in paragraph
(b)(2) of this section, P retains its cost basis in its original stock
and the basis of P's newly acquired shares reflects only an allocable
part of the former common parent's net asset basis.
(3) Allocation among shares of stock. The basis determined under
this section is allocated among shares under the principles of section
358. For example, if P owns multiple classes of the former common
parent's stock immediately after the group structure change, only an
allocable part of the basis determined under this section is reflected
in the basis of each share. See Sec. 1.1502-19(d), for special
allocations with respect to excess loss accounts.
(4) Higher-tier members. To the extent that the former common parent
is owned by members other than the new common parent, the basis of
members in the stock of all subsidiaries owning, directly or indirectly,
in whole or in part, an interest in the former common parent's assets or
liabilities is adjusted in accordance with the principles of this
section. The adjustments are applied in the order of the tiers, from the
lowest to the highest.
(e) Waiver of loss carryovers of former common parent--(1) General
rule. An irrevocable election may be made to treat all or any portion of
a loss carryover attributable to the common parent as expiring for all
Federal income tax purposes immediately before the group structure
change. Thus, if the loss carryover is treated as expiring under the
election, it will not result in a negative adjustment to the basis of
P's stock under Sec. 1.1502-32(b).
(2) Election. The election described in paragraph (e)(1) of this
section must be made in a separate statement entitled, ``ELECTION TO
TREAT LOSS CARRYOVER AS EXPIRING UNDER Sec. 1.1502-31(e).'' The
election must be filed by including the statement on or with the
consolidated group's income tax return for the year that includes the
group structure change. The statement must identify the amount of each
loss carryover deemed to expire (or the amount of each loss carryover
deemed not to expire, with any balance of any loss carryovers being
deemed to expire).
(f) Predecessors and successors. For purposes of this section, any
reference to a corporation includes a reference to a successor or
predecessor as the context may require. See Sec. 1.1502-32(f) for
definitions of predecessor and successor.
(g) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this section, unless
otherwise stated, all corporations have only one class of stock
outstanding, the tax year of all persons is the calendar year, all
persons use the accrual method of accounting, the facts set forth the
only corporate activity, all transactions are between unrelated persons,
and tax liabilities are disregarded. The principles of this section are
illustrated by the following examples:
[[Page 423]]
Example 1. Forward triangular merger. (i) Facts. P is the common
parent of one group and T is the common parent of another. T has assets
with an aggregate basis of $60 and fair market value of $100 and no
liabilities. T's shareholders have an aggregate basis of $50 in T's
stock. In Year 1, pursuant to a plan, P forms S and T merges into S with
the T shareholders receiving $100 of P stock in exchange for their T
stock. The transaction is a reorganization described in section
368(a)(2)(D). The transaction is also a reverse acquisition under Sec.
1.1502-75(d)(3) because the T shareholders, as a result of owning T's
stock, own more than 50% of the value of P's stock immediately after the
transaction. Thus, the transaction is a group structure change under
Sec. 1.1502-33(f)(1), and P's earnings and profits are adjusted to
reflect T's earnings and profits immediately before T ceases to be the
common parent of the T group.
(ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, P's basis in
S's stock is adjusted to reflect T's net asset basis. Under paragraph
(c) of this section, T's net asset basis is $60, the basis T would have
in the stock of a subsidiary under section 358 if T had transferred all
of its assets and liabilities to the subsidiary in a transaction to
which section 351 applies. Thus, P has a $60 basis in S's stock.
(iii) Pre-existing S. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of
this Example 1, except that P has owned the stock of S for several years
and P has a $50 basis in the S stock before the merger with T. Under
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, P's $50 basis in S's stock is adjusted
to reflect T's net asset basis. Thus, P's basis in S's stock is $110
($50 plus $60).
(iv) Excess loss account included in former common parent's net
asset basis. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example
1, except that T has two assets, an operating asset with an $80 basis
and $90 fair market value, and stock of a subsidiary with a $20 excess
loss account and $10 fair market value. Under paragraph (c) of this
section, T's net asset basis is $60 ($80 minus $20). See sections 351
and 358, and Sec. 1.1502-19. Consequently, P has a $60 basis in S's
stock. Under section 362 and Sec. 1.1502-19, S has an $80 basis in the
operating asset and a $20 excess loss account in the stock of the
subsidiary.
(v) Liabilities in excess of basis. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 1, except that T's assets have a fair
market value of $170 (and $60 basis) and are subject to $70 of
liabilities. Under paragraph (c) of this section, T's net asset basis is
negative $10 ($60 minus $70). See sections 351 and 358, and Sec. Sec.
1.1502-19 and 1.1502-80(d). Thus, P has a $10 excess loss account in S's
stock. Under section 362, S has a $60 basis in its assets (which are
subject to $70 of liabilities). (Under paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
because the liabilities are taken into account in determining net asset
basis under paragraph (c) of this section, the liabilities are not also
taken into account as consideration not provided by P under paragraph
(d)(1) of this section.)
(vi) Consideration provided by S. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 1, except that P forms S with a $100
contribution at the beginning of Year 1, and during Year 6, pursuant to
a plan, S purchases $100 of P stock and T merges into S with the T
shareholders receiving P stock in exchange for their T stock. Under
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, P's $100 basis in S's stock is
increased by $60 to reflect T's net asset basis. Under paragraph (d)(1)
of this section, P's basis in S's stock is decreased by $100 (the fair
market value of the P stock) because the P stock purchased by S and used
in the transaction is consideration not provided by P.
(vii) Appreciated asset provided by S. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 1, except that P has owned the stock of S
for several years, and the shareholders of T receive $60 of P stock and
an asset of S with a $30 adjusted basis and $40 fair market value. S
recognizes a $10 gain from the asset under section 1001. Under paragraph
(b)(1) of this section, P's basis in S's stock is increased by $60 to
reflect T's net asset basis. Under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, P's
basis in S's stock is decreased by $40 (the fair market value of the
asset provided by S). In addition, P's basis in S's stock is increased
under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) by S's $10 gain.
(viii) Depreciated asset provided by S. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 1, except that P has owned the stock of S
for several years, and the shareholders of T receive $60 of P stock and
an asset of S with a $50 adjusted basis and $40 fair market value. S
recognizes a $10 loss from the asset under section 1001. Under paragraph
(b)(1) of this section, P's basis in S's stock is increased by $60 to
reflect T's net asset basis. Under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, P's
basis in S's stock is decreased by $40 (the fair market value of the
asset provided by S). In addition, S's $10 loss is taken into account
under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) in determining P's basis adjustments under that
section.
Example 2. Stock acquisition. (i) Facts. P is the common parent of
one group and T is the common parent of another. T has assets with an
aggregate basis of $60 and fair market value of $100 and no liabilities.
T's shareholders have an aggregate basis of $50 in T's stock. Pursuant
to a plan, P forms S and S acquires all of T's stock in exchange for P
stock in a transaction described in section 368(a)(1)(B). The
transaction is also a reverse acquisition under Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3).
Thus, the transaction is a group structure change under Sec. 1.1502-
33(f)(1), and the earnings and profits of P and S are adjusted to
reflect T's earnings and profits immediately before T
[[Page 424]]
ceases to be the common parent of the T group.
(ii) Analysis. Under paragraph (d)(4) of this section, although S is
not the new common parent of the T group, adjustments must be made to
S's basis in T's stock in accordance with the principles of this
section. Although S's basis in T's stock would ordinarily be determined
under section 362 by reference to the basis of T's shareholders in T's
stock immediately before the group structure change, under the
principles of paragraph (b)(2) of this section, S's basis in T's stock
is determined by reference to T's net asset basis. Thus, S's basis in
T's stock is $60.
(iii) Higher-tier adjustments. Under paragraph (d)(4) of this
section, P's basis in S's stock is increased by $60 (to be consistent
with the adjustment to S's basis in T's stock).
(iv) Cross ownership. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of
this Example 2, except S purchased 10% of T's stock from an unrelated
person for cash. In an unrelated transaction, S acquires the remaining
90% of T's stock in exchange for P stock. S's basis in the initial 10%
of T's stock is not redetermined under this section. However, S's basis
in the additional 90% of T's stock is redetermined under this section.
S's basis in that stock is adjusted to $54 (90% of T's net asset basis).
(v) Allocable share. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of
this Example 2, except that P owns only 90% of S's stock immediately
after the group structure change. S's basis in T's stock is the same as
in paragraph (ii) of this Example 2. Under paragraph (d)(2) of this
section, P's basis in its S stock is increased by $54 (90% of S's $60
adjustment).
Example 3. Taxable stock acquisition. (i) Facts. P is the common
parent of one group and T is the common parent of another. T has assets
with an aggregate basis of $60 and fair market value of $100 and no
liabilities. T's shareholders have an aggregate basis of $50 in T's
stock. Pursuant to a plan, P acquires all of T's stock in exchange for
$70 of P's stock and $30 in a transaction that is a group structure
change under Sec. 1.1502-33(f)(1). P's acquired T stock is not
transferred basis property. (Because of P's use of cash, the acquisition
is not a transaction described in section 368(a)(1)(B).)
(ii) Analysis. The rules of this section do not apply to determine
P's basis in T's stock. Therefore, P's basis in T's stock is $100.
(h) Effective/applicability dates--(1) General rule. This section
applies to group structure changes that occur after April 26, 2004.
However, a group may apply this section to group structure changes that
occurred on or before April 26, 2004, and in consolidated return years
beginning on or after January 1, 1995. In addition, paragraph (a)(2) of
this section applies to group structure changes that occurred on or
after September 17, 2008. Paragraph (e)(2) of this section applies to
any original consolidated Federal income tax return due (without
extensions) after June 14, 2007. For original consolidated Federal
income tax returns due (without extensions) after May 30, 2006, and on
or before June 14, 2007, see Sec. 1.1502-31T as contained in 26 CFR
part 1 in effect on April 1, 2007. For original consolidated Federal
income tax returns due (without extensions) on or before May 30, 2006,
see Sec. 1.1502-31 as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1,
2006.
(2) Prior law. For group structure changes that occur on or before
April 26, 2004, and in consolidated return years beginning on or after
January 1, 1995, with respect to which the group does not elect to apply
the provisions of this section, see Sec. 1.1502-31 as contained in the
26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 2003. For group structure
changes that occur in consolidated return years beginning before January
1, 1995, see Sec. 1.1502-31T as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition
revised as of April 1, 1994.
[T.D. 8560, 59 FR 41683, Aug. 15, 1994, as amended by T.D. 9122, 69 FR
22400, Apr. 26, 2004; T.D. 9264, 71 FR 30602, May 30, 2006; T.D. 9329,
72 FR 32804, June 14, 2007; T.D. 9424, 73 FR 53949, Sept. 17, 2008]
Sec. 1.1502-32 Investment adjustments.
(a) In general--(1) Purpose. This section provides rules for
adjusting the basis of the stock of a subsidiary (S) owned by another
member (M). These rules modify the determination of M's basis in S's
stock under applicable rules of law by adjusting M's basis to reflect
S's distributions and S's items of income, gain, deduction, and loss
taken into account for the period that S is a member of the consolidated
group. The purpose of the adjustments is to treat M and S as a single
entity so that consolidated taxable income reflects the group's income.
For example, if M forms S with a $100 contribution, and S takes into
account $10 of income, M's $100 basis in S's stock under section 358 is
increased by $10 under this section to prevent S's income from
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being taken into account a second time on M's disposition of S's stock.
Comparable adjustments are made for tax-exempt income and noncapital,
nondeductible expenses that S takes into account, to preserve their
treatment under the Internal Revenue Code.
(2) Application of other rules of law, duplicative adjustments. See
Sec. 1.1502-80(a) regarding the general applicability of other rules of
law and a limitation on duplicative adjustments. The rules of this
section are in addition to other rules of law. See, e.g., section 358
(basis determinations for distributees), section 1016 (adjustments to
basis), Sec. 1.1502-11(b) (limitations on the use of losses), Sec.
1.1502-19 (treatment of excess loss accounts), Sec. 1.1502-31 (basis
after a group structure change), and Sec. 1.1502-35 (additional rules
relating to stock loss, including losses attributable to worthlessness
and certain dispositions not followed by a separate return year). M's
basis in S's stock must not be adjusted under this section and other
rules of law in a manner that has the effect of duplicating an
adjustment.
(3) Overview--(i) In general. The amount of the stock basis
adjustments and their timing are determined under paragraph (b) of this
section. Under paragraph (c) of this section, the amount of the
adjustment is allocated among the shares of S's stock. Paragraphs (d)
through (g) of this section provide definitions, an anti-avoidance rule,
successor rules, and recordkeeping requirements.
(ii) Excess loss account. Negative adjustments under this section
may exceed M's basis in S's stock. The resulting negative amount is M's
excess loss account in S's stock. See Sec. 1.1502-19 for rules treating
excess loss accounts as negative basis, and treating references to stock
basis as including references to excess loss accounts.
(iii) Tiering up of adjustments. The adjustments to S's stock under
this section are taken into account in determining adjustments to
higher-tier stock. The adjustments are applied in the order of the
tiers, from the lowest to the highest. For example, if M is also a
subsidiary, M's adjustment to S's stock is taken into account in
determining the adjustments to stock of M owned by other members.
(b) Stock basis adjustments--(1) Timing of adjustments--(i) In
general. Adjustments under this section are made as of the close of each
consolidated return year, and as of any other time (an interim
adjustment) if a determination at that time is necessary to determine a
tax liability of any person. For example, adjustments are made as of M's
sale of S's stock in order to measure M's gain or loss from the sale,
and if M's interest in S's stock is not uniform throughout the year
(e.g., because M disposes of a portion of its S stock, or S issues
additional shares to another person), the adjustments under this section
are made by taking into account the varying interests. An interim
adjustment may be necessary even if tax liability is not affected until
a later time. For example, if M sells only 50% of S's stock and S
becomes a nonmember, adjustments must be made for the retained stock as
of the disposition (whether or not M has an excess loss account in that
stock). Similarly, if S liquidates during a consolidated return year,
adjustments must be made as of the liquidation (even if the liquidation
is tax free under section 332).
(ii) Special rule for discharge of indebtedness income. Adjustments
under this section resulting from the realization of discharge of
indebtedness income of a member that is excluded from gross income under
section 108(a) (excluded COD income) and from the reduction of
attributes in respect thereof pursuant to sections 108 and 1017 and
Sec. 1.1502-28 (including reductions in the basis of property) when a
member (the departing member) ceases to be a member of the group on or
prior to the last day of the consolidated return year that includes the
date the excluded COD income is realized are made immediately after the
determination of tax for the group for the taxable year during which the
excluded COD income is realized (and any prior years) and are effective
immediately before the beginning of the taxable year of the departing
member following the taxable year during which the excluded COD income
is realized. Such adjustments when a corporation (the new member) is not
a member of the group on the last day of
[[Page 426]]
the consolidated return year that includes the date the excluded COD
income is realized but is a member of the group at the beginning of the
following consolidated return year are also made immediately after the
determination of tax for the group for the taxable year during which the
excluded COD income is realized (and any prior years) and are effective
immediately before the beginning of the taxable year of the new member
following the taxable year during which the excluded COD income is
realized. If the new member was a member of another group immediately
before it became a member of the group, such adjustments are treated as
occurring immediately after it ceases to be a member of the prior group.
(iii) Allocation of items. If Sec. 1.1502-76(b) applies to S for
purposes of an adjustment before the close of the group's consolidated
return year, the amount of the adjustment is determined under that
section. If Sec. 1.1502-76(b) does not apply to the interim adjustment,
the adjustment is determined under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-76(b),
consistently applied, and ratable allocation under the principles of
Sec. 1.1502-76(b)(2)(ii) or (iii) may be used without filing an
election under Sec. 1.1502-76(b)(2). The principles would apply, for
example, if M becomes a nonmember but S remains a member.
(2) Amount of adjustments. M's basis in S's stock is increased by
positive adjustments and decreased by negative adjustments under this
paragraph (b)(2). The amount of the adjustment, determined as of the
time of the adjustment, is the net amount of S's--
(i) Taxable income or loss;
(ii) Tax-exempt income;
(iii) Noncapital, nondeductible expenses; and
(iv) Distributions with respect to S's stock.
(3) Operating rules. For purposes of determining M's adjustments to
the basis of S's stock under paragraph (b)(2) of this section--
(i) Taxable income or loss. S's taxable income or loss is
consolidated taxable income (or loss) determined by including only S's
items of income, gain, deduction, and loss taken into account in
determining consolidated taxable income (or loss), treating S's
deductions and losses as taken into account to the extent they are
absorbed by S or any other member. For this purpose:
(A) To the extent that S's deduction or loss is absorbed in the year
it arises or is carried forward and absorbed in a subsequent year (e.g.,
under section 172, 465, or 1212), the deduction or loss is taken into
account under paragraph (b)(2) of this section in the year in which it
is absorbed.
(B) To the extent that S's deduction or loss is carried back and
absorbed in a prior year (whether consolidated or separate), the
deduction or loss is taken into account under paragraph (b)(2) of this
section in the year in which it arises and not in the year in which it
is absorbed.
(ii) Tax-exempt income--(A) In general. S's tax-exempt income is its
income and gain which is taken into account but permanently excluded
from its gross income under applicable law, and which increases,
directly or indirectly, the basis of its assets (or an equivalent
amount). For example, S's dividend income to which Sec. 1.1502-
13(f)(2)(ii) applies, and its interest excluded from gross income under
section 103, are treated as tax-exempt income. However, S's income not
recognized under section 1031 is not treated as tax- exempt income
because the corresponding basis adjustments under section 1031(d)
prevent S's nonrecognition from being permanent. Similarly, S's tax-
exempt income does not include gain not recognized under section 332
from the liquidation of a lower-tier subsidiary, or not recognized under
section 118 or section 351 from a transfer of assets to S.
(B) Equivalent deductions. To the extent that S's taxable income or
gain is permanently offset by a deduction or loss that does not reduce,
directly or indirectly, the basis of S's assets (or an equivalent
amount), the income or gain is treated as tax-exempt income and is taken
into account under paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this section. In addition,
the income and the offsetting item are taken into account under
paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section. For example, if S receives a $100
dividend with respect to which a $70 dividends received deduction is
allowed under section 243,
[[Page 427]]
$70 of the dividend is treated as tax-exempt income. Accordingly, M's
basis in S's stock increases by $100 because the $100 dividend and $70
deduction are taken into account under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this
section (resulting in $30 of the increase), and $70 of the dividend is
also taken into account under paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this section as
tax-exempt income (resulting in $70 of the increase). (See paragraph
(b)(3)(iii) of this section if there is a corresponding negative
adjustment under section 1059.) Similarly, income from mineral
properties is treated as tax-exempt income to the extent it is offset by
deductions for depletion in excess of the basis of the property.
(C) Discharge of indebtedness income--(1) In general. Excluded COD
income is treated as tax-exempt income only to the extent the discharge
is applied to reduce tax attributes attributable to any member of the
group under section 108, section 1017 or Sec. 1.1502-28. However, if S
is treated as realizing excluded COD income pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-
28(a)(3), S shall not be treated as realizing excluded COD income for
purposes of the preceding sentence.
(2) Expired loss carryovers. If the amount of the discharge exceeds
the amount of the attribute reduction under sections 108 and 1017, and
Sec. 1.1502-28, the excess nevertheless is treated as applied to reduce
tax attributes to the extent a loss carryover attributable to S expired
without tax benefit, the expiration was taken into account as a
noncapital, nondeductible expense under paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of this
section, and the loss carryover would have been reduced had it not
expired.
(D) Basis shifts. An increase in the basis of S's assets (or an
equivalent as described in paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(B) of this section) is
treated as tax-exempt income to the extent that the increase is not
otherwise taken into account in determining stock basis, it corresponds
to a negative adjustment that is taken into account by the group under
this paragraph (b) (or incurred by the common parent), and it has the
effect (viewing the group in the aggregate) of a permanent recovery of
the reduction. For example, S's basis increase under section 50(c)(2) is
treated as tax-exempt income to the extent the preceding basis reduction
under section 50(c)(1) is reflected in the basis of a member's stock. On
the other hand, if S increases the basis of an asset as the result of an
accounting method change, and the related positive section 481(a)
adjustment is taken into account over time, the basis increase is not
treated as tax-exempt income.
(iii) Noncapital, nondeductible expenses--(A) In general. S's
noncapital, nondeductible expenses are its deductions and losses that
are taken into account but permanently disallowed or eliminated under
applicable law in determining its taxable income or loss, and that
decrease, directly or indirectly, the basis of its assets (or an
equivalent amount). For example, S's Federal taxes described in section
275 and loss not recognized under section 311(a) are noncapital,
nondeductible expenses. Similarly, if a loss carryover (e.g., under
section 172 or 1212) attributable to S expires or is reduced under
section 108(b) and Sec. 1.1502-28, it becomes a noncapital,
nondeductible expense at the close of the last tax year to which it may
be carried. However, when a tax attribute attributable to S is reduced
as required pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(3), the reduction of the tax
attribute is not treated as a noncapital, nondeductible expense of S.
Finally, if S sells and repurchases a security subject to section 1091,
the disallowed loss is not a noncapital, nondeductible expense because
the corresponding basis adjustments under section 1091(d) prevent the
disallowance from being permanent.
(B) Nondeductible basis recovery. Any other decrease in the basis of
S's assets (or an equivalent as described in paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(B) of
this section) may be a noncapital, nondeductible expense to the extent
that the decrease is not otherwise taken into account in determining
stock basis and is permanently eliminated for purposes of determining
S's taxable income or loss. Whether a decrease is so treated is
determined by taking into account both the purposes of the Code or
regulatory provision resulting in the decrease and the purposes of this
section. For example, S's noncapital, nondeductible expenses include any
basis reduction under section 50(c)(1), section 1017, section 1059,
Sec. 1.1502-35(b) or (f)(2). Also included as a
[[Page 428]]
noncapital, nondeductible expense is the amount of any gross-up for
taxes paid by another taxpayer that S is treated as having paid (e.g.,
income included under section 78, or the portion of an undistributed
capital gain dividend that is treated as tax deemed to have been paid by
a shareholder under section 852(b)(3)(D)(ii), whether or not any
corresponding amount is claimed as a tax credit). In contrast, a
decrease generally is not a noncapital, nondeductible expense if it
results because S redeems stock in a transaction to which section 302(a)
applies, S receives assets in a liquidation to which section 332 applies
and its basis in the assets is less than its basis in the stock
canceled, or S distributes the stock of a subsidiary in a distribution
to which section 355 applies.
(iv) Special rules for tax-exempt income and noncapital,
nondeductible expenses. For purposes of paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and (iii)
of this section:
(A) Treatment as permanent. An amount is permanently excluded from
gross income, or permanently disallowed or eliminated, if it is so
treated by S even though another person may take a corresponding amount
into account. For example, if S sells property to a nonmember at a loss
that is disallowed under section 267(a), S's loss is a noncapital,
nondeductible expense even though under section 267(d) the nonmember may
treat a corresponding amount of gain as not recognized. (If the
nonmember is a subsidiary in another consolidated group, its gain not
recognized under section 267(d) is tax-exempt income under paragraph
(b)(3)(ii)(A) of this section.)
(B) Amounts equivalent to basis and adjustments to basis. Amounts
equivalent to basis include the amount of money, the amount of a loss
carryover, and the amount of an adjustment to gain or loss under section
475(a) for securities described in section 475(a)(2). An equivalent to a
basis increase includes a decrease in an excess loss account, and an
equivalent to a basis decrease includes the denial of basis for taxable
income.
(C) Timing. An amount is taken into account in the year in which it
would be taken into account under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section if
it were subject to Federal income taxation.
(D) Tax sharing agreements. Taxes are taken into account by applying
the principles of section 1552 and the percentage method under Sec.
1.1502-33(d)(3) (and by assuming a 100% allocation of any decreased tax
liability). The treatment of amounts allocated under this paragraph
(b)(3)(iv)(D) is analogous to the treatment of allocations under Sec.
1.1552-1(b)(2). For example, if one member owes a payment to a second
member, the first member is treated as indebted to the second member.
The right to receive payment is treated as a positive adjustment under
paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, and the obligation to make payment
is treated as a negative adjustment under paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of this
section. If the obligation is not paid, the amount not paid generally is
treated as a distribution, contribution, or both, depending on the
relationship between the members.
(v) Distributions. Distributions taken into account under paragraph
(b)(2) of this section are distributions with respect to S's stock to
which section 301 applies and all other distributions treated as
dividends (e.g., under section 356(a)(2)). See Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(2)(iv)
for taking into account distributions to which section 301 applies (but
not other distributions treated as dividends) under the entitlement
rule.
(4) Waiver of loss carryovers from separate return limitation
years--(i) General rule. If S has a loss carryover from a separate
return limitation year when it becomes a member of a consolidated group,
the group may make an irrevocable election to treat all or any portion
of the loss carryover as expiring for all Federal income tax purposes
immediately before S becomes a member of the consolidated group (deemed
expiration). If S was a member of another group immediately before it
became a member of the consolidated group, the expiration is also
treated as occurring immediately after it ceases to be a member of the
prior group.
(ii) Stock basis adjustments from a waiver--(A) Qualifying
transactions. If S becomes a member of the consolidated group in a
qualifying cost basis transaction and an election under this paragraph
(b)(4) is made, the noncapital, nondeductible expense resulting from the
deemed expiration does not result
[[Page 429]]
in a corresponding stock basis adjustment for any member under this
section. A qualifying cost basis transaction is the purchase (i.e., a
transaction in which basis is determined under section 1012) by members
of the acquiring consolidated group (while they are members) in a 12-
month period of an amount of S's stock satisfying the requirements of
section 1504(a)(2).
(B) Nonqualifying transactions. If S becomes a member of the
consolidated group other than in a qualifying cost basis transaction and
an election under this paragraph (b)(4) is made, the basis of its stock
that is owned by members immediately after it becomes a member is
subject to reduction under the principles of this section to reflect the
deemed expiration. The reduction occurs immediately before S becomes a
member, but after it ceases to be a member of any prior group, and it
therefore does not result in a corresponding stock basis adjustment for
any higher-tier member of the transferring or acquiring consolidated
group. Any basis reduction under this paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(B) is taken
into account in making determinations of basis under the Code with
respect to S's stock (e.g., a determination under section 362 because
the stock is acquired in a transaction described in section
368(a)(1)(B)), but it does not result in corresponding stock basis
adjustments under this section for any higher-tier member. If the basis
reduction exceeds the basis of S's stock, the excess is treated as an
excess loss account to which the members owning S's stock succeed.
(C) Higher-tier corporations. If S becomes a member of the
consolidated group as a result, in whole or in part, of a higher-tier
corporation becoming a member (whether or not in a qualifying cost basis
transaction), additional adjustments are required. The highest-tier
corporation (T) whose becoming a member resulted in S becoming a member,
and T's chain of lower-tier corporations that includes S, are subject to
the adjustment. The deemed expiration of S's loss carryover that results
in a negative adjustment for the first higher-tier corporation is
treated as an expiring loss carryover of that higher-tier corporation
for purposes of applying paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(B) of this section to that
corporation. For example, if M purchases all of the stock of T, T owns
all of the stock of T1, T1 owns all of the stock of S, S becomes a
member as a result of T becoming a member, and the election under this
paragraph (b)(4) is made, the basis of the S stock is reduced and the
reduction tiers up to T1, T1 treats the negative adjustment to its basis
in S's stock as an expiring loss carryover of T1, and T then adjusts its
basis in T1's stock. In addition, if T becomes a member of the acquiring
group in a transaction other than a qualifying cost basis transaction,
the amount that tiers up to T also reduces the basis of its stock under
paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(B) of this section (but the amount does not tier up
to higher-tier members).
(iii) Net asset basis limitation. Basis reduced under this paragraph
(b)(4) is restored before S becomes a member (and before the basis of
S's stock is taken into account in determining basis under the Code) to
the extent necessary to conform a share's basis to its allocable portion
of net asset basis. In the case of higher-tier corporations under
paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(C) of this section, the restoration does not tier
up but is instead applied separately to each higher-tier corporation.
For purposes of determining each corporation's net asset basis
(including the basis of stock in lower-tier corporations), the
restoration is applied in the order of tiers, from the lowest to the
highest. For purposes of the restoration:
(A) A member's net asset basis is the positive or negative
difference between the adjusted basis of its assets (and the amount of
any of its loss carryovers that are not deemed to expire) and its
liabilities. Appropriate adjustments must be made, for example, to
disregard liabilities that subsequently will give rise to deductions
(e.g., liabilities to which section 461(h) applies).
(B) Within a class of stock, each share has the same allocable
portion of net asset basis. If there is more than one class of common
stock, the net asset basis is allocated to each class by taking into
account the terms of each
[[Page 430]]
class and all other facts and circumstances relating to the overall
economic arrangement.
(iv) Election. The election described in paragraph (b)(4) of this
section must be made in a separate statement entitled, ``ELECTION TO
TREAT LOSS CARRYOVER OF [INSERT NAME AND EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER
OF S] AS EXPIRING UNDER Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(4).'' The election must be
filed by including a statement on or with the consolidated group's
income tax return for the year S becomes a member. A separate statement
must be made for each member whose loss carryover is deemed to expire.
The statement must identify the amount of each loss carryover deemed to
expire (or the amount of each loss carryover deemed not to expire, with
any balance of any loss carryovers being deemed to expire) and the basis
of any stock reduced as a result of the deemed expiration.
(v) Special rule for loss carryovers of a subsidiary acquired in a
transaction for which an election under Sec. 1.1502-20(i)(2) is made--
(A) Expired losses. Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(4)(iv) of this
section, unless a group otherwise chooses, to the extent that S's loss
carryovers are increased by reason of an election under Sec. 1.1502-
20(i)(2) and such loss carryovers expire or would have been properly
used to offset income in a taxable year for which the refund of an
overpayment is prevented by any law or rule of law as of the date the
group files its original return for the taxable year in which S receives
the notification described in Sec. 1.1502-20(i)(3)(iv) and at all times
thereafter, the group will be deemed to have made an election under
paragraph (b)(4) of this section to treat all of such loss carryovers as
expiring for all Federal income tax purposes immediately before S became
a member of the consolidated group. A group may choose not to apply the
rule of the previous sentence to all of such loss carryovers of S by
taking a position on an original or amended tax return for each relevant
taxable year that is consistent with having made such choice.
(B) Available losses. Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(4)(iv) of this
section, to the extent that S's loss carryovers are increased by reason
of an election under Sec. 1.1502-20(i)(2) and such loss carryovers have
not expired and would not have been properly used to offset income in a
taxable year for which the refund of an overpayment is prevented by any
law or rule of law as of the date the group files its original return
for the taxable year in which S receives the notification described in
Sec. 1.1502-20(i)(3)(iv) and at all times thereafter, the group may
make an election under paragraph (b)(4) of this section to treat all or
a portion of such loss carryovers as expiring for all Federal income tax
purposes immediately before S became a member of the consolidated group.
Such election must be filed with the group's original return for the
taxable year in which S receives the notification described in Sec.
1.1502-20(i)(3)(iv).
(C) Effective dates. Paragraph (b)(4)(v) of this section is
applicable on and after March 3, 2005. For prior periods, see Sec.
1.1502-32T(b)(4)(v) as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 in effect on March
2, 2005.
(vi) Special rules in the case of certain transactions subject to
Sec. 1.1502-35. If a member of a consolidated group transfers stock of
a subsidiary and such stock has a basis that exceeds its value
immediately before such transfer or a subsidiary is deconsolidated and
any stock of such subsidiary owned by members of the group immediately
before such deconsolidation has a basis that exceeds its value, all
members of the group are subject to the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-
35(b), which generally require a redetermination of members' basis in
all shares of subsidiary stock.
(vii) Special rules for amending waiver of loss carryovers from
separate return limitation year--(A) Waivers that increased allowable
loss or reduced basis reduction required. If, in connection with the
acquisition of S, the group made an election pursuant to paragraph
(b)(4) of this section to treat all or any portion of S's loss
carryovers as expiring, and the prior group elected to determine the
amount of the allowable loss or the basis reduction required with
respect to the stock of S or a higher-tier corporation of S by applying
the provisions described in Sec. 1.1502-20(i)(2)(i) or (ii), then the
group may reduce the amount of any loss carryover deemed to expire (or
increase the amount of
[[Page 431]]
any loss carryover deemed not to expire) as a result of the election
made pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section. The aggregate amount
of loss carryovers that may be treated as not expiring as a result of
amendments made pursuant to this paragraph (b)(4)(vii)(A) with respect
to S and any higher- and lower-tier corporation of S may not exceed the
amount described in Sec. 1.1502-20(c)(1)(iii) with respect to the
acquired stock (computed without regard to the effect of the group's
election or elections pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section, but
with regard to the effect of the prior group's election pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502-20(g), if any, prior to the application of Sec. 1.1502-
20(i)(3)). For purposes of determining the aggregate amount of loss
carryovers that may be treated as not expiring as a result of amendments
made pursuant to this paragraph (b)(4)(vii)(A) with respect to S and any
higher- and lower-tier corporation of S, the group may rely on a written
notification provided by the prior group. Nothing in this paragraph
shall be construed as permitting a group to increase the amount of any
loss carryover deemed to expire (or reduce the amount of any loss
carryover deemed not to expire) as a result of the election made
pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
(B) Inadvertent waivers of loss carryovers previously subject to an
election described in Sec. 1.1502-20(g). If, in connection with the
acquisition of S, the group made an election pursuant to paragraph
(b)(4) of this section to waive loss carryovers of S by identifying the
amount of each loss carryover deemed not to expire, the prior group
elected to determine the amount of the allowable loss or the basis
reduction required with respect to the stock of S or a higher-tier
corporation of S by applying the provisions described in Sec. 1.1502-
20(i)(2)(i) or (ii), and the amount of S's loss carryovers treated as
reattributed to the prior group pursuant to the election described in
Sec. 1.1502-20(g) is reduced pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-20(i)(3), then
the group may amend its election made pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of
this section to provide that all or a portion of the loss carryovers of
S that are treated as loss carryovers of S as a result of the prior
group's election to apply the provisions described in Sec. 1.1502-
20(i)(2)(i) or (ii) are deemed not to expire. This paragraph
(b)(4)(vii)(B), however, does not permit a group to reduce the amount of
any loss carryover deemed not to expire as a result of the election made
pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
(C) Time and manner of amending an election under Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(4). The amendment of an election made pursuant to paragraph (b)(4)
of this section must be made in a statement entitled Amendment of
Election to Treat Loss Carryover as Expiring Under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(4)
Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(4)(vii). The statement must be filed with
or as part of any timely filed (including extensions) original return
for the taxable year that includes August 26, 2004, or with or as part
of an amended return filed before the date the original return for the
taxable year that includes August 26, 2004, is due (with regard to
extensions). A separate statement shall be filed for each election made
pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section that is being amended
pursuant to this paragraph (b)(4)(vii). For purposes of making this
statement, the group may rely on the statements set forth in a written
notification provided by the prior group. The statement filed under this
paragraph must include the following--
(1) The name and employer identification number (E.I.N.) of S;
(2) In the case of an amendment made pursuant to paragraph
(b)(4)(vii)(A), a statement that the group has received a written
notification from the prior group confirming that the group's prior
election or elections pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section had
the effect of either increasing the prior group's allowable loss on the
disposition of subsidiary stock or reducing the prior group's amount of
basis reduction required;
(3) The amount of each loss carryover of S deemed to expire (or the
amount of loss carryover deemed not to expire) as set forth in the
election made pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section;
(4) The amended amount of each loss carryover of S deemed to expire
(or the amended amount of loss carryover deemed not to expire); and
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(5) In the case of an amendment made pursuant to paragraph
(b)(4)(vii)(A) of this section, a statement that the aggregate amount of
loss carryovers of S and any higher- and lower-tier corporation of S
that will be treated as not expiring as a result of amendments made
pursuant to paragraph (b)(4)(vii)(A) of this section will not exceed the
amount described in Sec. 1.1502-20(c)(1)(iii) with respect to the
acquired stock (computed without regard to the effect of the group's
election or elections pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section, but
with regard to the effect of the prior group's election pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502-20(g), if any, prior to the application of Sec. 1.1502-
20(i)(3)).
(D) Items taken into account in open years. An amendment to an
election made pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section affects the
group's items of income, gain, deduction, or loss only to the extent
that the amendment gives rise, directly or indirectly, to items or
amounts that would properly be taken into account in a year for which an
assessment of deficiency or a refund for overpayment, as the case may
be, is not prevented by any law or rule of law. Under this paragraph, if
the year to which a loss previously deemed to expire as a result of an
election made pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section is deemed not
to expire as a result of an election made pursuant to this paragraph
would have been carried back or carried forward is a year for which a
refund of overpayment is prevented by law, then to the extent that the
absorption of such loss in such year would have affected the tax
treatment of another item (e.g., another loss that was absorbed in such
year) that has an effect in a year for which a refund of overpayment is
not prevented by any law or rule of law, the amendment to the election
made pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section will affect the
treatment of such other item. Therefore, if the absorption of such loss
(the first loss) in a year for which a refund of overpayment is
prevented by law would have prevented the absorption of another loss
(the second loss) in such year and such second loss would have been
carried to and used in a year for which a refund of overpayment is not
prevented by any law or rule of law (the other year), the amendment of
the election makes the second loss available for use in the other year.
(E) Higher- and lower-tier corporations of S. A higher-tier
corporation of S is a corporation that was a member of the prior group
and, as a result of such higher-tier corporation becoming a member of
the group; S became a member of the group. A lower-tier corporation of S
is a corporation that was a member of the prior group and became a
member of the group as a result of S becoming a member of the group.
(F) Effective date. This paragraph (b)(4)(vii) is applicable on and
after March 3, 2005. For prior periods, see Sec. 1.1502-32T(b)(4)(vii)
as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 in effect on March 2, 2005.
(5) Examples--(i) In general. For purposes of the examples in this
section, unless otherwise stated, M owns all of the only class of S's
stock, the stock is owned for the entire year, S owns no stock of lower-
tier members, the tax year of all persons is the calendar year, all
persons use the accrual method of accounting, the facts set forth the
only corporate activity, preferred stock is described in section
1504(a)(4), all transactions are between unrelated persons, and tax
liabilities are disregarded.
(ii) Stock basis adjustments. The principles of this paragraph (b)
are illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Taxable income. (a) Current taxable income. For Year 1,
the M group has $100 of taxable income when determined by including only
S's items of income, gain, deduction, and loss taken into account. Under
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, M's basis in S's stock is adjusted
under this section as of the close of Year 1. Under paragraph (b)(2) of
this section, M's basis in S's stock is increased by the amount of the M
group's taxable income determined by including only S's items taken into
account. Thus, M's basis in S's stock is increased by $100 as of the
close of Year 1.
(b) Intercompany gain that is not taken into account. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that S also sells
property to another member at a $25 gain in Year 1, the gain is deferred
under Sec. 1.1502-13 and taken into account in Year 3, and M sells 10%
of S's stock to nonmembers in Year 2. Under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this
section, S's deferred gain is not additional taxable income for Year 1
or 2 because it is
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not taken into account in determining the M group's consolidated taxable
income for either of those years. The deferred gain is not tax-exempt
income under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section because it is not
permanently excluded from S's gross income. The deferred gain does not
result in a basis adjustment until Year 3, when it is taken into account
in determining the M group's consolidated taxable income. Consequently,
M's basis in the S shares sold is not increased to reflect S's gain from
the intercompany sale of the property. In Year 3, the deferred gain is
taken into account, but the amount allocable to the shares sold by M
does not increase their basis because these shares are held by
nonmembers.
(c) Intercompany gain taken into account. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (b) of this Example 1, except that M sells all of S's stock
in Year 2 (rather than only 10%). Under Sec. 1.1502-13, S takes the $25
gain into account immediately before S becomes a nonmember. Thus, M's
basis in S's stock is increased to reflect S's gain from the
intercompany sale of the property.
Example 2. Tax loss. (a) Current absorption. For Year 2, the M group
has a $50 consolidated net operating loss when determined by taking into
account only S's items of income, gain, deduction, and loss. S's loss is
absorbed by the M group in Year 2, offsetting M's income for that year.
Under paragraph (b)(3)(i)(A) of this section, because S's loss is
absorbed in the year it arises, M has a $50 negative adjustment with
respect to S's stock. Under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, M reduces
its basis in S's stock by $50. Under paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this
section, if the decrease exceeds M's basis in S's stock, the excess is
M's excess loss account in S's stock.
(b) Interim determination from stock sale. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (a) of this Example 2, except that S's Year 2 loss arises
in the first half of the calendar year, M sells 50% of S's stock on July
1 of Year 2, and M's income for Year 2 does not arise until after the
sale of S's stock. M's income for Year 2 (exclusive of the sale of S's
stock) is offset by S's loss, even though the income arises after the
stock sale, and no loss remains to be apportioned to S. See Sec. Sec.
1.1502-11 and 1.1502-21(b). Under paragraph (b)(3)(i)(A) of this
section, because S's $50 loss is absorbed in the year it arises, it
reduces M's basis in the S shares sold by $25 immediately before the
stock sale. Because S becomes a nonmember, the loss also reduces M's
basis in the retained S shares by $25 immediately before S becomes a
nonmember.
(c) Loss carryback. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 2, except that M has no income or loss for Year 2, S's $50
loss is carried back and absorbed by the M group in Year 1 (offsetting
the income of M or S), and the M group receives a $17 tax refund in Year
2 that is paid to S. Under paragraph (b)(3)(i)(B) of this section,
because the $50 loss is carried back and absorbed in Year 1, it is
treated as a tax loss for Year 2 (the year in which it arises). Under
paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, the refund is treated as tax-
exempt income of S. Under paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(C) of this section, the
tax- exempt income is taken into account in Year 2 because that is the
year it would be taken into account under S's method of accounting if it
were subject to Federal income taxation. Thus, under paragraph (b)(2) of
this section, M reduces its basis in S's stock by $33 as of the close of
Year 2 (the $50 tax loss, less the $17 tax refund).
(d) Loss carryforward. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 2, except that M has no income or loss for Year 2, and S's
loss is carried forward and absorbed by the M group in Year 3
(offsetting the income of M or S). Under paragraph (b)(3)(i)(A) of this
section, the loss is not treated as a tax loss under paragraph (b)(2) of
this section until Year 3.
Example 3. Tax-exempt income and noncapital, nondeductible expenses.
(a) Facts. For Year 1, the M group has $500 of consolidated taxable
income. However, the M group has a $100 consolidated net operating loss
when determined by including only S's items of income, gain, deduction,
and loss taken into account. Also for Year 1, S has $80 of interest
income that is permanently excluded from gross income under section 103,
and S incurs $60 of related expense for which a deduction is permanently
disallowed under section 265.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(3)(i)(A) of this section, S has a
$100 tax loss for Year 1. Under paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this section,
S has $80 of tax-exempt income. Under paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(A) of this
section, S has $60 of noncapital, nondeductible expense. Under paragraph
(b)(3)(iv)(C) of this section, the tax-exempt income and noncapital,
nondeductible expense are taken into account in Year 1 because that is
the year they would be taken into account under S's method of accounting
if they were subject to Federal income taxation. Thus, under paragraph
(b) of this section, M reduces its basis in S's stock as of the close of
Year 1 by an $80 net amount (the $100 tax loss, less $80 of tax-exempt
income, plus $60 of noncapital, nondeductible expenses).
Example 4. Discharge of indebtedness. (a) Facts. M forms S on
January 1 of Year 1 and S borrows $200. During Year 1, S's assets
decline in value and the M group has a $100 consolidated net operating
loss. Of that amount, $10 is attributable to M and $90 is attributable
to S under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv). None of the loss
is absorbed by the group in Year 1, and S is discharged from $100 of
indebtedness at the close of Year 1. M has a $0 basis in the S stock. M
and S have no attributes other than the consolidated net operating loss.
Under
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section 108(a), S's $100 of discharge of indebtedness income is excluded
from gross income because of insolvency. Under section 108(b) and Sec.
1.1502-28, the consolidated net operating loss is reduced to $0.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(A) of this section, the
reduction of $90 of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to
S is treated as a noncapital, nondeductible expense in Year 1 because
that loss is permanently disallowed by section 108(b) and Sec. 1.1502-
28. Under paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(1) of this section, all $100 of S's
discharge of indebtedness income is treated as tax-exempt income in Year
1 because the discharge results in a $100 reduction to the consolidated
net operating loss. Consequently, the loss and the cancellation of the
indebtedness result in a net positive $10 adjustment to M's basis in its
S stock.
(c) Insufficient attributes. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(a) of this Example 4, except that S is discharged from $120 of
indebtedness at the close of Year 1. Under section 108(a), S's $120 of
discharge of indebtedness income is excluded from gross income because
of insolvency. Under section 108(b) and Sec. 1.1502-28, the
consolidated net operating loss is reduced by $100 to $0 after the
determination of tax for Year 1. Under paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(A) of this
section, the reduction of $90 of the consolidated net operating loss
attributable to S is treated as a noncapital, nondeductible expense.
Under paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C)(1) of this section, only $100 of the
discharge is treated as tax-exempt income because only that amount is
applied to reduce tax attributes. The remaining $20 of discharge of
indebtedness income excluded from gross income under section 108(a) has
no effect on M's basis in S's stock.
(d) Purchase price adjustment. Assume instead that S buys land in
Year 1 in exchange for S's $100 purchase money note (bearing interest at
a market rate of interest in excess of the applicable Federal rate, and
providing for a principal payment at the end of Year 10), and the seller
agrees with S in Year 4 to discharge $60 of the note as a purchase price
adjustment to which section 108(e)(5) applies. S has no discharge of
indebtedness income that is treated as tax-exempt income under paragraph
(b)(3)(ii) of this section. In addition, the $60 purchase price
adjustment is not a noncapital, nondeductible expense under paragraph
(b)(3)(iii) of this section. A purchase price adjustment is not
equivalent to a discharge of indebtedness that is offset by a deduction
or loss. Consequently, the purchase price adjustment results in no net
adjustment to M's basis in S's stock under paragraph (b) of this
section.
Example 5. Distributions. (a) Amounts declared and distributed. For
Year 1, the M group has $120 of consolidated taxable income when
determined by including only S's items of income, gain, deduction, and
loss taken into account. S declares and makes a $10 dividend
distribution to M at the close of Year 1. Under paragraph (b) of this
section, M increases its basis in S's stock as of the close of Year 1 by
a $110 net amount ($120 of taxable income, less a $10 distribution).
(b) Distributions in later years. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 5, except that S does not declare and
distribute the $10 until Year 2. Under paragraph (b) of this section, M
increases its basis in S's stock by $120 as of the close of Year 1, and
decreases its basis by $10 as of the close of Year 2. (If M were also a
subsidiary, the basis of its stock would also be increased in Year 1 to
reflect M's $120 adjustment to basis of S's stock; the basis of M's
stock would not be changed as a result of S's distribution in Year 2,
because M's $10 of tax-exempt dividend income under paragraph (b)(3)(ii)
of this section would be offset by the $10 negative adjustment to M's
basis in S's stock for the distribution.)
(c) Amounts declared but not distributed. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (a) of this Example 5, except that, during December of Year
1, S declares (and M becomes entitled to) another $70 dividend
distribution with respect to its stock, but M does not receive the
distribution until after it sells all of S's stock at the close of Year
1. Under Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(2)(iv), S is treated as making a $70
distribution to M at the time M becomes entitled to the distribution.
(If S is distributing an appreciated asset, its gain under section 311
is also taken into account under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section at
the time M becomes entitled to the distribution.) Consequently, under
paragraph (b) of this section, M increases its basis in S's stock as of
the close of Year 1 by only a $40 net amount ($120 of taxable income,
less two distributions totalling $80). Any further adjustments after S
ceases to be a member and the $70 distribution is made would be
duplicative, because the stock basis has already been adjusted for the
distribution. Accordingly, the distribution will not result in further
adjustments or gain, even if the distribution is a payment to which
section 301(c)(2) or (3) applies.
Example 6. Reorganization with boot. (i) Facts. M owns all the stock
of S and T. M owns ten shares of the same class of common stock of S and
ten shares of the same class of common stock of T. The fair market value
of each share of S stock is $10 and the fair market value of each share
of T stock is $10. On January 1 of Year 1, M has a $5 basis in each of
its ten shares of S stock and a $10 basis in each of its ten shares of T
stock. S and T have no items of income, gain, deduction, or loss for
Year 1. S and T each have substantial earnings and profits. At the close
of Year 1, T merges into S in a reorganization described in section
368(a)(1)(A) (and in section 368(a)(1)(D)). M receives no additional
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S stock, but does receive $10 which is treated as a dividend under
section 356(a)(2).
(ii) Analysis. The merger of T into S is a transaction to which
Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(3) applies. Under Sec. 1.1502-13(f)(3) and Sec.
1.358-2(a)(2)(iii), M is deemed to receive ten additional shares of S
stock with a total fair market value of $100 (the fair market value of
the T stock surrendered by M). Under Sec. 1.358-2(a)(2)(i), M will have
a basis of $10 in each share of S stock deemed received in the
reorganization. Under Sec. 1.358-2(a)(2)(iii), M is deemed to surrender
all twenty shares of its S stock in a recapitalization under section
368(a)(1)(E) in exchange for the ten shares of S stock, the number of
shares of S stock held by M immediately after the transaction. Thus,
under Sec. 1.358-2(a)(2)(i), M has five shares of S stock each with a
basis of $10 and five shares of S stock each with a basis of $20. The
$10 M received is treated as a dividend distribution under section 301
and, under paragraph (b)(3)(v) of this section, the $10 is a
distribution to which paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section applies.
Accordingly, M's total basis in the S stock is decreased by the $10
distribution.
Example 7. Tiering up of basis adjustments. M owns all of S's stock,
and S owns all of T's stock. For Year 1, the M group has $100 of
consolidated taxable income when determined by including only T's items
of income, gain, deduction, and loss taken into account, and $50 of
consolidated taxable income when determined by including only S's items
taken into account. S increases its basis in T's stock by $100 under
paragraph (b) of this section. Under paragraph (a)(3) of this section,
this $100 basis adjustment is taken into account in determining M's
adjustments to its basis in S's stock. Thus, M increases its basis in
S's stock by $150 under paragraph (b) of this section.
Example 8. Allocation of items. (a) Acquisition in mid-year. M is
the common parent of a consolidated group, and S is an unaffiliated
corporation filing separate returns on a calendar-year basis. M acquires
all of S's stock and S becomes a member of the M group on July 1 of Year
1. For the entire calendar Year 1, S has $100 of ordinary income and
under Sec. 1.1502-76(b) $60 is allocated to the period from January 1
to June 30 and $40 to the period from July 1 to December 31. Under
paragraph (b) of this section, M increases its basis in S's stock by
$40.
(b) Sale in mid-year. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 8, except that S is a member of the M group at the
beginning of Year 1 but ceases to be a member on June 30 as a result of
M's sale of S's stock. Under paragraph (b) of this section, M increases
its basis in S's stock by $60 immediately before the stock sale. (M's
basis increase would be the same if S became a nonmember because S
issued additional shares to nonmembers.)
(c) Absorption of loss carryovers. Assume instead that S is a member
of the M group at the beginning of Year 1 but ceases to be a member on
June 30 as a result of M's sale of S's stock, and a $100 consolidated
net operating loss attributable to S is carried over by the M group to
Year 1. The consolidated net operating loss may be apportioned to S for
its first separate return year only to the extent not absorbed by the M
group during Year 1. Under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, if the
loss is absorbed by the M group in Year 1, whether the offsetting income
arises before or after M's sale of S's stock, the absorption of the loss
carryover is included in the determination of S's taxable income or loss
for Year 1. Thus, M's basis in S's stock is adjusted under paragraph (b)
of this section to reflect any absorption of the loss by the M group.
Example 9. Gross-ups. (a) Facts. M owns all of the stock of S, and S
owns all of the stock of T, a newly formed controlled foreign
corporation that is not a passive foreign investment company. In Year 1,
T has $100 of subpart F income and pays $34 of foreign income tax,
leaving T with $66 of earnings and profits. The M group has $100 of
consolidated taxable income when determined by taking into account only
S's items (the inclusion under section 951(a), taking into account the
section 78 gross-up). As a result of the section 951(a) inclusion, S
increases its basis in T's stock by $66 under section 961(a).
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, S has $100
of taxable income. Under paragraph (b)(3)(iii)(B) of this section, the
$34 gross-up for taxes paid by T that S is treated as having paid is a
noncapital, nondeductible expense (whether or not any corresponding
amount is claimed by the M group as a tax credit). Thus, M increases its
basis in S's stock under paragraph (b) of this section by the net
adjustment of $66.
(c) Subsequent distribution. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(a) of this Example 9, except that T distributes its $66 of earnings and
profits in Year 2. The $66 distribution received by S is excluded from
S's income under section 959(a) because the distribution represents
earnings and profits attributable to amounts that were included in S's
income under section 951(a) for Year 1. In addition, S's basis in T's
stock is decreased by $66 under section 961(b). The excluded
distribution is not tax-exempt income under paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this
section because of the corresponding reduction to S's basis in T's
stock. Consequently, M's basis in S's stock is not adjusted under
paragraph (b) of this section for Year 2.
Example 10. Recapture of tax-exempt items. (a) Facts. S is a life
insurance company. For Year 1, the M group has $200 of consolidated
taxable income, determined by including only S's items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss taken into account (including a $300
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small company deduction under section 806). In addition, S has $100 of
tax-exempt interest income, $60 of which is S's company share. The
remaining $40 of tax-exempt income is the policyholders' share that
reduces S's deduction for increase in reserves.
(b) Tax-exempt items generally. Under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this
section, S has $200 of taxable income for Year 1. Also for Year 1, S has
$100 of tax-exempt income under paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this section,
and another $300 is treated as tax-exempt income under paragraph
(b)(3)(ii)(B) of this section because of the deduction under section
806. Under paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of this section, S has $40 of
noncapital, nondeductible expenses for Year 1 because S's deduction
under section 807 for its increase in reserves has been permanently
reduced by the $40 policyholders' share of the tax-exempt interest
income. Thus, M increases its basis in S's stock by $560 under paragraph
(b) of this section.
(c) Recapture. Assume instead that S is a property and casualty
company and, for Year 1, S accrues $100 of estimated salvage recoverable
under section 832. Of this amount, $87 (87% of $100) is excluded from
gross income because of the ``fresh start'' provisions of Sec. 11305(c)
of P.L. 101-508 (the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990). Thus, S
has $87 of tax-exempt income under paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this
section that increases M's basis in S's stock for Year 1. (S also has
$13 of taxable income over the period of inclusion under section 481.)
In Year 5, S determines that the $100 salvage recoverable was
overestimated by $30 and deducts $30 for the reduction of the salvage
recoverable. However, S has $26.10 (87% of $30) of taxable income in
Year 5 due to the partial recapture of its fresh start. Because S has no
basis corresponding to this income, S is treated under paragraph
(b)(3)(iii)(B) of this section as having a $26.10 noncapital,
nondeductible expense in Year 5. This treatment is necessary to reflect
the elimination of the erroneous fresh start in S's stock basis and
causes a decrease in M's basis in S's stock by $30 for Year 5 (a $3.90
taxable loss and a $26.10 special adjustment).
(c) Allocation of adjustments among shares of stock--(1) In
general--(i) Distributions. The adjustment that is described in
paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section (negative adjustments for
distributions) is allocated to the shares of S stock to which the
distribution relates.
(ii) Special rules applicable in the case of certain loss transfers
of subsidiary stock--(A) Losses reattributed pursuant to an election
under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6)--(1) General rule. If a member transfers
loss shares of S stock and the common parent elects under Sec. 1.1502-
36(d)(6) to reattribute all or a portion of S's attributes, S's
resulting noncapital, nondeductible expense is allocated to all loss
shares of S stock transferred by members in the transaction. The expense
is allocated among those S shares in proportion to the loss in the
shares. The tier-up of that expense is included in the remaining
adjustment (see paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section).
(2) Reattribution of attributes of a subsidiary that is lower-tier
to S. If a member transfers loss shares of S stock and the common parent
elects under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6) to reattribute attributes of a
subsidiary (S2) that is lower-tier to S, S2's resulting noncapital,
nondeductible expense is allocated among S2 shares held by members as of
the transaction, other than those transferred in the transaction and
with respect to which gain or loss was recognized (recognition
transfer), in a manner that permits the full amount of the expense to
tier up and be applied to the bases of the loss shares of S stock
transferred by members in the transaction. The expense is allocated
among those S2 shares with positive basis in a manner that, first,
reduces the bases of S2's preferred shares to equalize and then
eliminate loss and, second, reduces the bases of S2's common shares in a
manner that reduces disparity among the bases of those common shares to
the greatest extent possible. The noncapital, nondeductible expense
applied to the S2 shares tiers up and is applied to the stock of any
subsidiaries that are lower-tier to S (middle-tier subsidiaries) in a
manner that will permit the full amount of this expense to be applied to
reduce the bases of the loss shares of S stock transferred by members in
the transaction. Similar to the allocation among the S2 shares, the
tier-up of this expense is allocated among the middle-tier subsidiary
shares held by members as of the transaction, other than those
transferred in a recognition transfer, in a manner that permits the full
amount of the expense to tier up and be applied to the bases of the loss
shares of S stock transferred by members in the transaction. The tier-up
of this expense is
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allocated among those middle-tier subsidiary shares with positive basis
in a manner that, first, reduces the bases of the middle-tier
subsidiary's preferred shares to equalize and then eliminate loss and,
second, reduces the bases of the middle-tier subsidiary's common shares
in a manner that reduces disparity among the bases of those common
shares to the greatest extent possible. The tier-up of this expense is
allocated to the loss shares of S stock transferred by members in the
transaction in the same manner as provided in paragraph (c)(1)(ii)(A)(1)
of this section, and thereafter the tier-up of that expense is included
in the remaining adjustment (see paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section).
(3) Example. The following example illustrates the rules of this
paragraph (c)(1)(ii)(A).
Example. Assume P owns M1, P and M1 own M2, M2 owns S, M1 and S own
S1, and M1 and S1 own S2. If S sells a portion of the S1 shares at a
gain and M2 sells all of the S stock at a net loss (after adjusting the
basis for the gain recognized by S on the sale of the S1 shares), and P
elects under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6) to reattribute attributes of S2, the
resulting noncapital, nondeductible expense is allocated entirely to the
S2 shares held by S1 with positive basis in a manner that reduces the
disparity in those bases to the greatest extent possible. The tier-up of
this amount is allocated entirely to the S1 shares held by S (excluding
the S1 shares sold) with positive basis in a manner that reduces the
disparity in those bases to the greatest extent possible. The tier-up of
this amount is allocated to the loss shares of S stock sold by M2 in
proportion to the loss in those shares. The tier-up of this amount is
then included in the remaining adjustment and tiers up from M2 to M1 and
P, and from M1 to P under the general rules of this section.
(B) Tier-up of reallocated investment adjustments subject to prior
use limitation. If the reallocation of an investment adjustment under
Sec. 1.1502-36(b)(2) is subject to the prior use limitation in Sec.
1.1502-36(b)(2)(iii)(B)(2), no amount of the tier-up of such reallocated
investment adjustment shall be allocated to any share whose prior use
resulted in the application of the limitation. Thereafter, the tier-up
of this amount is included in the remaining adjustment (see paragraph
(c)(1)(iii) of this section).
(iii) Remaining adjustment. The remaining adjustment is the
adjustment that consists of the items described in paragraphs (b)(2)(i)
through (b)(2)(iii) of this section (adjustments for taxable income or
loss, tax-exempt income, and noncapital, nondeductible expenses),
including adjustments to lower-tier stock basis that tier up under
paragraph (a)(3)(iii) of this section, but only to the extent not
specially allocated under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section. The
remaining adjustment is allocated among the shares of S stock as
provided in paragraphs (c)(2) through (c)(4) of this section. If the
remaining adjustment is positive, it is allocated first to any preferred
stock as provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, and then to the
common stock as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. If the
remaining adjustment is negative, it is allocated only to common stock
as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(iv) Nonmember shares. No adjustment under this section that is
allocated to a share for the period it is owned by a nonmember affects
the basis of the share.
(v) Cross-references. See paragraph (c)(4) of this section for the
reallocation of adjustments, and paragraph (d) of this section for
definitions. See Sec. 1.1502-19(d) for special allocations of basis
determined or adjusted under the Internal Revenue Code (Code) with
respect to excess loss accounts.
(2) Common stock--(i) Allocation within a class. The remaining
adjustment described in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section that is
allocable to a class of common stock is generally allocated equally to
each share within the class. However, if a member has an excess loss
account in a share of a class of common stock at the time a positive
remaining adjustment is to be allocated, the portion of the positive
remaining adjustment allocable to the member with respect to the class
is allocated first to equalize and then eliminate that member's excess
loss accounts. It is then allocated equally among the members' shares in
that class. Similarly, the portion of any negative remaining adjustment
allocable to the member with respect to the class is allocated equally
to the
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member's shares with positive bases, eliminating all positive basis in
shares of the class before creating or increasing any excess loss
accounts. After positive basis is eliminated, any remaining portion of
the negative remaining adjustment is allocated to equalize the member's
excess loss accounts in the shares of that class to the greatest extent
possible. Distributions and any adjustments or determinations under the
Internal Revenue Code (for example, under section 358, including any
modifications under Sec. 1.1502-19(d)) are taken into account before
the allocation is made under this paragraph (c)(2)(i).
(ii) Allocation among classes--(A) General rule. If S has more than
one class of common stock, the extent to which the remaining adjustment
described in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section is allocated to each
class is determined, based on consistently applied assumptions, by
taking into account the terms of each class and all other facts and
circumstances relating to the overall economic arrangement. The
allocation generally must reflect the manner in which the classes
participate in the economic benefit or burden (if any) corresponding to
the items of income, gain, deduction, or loss allocated. In determining
participation, any differences in voting rights are not taken into
account, and the following factors are among those to be considered--
(1) The interest of each share in economic profits and losses (if
different from the interest in taxable income);
(2) The interest of each share in cash flow and other non-
liquidating distributions; and
(3) The interest of each share in distributions in liquidation.
(B) Distributions and Code adjustments. Distributions and any
adjustments or determinations under the Internal Revenue Code are taken
into account before the allocation is made under this paragraph
(c)(2)(ii).
(3) Preferred stock. If the remaining adjustment described in
paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section is positive, it is allocated to
preferred stock to the extent required (when aggregated with prior
allocations to the preferred stock during the period that S is a member
of the consolidated group) to reflect distributions described in section
301 (and all other distributions treated as dividends) to which the
preferred stock becomes entitled, and arrearages arising, during the
period that S is a member of the consolidated group. If the amount of
distributions and arrearages exceeds the positive amount (when
aggregated with prior allocations), the positive amount is first
allocated among classes of preferred stock to reflect their relative
priorities, and the amount allocated to each class is then allocated pro
rata within the class. An allocation to a share with respect to
arrearages and distributions for the period the share is owned by a
nonmember is not reflected in the basis of the share under paragraph (b)
of this section. However, if M and S cease to be members of one
consolidated group and remain affiliated as members of another
consolidated group, M's ownership of S's stock during consolidated
return years of the prior group is treated for this purpose as ownership
by a member to the extent that the adjustments during the prior
consolidated return years are still reflected in the basis of the
preferred stock.
(4) Cumulative redetermination--(i) General rule. A member's basis
in each share of S preferred and common stock must be redetermined
whenever necessary to determine the tax liability of any person. See
paragraph (b)(1) of this section. The redetermination is made by
reallocating S's adjustments described in paragraphs (c)(1)(ii)(B)
(specially allocated adjustments for tier-up of reallocated investment
adjustments subject to prior use limitation) and (c)(1)(iii) (remaining
adjustments) of this section for each consolidated return year (or other
applicable period) of the group by taking into account all of the facts
and circumstances affecting allocations under this paragraph (c) as of
the redetermination date with respect to all of the S shares. For this
purpose:
(A) Amounts may be reallocated from one class of S's stock to
another class, but not from one share of a class to another share of the
same class.
(B) If there is a change in the equity structure of S (e.g., as the
result of S's
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issuance, redemption, or recapitalization of shares), a cumulative
redetermination is made for the period before the change. If a
reallocation is required by another redetermination after a change,
amounts arising after the change are reallocated before amounts arising
before the change.
(C) If S becomes a nonmember as a result of a change in its equity
structure, any reallocation is made only among the shares of S's stock
immediately before the change. For example, if S issues stock to a
nonmember creditor in exchange for its debt, and the exchange results in
S becoming a nonmember, any reallocation is only among the shares of S's
stock immediately before the exchange.
(D) Any reallocation is treated for all purposes after it is made
(including subsequent redeterminations) as the original allocation of an
amount under this paragraph (c), but the reallocation does not affect
any prior period.
(ii) Prior use of allocations. An amount may not be reallocated
under paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section to the extent that the amount
has been used before the reallocation. For this purpose, an amount has
been used to the extent it has been taken into account, directly or
indirectly, by any member in determining income, gain, deduction, or
loss, or in determining the basis of any property that is not subject to
this section (e.g., stock of a corporation that has become a nonmember).
For example, if M sells a share of S stock, an amount previously
allocated to the share cannot be reallocated to another share of S
stock, but an amount allocated to another share of S stock can still be
reallocated to the sold share because the reallocated amount has not
been taken into account; however, any adjustment reallocated to the sold
share may effectively be eliminated, because the reallocation was not in
effect when the share was previously sold and M's gain or loss from the
sale is not redetermined. If, however, M sells the share of S stock to
another member, the amount is not used until M's gain or loss is taken
into account under Sec. 1.1502-13.
(5) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (c) are illustrated
by the following examples.
Example 1. Ownership of less than all the stock. (a) Facts. M owns
80% of S's only class of stock with an $800 basis. For Year 1, S has
$100 of taxable income.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the $100
positive adjustment under paragraph (b) of this section for S's taxable
income is allocated among the shares of S's stock, including shares
owned by nonmembers. Under paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, the
adjustment is allocated equally to each share of S's stock. Thus, M
increases its basis in S's stock under paragraph (b) of this section as
of the close of Year 1 by $80. (The basis of the 20% of S's stock owned
by nonmembers is not adjusted under this section.)
(c) Varying interest. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 1, except that M buys the remaining 20% of S's stock at the
close of business on June 30 of Year 1 for $208. Under paragraph (b)(1)
of this section and the principles of Sec. 1.1502-76(b), S's $100 of
taxable income is allocable $40 to the period from January 1 to June 30
and $60 to the period from July 1 to December 31. Thus, for the period
ending June 30, M is treated as having a $32 adjustment with respect to
the S stock that M has owned since January 1 (80% of $40) and, under
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, the adjustment is allocated equally
among those shares. For the period ending December 31, M is treated as
having a $60 adjustment (100% of $60) that is also allocated equally
among M's shares of S's stock owned after June 30. M's basis in the
shares owned as of the beginning of the year therefore increases by $80
(the sum of 80% of $40 and 80% of $60), from $800 to $880, and M's basis
in the shares purchased on June 30 increases by $12 (20% of $60), from
$208 to $220. Thus, M's aggregate basis in S's stock as of the end of
Year 1 is $1,100.
(d) Tax liability. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 1, except that M pays S's $34 share of the group's
consolidated tax liability resulting from S's taxable income, and S does
not reimburse M. S's $100 of taxable income results in a positive
adjustment under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section, and S's $34 of tax
liability results in a negative adjustment under paragraph (b)(3)(iv)(D)
of this section and the principles of section 1552. Because S does not
make any payment in recognition of the additional tax liability, by
analogy to the treatment under Sec. 1.1552-1(b)(2), S is treated as
having made a $34 payment that is described in paragraph (b)(3)(iii) of
this section (noncapital, nondeductible expenses) and as having received
an equal amount from M as a capital contribution. Thus, M increases its
basis in its S stock by $52.80 (80% of the $100 of taxable income, less
80% of the $34 tax payment). In addition, M increases its basis in S's
stock by $34 under the Internal Revenue Code and paragraph (a)(2) of
this section to reflect the
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capital contribution. In the aggregate, M increases its basis in S's
stock by $86.80. (If, as in paragraph (c) of this Example 1, M buys the
remaining 20% of S's stock at the close of business on June 30, M
increases its basis in S's stock by another $7.90 for the additional 20%
interest in S's income after June 30 ($60 multiplied by 20%, less 20% of
the $20.40 tax payment on $60); the $34 capital contribution by M is
reflected in all of its S shares (not just the original 80%), and M's
aggregate basis adjustment under this section is $94.70 ($86.80 plus
$7.90).)
Example 2. Preferred stock. (a) Facts. M owns all of S's common
stock with an $800 basis, and nonmembers own all of S's preferred stock.
The preferred stock was issued for $200, has a $20 annual, cumulative
preference as to dividends, and has an initial liquidation preference of
$200. For Year 1, S has $50 of taxable income and no distributions are
declared or made.
(b) Analysis of arrearages. Under paragraphs (c) (1) and (3) of this
section, $20 of the $50 positive adjustment under paragraph (b) of this
section is allocated first to the preferred stock to reflect the
dividend arrearage arising in Year 1. The remaining $30 of the positive
adjustment is allocated to the common stock, increasing M's basis from
$800 to $830 as of the close of Year 1. (The basis of the preferred
stock owned by nonmembers is not adjusted under this section.)
(c) Current distribution. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 2, except that S declares and makes a $20 distribution
with respect to the preferred stock during Year 1 in satisfaction of its
preference. The results are the same as in paragraph (b) of this Example
2.
(d) Varying interest. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example 2, except that S has no income or loss for Years 1 and 2, M
purchases all of S's preferred stock at the beginning of Year 3 for
$240, and S has $70 of taxable income for Year 3. Under paragraph (c)(3)
of this section, $60 of the $70 positive adjustment under paragraph (b)
of this section is allocated to the preferred stock to reflect the
dividends arrearages for Years 1 through 3, but only the $20 for Year 3
is reflected in the basis of the preferred stock under paragraph (b) of
this section. (The remaining $40 is not reflected because the preferred
stock was owned by nonmembers during Years 1 and 2.) Thus, M increases
its basis in S's preferred stock from $240 to $260, and its basis in S's
common stock from $800 to $810, as of the close of Year 3. (If M had
acquired all of S's preferred stock in a transaction to which section
351 applies, and M's initial basis in S's preferred stock was $200 under
section 362, M's basis in S's preferred stock would increase from $200
to $220.)
(e) Varying interest with current distributions. The facts are the
same as in paragraph (d) of this Example 2, except that S declares and
makes a $20 distribution with respect to the preferred stock in each of
Years 1 and 2 in satisfaction of its preference, and M purchases all of
S's preferred stock at the beginning of Year 3 for $200. Under paragraph
(c)(3) of this section, $40 of the $70 positive adjustment under
paragraph (b) of this section is allocated to the preferred stock to
reflect the distributions in Years 1 and 2, and $20 of the $70 is
allocated to the preferred stock to reflect the arrearage for Year 3.
However, as in paragraph (d) of this Example 2, only the $20
attributable to Year 3 is reflected in the basis of the preferred stock
under paragraph (b) of this section. Thus, M increases its basis in S's
preferred stock from $200 to $220, and M increases its basis in S's
common stock from $800 to $810.
Example 3. Cumulative redetermination. (a) Facts. M owns all of S's
common and preferred stock. The preferred stock has a $100 annual,
cumulative preference as to dividends. For Year 1, S has $200 of taxable
income, the first $100 of which is allocated to the preferred stock and
the remaining $100 of which is allocated to the common stock. For Year
2, S has no adjustment under paragraph (b) of this section, and M sells
all of S's common stock at the close of Year 2.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(4) of this section, M's basis in
S's common stock must be redetermined as of the sale of the stock. The
redetermination is made by reallocating the $200 positive adjustment
under paragraph (b) of this section for Year 1 by taking into account
all of the facts and circumstances affecting allocations as of the sale.
Thus, the $200 positive adjustment for Year 1 is reallocated entirely to
the preferred stock to reflect the dividend arrearages for Years 1 and
2. The reallocation away from the common stock reflects the fact that,
because of the additional amount of arrearage in Year 2, the common
stock is not entitled to any part of the $200 of taxable income from
Year 1. Thus, the common stock has no positive or negative adjustment,
and the preferred stock has a $200 positive adjustment. These
reallocations are treated as the original allocations for Years 1 and 2.
(The results for the common stock would be the same if the common and
preferred stock were not owned by the same member, or the preferred
stock were owned by nonmembers.)
(c) Preferred stock issued after adjustment arises. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 3, except that S does not
issue its preferred stock until the beginning of Year 2, S has no
further adjustment under paragraph (b) of this section for Years 2 and
3, and M sells S's common stock at the close of Year 3. Under paragraphs
(c) (1) and (2) of this section, the $200 positive adjustment for Year 1
is initially allocated entirely to the common stock. Under paragraph
(c)(4) of this section, the $200 adjustment is reallocated to
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the preferred stock to reflect the arrearages for Years 2 and 3. Thus,
the common stock has no positive or negative adjustment.
(d) Common stock issued after adjustment arises. The facts are the
same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 3, except that S has no
preferred stock, S issues additional common stock of the same class at
the beginning of Year 2, S has no further adjustment under paragraph (b)
of this section in Years 2 and 3, and M sells its S common stock at the
close of Year 3. Under paragraphs (c) (1) and (2) of this section, the
$200 positive adjustment for Year 1 is initially allocated entirely to
the original common stock. Under paragraph (c)(4)(i)(A) of this section,
the $200 adjustment is not reallocated among the original common stock
and the additional stock. Unlike the preferred stock in paragraph (c) of
this Example 3, the additional common stock is of the same class as the
original stock, and there is no reallocation between shares of the same
class.
(e) Positive and negative adjustments. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 3, except that S has a $200 loss for Year
2 that results in a negative adjustment to the common stock before any
redetermination. For purposes of the basis redetermination under
paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the Year 1 and 2 adjustments under
paragraph (b) of this section are not netted. Thus, as in paragraph (b)
of this Example 3, the redetermination is made by reallocating the $200
positive adjustment for Year 1 entirely to the preferred stock. The $200
negative adjustment for Year 2 is allocated entirely to the common
stock. Consequently, the preferred stock has a $200 positive cumulative
adjustment, and the common stock has a $200 negative cumulative
adjustment. (The results would be the same if there were no other
adjustments described in paragraph (b) of this section, M sells S's
common stock at the close of Year 3 rather than Year 2, and an
additional $100 arrearage arises in Year 3; only adjustments under
paragraph (b) of this section may be reallocated, and there is no
additional adjustment for Year 3.)
(f) Current distributions. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(a) of this Example 3, except that, during Year 1, S declares and makes
a distribution to M of $100 as a dividend on the preferred stock and
$100 as a dividend on the common stock. The taxable income and
distributions result in no Year 1 adjustment under paragraph (b) of this
section for either the common or preferred stock. For example, if T
merges into S, S is treated, as the context may require, as a successor
to T and as becoming a member of the group. However, as in paragraph (b)
of this Example 3, the redetermination under paragraph (c)(4) of this
section is made by reallocating a $200 positive adjustment for Year 1
(S's net adjustment described in paragraph (b) of this section,
determined without taking distributions into account) to the preferred
stock. Consequently, the preferred stock has a $100 positive cumulative
adjustment ($200 of taxable income, less a $100 distribution with
respect to the preferred stock) and the common stock has a $100 negative
cumulative adjustment (for the distribution).
(g) Convertible preferred stock. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 3, except that the preferred stock is
convertible into common stock that is identical to the common stock
already outstanding, the holders of the preferred stock convert the
stock at the close of Year 2, and no stock is sold until the close of
Year 5. Under paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the $200 positive
adjustment for Year 1 is reallocated entirely to the preferred stock
immediately before the conversion. The newly issued common stock is
treated as a second class of S common stock, and adjustments under
paragraph (b) of this section are allocated between the original and the
new common stock under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section. Although
the preferred stock is converted to common stock, the $200 adjustment to
the preferred stock is not subsequently reallocated between the original
and the new common stock. Because the original and the new stock are
equivalent, adjustments under paragraph (b) of this section for
subsequent periods are allocated equally to each share.
(h) Prior use of allocations. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(a) of this Example 3, except that M sells 10% of S's common stock at
the close of Year 1, and the remaining 90% at the close of Year 2. M's
basis in the common stock sold in Year 1 reflects $10 of the adjustment
allocated to the common stock for Year 1. Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of
this section, because $10 of the Year 1 adjustment was used in
determining M's gain or loss, only $90 is reallocated to the preferred
stock, and $10 remains allocated to the common stock sold.
(i) Lower-tier members. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 3, except that M owns only S's common stock, and M is
also a subsidiary. If there is a redetermination under paragraph (c)(4)
of this section by a member owning M's stock, a redetermination with
respect to S's stock must be made first, and the effect of that
redetermination on M's adjustments is taken into account under paragraph
(b) of this section. However, as in paragraph (h) of this Example 3, to
the extent an amount of the initial adjustments with respect to S's
common stock have already been tiered up and used by a member owning M's
stock, that amount remains with S's common stock (and the higher-tier
member using the adjustment with respect to M's stock), and may not be
reallocated to S's preferred stock.
Example 4. Allocation to preferred stock between groups. (a) Facts.
M owns all of S's only
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class of stock, and S owns all of T's common and preferred stock. The
preferred stock has a $100 annual, cumulative preference as to
dividends. For Year 1, T has $200 of taxable income, the first $100 of
which is allocated to the preferred stock and the remaining $100 of
which is allocated to the common stock, and S has no adjustments other
than the amounts tiered up from T. S and T have no adjustments under
paragraph (b) of this section for Years 2 and 3. X, the common parent of
another consolidated group, purchases all of S's stock at the close of
Year 3, and S and T become members of the X group. For Year 4, T has
$200 of taxable income, and S has no adjustments other than the amounts
tiered up from T.
(b) Analysis for Years 1 through 3. Under paragraph (c)(4) of this
section, the allocation of S's adjustments under paragraph (b) of this
section (determined without taking distributions into account) must be
redetermined as of the time M sells S's stock. As a result of this
redetermination, T's common stock has no positive or negative adjustment
and the preferred stock has a $200 positive adjustment.
(c) Analysis for Year 4. Under paragraph (c)(3) of this section, the
allocation of T's $200 positive adjustment in Year 4 to T's preferred
stock with respect to arrearages is made by taking into account the
consolidated return years of both the M group and the X group. Thus, the
allocation of the $200 positive adjustment for Year 4 to T's preferred
stock is not treated as an allocation for a period for which the
preferred stock is owned by a nonmember. Thus, the $200 adjustment is
reflected in S's basis in T's preferred stock under paragraph (b) of
this section.
(d) Definitions. For purposes of this section--
(1) Class. The shares of a member having the same material terms
(without taking into account voting rights) are treated as a single
class of stock.
(2) Preferred stock. Preferred stock is stock that is limited and
preferred as to dividends and has a liquidation preference. A class of
stock that is not described in section 1504(a)(4), however, is not
treated as preferred stock for purposes of paragraph (c) of this section
if members own less than 80% of each class of common stock (determined
without taking this paragraph (d)(2) into account).
(3) Common stock. Common stock is stock that is not preferred stock.
(4) Becoming a nonmember. A member is treated as becoming a
nonmember if it has a separate return year (including another group's
consolidated return year). For example, S may become a nonmember if it
issues additional stock to nonmembers, but S does not become a nonmember
as a result of its complete liquidation.
(e) Anti-avoidance rule--(1) General rule. If any person acts with a
principal purpose contrary to the purposes of this section, to avoid the
effect of the rules of this section or apply the rules of this section
to avoid the effect of any other provision of the consolidated return
regulations, adjustments must be made as necessary to carry out the
purposes of this section.
(2) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (e) are illustrated
by the following examples.
Example 1. Preferred stock treated as common stock. (a) Facts. S has
100 shares of common stock and 100 shares of preferred stock described
in section 1504(a)(4). M owns 80 shares of S's common stock and all of
S's preferred stock. The shareholders expect that S will have negative
adjustments under paragraph (b) of this section for Years 1 and 2 (all
of which will be allocable to S's common stock), the negative
adjustments will have no significant effect on the value of S's stock,
and S will have offsetting positive adjustments thereafter. When the
preferred stock was issued, M intended to cause S to recapitalize the
preferred stock into additional common stock at the end of Year 2 in a
transaction described in section 368(a)(1)(E). M's temporary ownership
of the preferred stock is with a principal purpose to limit M's basis
reductions under paragraph (b) of this section to 80% of the anticipated
negative adjustments. The recapitalization is intended to cause
significantly more than 80% of the anticipated positive adjustments to
increase M's basis in S's stock because of M's increased ownership of
S's common stock immediately after the recapitalization.
(b) Analysis. S has established a transitory capital structure with
a principal purpose to enhance M's basis in S's stock under this
section. Under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, all of S's common and
preferred stock is treated as a single class of common stock in Years 1
and 2 for purposes of this section. Thus, S's items are allocated under
the principles of paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, and M decreases
its basis in both the common and preferred stock accordingly.
Example 2. Contribution of appreciated property. (a) Facts. M owns
all of the stock of S and T, and S and T each own 50% of the stock of U.
M's S stock has a $150 basis and $200 value, and M's T stock has a $200
basis and $200 value. With a principal purpose to
[[Page 443]]
eliminate M's gain from an anticipated sale of S's stock, T contributes
to U an asset with a $100 value and $0 basis, and S contributes $100
cash. U sells T's asset and recognizes a $100 gain that results in a
$100 positive adjustment under paragraph (b) of this section.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(2) of this section, U's adjustment
ordinarily would be allocated equally to each share of U's stock. If so
allocated, M's basis in S's stock would increase from $150 to $200 and M
would recognize no gain from the sale of S's stock for $200. Under
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, however, because T transferred an
appreciated asset to U with a principal purpose to shift a portion of
the stock basis increase from M's stock in T to M's stock in S, the
allocation of the $100 positive adjustment under paragraph (c) of this
section between the shares of U's stock must take into account the
contribution. Consequently, all $100 of the positive adjustment is
allocated to the U stock owned by T, rather than $50 to the U stock
owned by S and $50 to the U stock owned by T. M's basis in S's stock
remains $150, and its basis in T's stock increases to $300. Thus, M
recognizes a $50 gain from its sale of S's stock for $200.
Example 3. Reorganizations. (a) Facts. M forms S with an $800
contribution, $200 of which is in exchange for S's preferred stock
described in section 1504(a)(4) and the balance of which is for S's
common stock. For Years 1 through 3, S has a total of $160 of ordinary
income, $60 of which is distributed with respect to the preferred stock
in satisfaction of its $20 annual preference as to dividends. Under this
section, M's basis in S's preferred stock is unchanged, and its basis in
S's common stock is increased from $600 to $700. To reduce its gain from
an anticipated sale of S's preferred stock, M forms T at the close of
Year 3 with a contribution of all of S's stock in exchange for
corresponding common and preferred stock of T in a transaction to which
section 351 applies. At the time of the contribution, the fair market
value of the common stock is $700 and the fair market value of the
preferred stock is $300 (due to a decrease in prevailing market interest
rates). M subsequently sells T's preferred stock for $300.
(b) Analysis. Under section 358(b), M ordinarily has a $630 basis in
T's common stock (70% of the $900 aggregate stock basis) and a $270
basis in T's preferred stock (30% of the $900 aggregate stock basis).
However, because M transferred S's stock to T with a principal purpose
to shift the allocation of basis adjustments under this section,
adjustments are made under paragraph (e)(1) of this section to preserve
the allocation under this section. Thus, M has a $700 basis in T's
common stock and a $200 basis in T's preferred stock. Consequently, M
recognizes a $100 gain from the sale of T's preferred stock.
Example 4. Post-deconsolidation basis adjustments. (a) Facts. For
Year 1, the M group has $40 of taxable income when determined by
including only S's items of income, gain, deduction, and loss taken into
account, and M increases its basis in S's stock by $40 under paragraph
(b) of this section. M anticipates that S will have a $40 ordinary loss
for Year 2 that will be carried back and offset S's income in Year 1 and
result in a $40 reduction to M's basis in S's stock for Year 2 under
paragraph (b) of this section. With a principal purpose to avoid the
reduction, M causes S to issue voting preferred stock that results in S
becoming a nonmember at the beginning of Year 2. As anticipated, S has a
$40 loss for Year 2, which is carried back to Year 1 and offsets S's
income from Year 1.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, because M
caused S to become a nonmember with a principal purpose to absorb S's
loss but avoid the corresponding negative adjustment under this section,
and M bears a substantial portion of the loss because of its continued
ownership of S common stock, the basis of M's common stock in S is
decreased by $40 for Year 2. (If M has less than a $40 basis in the
retained S stock, M must recognize income for Year 2 to the extent of
the excess.) Section 1504(a)(3) limits the ability of S to subsequently
rejoin the M group's consolidated return.
(c) Carryback to pre-consolidation year. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (a) of this Example 4, except that M anticipates that S's
loss will be carried back and absorbed in a separate return year of S
before Year 1 (rather than to the M group's consolidated return for Year
1). Although M causes S to become a nonmember with a principal purpose
to avoid the negative adjustment under this section, and M bears a
substantial portion of the loss because of its continued ownership of S
common stock, both S's income and loss are taken into account under the
separate return rules. Consequently, no one has acted with a principal
purpose contrary to the purposes of this section, and no adjustments are
necessary to carry out the purposes of this section.
Example 5. Pre-consolidation basis adjustments. (a) Facts. M forms S
with a $100 contribution, and S becomes a member of the M affiliated
group which does not file consolidated returns. For Years 1 through 3, S
earns $300. M anticipates that it will elect under section 1501 for the
M group to begin filing consolidated returns in Year 5. In anticipation
of filing consolidated returns, and to avoid the negative stock basis
adjustment that would result under paragraph (b) of this section from
distributing S's earnings after Year 5, M causes S to distribute $300
during Year 4 as a qualifying dividend within the meaning of section
243(b). There is no plan or intention to recontribute the funds to S
after the distribution.
[[Page 444]]
(b) Analysis. Although S's distribution of $300 is with a principal
purpose to avoid a corresponding negative adjustment under this section,
the $300 was both earned and distributed entirely under the separate
return rules. Consequently, M and S have not acted with a principal
purpose contrary to the purposes of this section, and no adjustments are
necessary to carry out the purposes of this section.
(f) Predecessors and successors. For purposes of this section, any
reference to a corporation or to a share of stock includes a reference
to a successor or predecessor as the context may require. A corporation
is a successor if the basis of its assets is determined, directly or
indirectly, in whole or in part, by reference to the basis of another
corporation (the predecessor). For example, if T merges into S, S is
treated, as the context may require, as a successor to T and as becoming
a member of the group. A share is a successor if its basis is
determined, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, by reference to
the basis of another share (the predecessor).
(g) Recordkeeping. Adjustments under this section must be reflected
annually on permanent records (including work papers). See also section
6001, requiring records to be maintained. The group must be able to
identify from these permanent records the amount and allocation of
adjustments, including the nature of any tax-exempt income and
noncapital, nondeductible expenses, so as to permit the application of
the rules of this section for each year.
(h) Effective/applicability date--(1) General rule. Except as
provided in paragraph (h)(8) of this section, this section applies with
respect to determinations of the basis of the stock of a subsidiary
(e.g., for determining gain or loss from a disposition of stock), in
consolidated return years beginning on or after January 1, 1995. If this
section applies, basis must be determined or redetermined as if this
section were in effect for all years (including, for example, the
consolidated return years of another consolidated group to the extent
adjustments from those years are still reflected). For example, if the
portion of a consolidated net operating loss carryover attributable to S
expired in 1990 and is treated as a noncapital, nondeductible expense
under paragraph (b) of this section, it is taken into account in tax
years beginning on or after January 1, 1995 as a negative adjustment for
1990. Any such determination or redetermination does not, however,
affect any prior period. Thus, the negative adjustment for S's
noncapital, nondeductible expense is not taken into account for tax
years beginning before January 1, 1995.
(2) Dispositions of stock before effective date--(i) In general. If
M disposes of stock of S in a consolidated return year beginning before
January 1, 1995, the amount of M's income, gain, deduction, or loss, and
the basis reflected in that amount, are not redetermined under this
section. See Sec. 1.1502-19 as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition
revised as of April 1, 1994 for the definition of disposition, and
paragraph (h)(5) of this section for the rules applicable to such
dispositions.
(ii) Lower-tier members. Although M disposes of S's stock in a tax
year beginning before January 1, 1995, S's determinations or adjustments
with respect to the stock of a lower-tier member with which it continues
to file a consolidated return are redetermined in accordance with the
rules of this section (even if they were previously taken into account
by M and reflected in income, gain, deduction, or loss from the
disposition of S's stock). For example, assume that M owns all of S's
stock, S owns all of T's stock, and T owns all of U's stock. If S sells
80% of T's stock in a tax year beginning before January 1, 1995 (the
effective date), the amount of S's income, gain, deduction, or loss from
the sale, and the stock basis adjustments reflected in that amount, are
not redetermined if M sells S's stock after the effective date. If S
sells the remaining 20% of T's stock after the effective date, S's stock
basis adjustments with respect to that T stock are also not redetermined
because T became a nonmember before the effective date. However, if T
and U continue to file a consolidated return with each other and T sells
U's stock after the effective date, T's stock basis adjustments with
respect to U's stock are redetermined (even though some of those
adjustments may have been taken into account by S in its prior
[[Page 445]]
sale of T's stock before the effective date).
(iii) Deferred amounts. For purposes of this paragraph (h)(2), a
disposition does not include a transaction to which Sec. 1.1502-13,
Sec. 1.1502-13T, Sec. 1.1502-14, or Sec. 1.1502-14T applies. Instead,
the transaction is deemed to occur as the income, gain, deduction, or
loss (if any) is taken into account.
(3) Distributions--(i) Deemed dividend elections. If there is a
deemed distribution and recontribution pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-32(f)(2)
as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1994 in
a consolidated return year beginning before January 1, 1995, the deemed
distribution and recontribution under the election are treated as an
actual distribution by S and recontribution by M as provided under the
election.
(ii) Affiliated earnings and profits. This section does not apply to
reduce the basis in S's stock as a result of a distribution of earnings
and profits accumulated in separate return years, if the distribution is
made in a consolidated return year beginning before January 1, 1995, and
the distribution does not cause a negative adjustment under the
investment adjustment rules in effect at the time of the distribution.
See paragraph (h)(5) of this section for the rules in effect with
respect to the distribution.
(4) Expiring loss carryovers. If S became a member of a consolidated
group in a consolidated return year beginning before January 1, 1995,
and S had a loss carryover from a separate return limitation year at
that time, the group does not treat any expiration of the loss carryover
(even if in a tax year beginning on or after January 1, 1995) as a
noncapital, nondeductible expense resulting in a negative adjustment
under this section. If S becomes a member of a consolidated group in a
consolidated return year beginning on or after January 1, 1995, and S
has a loss carryover from a separate return limitation year at that
time, adjustments with respect to the expiration are determined under
this section.
(5) Prior law--(i) In general. For prior determinations, see prior
regulations under section 1502 as in effect with respect to the
determination. See, e.g., Sec. Sec. 1.1502-32 and 1.1502-32T as
contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1994.
(ii) Continuing basis reductions for certain deconsolidated
subsidiaries. If a subsidiary ceases to be a member of a group in a
consolidated return year beginning before January 1, 1995, and its basis
was subject to reduction under Sec. 1.1502-32T or Sec. 1.1502-32(g) as
contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1994, its
basis remains subject to reduction under those principles. For example,
if S ceased to be a member in 1990, and M's basis in any retained S
stock was subject to a basis reduction account, the basis remains
subject to reduction. Similarly, if an election could be made to apply
Sec. 1.1502-32T instead of Sec. 1.1502-32(g), the election remains
available. However, Sec. Sec. 1.1502-32T and 1.1502-32(g) do not apply
as a result of a subsidiary ceasing to be a member in tax years
beginning on or after January 1, 1995.
(6) Loss suspended under Sec. 1.1502-35(c) or disallowed under
Sec. 1.1502-35(g)(3)(iii). Paragraphs (a)(2), (b)(3)(iii)(C),
(b)(3)(iii)(D), and (b)(4)(vi) of this section are applicable on and
after March 10, 2006. For rules applicable before March 10, 2006, see
Sec. 1.1502-32T(h)(6) as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on
January 1, 2006.
(7) Rules related to discharge of indebtedness income excluded from
gross income. Paragraphs (b)(1)(ii), (b)(3)(ii)(C)(1), (b)(3)(iii)(A),
and (b)(5)(ii), Example 4, paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section
apply with respect to determinations of the basis of the stock of a
subsidiary in consolidated return years the original return for which is
due (without regard to extensions) after March 21, 2005. However, groups
may apply those provisions with respect to determinations of the basis
of the stock of a subsidiary in consolidated return years the original
return for which is due (without regard to extensions) on or before
March 21, 2005, and after August 29, 2003. For determinations of the
basis of the stock of a subsidiary in consolidated return years the
original return for which is due (without regard to extensions) on or
before March 21, 2005, and after August 29, 2003, with respect to which
a group chooses not to apply paragraphs
[[Page 446]]
(b)(1)(ii), (b)(3)(ii)(C)(1), (b)(3)(iii)(A), and (b)(5)(ii), Example 4,
paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section, see Sec. 1.1502-
32T(b)(3)(ii)(C)(1), (b)(3)(iii)(A), and (b)(5)(ii), Example 4,
paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised as of
April 1, 2004.
(8) Determination of stock basis in reorganization with boot.
Paragraph (b)(5)(ii) Example 6 of this section applies only with respect
to determinations of the basis of the stock of a subsidiary on or after
January 23, 2006. For determinations of the basis of the stock of a
subsidiary before January 23, 2006, see Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(5)(ii)
Example 6 as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April
1, 2005.
(9) Allocations of investment adjustments, including adjustments
attributable to certain loss transfers; certain conforming amendments.
Paragraphs (a)(2), (b)(3)(ii)(C)(2), (c)(1), (c)(2)(i), (c)(2)(ii)(A),
(c)(3), and (c)(4)(i) of this section are applicable for determinations
of the basis of stock of a subsidiary on or after September 17, 2008.
(i) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-32T(i)
through (j)(1).
(j) Effective/applicability date. Paragraph (b)(4)(iv) of this
section applies to any original consolidated Federal income tax return
due (without extensions) after June 14, 2007. For original consolidated
Federal income tax returns due (without extensions) after May 30, 2006,
and on or before June 14, 2007, see Sec. 1.1502-32T as contained in 26
CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2007. For original consolidated Federal
income tax returns due (without extensions) on or before May 30, 2006,
see Sec. 1.1502-32 as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1,
2006.
(k) [Reserved]. For further guidance, see Sec. 1.1502-32T(k).
[T.D. 8560, 59 FR 41685, Aug. 15, 1994]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1502-32, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Sec. 1.1502-33 Earnings and profits.
(a) In general--(1) Purpose. This section provides rules for
adjusting the earnings and profits of a subsidiary (S) and any member
(P) owning S's stock. These rules modify the determination of P's
earnings and profits under applicable rules of law, including section
312, by adjusting P's earnings and profits to reflect S's earnings and
profits for the period that S is a member of the consolidated group. The
purpose for modifying the determination of earnings and profits is to
treat P and S as a single entity by reflecting the earnings and profits
of lower-tier members in the earnings and profits of higher-tier members
and consolidating the group's earnings and profits in the common parent.
References in this section to earnings and profits include deficits in
earnings and profits.
(2) Application of other rules of law, duplicative adjustments. See
Sec. 1.1502-80(a) regarding the general applicability of other rules of
law and a limitation on duplicative adjustments. The rules of this
section are in addition to other rules of law. For example, the
allowance for depreciation is determined in accordance with section
312(k). P's earnings and profits must not be adjusted under this section
and other rules of law in a manner that has the effect of duplicating an
adjustment. For example, if S's earnings and profits are reflected in
P's earnings and profits under paragraph (b) of this section, and S
transfers its assets to P in a liquidation to which section 332 applies,
S's earnings and profits that P succeeds to under section 381 must be
adjusted to prevent duplication.
(b) Tiering up earnings and profits--(1) General rule. P's earnings
and profits are adjusted under this section to reflect changes in S's
earnings and profits in accordance with the applicable principles of
Sec. 1.1502-32, consistently applied, and an adjustment to P's earnings
and profits for a tax year under this paragraph (b)(1) is treated as
earnings and profits of P for the tax year in which the adjustment
arises. Under these principles, for example, the adjustments are made as
of the close of each consolidated return year, and as of any other time
if a determination at that time is necessary to determine the earnings
and profits of any person. Similarly, S's earnings and profits are
allocated under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-32(c), and the
adjustments are applied in the order of the tiers, from
[[Page 447]]
the lowest to the highest. However, modifications to the principles
include:
(i) The amount of P's adjustment is determined by reference to S's
earnings and profits, rather than S's taxable and tax-exempt items (and
therefore, for example, the deferral of a negative adjustment for S's
unabsorbed losses does not apply).
(ii) The tax sharing rules under paragraph (d) of this section apply
rather than those of Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(iv)(D).
(2) Affiliated earnings and profits. The reduction in S's earnings
and profits under section 312 from a distribution of earnings and
profits accumulated in separate return years of S that are not separate
return limitation years does not tier up to P's earnings and profits.
Thus, the increase in P's earnings and profits under section 312 from
receipt of the distribution is not offset by a corresponding reduction.
(3) Examples--(i) In general. For purposes of the examples in this
section, unless otherwise stated, P owns all of the only class of S's
stock, the stock is owned for the entire year, S owns no stock of lower-
tier members, the tax year of all persons is the calendar year, all
persons use the accrual method of accounting, the facts set forth the
only corporate activity, preferred stock is described in section
1504(a)(4), all transactions are between unrelated persons, and tax
liabilities are disregarded.
(ii) Tiering up earnings and profits. The principles of this
paragraph (b) are illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Tier-up and distribution of earnings and profits. (a)
Facts. P forms S in Year 1 with a $100 contribution. S has $100 of
earnings and profits for Year 1 and no earnings and profits for Year 2.
During Year 2, S declares and distributes a $50 dividend to P.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, S's $100 of
earnings and profits for Year 1 increases P's earnings and profits for
Year 1. P has no additional earnings and profits for Year 2 as a result
of the $50 distribution in Year 2, because there is a $50 increase in
P's earnings and profits as a result of the receipt of the dividend and
a corresponding $50 decrease in S's earnings and profits under section
312(a) that is reflected in P's earnings and profits under paragraph
(b)(1) of this section.
(c) Distribution of current earnings and profits. The facts are the
same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that S distributes
the $50 dividend at the end of Year 1 rather than during Year 2. Under
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, P's earnings and profits are increased
by $100 (S's $50 of undistributed earnings and profits, plus P's receipt
of the $50 distribution). Thus, S's earnings and profits increase by $50
and P's earnings and profits increase by $100.
(d) Affiliated earnings and profits. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that P and S do not begin filing
consolidated returns until Year 2. Because P and S file separate returns
for Year 1, P's basis in S's stock remains $100 under Sec. 1.1502-32
and this section, S has $100 of earnings and profits, and none of S's
earnings and profits is reflected in P's earnings and profits under
paragraph (b) of this section. S's distribution in Year 2 ordinarily
would reduce S's earnings and profits but not increase P's earnings and
profits. (P's $50 of earnings and profits from the dividend would be
offset by S's $50 reduction in earnings and profits that tiers up under
paragraph (b) of this section.) However, under paragraph (b)(2) of this
section, the negative adjustment for S's distribution to P does not
apply. Thus, S's distribution reduces its earnings and profits by $50
but increases P's earnings and profits by $50. (If S's earnings and
profits had been accumulated in a separate return limitation year,
paragraph (b)(2) of this section would not apply and the distribution
would reduce S's earnings and profits but not increase P's earnings and
profits.)
(e) Earnings and profits deficit. Assume instead that after P forms
S in Year 1 with a $100 contribution, S borrows additional funds and has
a $150 deficit in earnings and profits for Year 1. The corresponding
loss for tax purposes is not absorbed in Year 1, and is included in the
group's consolidated net operating loss carried forward to Year 2. Under
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, however, S's $150 deficit in earnings
and profits decreases P's earnings and profits for Year 1 by $150.
(Absorption of the loss in a later tax year has no effect on the
earnings and profits of P and S.)
Example 2. Section 355 distribution. (a) Facts. P owns all of S's
stock and S owns all of T's stock. For Year 1, T has $100 of earnings
and profits. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the earnings and
profits of T tier up to S and to P. S and P have no other earnings and
profits for Year 1. S distributes T's stock to P at the end of Year 1 in
a distribution to which section 355 applies.
(b) Analysis. Because S's distribution of T's stock is a
distribution to which section 355 applies, the applicable principles of
Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(iv) do not require P's earnings and profits to be
adjusted by reason of the distribution. In addition, although S's
earnings and profits may be reduced under section 312(h) as a result of
the distribution, the applicable principles of Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(3)(iii) do
[[Page 448]]
not require P's earnings and profits to be adjusted to reflect this
reduction in S's earnings and profits.
Example 3. Allocating earnings and profits among shares. P owns 80%
of S's stock throughout Year 1. For Year 1, S has $100 of earnings and
profits. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, $80 of S's earnings and
profits is allocated to P based on P's ownership of S's stock.
Accordingly, $80 of S's earnings and profits for Year 1 is reflected in
P's earnings and profits for Year 1.
(c) Special rules. For purposes of this section--
(1) Stock of members. For purposes of determining P's earnings and
profits from the disposition of S's stock, P's basis in S's stock is
adjusted to reflect S's earnings and profits determined under paragraph
(b) of this section, rather than under Sec. 1.1502-32. For example, P's
basis in S's stock is increased by positive earnings and profits and
decreased by deficits in earnings and profits. Similarly, P's basis in
S's stock is not reduced for distributions to which paragraph (b)(2) of
this section applies (affiliated earnings and profits). P may have an
excess loss account in S's stock for earnings and profits purposes
(whether or not there is an excess loss account under Sec. 1.1502-32),
and the excess loss account is determined, adjusted, and taken into
account in accordance with the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-19 and
1.1502-32.
(2) Intercompany transactions. Intercompany items and corresponding
items are not reflected in earnings and profits before they are taken
into account under Sec. 1.1502-13. See Sec. 1.1502-13 for the
applicable rules and definitions.
(3) Example. The principles of this paragraph (c) are illustrated by
the following example.
Example. Adjustments to stock basis. (a) Facts. P forms S in Year 1
with a $100 contribution. For Year 1, S has $75 of taxable income and
$100 of earnings and profits. For Year 2, S has no taxable income or
earnings and profits, and S declares and distributes a $50 dividend to
P. P sells all of S's stock for $150 at the end of Year 2.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, P's basis in
S's stock for earnings and profits purposes immediately before the sale
is $150 (the $100 initial basis, plus S's $100 of earnings and profits
for Year 1, minus the $50 distribution of earnings and profits in Year
2). Thus, P recognizes no gain or loss from the sale of S's stock for
earnings and profits purposes.
(c) Earnings and profits deficit. Assume instead that S has a $100
tax loss and earnings and profits deficit for Year 1. The tax loss is
not absorbed in Year 1 and is included in the group's consolidated net
operating loss carried forward to Year 2. Under paragraph (b) of this
section, S's $100 deficit in earnings and profits decreases P's earnings
and profits for Year 1. Under paragraph (c) of this section, P decreases
its basis in S's stock for purposes of determining earnings and profits
from $100 to $0. (If S had borrowed an additional $50 that it also lost
in Year 1, P would have decreased its earnings and profits for Year 1 by
the additional $50, and P would have had a $50 excess loss account in
S's stock for earnings and profits purposes, which would be taken into
account in determining P's earnings and profits from its sale of S's
stock.)
(d) Affiliated earnings and profits. Assume instead that P and S do
not begin filing consolidated returns until Year 2. Under paragraph (b)
of this section, the negative adjustment under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) for
distributions does not apply to S's distribution of earnings and profits
accumulated in a separate return year that is a not separate return
limitation year. Thus, P's basis in S's stock for earnings and profits
purposes remains $100, and P has $50 of earnings and profits from the
sale of S's stock.
(d) Federal income tax liability--(1) In general--(i) Extension of
tax allocations. Section 1552 allocates the tax liability of a
consolidated group among its members for purposes of determining the
amounts by which their earnings and profits are reduced for taxes.
Section 1552 does not reflect the absorption by one member of another
member's tax attributes (e.g., losses, deductions and credits). For
example, if P's $100 of income is offset by S's $100 of deductions,
consolidated tax liability is $0 and no amount is allocated under
section 1552. However, the group may elect under this paragraph (d) to
allocate additional amounts to reflect the absorption by one member of
the tax attributes of another member. Permissible methods are set forth
in paragraphs (d)(2) through (4) of this section, and election
procedures are provided in paragraph (d)(5) of this section. Allocations
under this paragraph (d) must be reflected annually on permanent records
(including work papers). Any computations of separate return tax
liability are subject to the principles of section 1561.
[[Page 449]]
(ii) Effect of extended tax allocations. The amounts allocated under
this paragraph (d) are treated as allocations of tax liability for
purposes of Sec. 1.1552-1(b)(2). For example, if P's taxable income is
offset by S's loss, and tax liability is allocated under the percentage
method of paragraph (d)(3) of this section, P's earnings and profits are
reduced as if its income were subject to tax, P is treated as liable to
S for the amount of the tax, and corresponding adjustments are made to
S's earnings and profits. If the liability of one member to another is
not paid, the amount not paid generally is treated as a distribution,
contribution, or both, depending on the relationship between the
members.
(2) Wait-and-see method. The wait-and-see method under this
paragraph (d)(2) is derived from Securities and Exchange Commission
procedures. In the year that a member's tax attribute is absorbed, the
group's consolidated tax liability is allocated in accordance with the
group's method under section 1552. When, in effect, the member with the
tax attribute could have absorbed the attribute on a separate return
basis in a later year, a portion of the group's consolidated tax
liability for the later year that is otherwise allocated to members
under section 1552 is reallocated. The reallocation takes into account
all consolidated return years to which this paragraph (d) applies (the
computation period), and is determined by comparing the tax allocated to
a member during the computation period with the member's tax liability
determined as if it had filed separate returns during the computation
period.
(i) Cap on allocation under section 1552. A member's allocation
under section 1552 for a tax year may not exceed the excess, if any,
of--
(A) The total of the tax liabilities of the member for the
computation period (including the current year), determined as if the
member had filed separate returns; over
(B) The total amount allocated to the member under section 1552 and
this paragraph (d) for the computation period (except the current year).
(ii) Reallocation of capped amounts. To the extent that the amount
allocated to a member under section 1552 exceeds the limitation under
paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, the excess is allocated among the
remaining members in proportion to (but not to exceed the amount of)
each member's excess, if any, of--
(A) The total of the tax liabilities of the member for the
computation period (including the current year), determined as if the
member had filed separate returns; over
(B) The total amount allocated to the member under section 1552 and
this paragraph (d) for the computation period (including for the current
year only the amount allocated under section 1552).
(iii) Reallocation of excess capped amounts. If the reductions under
paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section exceed the amounts allocable under
paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, the excess is allocated among the
members in accordance with the group's method under section 1552 without
taking this paragraph (d)(2) into account.
(3) Percentage method. The percentage method under this paragraph
(d)(3) allocates tax liability based on the absorption of tax
attributes, without taking into account the ability of any member to
subsequently absorb its own tax attributes. The allocation under this
method is in addition to the allocation under section 1552.
(i) Decreased earnings and profits. A member's allocation under
section 1552 for any year is increased, thereby decreasing its earnings
and profits, by a fixed percentage (not to exceed 100%) of the excess,
if any, of--
(A) The member's separate return tax liability for the consolidated
return year as determined under Sec. 1.1552-1(a)(2)(ii); over
(B) The amount allocated to the member under section 1552.
(ii) Increased earnings and profits. An amount equal to the total
decrease in earnings and profits under paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this
section (including amounts allocated as a result of a carryback)
increases the earnings and profits of the members whose attributes are
absorbed, and is allocated among them in a manner that reasonably
reflects the absorption of the tax attributes.
[[Page 450]]
(4) Additional methods. The absorption by one member of the tax
attributes of another member may be reflected under any other method
approved in writing by the Commissioner.
(5) Election of allocation method--(i) In general. Tax liability may
be allocated under this paragraph (d) only if an election is filed with
the group's first return. The election must--
(A) Be made in a separate statement entitled ``ELECTION TO ALLOCATE
TAX LIABILITY UNDER Sec. 1.1502-33(d)'';
(B) State the allocation method elected under Sec. 1.1502-33(d) and
under section 1552;
(C) If the percentage method is elected, state the percentage (not
to exceed 100%) to be used; and
(D) If a method is permitted under paragraph (d)(4) of this section,
provide the date and control number of the private letter ruling issued
by the Internal Revenue Service approving such method.
(ii) Consent--(A) Electing or changing methods. An election for a
later year, or an election to change methods, may be made only with the
written consent of the Commissioner.
(B) Prior law elections. An election in effect for the last tax year
beginning before January 1, 1995, remains in effect under this section.
However, a group may elect to conform its earnings and profits
computations to the method described in Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(iv)(D)
(the percentage method, using a 100% allocation), whether or not it has
previously made an election for earnings and profits purposes. If a
conforming election is made, the group must make all adjustments
necessary to prevent amounts from being duplicated or omitted. The
conforming election is made by attaching a statement entitled ``ELECTION
TO CONFORM TAX ALLOCATIONS UNDER Sec. Sec. 1.1502-32 and 1.1502-33(d)''
to the consolidated group's return for its first tax year beginning on
or after January 1, 1995. The statement must be signed by the common
parent, and must specify whether the method is conformed only for years
beginning on or after January 1, 1995 or as if the method were in effect
for all prior years. The statement must also describe the adjustments
made by reason of the change (e.g., to reflect prior use of earnings and
profits).
(6) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (d) are illustrated
by the following examples.
Example 1. Wait-and-see method. (a) Facts. P owns all of the stock
of S1 and S2. The P group uses the wait-and-see method of allocation
under paragraph (d)(2) of this section in conjunction with Sec. 1.1552-
1(a)(1). For Year 1, each member's taxable income, both for purposes of
Sec. 1.1552-1(a)(1) and redetermined as if the member had filed
separate returns, is as follows: P $0, S1 $2,000, and S2 ($1,000). Thus,
the P group's consolidated tax liability for Year 1 is $340 (assuming a
34% tax rate).
(b) Analysis. Under Sec. 1.1552-1(a)(1)(i), the tax liability of
the P group is allocated among the members in accordance with the
portion of the consolidated taxable income attributable to each member
having taxable income. Thus, all of the P group's $340 consolidated tax
liability is allocated to S1. As a result, S1 decreases its earnings and
profits under section 1552 by $340 (even if S1 does not pay the tax
liability). No further allocations are made under paragraph (d)(2) of
this section because S2 cannot yet absorb its loss on a separate return
basis.
(c) Payment of tax liability. If S1 pays the $340 tax liability,
there is no further effect on the income, earnings and profits, or stock
basis of any member. If P pays the $340 tax liability (and the payment
is not a loan from P to S1), P is treated as making a $340 contribution
to the capital of S1; if S2 pays the $340 tax liability (and the payment
is not a loan from S2 to S1), S2 is treated as making a $340
distribution to P with respect to its stock, and P is treated as making
a $340 contribution to the capital of S1. See Sec. 1.1552-1(b)(2).
(d) Year 2. For Year 2, each member's taxable income, under Sec.
1.1552-1(a)(1)(ii) and redetermined as if the member had filed separate
returns, without taking into account any carryover from Year 1, is as
follows: P $0, S1 $1,000, and S2 $3,000. Thus, the P group's
consolidated tax liability for Year 2 is $1,360 (assuming a 34% tax
rate). Of this amount, section 1552 would allocate $340 to S1 and $1,020
to S2. However, under paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section, no more than
$680 may be allocated to S2. This is because S2 would have had an
aggregate tax liability of $680 if it had filed separate returns for
Years 1 and 2 (a $0 tax liability for Year 1, and a $680 tax liability
for Year 2, taking into account a $1,000 net operating loss carryover
from Year 1). Under paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section, the entire
excess of $340 which would otherwise be allocated to S2 under Sec.
1.1552-1(a)(1) is allocated to S1. This is because S1 would have had an
additional $340 of aggregate tax liability if it had
[[Page 451]]
filed separate returns for Years 1 and 2 (a $680 tax liability for Year
1, and a $340 tax liability for Year 2, not taking into account S2's
$1,000 net operating loss for Year 1). The effect of the allocation of
$680 to S1 and $680 to S2 is determined under Sec. 1.1552-1(b)(2).
Example 2. Percentage method. (a) Facts. The facts are the same as
in Example 1, but the P group uses the percentage method of allocation
under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, with a percentage of 100%. In
addition, the taxable incomes and losses of the members are the same if
computed as provided in Sec. 1.1552-1(a)(2)(ii).
(b) Analysis. Under Sec. 1.1552-1(a)(2)(ii), $340 of tax liability
is allocated to S1 for Year 1. Under paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this
section, S1 is allocated another $340 of tax liability because S1 would
have had a $680 tax liability if it had filed separate returns but only
$340 is allocated to S1 under section 1552. Thus, S1's earnings and
profits are decreased by the $680 total. Under paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of
this section, S2's earnings and profits are increased by $340 because
the additional $340 allocated to S1 under paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this
section is attributable to the absorption of S2's losses.
(c) Payment of tax liability. If S1 pays the $340 tax liability of
the P group and pays $340 to S2, the Year 1 tax liability results in no
further adjustments to the income, earnings and profits, or basis of any
member's stock. If S1 pays the $340 tax liability of the P group and
pays the other $340 to P instead of S2 because, for example, of an
agreement among the members, S2 is treated as distributing $340 to P
with respect to its stock in the year that S1 makes the payment to P.
See Sec. 1.1552-1(b)(2).
(d) Year 2. For Year 2, $340 is allocated to S1 and $1,020 is
allocated to S2 under section 1552. No additional amounts are allocated
under paragraph (d)(3) of this section.
(e) Deconsolidations--(1) In general. Immediately before it becomes
a nonmember, S's earnings and profits are eliminated to the extent they
were taken into account by any member under this section. If S's
earnings and profits are eliminated under this paragraph (e)(1), no
corresponding adjustment is made to the earnings and profits of P (or
any other member) under paragraph (b) of this section or to any basis in
a member's stock under paragraph (c) of this section. For this purpose,
S is treated as becoming a nonmember on the first day of its first
separate return year (including another group's consolidated return
year).
(2) Acquisition of group--(i) Application. This paragraph (e)(2)
applies only if a consolidated group (the terminating group) ceases to
exist as a result of--
(A) The acquisition of either the assets of the common parent of the
terminating group in a reorganization described in section 381(a)(2), or
the stock of the common parent of the terminating group; or
(B) The application of the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2) or
(d)(3).
(ii) General rule. Paragraph (e)(1) of this section does not apply
solely by reason of the termination of a group because it is acquired,
if there is a surviving group that is, immediately thereafter, a
consolidated group. Instead, the surviving group is treated as the
terminating group for purposes of applying this paragraph (e) to the
terminating group. This treatment does not apply, however, to members of
the terminating group that are not members of the surviving consolidated
group immediately after the terminating group ceases to exist (e.g.,
under section 1504(a)(3) relating to reconsolidation, or section 1504(c)
relating to includible insurance companies).
(3) Certain corporate separations and reorganizations. The
adjustments under paragraph (e)(1) of this section must be modified to
the extent necessary to effectuate the principles of section 312(h).
Thus, P's earnings and profits rather than S's earnings and profits may
be eliminated immediately before S becomes a nonmember. P's earnings and
profits are eliminated to the extent that its earnings and profits
reflect S's earnings and profits after applying section 312(h)
immediately after S becomes a nonmember (determined without taking this
paragraph (e) into account).
(4) Special uses of earnings and profits. Paragraph (e)(1) of this
section does not apply for purposes of determining--
(i) The extent to which a distribution is charged to reserve
accounts under section 593(e);
(ii) The extent to which a distribution is taxable to the recipient
under sections 805(a)(4) and 832; and
(iii) Any other special use identified in guidance published in the
Internal Revenue Bulletin.
(5) Example. The principles of this paragraph (e) are illustrated by
the following example.
[[Page 452]]
Example. (a) Facts. Individuals A and B own all of P's stock, and P
owns all of the stock of S and T, each with a $500 basis. For Year 1, S
has $100 of earnings and profits and T has $50 of earnings and profits.
Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the earnings and profits of S
and T tier up to P, and P has $150 of earnings and profits for Year 1. P
sells all of S's stock for $600 at the close of Year 1.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (e)(1) of this section, S's $100 of
earnings and profits is eliminated immediately before S becomes a
nonmember because the earnings and profits are taken into account under
paragraph (b) of this section in P's earnings and profits. However, no
corresponding adjustment is made to P's earnings and profits or to P's
basis in S's stock for purposes of earnings and profits. P's earnings
and profits for Year 1 remain $150 following the sale of S's stock.
(c) Forward merger. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of
this Example, except that, rather than P selling S's stock, S merges
into a nonmember in a transaction described in section 368(a)(2)(D).
Under paragraph (h) of this section, the nonmember is treated as a
successor to S. Thus, as in paragraph (b) of this Example, S's $100 of
earnings and profits is eliminated immediately before S ceases to be a
member.
(d) Acquisition of entire group. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (a) of this Example, except that X, the common parent of
another consolidated group, purchases all of P's stock at the close of
Year 1, and P sells S's stock during Year 3. Under paragraph (e)(2) of
this section, the earnings and profits of S and T are not eliminated as
a result of X purchasing P's stock. However, S's earnings and profits
from consolidated return years of both the P group and the X group are
eliminated immediately before S becomes a nonmember of the X group.
(e) Earnings and profits deficit. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (d) of this Example, except that S has a $550 deficit in
earnings and profits for Year 1. The effect of paragraph (e)(1) of this
section is the same. Under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, P would
have an excess loss account in S's stock for earnings and profits
purposes under the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-19 and 1.1502-32,
and, under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(2), the excess loss
account is not taken into account as a result of X's purchase of P's
stock. Under paragraph (e)(2) of this section, S's deficit is not
eliminated under paragraph (e)(1) of this section immediately before X's
purchase of P's stock. However, S's earnings and profits (or deficit) is
eliminated immediately before S becomes a nonmember of the X group.
(f) Section 355 distribution. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(a) of this Example, except that, rather than selling S's stock, P
distributes S's stock to A at the close of Year 1 in a distribution to
which section 355 applies. Under paragraph (e)(3) of this section, P's
earnings and profits may be reduced under section 312(h) as a result of
the distribution. To the extent that P's earnings and profits are
reduced, S's earnings and profits are not eliminated under paragraph
(e)(1) of this section.
(f) Changes in the structure of the group--(1) Changes in the common
parent--(i) General rule. If P succeeds another corporation under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d) (2) or (3) as the common parent of a
consolidated group (a group structure change), the earnings and profits
of P are adjusted immediately after P becomes the new common parent to
reflect the earnings and profits of the former common parent immediately
before the former common parent ceases to be the common parent. The
adjustment is made as if P succeeds to the earnings and profits of the
former common parent in a transaction described in section 381(a). See
Sec. 1.1502-31 for the basis of the stock of members following a group
structure change.
(ii) Minority shareholders. If the former common parent's stock is
not wholly owned by members of the consolidated group immediately after
the former common parent ceases to be the common parent, appropriate
adjustments must be made to reflect in the new common parent only an
allocable part of the former common parent's earnings and profits.
(iii) Higher-tier members. To the extent that earnings and profits
are adjusted under this paragraph (f)(1), and the former common parent
is owned by members other than P, the earnings and profits of the
intermediate subsidiaries must be adjusted in accordance with the
principles of this section.
(iv) Example. The principles of this paragraph (f)(1) are
illustrated by the following example.
Example. (a) Facts. X is the common parent of a consolidated group
with $100 of earnings and profits, and P is the common parent of another
consolidated group with $20 of earnings and profits. P acquires all of
X's stock at the close of Year 1 in exchange for 70% of P's stock. The
exchange is a reverse acquisition under Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3), and the X
group is treated as remaining in existence with P as its new common
parent.
(b) Adjustments for X group earnings and profits. Under paragraph
(f)(1) of this section, P's earnings and profits are adjusted
immediately after P becomes the new common parent, to reflect X's $100
of earnings and
[[Page 453]]
profits immediately before X ceases to be the common parent. The
adjustment is made as if P succeeds to X's earnings and profits in a
transaction described in section 381(a). Thus, immediately after the
acquisition, P has $120 of accumulated earnings and profits and X
continues to have $100 of accumulated earnings and profits.
(c) Adjustments for P group earnings and profits. Although the P
group terminates on P's acquisition of X's stock, under paragraph (e)(2)
of this section, no adjustments are made to the earnings and profits of
any subsidiaries in the terminating P group.
(d) Acquisition of separate return corporation. The facts are the
same as in paragraph (a) of this Example, except that, immediately
before the acquisition of its stock by P, X is not affiliated with any
other corporation. The exchange is a reverse acquisition under Sec.
1.1502-75(d)(3), and P is treated as the common parent of the X group.
Consequently, the results are the same as in paragraphs (b) and (c) of
this Example.
(2) Change in the location of subsidiaries. If the location of a
member within a group changes, appropriate adjustments must be made to
the earnings and profits of the members to prevent the earnings and
profits from being eliminated. For example, if P transfers all of S's
stock to another member in a transaction to which section 351 and Sec.
1.1502-13 apply, the transferee's earnings and profits are adjusted
immediately after the transfer to reflect S's earnings and profits
immediately before the transfer from consolidated return years. On the
other hand, if the transferee purchases S's stock from P, the
transferee's earnings and profits are not adjusted.
(g) Anti-avoidance rule. If any person acts with a principal purpose
contrary to the purposes of this section, to avoid the effect of the
rules of this section or apply the rules of this section to avoid the
effect of any other provision of the consolidated return regulations,
adjustments must be made as necessary to carry out the purposes of this
section.
(h) Predecessors and successors. For purposes of this section, any
reference to a corporation or to a share includes a reference to a
successor or predecessor as the context may require. A corporation is a
successor if its earnings and profits are determined, directly or
indirectly, in whole or in part, by reference to the earnings and
profits of another corporation (the predecessor). A share is a successor
if its basis is determined, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part,
by reference to the basis of another share (the predecessor).
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Effective/applicability date--(1) General rule. This section
applies with respect to determinations of the earnings and profits of a
member (e.g., for purposes of a characterizing a distribution to which
section 301 applies) in consolidated return years beginning on or after
January 1, 1995. If this section applies, earnings and profits must be
determined or redetermined as if this section were in effect for all
years (including, for example, the consolidated return years of another
consolidated group to the extent the earnings and profits from those
years are still reflected). For example, if a distribution by P to a
nonmember shareholder in 1990 was a dividend because of an unabsorbed
loss carryover attributable to S, P's earnings and profits in tax years
beginning after January 1, 1995 are redetermined by taking into account
a negative adjustment in the tax year S's loss arose and in 1990 for P's
distribution, and any subsequent absorption of the loss has no effect on
earnings and profits. Any such determination or redetermination does
not, however, affect any prior period. Thus, the shareholder's treatment
in 1990 of the distribution as a dividend (and the effect of the
distribution on stock basis) is not redetermined under this section.
Paragraphs (a)(2) and (e)(2)(i)(A) of this section apply with respect to
determinations of the earnings and profits of a member in consolidated
return years beginning on or after September 17, 2008. However,
taxpayers may apply paragraph (e)(2)(i)(A) of this section with respect
to determinations of the earnings and profits of a member in
consolidated return years beginning prior to September 17, 2008.
(2) Dispositions of stock before effective date--(i) In general. If
P disposes of stock of S in a consolidated return year beginning before
January 1, 1995, the amount of P's earnings and profits with respect to
S are not redetermined under paragraph (j)(1) of this section.
[[Page 454]]
See Sec. 1.1502-19 as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as
of April 1, 1994 for the definition of disposition, and paragraph (j)(5)
of this section for the rules applicable to such dispositions.
(ii) Lower-tier members. Although P disposes of S's stock in a tax
year beginning before January 1, 1995, S's determinations or adjustments
with respect to lower-tier members with which it continues to file a
consolidated return are redetermined in accordance with the rules of
this section (even if S's earnings and profits were previously taken
into account by P). For example, assume that P owns all of S's stock, S
owns all of T's stock, and T owns all of U's stock. If S sells 80% of
T's stock in a tax year beginning before January 1, 1995 (the effective
date), the amount of S's earnings and profits from the sale, and the
adjustments to stock basis for earnings and profits purposes that are
reflected in that amount, are not redetermined if P sells S's stock
after the effective date. If S sells the remaining 20% of T's stock
after the effective date, S's stock basis adjustments with respect to
that T stock are also not redetermined because T became a nonmember
before the effective date. However, if T and U continue to file a
consolidated return with each other, paragraph (e)(1) of this section
did not apply, and T sells U's stock after the effective date, T's
earnings and profits with respect to U are redetermined (even though
some of the earnings and profits may have been taken into account by S
in its prior sale of T's stock before the effective date).
(iii) Deferred amounts. For purposes of this paragraph (j)(2), a
disposition does not include a transaction to which Sec. 1.1502-13,
Sec. 1.1502-13T, Sec. 1.1502-14, or Sec. 1.1502-14T applies. Instead,
the transaction is deemed to occur as the earnings and profits (if any)
are taken into account.
(3) Deconsolidations and group structure changes--(i) In general.
Paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section apply with respect to
deconsolidations and group structure changes occurring in consolidated
return years beginning on or after January 1, 1995.
(ii) Prior period group structure changes. If there was a group
structure change in a consolidated return year beginning before January
1, 1995, and earnings and profits were not determined under Sec.
1.1502-33T(a) as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of
April 1, 1994, a distribution in a tax year ending after September 7,
1988, of earnings and profits that are not reflected in the earnings and
profits of the distributee member, but would have been so reflected if
Sec. 1.1502-33T(a) as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as
of April 1, 1994 had applied, the negative adjustment under paragraph
(b) of this section for distributions does not apply (and there is
therefore no offset to the increase in the earnings and profits of the
distributee).
(4) Deemed dividend elections. If there is a deemed distribution and
recontribution pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-32(f)(2) as contained in the 26
CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1994 in a consolidated return
year beginning before January 1, 1995, the deemed distribution and
recontribution under the election are treated as an actual distribution
by S and recontribution by P as provided under the election.
(5) Prior law. For prior determinations, see prior regulations under
section 1502 as in effect with respect to the determination. See, e.g.,
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-33 and 1.1502-33T as contained in the 26 CFR part 1
edition revised as of April 1, 1994.
(k) Effective/applicability date. Paragraph (d)(5)(i)(D) of this
section applies to any original consolidated Federal income tax return
due (without extensions) after June 14, 2007. For original consolidated
Federal income tax returns due (without extensions) after May 30, 2006,
and on or before June 14, 2007, see Sec. 1.1502-33T as contained in 26
CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2007. For original consolidated Federal
income tax returns due (without extensions) on or before May 30, 2006,
see
[[Page 455]]
Sec. 1.1502-33 as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1,
2006.
[T.D. 8560, 59 FR 41695, Aug. 15, 1994, as amended by T.D. 8597, 60 FR
36710, July 18, 1995; T.D. 9264, 71 FR 30603, May 30, 2006; T.D. 9329,
72 FR 32805, June 14, 2007; T.D. 9424, 73 FR 53951, Sept. 17, 2008; 73
FR 62204, Oct. 20, 2008]
Sec. 1.1502-34 Special aggregate stock ownership rules.
For purposes of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-1 through 1.1502-80, in
determining the stock ownership of a member of a group in another
corporation (the ``issuing corporation'') for purposes of determining
the application of section 165(g)(3)(A), 332(b)(1), 333(b), 351(a),
732(f), or 904(f), in a consolidated return year, there shall be
included stock owned by all other members of the group in the issuing
corporation. Thus, assume that members A, B, and C each own 33\1/3\
percent of the stock issued by D. In such case, A, B, and C shall each
be treated as meeting the 80-percent stock ownership requirement for
purposes of section 332, and no member can elect to have section 333
apply. Furthermore, the special rule for minority shareholders in
section 337(d) cannot apply with respect to amounts received by A, B, or
C in liquidation of D.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 8949, 66 FR
32902, June 19, 2001]
Sec. 1.1502-35 Transfers of subsidiary stock and deconsolidations
of subsidiaries.
(a) In general--(1) Purpose. The purpose of this section is to
prevent a group from obtaining more than one tax benefit from a single
economic loss. The provisions of this section shall be construed in a
manner that is consistent with that purpose and in a manner that
reasonably carries out that purpose.
(2) Dates of applicability. This section applies if--
(i) On or after March 7, 2002, a member recognizes a loss on the
disposition of a share of stock of a subsidiary (or, on or after April
10, 2007, a share of stock of a former subsidiary) or a carryover basis
asset (subject to paragraph (c)(6) of this section),
(ii) The member's loss on the share of subsidiary stock or the
carryover basis asset is allowed on or before the date that is ten years
after the disposition of the share or carryover basis asset, and
(iii) If the disposition is of a share of subsidiary stock, it is
not a transfer to which Sec. 1.1502-36 applies.
(b) Redetermination of basis on certain nondeconsolidating transfers
of subsidiary stock and on certain deconsolidations of subsidiaries--(1)
Redetermination of basis on certain nondeconsolidating transfers of
subsidiary stock. Except as provided in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this
section, if, immediately after a transfer of stock of a subsidiary that
has a basis that exceeds its value, the subsidiary remains a member of
the group, then the basis in each share of subsidiary stock owned by
each member of the group shall be redetermined in accordance with the
provisions of this paragraph (b)(1) immediately before such transfer.
All of the members' bases in the shares of subsidiary stock immediately
before such transfer shall be aggregated. Such aggregated basis shall be
allocated first to the shares of the subsidiary's preferred stock that
are owned by the members of the group immediately before such transfer,
in proportion to, but not in excess of, the value of those shares at
such time. After allocation of the aggregated basis to all shares of the
preferred stock of the subsidiary pursuant to the preceding sentence,
any remaining basis shall be allocated among all common shares of
subsidiary stock held by members of the group immediately before the
transfer, in proportion to the value of such shares at such time.
(2) Redetermination of basis on certain deconsolidations of
subsidiaries--(i) Allocation of reallocable basis amount. Except as
provided in paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this section, if, immediately before
a deconsolidation of a subsidiary, any share of stock of such subsidiary
owned by a member of the group has a basis that exceeds its value, then
the basis in each share of the subsidiary's stock owned by each member
of the group shall be redetermined in accordance with the provisions of
this paragraph (b)(2) immediately before such
[[Page 456]]
deconsolidation. The basis in each share of the subsidiary's stock held
by members of the group immediately before the deconsolidation that has
a basis in excess of value at such time shall be reduced, but not below
such share's value, in a manner that, to the greatest extent possible,
causes the ratio of the basis to the value of each such share to be the
same; provided, however, that the aggregate amount of such reduction
shall not exceed the reallocable basis amount (as computed pursuant to
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section). Then, to the extent of the
reallocable basis amount, the basis of each share of the preferred stock
of the subsidiary that are held by members of the group immediately
before the deconsolidation shall be increased, but not above such
share's value, in a manner that, to the greatest extent possible, causes
the ratio of the basis to the value of each such share to be the same.
Then, to the extent that the reallocable basis amount does not increase
the basis of shares of preferred stock of the subsidiary pursuant to the
third sentence of this paragraph (b)(2)(i), such amount shall increase
the basis of all common shares of the subsidiary's stock held by members
of the group immediately before the deconsolidation in a manner that, to
the greatest extent possible, causes the ratio of the basis to the value
of each such share to be the same.
(ii) Calculation of reallocable basis amount. The reallocable basis
amount shall equal the lesser of--
(A) The aggregate of all amounts by which, immediately before the
deconsolidation, the basis exceeds the value of a share of subsidiary
stock owned by any member of the group at such time; and
(B) The total of the subsidiary's (and any predecessor's) items of
deduction and loss, and the subsidiary's (and any predecessor's)
allocable share of items of deduction and loss of all lower-tier
subsidiaries, that were taken into account in computing the adjustment
under Sec. 1.1502-32 to the bases of shares of stock of the subsidiary
(and any predecessor) held by members of the group immediately before
the deconsolidation, other than shares that have bases in excess of
value immediately before the deconsolidation.
(3) Exceptions to application of redetermination rules. (i)
Paragraph (b)(1) of this section shall not apply to a transfer of
subsidiary stock if--
(A) During the taxable year of such transfer, in one or more fully
taxable transactions, the members of the group dispose of all of the
shares of the subsidiary stock that they own immediately before the
transfer, other than the shares the transfer of which would otherwise
trigger the application of paragraph (b)(1) of this section, to a person
or persons that are not members of the group;
(B) During the taxable year of such transfer, the members of the
group are allowed a worthless stock loss under section 165(g) (taking
into account the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-80(c)) with respect to all
of the shares of subsidiary stock that they own immediately before the
transfer, other than the shares the transfer of which would otherwise
trigger the application of paragraph (b)(1) of this section; or
(C) Such transfer is to a member of the group and section 332
(provided the stock is transferred to an 80-percent distributee),
section 351, section 354, or section 361 applies to such transfer.
(ii) Paragraph (b)(2) of this section shall not apply to a
deconsolidation of a subsidiary if--
(A) During the taxable year of such deconsolidation, in one or more
fully taxable transactions, the members of the group dispose of all of
the shares of the subsidiary stock that they own immediately before the
deconsolidation to a person or persons that are not members of the
group;
(B) Such deconsolidation results from a fully taxable disposition,
to a person or persons that are not members of the group, of some of the
shares of the subsidiary, and, during the taxable year of such
deconsolidation, the members of the group are allowed a worthless stock
loss under section 165(g) with respect to all of the shares of the
subsidiary stock that they own immediately after the deconsolidation;
(C) The members of the group are allowed a worthless stock loss
under section 165(g) with respect to all of the shares of the subsidiary
stock that
[[Page 457]]
they own immediately before the deconsolidation;
(D) The deconsolidation of the subsidiary results from the
deconsolidation of a higher-tier subsidiary and, immediately after the
deconsolidation of the subsidiary, none of the stock of the subsidiary
is owned by a group member; or
(E) The deconsolidation of the subsidiary results from a termination
of the group.
(4) Special rule for lower-tier subsidiaries. If, immediately after
a transfer of subsidiary stock or a deconsolidation of a subsidiary, a
lower-tier subsidiary some of the stock of which is owned by the
subsidiary is a member of the group, then, for purposes of applying this
paragraph (b), the subsidiary shall be treated as having transferred its
stock of the lower-tier subsidiary. This principle shall apply to stock
of subsidiaries that are owned by such lower-tier subsidiary.
(5) Stock basis adjustments for higher-tier stock. The basis
adjustments required under this paragraph (b) result in basis
adjustments to higher-tier member stock. The adjustments are applied in
the order of the tiers, from the lowest to highest. For example, if a
common parent owns stock of a subsidiary that owns stock of a lower-tier
subsidiary and the subsidiary recognizes a loss on the disposition of a
portion of its shares of the lower-tier subsidiary stock, the common
parent must adjust its basis in its subsidiary stock under the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-32 to reflect the adjustments that the
subsidiary must make to its basis in its stock of the lower-tier
subsidiary.
(6) Ordering rules. (i) The rules of this paragraph (b) apply after
the rules of Sec. 1.1502-32 are applied.
(ii) The rules of this paragraph (b) apply before the rules of Sec.
1.337(d)-2 and paragraphs (c) and (f) of this section are applied.
(iii) This paragraph (b) (and any resulting basis adjustments to
higher-tier member stock made pursuant to paragraph (b)(5) of this
section) applies to redetermine the basis of stock of a lower-tier
subsidiary before this paragraph (b) applies to a higher-tier member of
such lower-tier subsidiary.
(c) Loss suspension--(1) General rule. Any loss recognized by a
member of a consolidated group with respect to the disposition of a
share of subsidiary stock shall be suspended to the extent of the
duplicated loss with respect to such share of stock if, immediately
after the disposition, the subsidiary is a member of the consolidated
group of which it was a member immediately prior to the disposition (or
any successor group).
(2) Special rule for lower-tier subsidiaries. This paragraph (c)(2)
applies if neither paragraph (c)(1) nor (f) of this section applies to a
member's disposition of a share of stock of a subsidiary (the departing
member), a loss is recognized on the disposition of such share, and the
departing member owns stock of one or more other subsidiaries (a
remaining member) that is a member of such group immediately after the
disposition. In that case, such loss shall be suspended to the extent
the duplicated loss with respect to the departing member stock disposed
of is attributable to the remaining member or members.
(3) Treatment of suspended loss--(i) General rule. For purposes of
the rules of Sec. 1.1502-32, any loss suspended pursuant to paragraph
(c)(1) or (c)(2) of this section is treated as a noncapital,
nondeductible expense of the member that disposes of subsidiary stock,
incurred during the taxable year that includes the date of the
disposition of stock to which paragraph (c)(1) or (c)(2) of this section
applies. See Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(iii)(C). Consequently, the basis of a
higher-tier member's stock of the member that disposes of subsidiary
stock is reduced by the suspended loss in the year it is suspended.
(ii) Location of suspended loss following deconsolidation of selling
member. If a member recognizes a loss that is suspended under this
paragraph (c) but that member ceases to be a member of the group before
the loss is allowable, the common parent is treated as succeeding to the
loss in a transaction to which section 381(a) applies.
(4) Reduction of suspended loss--(i) General rule. The amount of any
loss suspended pursuant to paragraph (c)(1) or (c)(2) of Sec. 1.1502-35
shall be reduced, but not below zero, by the subsidiary's
[[Page 458]]
(and any successor's) items of deduction and loss, and the subsidiary's
(and any successor's) allocable share of items of deduction and loss of
all lower-tier subsidiaries, that are allocable to the period beginning
on the date of the disposition that gave rise to the suspended loss and
ending on the day before the first date on which the subsidiary (and any
successor) is not a member of the group of which it was a member
immediately prior to the disposition (or any successor group), and that
are taken into account in determining consolidated taxable income (or
loss) of such group for any taxable year that includes any date on or
after the date of the disposition and before the first date on which the
subsidiary (and any successor) is not a member of such group; provided,
however, that such reduction shall not exceed the excess of the amount
of such items over the amount of such items that are taken into account
in determining the basis adjustments made under Sec. 1.1502-32 to stock
of the subsidiary (or any successor) owned by members of the group. The
preceding sentence shall not apply to items of deduction and loss to the
extent that the group can establish that all or a portion of such items
was not reflected in the computation of the duplicated loss with respect
to the subsidiary on the date of the disposition of stock that gave rise
to the suspended loss.
(ii) Operating rules--(A) Year in which deduction or loss is taken
into account. For purposes of paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, a
subsidiary's (or any successor's) deductions and losses are treated as
taken into account when and to the extent they are absorbed by the
subsidiary (or any successor) or any other member. To the extent that
the subsidiary's (or any successor's) deduction or loss is absorbed in
the year it arises or is carried forward and absorbed in a subsequent
year (e.g., under section 172, 465, or 1212), the deduction is treated
as taken into account in the year in which it is absorbed. To the extent
that a subsidiary's (or any successor's) deduction or loss is carried
back and absorbed in a prior year (whether consolidated or separate),
the deduction or loss is treated as taken into account in the year in
which it arises and not in the year in which it is absorbed.
(B) Determination of items that are allocable to the post-
disposition, pre-deconsolidation period. For purposes of paragraph
(c)(4)(i) of this section, the determination of whether a subsidiary's
(or any successor's) items of deduction and loss and allocable share of
items of deduction and loss of all lower-tier subsidiaries are allocable
to the period beginning on the date of the disposition of subsidiary
stock that gave rise to the suspended loss and ending on the day before
the first date on which the subsidiary (or any successor) is not a
member of the consolidated group of which it was a member immediately
prior to the disposition (or any successor group) is determined pursuant
to the rules of Sec. 1.1502-76(b)(2), without regard to Sec. 1.1502-
76(b)(2)(ii)(D), as if the subsidiary ceased to be a member of the group
at the end of the day before the disposition and filed separate returns
for the period beginning on the date of the disposition and ending on
the day before the first date on which it is not a member of such group.
(5) Allowable loss--(i) General rule. To the extent not reduced
under paragraph (c)(4) of this section, any loss suspended pursuant to
paragraph (c)(1) or (c)(2) of this section shall be allowed, to the
extent otherwise allowable under applicable provisions of the Internal
Revenue Code and regulations, on a return filed by the group of which
the subsidiary was a member on the date of the disposition of subsidiary
stock that gave rise to the suspended loss (or any successor group) for
the taxable year that includes the earlier of--
(A) The day before the first date on which the subsidiary (and any
successor) is not a member of such group or the date the group is
allowed a worthless stock loss under section 165 (taking into account
the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-80(c)) with respect to all of the
subsidiary stock owned by members and;
(B) The date that is ten years after the date of the disposition of
subsidiary stock that gave rise to the suspended loss.
[[Page 459]]
(ii) No tiering up of certain adjustments. No adjustments shall be
made to a member's basis of stock of a subsidiary (or any successor) for
a suspended loss that is taken into account under paragraph (c)(5)(i) of
this section. See Sec. 1.1502-32(a)(2).
(iii) Statement of allowed loss. Paragraph (c)(5)(i) of this section
applies only if the separate statement required under this paragraph
(c)(5)(iii) is filed with, or as part of, the taxpayer's return for the
year in which the loss is allowable. The statement must be entitled
``ALLOWED LOSS UNDER Sec. 1.1502-35(c)(5)'' and must contain the name
and employer identification number of the subsidiary the stock of which
gave rise to the loss.
(6) Special rule for dispositions of certain carryover basis assets.
If--
(i) A member of a group recognizes a loss on the disposition of an
asset other than stock of a subsidiary;
(ii) Such member's basis in the asset disposed of was determined,
directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, by reference to the basis
of stock of a subsidiary and, at the time of the determination of the
member's basis in the asset disposed of, there was a duplicated loss
with respect to such stock of the subsidiary; and
(iii) Immediately after the disposition, the subsidiary is a member
of such group, then such loss shall be suspended pursuant to the
principles of paragraphs (c)(1) and (c)(2) of this section to the extent
of the duplicated loss with respect to such stock at the time of the
determination of basis of the asset disposed of. Principles similar to
those set forth in paragraphs (c)(3), (c)(4), and (c)(5) of this section
shall apply to a loss suspended pursuant to this paragraph (c)(6).
(7) Coordination with loss deferral, loss disallowance, and other
rules--(i) In general. Loss recognized on the disposition of subsidiary
stock or another asset is subject to redetermination, deferral, or
disallowance under other applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code and regulations thereunder, including sections 267(f) and 482.
Paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2), and (c)(6) of this section do not apply to a
loss that is disallowed under any other provision. If loss is deferred
under any other provision, paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2), and (c)(6) of this
section apply when the loss would otherwise be taken into account under
such other provision. However, if an overriding event described in
paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section occurs before the deferred loss is
taken into account, paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2), and (c)(6) of this
section apply to the loss immediately before the event occurs, even
though the loss may not be taken into account until a later time.
(ii) Overriding events. For purposes of paragraph (c)(7)(i) of this
section, the following are overriding events--
(A) The stock ceases to be owned by a member of the consolidated
group;
(B) The stock is canceled or redeemed (regardless of whether it is
retired or held as treasury stock); or
(C) The stock is treated as disposed of under Sec. 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(ii)(B) or (c)(1)(iii).
(8) No elimination of economic loss. This paragraph (c) shall not be
applied in a manner that permanently disallows a deduction for an
economic loss, provided that such deduction is otherwise allowable. If
the application of any provision of this paragraph (c) results in such a
disallowance, proper adjustment may be made to prevent such a
disallowance. Whether a provision of this paragraph (c) has resulted in
such a disallowance is determined on the date on which the subsidiary
(or any successor) the disposition of the stock of which gave rise to a
suspended stock loss is not a member of the group or the date the group
is allowed a worthless stock loss under section 165(g) (taking into
account the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-80(c)) with respect to all of
such subsidiary stock owned by members. Proper adjustment in such cases
shall be made by restoring the suspended stock loss immediately before
the subsidiary ceases to be a member of the group or the group is
allowed a worthless stock loss under section 165(g) (taking into account
the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-80(c)) with respect to all of such
subsidiary stock owned by members, to the extent that its reduction
pursuant to paragraph (c)(4) of this section had the result of
permanently disallowing a deduction for an economic loss.
[[Page 460]]
(9) Ordering rule. The rules of this paragraph (c) apply after the
rules of paragraph (b) of this section and Sec. 1.337(d)-2 are applied.
(d) Definitions--(1) Disposition means any event in which gain or
loss is recognized, in whole or in part.
(2) Deconsolidation means any event that causes a subsidiary to no
longer be a member of the consolidated group.
(3) Value means fair market value.
(4) Duplicated loss--(i) In general. Duplicated loss is determined
immediately after a disposition and equals the excess, if any, of--
(A) The sum of--
(1) The aggregate adjusted basis of the subsidiary's assets other
than any stock that subsidiary owns in another subsidiary;
(2) Any losses attributable to the subsidiary and carried to the
subsidiary's first taxable year following the disposition; and
(3) Any deductions of the subsidiary that have been recognized but
are deferred under a provision of the Internal Revenue Code (such as
deductions deferred under section 469); over
(B) The sum of--
(1) The value of the subsidiary's stock; and
(2) Any liabilities of the subsidiary that have been taken into
account for tax purposes.
(ii) Special rules. (A) The amounts determined under paragraph
(d)(4)(i) (other than amounts described in paragraph (d)(4)(i)(B)(1)) of
this section with respect to a subsidiary include its allocable share of
corresponding amounts with respect to all lower-tier subsidiaries. If 80
percent or more in value of the stock of a subsidiary is acquired by
purchase in a single transaction (or in a series of related transactions
during any 12-month period), the value of the subsidiary's stock may not
exceed the purchase price of the stock divided by the percentage of the
stock (by value) so purchased. For this purpose, stock is acquired by
purchase if the transferee is not related to the transferor within the
meaning of sections 267(b) and 707(b)(1), using the language ``10
percent'' instead of ``50 percent'' each place that it appears, and the
transferee's basis in the stock is determined wholly by reference to the
consideration paid for such stock.
(B) The amounts determined under paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section
are not applied more than once to suspend a loss under this section.
(5) Predecessor and successor. A predecessor is a transferor of
assets to a transferee (the successor) in a transaction--
(i) To which section 381(a) applies;
(ii) In which substantially all of the assets of the transferor are
transferred to members in a complete liquidation;
(iii) In which the successor's basis in assets is determined
(directly or indirectly, in whole or in part) by reference to the
transferor's basis in such assets, but the transferee is a successor
only with respect to the assets the basis of which is so determined; or
(iv) Which is an intercompany transaction, but only with respect to
assets that are being accounted for by the transferor in a prior
intercompany transaction.
(6) Successor group. A surviving group is treated as a successor
group of a consolidated group (the terminating group) that ceases to
exist as a result of--
(i) The acquisition by a member of another consolidated group of
either the assets of the common parent of the terminating group in a
reorganization described in section 381(a)(2), or the stock of the
common parent of the terminating group; or
(ii) The application of the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2) or
(3).
(7) Preferred stock, common stock. Preferred stock and common stock
shall have the meanings set forth in Sec. 1.1502-32(d)(2) and (3),
respectively.
(8) Higher-tier. A subsidiary is higher-tier with respect to a
member if or to the extent investment adjustments under Sec. 1.1502-32
with respect to the stock of the latter member would affect investment
adjustments with respect to the stock of the former member.
(9) Lower-tier. A subsidiary is lower-tier with respect to a member
if or to the extent investment basis adjustments under Sec. 1.1502-32
with respect to the stock of the former member would
[[Page 461]]
affect investment adjustments with respect to the stock of the latter
member.
(e) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this section, unless
otherwise stated, all groups file consolidated returns on a calendar-
year basis, the facts set forth the only corporate activity, all
transactions are between unrelated persons, and tax liabilities are
disregarded. In addition, all transactions described in section 362(a)
are completed before October 22, 2004, and therefore are not subject to
section 362(e)(2). The principles of paragraphs (a) through (d) of this
section are illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Nondeconsolidating sale of preferred stock of lower-tier
subsidiary. (i) Facts. P owns 100 percent of the common stock of each of
S1 and S2. S1 and S2 each have only one class of stock outstanding. P's
basis in the stock of S1 is $100 and the value of such stock is $130.
P's basis in the stock of S2 is $120 and the value of such stock is $90.
P, S1, and S2 are all members of the P group. S1 and S2 form S3. In Year
1, in transfers to which section 351 applies, S1 contributes $100 to S3
in exchange for all of the common stock of S3 and S2 contributes an
asset with a basis of $50 and a value of $20 to S3 in exchange for all
of the preferred stock of S3. S3 becomes a member of the P group. In
Year 3, in a transaction that is not part of the plan that includes the
contributions to S3, S2 sells the preferred stock of S3 for $20.
Immediately after the sale, S3 is a member of the P group.
(ii) Application of basis redetermination rule. Because S2's basis
in the preferred stock of S3 exceeds its value immediately prior to the
sale and S3 is a member of the P group immediately after the sale, all
of the P group members' bases in the stock of S3 is redetermined
pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this section. Of the group members'
total basis of $150 in the S3 stock, $20 is allocated to the preferred
stock, the fair market value of the preferred stock on the date of the
sale, and $130 is allocated to the common stock. S2's sale of the
preferred stock results in the recognition of $0 of gain/loss. Pursuant
to paragraph (b)(5) of this section, the redetermination of S1's and
S2's bases in the stock of S3 results in adjustments to P's basis in the
stock of S1 and S2. In particular, P's basis in the stock of S1 is
increased by $30 to $130 and its basis in the stock of S2 is decreased
by $30 to $90.
Example 2. Deconsolidating sale of common stock. (i) Facts. In Year
1, in a transfer to which section 351 applies, P contributes Asset A
with a basis of $900 and a value of $200 to S in exchange for one share
of S common stock (CS1). In Years 2 and 3, in successive but unrelated
transfers to which section 351 applies, P transfers $200 to S in
exchange for one share of S common stock (CS2), Asset B with a basis of
$300 and a value of $200 in exchange for one share of S common stock
(CS3), and Asset C with a basis of $1000 and a value of $200 in exchange
for one share of S common stock (CS4). In Year 4, S sells Asset A for
$200, recognizing $700 of loss that is used to offset income of P
recognized during Year 4. As a result of the sale of Asset A, the basis
of each of P's four shares of S common stock is reduced by $175.
Therefore, the basis of CS1 is $725. The basis of CS2 is $25. The basis
of CS3 is $125, and the basis of CS4 is $825. In Year 5 in a transaction
that is not part of a plan that includes the Year 1 contribution, P
sells CS4 for $200. Immediately after the sale of CS4, S is not a member
of the P group.
(ii) Application of basis redetermination rule. Because P's basis in
each of CS1 and CS4 exceeds its value immediately prior to the
deconsolidation of S, P's basis in its shares of S common stock is
redetermined pursuant to paragraph (b)(2) of this section. Pursuant to
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, the reallocable basis amount is
$350 (the lesser of $1150, the gross loss inherent in the stock of S
owned by P immediately before the sale, and $350, the aggregate amount
of S's items of deduction and loss that were previously taken into
account in the computation of the adjustment to the basis of the stock
of S that P did not hold at a loss immediately before the
deconsolidation). Pursuant to paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section,
first, P's basis in CS1 is reduced from $725 to $600 and P's basis in
CS4 is reduced from $825 to $600. Then, the reallocable basis amount
increases P's basis in CS2 from $25 to $250 and P's basis in CS3 from
$125 to $250. P recognizes $400 of loss on the sale of CS4. The loss
suspension rule does not apply because S is no longer a member of the P
group. Thus, the loss is allowable at that time.
Example 3. Nondeconsolidating sale of common stock. (i) Facts. In
Year 1, P forms S with a contribution of $80 in exchange for 80 shares
of the common stock of S, which at that time represents all of the
outstanding stock of S. S becomes a member of the P group. In Year 2, P
contributes Asset A with a basis of $50 and a value of $20 in exchange
for 20 shares of the common stock of S in a transfer to which section
351 applies. In Year 4, in a transaction that is not part of the plan
that includes the Year 2 contribution, P sells the 20 shares of the
common stock of S that it acquired in Year 2 for $20. Immediately after
the Year 4 stock sale, S is a member of the P group. At the time of the
Year 4 stock sale, S has $80 and Asset A. In Year 5, S sells Asset A,
the basis and value of which have not changed since its contribution to
S. On the sale of Asset A for $20, S
[[Page 462]]
recognizes a $30 loss. The P group cannot establish that all or a
portion of the $30 loss was not reflected in the calculation of the
duplicated loss of S on the date of the Year 4 stock sale. The $30 loss
is used on the P group return to offset income of P. In Year 6, P sells
its remaining S common stock for $80.
(ii) Application of basis redetermination and loss suspension rules.
Because P's basis in the common stock sold exceeds its value immediately
prior to the sale and S is a member of the P group immediately after the
sale, P's basis in all of the stock of S is redetermined pursuant to
paragraph (b)(1) of this section. Of P's total basis of $130 in the S
common stock, a proportionate amount is allocated to each of the 100
shares of S common stock. Accordingly, $26 is allocated to the common
stock of S that is sold and $104 is allocated to the common stock of S
that is retained. On P's sale of the 20 shares of the common stock of S
for $20, P recognizes a loss of $6. Because the sale of the 20 shares of
common stock of S does not result in the deconsolidation of S, under
paragraph (c)(1) of this section, that loss is suspended to the extent
of the duplicated loss with respect to the shares sold. The duplicated
loss with respect to the shares sold is $6. Therefore, the entire $6
loss is suspended.
(iii) Effect of subsequent asset sale on stock basis. Of the $30
loss recognized on the sale of Asset A, $24 is taken into account in
determining the basis adjustments made under Sec. 1.1502-32 to the
stock of S owned by P. Accordingly, P's basis in its S stock is reduced
by $24 from $104 to $80.
(iv) Effect of subsequent asset sale on suspended loss. Because P
cannot establish that all or a portion of the loss recognized on the
sale of Asset A was not reflected in the calculation of the duplicated
loss of S on the date of the Year 4 stock sale and such loss is
allocable to the period beginning on the date of the Year 4 disposition
of the S stock and ending on the day before the first date on which S is
not a member of the P group and is taken into account in determining
consolidated taxable income (or loss) of the P group for a taxable year
that includes a date on or after the date of the Year 4 disposition and
before the first date on which S is not a member of the P group, such
asset loss reduces the suspended loss pursuant to paragraph (c)(4) of
this section. The amount of such reduction, however, cannot exceed $6,
the excess of the amount of such loss, $30, over the amount of such loss
that is taken into account in determining the basis adjustment made to
the stock of S owned by P, $24. Therefore, the suspended loss is reduced
to zero.
(v) Effect of subsequent stock sale. P recognizes $0 gain/loss on
the Year 6 sale of its remaining S common stock. No amount of suspended
loss remains to be allowed under paragraph (c)(5) of this section.
Example 4. Nondeconsolidating sale of common stock of lower-tier
subsidiary. (i) Facts. In Year 1, P forms S1 with a contribution of $200
in exchange for all of the common stock of S1, which represents all of
the outstanding stock of S1. In the same year, S1 forms S2 with a
contribution of $80 in exchange for 80 shares of the common stock of S2,
which at that time represents all of the outstanding stock of S2. S1 and
S2 become members of the P group. In the same year, S2 purchases Asset A
for $80. In Year 2, S1 contributes Asset B with a basis of $50 and a
value of $20 in exchange for 20 shares of the common stock of S2 in a
transfer to which section 351 applies. In Year 4, S1 sells the 20 shares
of the common stock of S2 that it acquired in Year 2 for $20.
Immediately after the Year 4 stock sale, S2 is a member of the P group.
At the time of the Year 4 stock sale, the bases and values of Asset A
and Asset B are unchanged. In Year 5, S2 sells Asset B for $45,
recognizing a $5 loss. The P group cannot establish that all or a
portion of the $5 loss was not reflected in the calculation of the
duplicated loss of S2 on the date of the Year 4 stock sale. The $5 loss
is used on the P group return to offset income of P. In Year 6, S1 sells
its remaining S2 common stock for $100.
(ii) Application of basis redetermination and loss suspension rules.
Because S1's basis in the S2 common stock sold exceeds its value
immediately prior to the sale and S2 is a member of the P group
immediately after the sale, S1's basis in all of the stock of S2 is
redetermined pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this section. Of S1's total
basis of $130 in the S2 common stock, a proportionate amount is
allocated to each of the 100 shares of S2 common stock. Accordingly, a
total of $26 is allocated to the common stock of S2 that is sold and
$104 is allocated to the common stock of S2 that is retained. On S1's
sale of the 20 shares of the common stock of S2 for $20, S1 recognizes a
loss of $6. Because the sale of the 20 shares of common stock of S2 does
not result in the deconsolidation of S2, under paragraph (c)(1) of this
section, that loss is suspended to the extent of the duplicated loss
with respect to the shares sold. The duplicated loss with respect to the
shares sold is $6. Therefore, the entire $6 loss is suspended. Pursuant
to paragraph (c)(3) of this section and Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(iii)(C),
the suspended loss is treated as a noncapital, nondeductible expense
incurred by S1 during the tax year that includes the date of the
disposition of stock to which paragraph (c)(1) of this section applies.
Accordingly, P's basis in its S1 stock is reduced from $200 to $194.
(iii) Effect of subsequent asset sale on stock basis. Of the $5 loss
recognized on the sale of Asset B, $4 is taken into account in
determining the basis adjustments made under
[[Page 463]]
Sec. 1.1502-32 to the stock of S2 owned by S1. Accordingly, S1's basis
in its S2 stock is reduced by $4 from $104 to $100 and P's basis in its
S1 stock is reduced by $4 from $194 to $190.
(iv) Effect of subsequent asset sale on suspended loss. Because P
cannot establish that all or a portion of the loss recognized on the
sale of Asset B was not reflected in the calculation of the duplicated
loss of S2 on the date of the Year 4 stock sale and such loss is
allocable to the period beginning on the date of the Year 4 disposition
of the S2 stock and ending on the day before the first date on which S2
is not a member of the P group and is taken into account in determining
consolidated taxable income (or loss) of the P group for a taxable year
that includes a date on or after the date of the Year 4 disposition and
before the first date on which S2 is not a member of the P group, such
asset loss reduces the suspended loss pursuant to paragraph (c)(4) of
this section. The amount of such reduction, however, cannot exceed $1,
the excess of the amount of such loss, $5, over the amount of such loss
that is taken into account in determining the basis adjustment made to
the stock of S2 owned by members of the P group, $4. Therefore, the
suspended loss is reduced to $5.
(v) Effect of subsequent stock sale. In year 6, when S1 sells its
remaining S2 stock for $100, it recognizes $0 gain/loss. Pursuant to
paragraph (c)(5) of this section, the remaining $5 of the suspended loss
is allowed on the P group's return for Year 6 when S1 sells its
remaining S2 stock.
Example 5. Deconsolidating sale of subsidiary owning stock of
another subsidiary that remains in group. (i) Facts. In Year 1, P forms
S1 with a contribution of Asset A with a basis of $50 and a value of $20
in exchange for 100 shares of common stock of S1 in a transfer to which
section 351 applies. Also in Year 1, P and S1 form S2. P contributes $80
to S2 in exchange for 80 shares of common stock of S2. S1 contributes
Asset A to S2 in exchange for 20 shares of common stock of S2 in a
transfer to which section 351 applies. In Year 3, in a transaction that
is not part of a plan that includes the Year 1 contributions, P sells
its 100 shares of S1 common stock for $20. Immediately after the Year 3
stock sale, S2 is a member of the P group. At the time of the Year 3
stock sale, S1 owns 20 shares of common stock of S2, and S2 has $80 and
Asset A. In Year 4, S2 sells Asset A, the basis and value of which have
not changed since its contribution to S2. On the sale of Asset A for
$20, S2 recognizes a $30 loss. That $30 loss is used on the P group
return to offset income of P. In Year 5, P sells its S2 common stock for
$80.
(ii) Application of basis redetermination and loss suspension rules.
Pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section, because immediately before
P's transfer of S1 stock S1 owns stock of S2 (another subsidiary of the
same group) that has a basis that exceeds its value, paragraph (b) of
this section applies as if S1 had transferred its stock of S2. Because
S2 is a member of the group immediately after the transfer of the S1
stock, the group member's basis in the S2 stock is redetermined pursuant
to paragraph (b)(1) of this section immediately prior to the sale of the
S1 stock. Of the group members' total basis of $130 in the S2 stock, $26
is allocated to S1's 20 shares of S2 common stock and $104 is allocated
to P's 80 shares of S2 common stock. Pursuant to paragraph (b)(5) of
this section, the redetermination of S1's basis in the stock of S2
results in an adjustment to P's basis in the stock of S1. In particular,
P's basis in the stock of S1 is decreased by $24 to $26. On P's sale of
its 100 shares of S1 common stock for $20, P recognizes a loss of $6.
Because S1 is not a member of the P group immediately after P's sale of
the S1 stock, paragraph (c)(1) of this section does not apply to suspend
such loss. However, because P recognizes a loss with respect to the
disposition of the S1 stock and S1 owns stock of S2 (which is a member
of the P group immediately after the disposition), paragraph (c)(2) of
this section does apply to suspend up to $6 of that loss, an amount
equal to the amount by which the duplicated loss with respect to the
stock of S1 sold is attributable to S2's adjusted basis in its assets,
loss carryforwards, and deferred deductions.
(iii) Effect of subsequent asset sale on stock basis. Of the $30
loss recognized on the sale of Asset A, $24 is taken into account in
determining the basis adjustments made under Sec. 1.1502-32 to the
stock of S2 owned by P. Accordingly, P's basis in its S2 stock is
reduced by $24 from $104 to $80.
(iv) Effect of subsequent asset sale on suspended loss. Because P
cannot establish that all or a portion of the loss recognized on the
sale of Asset A was not reflected in the calculation of the duplicated
loss of S2 on the date of the Year 3 stock sale and such loss is
allocable to the period beginning on the date of the Year 3 deemed
disposition of the S2 stock and ending on the day before the first date
on which S2 is not a member of the P group and is taken into account in
determining consolidated taxable income (or loss) of the P group for a
taxable year that includes a date on or after the date of the Year 3
deemed disposition and before the first date on which S2 is not a member
of the P group, such asset loss reduces the suspended loss pursuant to
paragraph (c)(4) of this section. The amount of such reduction, however,
cannot exceed $6, the excess of the amount of such loss, $30, over the
amount of such loss that is taken into account in determining the basis
adjustment made to the stock of S2 owned by P, $24. Therefore, the
suspended loss is reduced to zero.
[[Page 464]]
(v) Effect of subsequent stock sale. P recognizes $0 gain/loss on
the Year 5 sale of its remaining S2 common stock. No amount of suspended
loss remains to be allowed under paragraph (c)(5) of this section.
Example 6. Loss recognized on asset with basis determined by
reference to stock basis of subsidiary. (i) Facts. In Year 1. P forms S
with a contribution of $80 in exchange for 80 shares of common stock of
S which at that time represents all of the outstanding stock of S. S
becomes a member of the P group. In Year 2, P contributes Asset A with a
basis of $50 and a value of $20 in exchange for 20 shares of common
stock of S in a transfer to which section 351 applies. In Year 4, in a
transaction that is not part of a plan that includes the Year 1 and Year
2 contributions, P contributes the 20 shares of S common stock it
acquired in Year 2 to PS, a partnership, in exchange for a 20 percent
capital and profits interest in a transaction described in section 721.
Immediately after the contribution to PS, S is a member of the P group.
In Year 5, P sells its interest in PS for $20.
(ii) Application of basis redetermination rule upon nonrecognition
transfer. Because P's basis in the S common stock contributed to PS
exceeds its value immediately prior to the transfer and S is a member of
the P group immediately after the transfer, P's basis in all of the S
stock is redetermined pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this section. Of
P's total basis of $130 in the common stock of S, a proportionate amount
is allocated to each share of S common stock. Accordingly, $26 is
allocated to the S common stock that is contributed to PS and, under
section 722, P's basis in its interest in PS is $26.
(iii) Application of loss suspension rule on disposition of asset
with basis determined by reference to stock basis of subsidiary. P
recognizes a $6 loss on its disposition of its interest in PS. Because
P's basis in its interest in PS was determined by reference to the basis
of S stock and at the time of the determination of P's basis in its
interest in PS such S stock had a duplicated loss of $6, and,
immediately after the disposition, S is a member of the P group, such
loss is suspended to the extent of such duplicated loss. Principles
similar to those of paragraphs (c)(3), (c)(4), and (c)(5) of this
section shall apply to such suspended loss.
(f) Worthlessness not followed by separate return years.
Notwithstanding any other provision in the regulations under section
1502, if a member of a group (the claiming group) treats stock of a
subsidiary as worthless under section 165 (taking into account the
provisions of Sec. 1.1502-80(c)) and, on the day following the last day
of the claiming group's taxable year in which the worthless stock
deduction is claimed, the subsidiary (or its successor, determined
without regard to paragraphs (d)(5)(iii) and (iv) of this section) is a
member of a group that includes any corporation that, during that
taxable year, was a member of the claiming group (other than a lower-
tier subsidiary of the subsidiary) or is a successor (determined without
regard to paragraphs (d)(5)(iii) and (iv) of this section) of such a
member, then all losses treated as attributable to the subsidiary under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) shall be treated as expired
as of the beginning of the day following the last day of the claiming
group's taxable year in which the worthless stock deduction is claimed.
In addition, notwithstanding any other provision in the regulations
under section 1502, if a member recognizes a loss with respect to
subsidiary stock and on the following day the subsidiary is not a member
of the group and does not have a separate return year, then all losses
treated as attributable to the subsidiary under the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) shall be treated as expired as of the beginning of
the day following the last day of the group's taxable year in which the
stock loss is claimed. For purposes of this paragraph (f), the
determination of the losses attributable to the subsidiary shall be made
after computing the taxable income of the group for the taxable year in
which the group treats the stock of the subsidiary as worthless or the
subsidiary liquidates and after computing the taxable income for any
taxable year to which such losses may be carried back. The loss treated
as expired under this paragraph (f) shall not be treated as a
noncapital, nondeductible expense under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(iii). This
paragraph (f) applies to worthlessness determinations and liquidations
that occur on or after March 10, 2006. For rules applicable to worthless
determinations and liquidations before March 10, 2006, see Sec. 1.1502-
35T(f)(1) and (2) as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on January 1,
2006.
(g) Anti-avoidance rules--(1) Transfer of share without a loss in
avoidance. If a share of subsidiary stock has a basis that does not
exceed its value and the share is transferred with a view to
[[Page 465]]
avoiding application of the rules of paragraph (b) of this section prior
to the transfer of a share of subsidiary stock that has a basis that
does exceed its value or a deconsolidation of a subsidiary, the rules of
paragraph (b) of this section shall apply immediately prior to the
transfer of stock that has a basis that does not exceed its value.
(2) Transfers of loss property in avoidance. If a member of a
consolidated group contributes an asset with a basis that exceeds its
value to a partnership in a transaction described in section 721 or a
corporation that is not a member of such group in a transfer described
in section 351, such partnership or corporation contributes such asset
to a subsidiary in a transfer described in section 351, and such
contributions are undertaken with a view to avoiding the rules of
paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, adjustments must be made to carry
out the purposes of this section.
(3) Anti-loss reimportation rule--(i) Conditions for application.
This paragraph (g)(3) applies when--
(A) A member of a group (selling group) recognized and was allowed a
loss with respect to a share of stock of S, a subsidiary or former
subsidiary of the selling group;
(B) That stock loss was duplicated (in whole or in part) in S's
attributes (duplicating items) at the earlier of the time that the loss
was recognized or that S ceased to be a member; and
(C) Within ten years of the date that S ceased to be a member, there
is a reimportation event. For this purpose, a reimportation event is any
event after which a duplicating item is a reimported item. A reimported
item is any duplicating item that is reflected in the attributes of any
member of the selling group, including S, or, if not reflected in the
attributes, would be properly taken into account by any member of the
selling group (for example as the result of a carryback).
(ii) Effect of application. Immediately before the time that a
reimported item (or any portion of a reimported item) would be properly
taken into account (but for the application of this paragraph (g)(3)),
such item (or such portion of the item) is reduced to zero and no
deduction or loss is allowed, directly or indirectly, with respect to
that item.
(iii) Operating rules. For purposes of this paragraph (g)(3)--
(A) The terms member, subsidiary, and group include their
predecessors and successors to the extent necessary to effectuate the
purposes of this section; and
(B) The reduction of a reimported item (other than duplicating items
that are carried back to a consolidated return year of the selling
group) is a noncapital, nondeductible expense within the meaning of
Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(iii).
(4) Avoidance of recognition of gain. (i) If a transaction is
structured with a view to, and has the effect of, deferring or avoiding
the recognition of gain on a disposition of stock by invoking the
application of paragraph (b)(1) of this section to redetermine the basis
of stock of a subsidiary, and the stock loss that gives rise to the
application of paragraph (b)(1) of this section is not significant,
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section shall not apply.
(ii) If a transaction is structured with a view to, and has the
effect of, deferring or avoiding the recognition of gain on a
disposition of stock by invoking the application of paragraph (b)(2) of
this section to redetermine the basis of stock of a subsidiary, and the
duplicated loss of the subsidiary that is reflected in stock of the
subsidiary owned by members of the group immediately before the
deconsolidation is not significant, paragraphs (b) and (c) of this
section shall not apply.
(5) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this section, all
transactions described in section 362(a) are completed before October
22, 2004, and therefore are not subject to section 362(e)(2). The
principles of this paragraph (g) are illustrated by the following
examples:
Example 1. Transfers of property in the avoidance of basis
redetermination rule. (i) Facts. In Year 1, P forms S with a
contribution of $100 in exchange for 100 shares of common stock of S
which at that time represents all of the outstanding stock of S. S
becomes a member of the P group. In Year 2, P contributes 20 shares of
common stock of S to PS, a partnership, in exchange for a 20 percent
capital
[[Page 466]]
and profits interest in a transaction described in section 721. In Year
3, P contributes Asset A with a basis of $50 and a value of $20 to PS in
exchange for an additional capital and profits interest in PS in a
transaction described in section 721. Also in Year 3, PS contributes
Asset A to S and P contributes an additional $80 to S in transfers to
which section 351 applies. In Year 4, S sells Asset A for $20,
recognizing a loss of $30. The P group uses that loss to offset income
of P. In Year 5, P sells its entire interest in PS for $40.
(ii) Analysis. Pursuant to paragraph (g)(2) of this section, if P's
contributions of S stock and Asset A to PS were undertaken with a view
to avoiding the application of the basis redetermination or the loss
suspension rule, adjustments must be made such that the group does not
obtain more than one tax benefit from the $30 loss inherent in Asset A.
Example 2. Transfers effecting a reimportation of loss. (i) Facts.
In Year 1, P forms S with a contribution of Asset A with a value of $100
and a basis of $120, Asset B with a value of $50 and a basis of $70, and
Asset C with a value of $90 and a basis of $100 in exchange for all of
the common stock of S and S becomes a member of the P group. In Year 2,
in a transaction that is not part of a plan that includes the
contribution, P sells the stock of S for $240, recognizing a loss of
$50. At such time, the bases and values of Assets A, B, and C have not
changed since their contribution to S. In Year 3, S sells Asset A,
recognizing a $20 loss. In Year 3, S merges into M in a reorganization
described in section 368(a)(1)(A). In Year 8, P purchases all of the
stock of M for $300. At that time, M has a $10 net operating loss. In
addition, M owns Asset D, which was acquired in an exchange described in
section 1031 in connection with the surrender of Asset B. Asset C has a
value of $80 and a basis of $100. Asset D has a value of $60 and a basis
of $70. In Year 9, P has operating income of $100 and M recognizes $20
of loss on the sale of Asset C. In Year 10, P has operating income of
$50 and M recognizes $50 of loss on the sale of Asset D.
(ii) Analysis. P's $50 loss on the sale of S stock is entirely
attributable to duplicated loss. Therefore, pursuant to paragraph (g)(3)
of this section, assuming the P group cannot establish otherwise, M's
$10 net operating loss is treated as attributable to assets that were
owned by S on the date of the disposition and that had bases in excess
of value on such date. Without regard to any other limitations on the
group's use of M's net operating loss, the P group cannot use M's $10
net operating loss pursuant to paragraph (g)(3)(iii)(D) of this section.
Pursuant to paragraph (g)(3)(iv) of this section and Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(3)(iii)(D), such loss is treated as a noncapital, nondeductible
expense of M incurred during the taxable year that it would otherwise be
absorbed, namely in Year 9. In addition, the P group is denied the use
of $10 of the loss recognized on the sale of Asset C. Finally, the P
group is denied the use of $10 of the loss recognized on the sale of
Asset D. Pursuant to paragraph (g)(3)(iv) of this section and Sec.
1.1502-32(b)(3)(iii)(D), each such disallowed loss is treated as a
noncapital, nondeductible expense of M incurred during the taxable year
that includes the date of the disposition of the asset with respect to
which such loss was recognized.
Example 3. Transfers to avoid recognition of gain. (i) Facts. P owns
all of the stock of S1 and S2. The S2 stock has a basis of $400 and a
value of $500. S1 owns 50% of the S3 common stock with a basis of $150.
S2 owns the remaining 50% of the S3 common stock with a basis of $100
and a value of $200 and one share of S3 preferred stock with a basis of
$10 and a value of $9. P intends to sell all of its S2 stock to an
unrelated buyer. P, therefore, engages in the following steps to dispose
of S2 without recognizing a substantial portion of the built-in gain in
S2. First, P causes a recapitalization of S3 in which S2's S3 common
stock is exchanged for new S3 preferred shares. P then sells all of its
S2 stock. Immediately after the sale of the S2 stock, S3 is a member of
the P group.
(ii) Analysis. Pursuant to paragraph (b)(4) of this section, because
S2 owns stock of S3 (another subsidiary of the same group) and,
immediately after the sale of the S2 stock, S3 is a member of the group,
then for purposes of applying paragraph (b) of this section, S2 is
deemed to have transferred its S3 stock. Because S3 is a member of the
group immediately after the transfer of the S2 stock and the S3 stock
deemed transferred has a basis in excess of value, the group in the S3
stock is redetermined pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this section
immediately prior to the sale of the S2 stock. Accordingly, P would
recognize only $1 of gain on the sale of its S2 stock. However, because
the recapitalization of the S3 was structured with a view to, and has
the effect of, avoiding the recognition of gain on a disposition of
stock by invoking the application of paragraph (b) of this section,
paragraph (g)(4)(i) of this section applies. Accordingly, paragraph (b)
of this section does not apply upon P's disposition of the S2 stock and
P recognizes $100 gain on the disposition of the S2 stock.
(6) General anti-avoidance rule. If a taxpayer acts with a view to
avoid the purposes of this section, appropriate adjustments will be made
to carry out the purposes of this section.
(h) Application of other rules of law. See Sec. 1.1502-80(a)
regarding the general applicability of other rules of law.
(i) [Reserved]
[[Page 467]]
(j) Effective/applicability dates. This section applies after
September 16, 2008. For prior law, see Sec. Sec. 1.1502-35 and 1.1502-
35T as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2008.
[T.D. 9254, 71 FR 13010, Mar. 14, 2006, as amended by T.D. 9264, 71 FR
30603, 30607, May 30, 2006; T.D. 9254, 71 FR 48473, Aug. 21, 2006; T.D.
9322, 72 FR 17805, Apr. 10, 2007; T.D. 9342, 72 FR 39736, July 20, 2007;
T.D. 9424, 73 FR 53951, Sept. 17, 2008; 75 FR 10172, Mar. 5, 2010]
Sec. 1.1502-36 Unified loss rule.
(a) In general--(1) Scope. This section provides rules for adjusting
members' bases in stock of a subsidiary (S) and for reducing S's
attributes when a member (M) transfers a loss share of S stock. See
paragraph (f) of this section for definitions of the terms used in this
section, including transfer and value.
(2) Purpose. The rules in this section have two principal purposes.
The first is to prevent the consolidated return provisions from reducing
a group's consolidated taxable income through the creation and
recognition of noneconomic loss on S stock. The second is to prevent
members (including former members) of the group from collectively
obtaining more than one tax benefit from a single economic loss.
Additional purposes are set forth in other paragraphs of this section.
The rules of this section must be interpreted and applied in a manner
that is consistent with and reasonably carries out the purposes of this
section.
(3) Overview--(i) General application of section. This section
applies when M transfers a share of S stock and, after taking into
account the effects of all applicable rules of law (even if the
adjustments required by such provisions are not deemed effective until
after the transfer, such as certain adjustments required under sections
108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28), the share is a loss share. When this
section applies, paragraph (b) of this section applies first and may
redetermine members' bases in their shares of S stock. If the
transferred share is a loss share after any basis redetermination under
paragraph (b) of this section, paragraph (c) of this section applies and
may reduce M's basis in the transferred loss share. If the transferred
share is a loss share after any basis reduction required by paragraph
(c) of this section, paragraph (d) of this section applies and may
reduce attributes of S and subsidiaries that are lower-tier to S.
Although the determination of whether there is a transfer of a loss
share is made as of the transfer, this section applies, and any
adjustments it requires are given effect, immediately before the
transfer. Paragraphs (e), (f), and (g) of this section provide general
operating rules (including rules for transfers of S stock between
members), definitions, and an anti-abuse rule, respectively.
(ii) Stock of multiple subsidiaries transferred in the transaction--
(A) Initial application of section to transferred shares in lowest tier.
If shares of stock of more than one subsidiary are transferred in a
transaction, the application of this section begins at the lowest tier.
If no transferred shares of stock of the lowest-tier subsidiary (S2) are
loss shares, any gain recognized with respect to the S2 shares
immediately tiers up and adjusts members' bases in subsidiary stock
under Sec. 1.1502-32. However, if any of the transferred S2 shares are
loss shares, paragraph (b) of this section applies with respect to those
shares. If, after the application of paragraph (b) of this section, any
transferred S2 shares are still loss shares, paragraph (c) of this
section applies with respect to those shares. If, after the application
of paragraph (c) of this section, any transferred S2 shares are still
loss shares and P makes an election under paragraph (d)(6) of this
section with respect to those S2 shares, then paragraph (d) of this
section applies with respect to those shares, but only to the extent
necessary to give effect to the election. After taking into account the
effects of any adjustments required by this initial application of this
section, recognized gain or loss is computed on all transferred S2
shares. Any adjustments under paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, the
effect of any election under paragraph (d)(6) of this section, any gain
or loss recognized on the transferred S2 shares (whether allowed or
disallowed), and any other related or resulting adjustments then tier-up
and apply to adjust members' bases in subsidiary stock under Sec.
1.1502-32.
(B) Initial application of section to transferred shares in higher
tiers. After
[[Page 468]]
taking into account the effects of any adjustments described in
paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, transferred shares in the next
higher tier, and then in each next higher tier successively, other than
the transferred loss shares at the highest tier, are treated in the
manner described in paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A) of this section.
(C) Application of section to transferred shares in highest tier.
After paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, and, to the extent
necessary to give effect to any election under paragraph (d)(6) of this
section, paragraph (d) of this section, have been applied to or with
respect to all lower-tier transferred loss shares, and after all lower-
tier adjustments have been taken into account (whether resulting from
the application of paragraph (b) or (c) of this section, an election
under paragraph (d)(6) of this section, the recognition of gain or loss
on a transfer, or otherwise), paragraphs (b), then (c), and then (d) of
this section apply with respect to the highest-tier shares that are
transferred loss shares.
(D) Final application of section to transferred shares in lower
tiers. After paragraph (d) of this section has been applied with respect
to transferred loss shares in the highest tier, it is applied with
respect to transferred shares in each next lower tier, successively, to
the extent such shares are loss shares after the application of
paragraph (d) of this section.
(4) Other rules of law and coordination with deferral and
disallowance provisions. In general, this section applies and has effect
immediately upon the transfer of a loss share even if the loss is
deferred, disallowed, or otherwise not taken into account under any
other applicable rules of law. However, see paragraph (e)(3) of this
section for special rules applicable to shares of S stock transferred in
an intercompany transaction. See section Sec. 1.1502-80(a) for the
general applicability of other rules of law and a limitation on
duplicative adjustments.
(5) Nomenclature, factual assumptions adopted in this section.
Unless otherwise stated, for purposes of this section, the following
nomenclature and assumptions are adopted. P is the common parent of a
consolidated group of which S, M, and M1 are members. X is not a member
of the P group. If a corporation has preferred stock outstanding, it is
stock described in section 1504(a)(4). The examples set forth the only
facts, elections, and activities relevant to the example. All
transactions are between unrelated persons and are independent of each
other. Tax liabilities and their effect, and the application of any
other loss disallowance or deferral provisions of the Internal Revenue
Code (Code) or regulations, including but not limited to section 267,
are disregarded. All persons report on a calendar year basis and use the
accrual method of accounting. All parties comply with filing and other
requirements of this section and all other provisions of the Code and
regulations.
(b) Basis redetermination to reduce disparity--(1) In general--(i)
Purpose and scope. The rules of this paragraph (b) reduce the extent to
which there is disparity in members' bases in shares of S stock. These
rules supplement the operation of the investment adjustment system;
their purpose is to prevent the realization of noneconomic loss and
facilitate the elimination of duplicated loss when members hold S shares
with disparate bases. The rules of this paragraph (b) only reallocate
investment adjustments previously applied to members' bases in shares of
S stock, thus they do not alter the aggregate amount of basis in shares
of S stock held by members or the aggregate amount of investment
adjustments applied to shares of S stock.
(ii) Special rules for applicability of redetermination rule.
Notwithstanding the general rule in paragraph (b)(2) of this section,
members' bases in shares of S stock are not redetermined under this
paragraph (b) if--
(A) There is no disparity among members' bases in shares of S common
stock and no member owns a share of S preferred stock with respect to
which there is unrecognized gain or loss; or
(B) All the shares of S stock held by members are transferred to one
or more nonmembers, become worthless under section 165 (taking into
account the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-80(c)), or a combination thereof,
in one fully taxable transaction. However, in such a case, P may elect
to redetermine such bases under this paragraph (b). Such an
[[Page 469]]
election is made in the manner provided in paragraph (e)(5) of this
section. If stock of more than one subsidiary is transferred in the
transaction, the election may be made with respect to one or more of
such subsidiaries.
(iii) Investment adjustment. For purposes of this paragraph (b), the
term investment adjustment includes adjustments specially allocated
under Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(ii)(B) and remaining adjustments described
in Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(iii). In applying any provision of this
section, the term includes all such adjustments reflected in the basis
of the share as of the application of the provision, whether originally
allocated under Sec. 1.1502-32 or otherwise. The term therefore
includes adjustments previously reallocated to the share, and it does
not include adjustments previously reallocated from the share, whether
pursuant to this section or any other provision of law. It also includes
the proportionate amount of adjustments reflected in the exchanged basis
of a share, such as the basis determined under section 358 in connection
with a reorganization or a transaction qualifying under section 355.
(2) Basis redetermination rule. If M transfers a loss share of S
stock, all members' bases in all their shares of S stock are subject to
redetermination under this paragraph (b). The determination of whether a
share is a loss share is made as of the transfer, taking into account
the effects of all applicable rules of law. The redeterminations are
made immediately before applying paragraph (c) of this section and in
accordance with the following:
(i) Decreasing the bases of transferred loss shares--(A) Removing
positive investment adjustments from transferred loss shares of common
stock. M's basis in each of its transferred loss shares of S common
stock is first reduced, but not below value, by removing positive
investment adjustments previously applied to the basis of the share. The
positive investment adjustments removed from transferred loss shares of
S common stock are reallocated under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this
section after negative investment adjustments are reallocated under
paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this section.
(B) Reallocating negative investment adjustments from shares of S
common stock. If a transferred share is still a loss share after
applying paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section, M's basis in the share
is reduced, but not below value, by reallocating negative investment
adjustments to the transferred loss share (whether common or preferred
stock) from members' shares of S common stock that are not transferred
loss shares. The adjustments reallocated under this paragraph
(b)(2)(i)(B) are reallocated and applied first to M's bases in
transferred loss shares of S preferred stock and then to M's bases in
transferred loss shares of S common stock. Reallocations under this
paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) are made in a manner that, to the greatest extent
possible, reduces the disparity among members' bases in all transferred
loss shares of S preferred stock, and reduces the disparity among
members' bases in all shares of S common stock.
(ii) Increasing the bases of gain preferred and all common shares--
(A) Preferred stock. After the application of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of
this section, the positive investment adjustments removed from
transferred loss shares of S common stock under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A)
of this section are reallocated and applied to increase, but not above
value, members' bases in shares of S preferred stock (without regard to
whether such shares are transferred in the transaction). Reallocations
under this paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A) are made in a manner that, to the
greatest extent possible, reduces the disparity among members' bases in
all shares of S preferred stock.
(B) Common stock. Any positive investment adjustments removed from
transferred loss shares of S common stock under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A)
of this section and not reallocated and applied to S preferred shares
are reallocated and applied to increase members' bases in shares of S
common stock. Reallocations are made to shares of S common stock without
regard to whether a particular share is a loss share or a transferred
share, and without regard to the share's value. Reallocations under this
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) are made in a manner that, to the greatest
extent possible, reduces
[[Page 470]]
the disparity among members' bases in all shares of S common stock.
(iii) Operating rules--(A) Method. In general, reallocations should
be made first with respect to the earliest available adjustments.
However, the overall application of this paragraph (b) to a transaction
must be made in a manner that, to the greatest extent possible, reduces
basis disparity (as provided in paragraphs (b)(2)(i)(B) and (b)(2)(ii)
of this section). The specific reallocation of an investment adjustment
under this paragraph (b) may be made using any reasonable method or
formula that is consistent with the provisions of this paragraph (b)(2)
and furthers the purposes of this section.
(B) Limits on reallocation--(1) Restriction to members' outstanding
shares. Investment adjustments can only be reallocated to shares that
were held by members at the time the adjustment was originally applied.
(2) Limitation by prior use--(i) In general. In order to prevent the
reallocation of investment adjustments from either increasing or
decreasing members' aggregate bases in subsidiary stock, no investment
adjustment (positive or negative) may be reallocated under this
paragraph (b)(2) to the extent that it was (or would have been) used
prior to the time that it would otherwise be reallocated under this
paragraph (b)(2). For this purpose, an investment adjustment was used
(or would have been used) to the extent that it was reflected in (or
would have been reflected in) the basis of a share of subsidiary stock
and the basis of that share has already been taken into account,
directly or indirectly, in determining income, gain, deduction, or loss
(including by affecting the application of this section to a prior
transfer of subsidiary stock) or in determining the basis of any
property that is not subject to Sec. 1.1502-32. However, if the prior
use was in an intercompany transaction, an investment adjustment may be
reallocated to the extent that Sec. 1.1502-13 has prevented the gain or
loss on the transaction from being taken into account. (In that case,
appropriate adjustments must be made to the intercompany item from the
prior intercompany transaction that has not yet been taken into
account.) Further, if an investment adjustment was reflected in (or
would have been reflected in) the basis of a share that has been taken
into account, the limitation on reallocation under this paragraph
(b)(2)(iii)(B)(2) does not apply to the extent the basis of that share
would not change as a result of the reallocation (for example, because
the reallocation is between shares that are both lower-tier to the share
with the previously used basis). See Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(ii)(B)
regarding special allocations applicable to the tier-up of the
reallocated investment adjustment if the reallocation is limited under
this paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(B)(2) due to prior use at a higher tier.
(ii) Example. The application of this paragraph (b)(2)(iii)(B)(2) is
illustrated by the following example:
Example. (i) Facts. P owns all 20 shares of M stock, and 10 shares
of S stock. M owns the remaining 10 shares of S stock. In year 1, S
recognizes $200 of income that results in a $10 positive investment
adjustment being allocated to each share of S stock. The group does not
recognize any other items. The $100 positive adjustment to M's basis in
the S stock tiers up, and results in a $5 positive adjustment to each
share of M stock. In year 2, P sells one share of M stock and recognizes
a gain. In year 3, M sells one loss share of S stock, and this paragraph
(b) applies and requires a reallocation of the year 1 positive
investment adjustment applied to the basis of the transferred S share.
(ii) Application of limitation by prior use. M's basis in the
transferred loss share of S stock reflects a $10 positive investment
adjustment attributable to S's year 1 income. Under the general rule of
this paragraph (b), that $10 would be subject to reallocation to reduce
basis disparity. However, that $10 adjustment had originally tiered up
to adjust P's basis in its M shares and, as a result, $.50 of that
adjustment was reflected in P's basis in each share of M stock. When P
sold the share of M stock, the basis of that share (which included the
tiered-up $.50) was used in determining the gain on the sale. Thus, $.50
of the $10 investment adjustment originally allocated to the transferred
S share that tiered-up to the sold M share was previously used and, as
such, cannot be reallocated in a manner that would (if it were the
original allocation) affect the basis of the sold M share. Accordingly,
no more than $9.50 of the adjustment to M's transferred S share could be
reallocated to P's shares of S stock. If so, under the special
allocation rule in Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(ii)(B), the tier-up of this
$9.50 would only be allocated among P's remaining 19
[[Page 471]]
shares of M stock. Alternatively, all $10 of the investment adjustment
could be reallocated to M's other S shares (because the tier-up to P's M
shares would have been the same regardless which of M's shares of S
stock were adjusted).
(iii) Application of limitation where adjustment would have been
used. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example except
that M does not sell any shares of S stock and, in year 3, P sells a
loss share of S stock. As in paragraph (i) of this Example, when P sold
the share of M stock, the basis of that share was used in determining
the gain on the share. When P sells the loss share of S stock, the $10
positive investment adjustment from S's year 1 income cannot be
reallocated in a manner that would (if it were the original adjustment)
affect the basis of the sold M share. If this $10 positive investment
adjustment had originally been allocated to the S shares held by M, $.50
of the $10 investment adjustment would have tiered up to the M share
that P sold, would have been reflected in P's basis in that M share, and
would have been used in determining P's gain or loss on the sale.
Accordingly, up to $9.50 of the $10 investment adjustment applied to the
basis of P's transferred S share could be reallocated to M's shares of S
stock. If so, under the special allocation rule in Sec. 1.1502-
32(c)(1)(ii)(B), the tier-up of this $9.50 would only be allocated among
P's remaining 19 shares of M stock. Alternatively, all $10 of the
investment adjustment could be reallocated to P's other S shares.
(3) Examples. The general application of this paragraph (b) is
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Transfer of stock received in section 351 exchange. (i)
Redetermination to prevent noneconomic loss. (A) Facts. For many years,
M has owned two assets, Asset 1 and Asset 2. On January 1, year 1, M
receives the only four outstanding shares of S common stock (Block 1
shares) in exchange for Asset 1, which has a basis and value of $80.
Section 351 applies to the exchange and, therefore, under section 358,
M's aggregate basis in the Block 1 shares is $80 ($20 per share). On
July 1, year 2, M receives another share of S common stock (Block 2
share) in exchange for Asset 2, which has a basis of $0 and value of
$20. Section 351 applies to this exchange and, under section 358, M's
basis in the Block 2 share is $0. On October 1, year 3, S sells Asset 2
for $20, recognizing a $20 gain. On December 31, year 3, M sells one of
its Block 1 shares to X for $20. After taking into account the effects
of all applicable rules of law, M's basis in each Block 1 share is $24
(M's original $20 basis increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $4, the
share's allocable portion of the $20 gain recognized on the sale of
Asset 2). In addition, M's basis in its Block 2 share is $4 (M's
original $0 basis increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $4 (the share's
allocable portion of the $20 gain recognized on the sale of Asset 2)).
M's sale of the Block 1 share is a transfer of a loss share and
therefore subject to this section.
(B) Basis redetermination under this paragraph (b). Under this
paragraph (b), M's bases in all its shares of S stock are subject to
redetermination. First, paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section applies
to reduce M's basis in the transferred loss share, but not below value,
by removing positive investment adjustments applied to the basis of the
share. Accordingly, M's basis in the transferred Block 1 share is
reduced by $4 (the amount of the positive investment adjustment applied
to the share), from $24 to $20. Even if there were negative investment
adjustments applied to adjust the bases of nontransferred common shares,
no further reduction to the basis of the share would be required under
this paragraph (b) because the basis of the transferred share is then
equal to the share's value. Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this
section, the positive investment adjustment removed from the transferred
loss share is reallocated and applied to increase M's bases in its S
common shares in a manner that reduces disparity in M's bases in all the
S common shares, to the greatest extent possible. Accordingly, the $4
positive investment adjustment removed from the Block 1 share is
reallocated and applied to the basis of the Block 2 share, increasing it
from $4 to $8.
(C) Application of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. Because
M's sale of the Block 1 share is not a transfer of a loss share after
the application of this paragraph (b), neither paragraph (c) of this
section nor paragraph (d) of this section applies to the transfer.
(ii) Redetermination to eliminate duplicated loss. (A) Facts. The
facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 1, except
that, at the time of the second contribution, the value of Asset 1 had
declined to $20 and so, instead of contributing Asset 2, M contributed
Asset 3 to S in exchange for the Block 2 share. At the time of that
exchange, Asset 3 had a basis and value of $5. On October 1, year 3, S
sells Asset 1 for $20, recognizing a $60 loss that is absorbed by the
group. On December 31, year 3, M sells one of its Block 1 shares to X
for $5. After taking into account the effects of all applicable rules of
law, M's basis in each Block 1 share is $8 (M's original $20 basis
decreased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $12 (the share's allocable portion of
the $60 loss recognized on the sale of Asset 1)). M's basis in its Block
2 share is an excess loss account of $7 (M's original basis of $5
reduced under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $12, the share's allocable portion of
the loss recognized on the sale of Asset 1). M's sale of the Block 1
share is a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to this
section.
[[Page 472]]
(B) Basis redetermination under this paragraph (b). Under this
paragraph (b), M's bases in all its shares of S stock are subject to
redetermination. There are no positive investment adjustments and so
there is no adjustment under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section.
However, under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this section, M's basis in the
transferred Block 1 share is reduced, but not below value, by
reallocating negative investment adjustments from common shares that are
not transferred loss shares. In total, there were $48 of negative
investment adjustments applied to common shares that are not transferred
loss shares. Accordingly, M's basis in the Block 1 share is reduced by
$3, from $8 to its value of $5. Under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this
section, the negative investment adjustments applied to the transferred
share are reallocated from (and therefore cause an increase in the basis
of) S common shares that are not transferred loss shares in a manner
that reduces disparity among members' bases in all S common shares to
the greatest extent possible. Accordingly, the $3 negative investment
adjustment reallocated and applied to the transferred Block 1 share is
reallocated entirely from the Block 2 share, increasing the basis in the
Block 2 share from an excess loss account of $7 to an excess loss
account of $4.
(C) Application of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. Because
M's sale of the Block 1 share is not a transfer of a loss share after
the application of this paragraph (b), neither paragraph (c) of this
section nor paragraph (d) of this section applies to the transfer.
(iii) Nonapplicability of redetermination rule to sale of entire
interest. The facts are the same as in paragraph (ii)(A) of this Example
1, except that, on December 31, year 3, M sells all its shares of S
stock to X for $25. M's sale of the S stock to X is a transfer of all of
the shares of S stock held by members to one or more nonmembers in one
fully taxable transaction and, therefore, basis is not redetermined
under this paragraph (b). Accordingly, the sale of the Block 1 shares
remains a transfer of loss shares and, as such, subject to paragraphs
(c) and (d) of this section. However, paragraphs (c)(7) and (d)(3)(i)(A)
of this section apply netting principles to prevent adjustments under
either paragraph (c) or paragraph (d) of this section, respectively.
Alternatively, the group could elect to apply this paragraph (b). In
that case, the $12 negative adjustment applied to the Block 2 shares
would be reallocated to the Block 1 shares with the result that there
would be no loss (or gain) on any of the transferred shares following
the application of this paragraph (b). In that case, there would be no
further application of this section to the transfer.
(iv) Transfer of entire interest, partially taxable. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (iii) of this Example 1, except that, instead
of selling the Block 2 share to X, M contributes the share to a
nonmember in a section 351 exchange that is part of the same
transaction. Although all the S shares held by members are transferred
in the transaction, not all the shares are transferred to one or more
nonmembers in one fully taxable transaction. Therefore, paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(B) of this section does not apply and M must redetermine its
bases in its shares of S stock under this paragraph (b). In total, there
were $12 of negative investment adjustments applied to common shares
that are not transferred loss shares (the Block 2 share, a gain share).
Accordingly, M's basis in each of the Block 1 shares is reduced by $3,
from $8 to its value of $5. Under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this
section, the negative investment adjustments applied to the transferred
shares are reallocated from (and therefore cause an increase in the
basis of) S shares that are not transferred loss shares in a manner that
reduces disparity among members' bases in all S common shares to the
greatest extent possible. Accordingly, the $12 negative investment
adjustment reallocated and applied to the transferred Block 1 shares is
reallocated entirely from the Block 2 share, increasing the basis in the
Block 2 share from an excess loss account of $7 to a basis of $5.
Because M's transfer is not a transfer of loss shares after the
application of this paragraph (b), neither paragraph (c) of this section
nor paragraph (d) of this section applies to the transfer.
Example 2. Redetermination increases basis of transferred loss
share. (i) Facts. On January 1, year 1, M owns all 10 outstanding shares
of S common stock. Five of the shares have a basis of $20 per share
(Block 1 shares) and five of the shares have a basis of $10 per share
(Block 2 shares). S's only asset, Asset 1, has a basis of $50. S has no
other attributes. On October 1, year 1, S sells Asset 1 for $100,
recognizing a $50 gain. On December 31, year 2, M sells one Block 1
share and one Block 2 share to X for $10 per share. After taking into
account the effects of all applicable rules of law, M's basis in each
Block 1 share is $25 (M's original $20 basis increased under Sec.
1.1502-32 by $5, the share's allocable portion of the $50 gain
recognized on the sale of Asset 1), and M's basis in each Block 2 share
is $15 (M's original $10 basis increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $5,
the share's allocable portion of the $50 gain recognized on the sale of
Asset 1). M's sale of the Block 1 and Block 2 shares is a transfer of
loss shares and therefore subject to this section.
(ii) Basis redetermination under this paragraph (b). Under this
paragraph (b), M's bases in all its shares of S stock are subject to
redetermination. First, paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section applies
to reduce M's basis in the transferred Block 1 and Block 2 shares, but
not below value, by removing the positive investment adjustments applied
to the
[[Page 473]]
bases of the transferred loss shares. Accordingly, the basis of the
transferred Block 1 share is reduced by $5, from $25 to $20. The basis
of the transferred Block 2 share is also reduced by $5, from $15 to $10.
(Although the transferred Block 1 share is still a loss share, there is
no reduction to its basis under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this section
because there were no negative investment adjustments applied to the
bases of the S common shares that are not transferred loss shares.)
Next, paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section applies to reallocate and
apply the $10 of positive investment adjustments removed from the
transferred loss shares to increase M's bases in its S common shares in
a manner that reduces the disparity in its bases in all S common shares
to the greatest extent possible. Accordingly, of the $10 of positive
investment adjustments to be reallocated, $6 is reallocated and applied
to the basis of the transferred Block 2 share (increasing it from $10 to
$16) and $4 is reallocated and applied equally to the basis of each of
the four retained Block 2 shares (increasing the basis of each from $15
to $16). After giving effect to the reallocations under this paragraph
(b), M's basis in each retained Block 1 share is $25, M's basis in the
transferred Block 1 share is $20, and M's basis in each Block 2 share is
$16.
(iii) Application of paragraph (c) of this section. After the
application of this paragraph (b), M's sale of the Block 1 and Block 2
shares is still a transfer of loss shares and, accordingly, subject to
paragraph (c) of this section. No adjustment is required to the basis of
the transferred Block 1 share under paragraph (c) of this section
because, after its basis is redetermined under this paragraph (b), the
net positive adjustment to the basis of the share is $0. See paragraph
(c)(3) of this section. However, under paragraph (c) of this section M's
basis in the transferred Block 2 share is reduced by $6 (the lesser of
its net positive adjustment, $6, and its disconformity amount, $6), from
$16 to $10, its value. See paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(iv) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. After the
application of paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale of the Block 1
share is still a transfer of a loss share and, accordingly, subject to
paragraph (d) of this section. No adjustment is required under paragraph
(d) of this section because there is no aggregate inside loss. See
paragraph (d)(3)(iii) of this section. Because M's sale of the Block 2
share is no longer a transfer of a loss share after the application of
paragraph (c) of this section, paragraph (d) of this section does not
apply to the transfer of the Block 2 share.
Example 3. Tiered subsidiaries. (i) Transfer of all shares of common
stock. (A) Facts. P owns the sole outstanding share of S stock with a
basis of $100, and the sole outstanding share of M stock with a basis of
$300. M has $200 and owns an asset with a basis of $0. S owns one asset,
Asset 1, with a basis of $100. At a time when Asset 1 has a value of
$200, S issues a second share of common stock to M in exchange for $200.
Later S sells Asset 1 for $200, recognizing a $100 gain. After taking
into account the effects of all applicable rules of law, P's basis in
its S stock is $150 (P's original $100 basis increased under Sec.
1.1502-32 by $50, the share's allocable portion of the $100 gain
recognized on the sale of Asset 1), M's basis in its S stock is $250
(M's original $200 basis increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $50, the
share's allocable portion of the $100 gain recognized on the sale of
Asset 1), and P's basis in its M stock is $350 (P's original $300 basis
increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $50, the tier-up of M's increase in
its basis in its S stock). P then sells its M share and its S share to X
for $300 and $200, respectively. M and S are not members of the same
consolidated group immediately after the sale. Therefore, the M share
and both of the S shares are transferred in the transaction. Regarding
P's sale of its share of S stock and its share of M stock, see paragraph
(f)(10)(i)(A) of this section (ceasing to own a share in a taxable
transaction) and paragraph (f)(10)(i)(C) of this section (nonmember
acquires share); regarding M's share of S stock, see paragraph
(f)(10)(i)(B) of this section (ceasing to be members of the same group).
The application of this section begins with respect to the stock of S,
the subsidiary at the lowest tier in which there is a transfer of
subsidiary stock. See paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section. Although
both P and M transfer their S shares, only M's S share is a loss share.
Thus, only M's transfer is a transfer of a loss share of S stock and
only M's transfer is subject to this section.
(B) Application of section to transferred S shares. Although only
M's transfer is subject to this section, all members' bases in their
shares of S stock are subject to redetermination under this paragraph
(b). First, paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section applies to reduce M's
basis in its transferred S share, but not below value, by removing the
positive investment adjustment applied to that share. Accordingly, the
basis of M's S share is reduced by $50, from $250 to $200 (under Sec.
1.1502-32, that redetermination adjustment tiers up to reduce P's basis
in its M stock by $50, from $350 to $300). Because there are no negative
adjustments to reallocate under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this section,
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section then applies to reallocate and
apply the $50 positive investment adjustment removed from the
transferred loss S share to increase P's basis in its S share in a
manner that reduces disparity among members' bases in all S common
shares to the greatest extent possible. Accordingly, all $50 of the
positive investment adjustment is reallocated and applied to P's basis
in its S share (increasing the basis
[[Page 474]]
from $150 to $200). Because M's transfer of its S share is not a
transfer of a loss share after the application of this paragraph (b),
neither paragraph (c) of this section nor paragraph (d) of this section
applies to that transfer.
(C) Application of section to transfers at next higher tier. After
the adjustments to M's share of S stock are given effect, P's transfer
of its share of M stock is not a transfer of a loss share and so this
section does not apply to that transfer.
(D) Result of application of section. After the application of this
section, P recognizes no gain or loss on its sale of either the S share
or the M share. In addition, the unrecognized (noneconomic) loss in M's
basis in its S share is eliminated. The results would be the same if, in
addition to the facts in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 3, M
transferred its S share to X in a fully taxable transaction and, as
permitted under paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(B) of this section, P elected to
redetermine basis under this paragraph (b).
(ii) Transfer of less than all lower-tier shares of stock. (A)
Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 1,
except that M and S are members of the same consolidated group
immediately after the sale. Therefore, in this case, M's S share is not
transferred and so this section has no application with respect to M's S
share. P's transfer of its S share is not a transfer of a loss share and
so is also not subject to this section. However, P's sale of its share
of M stock is a transfer of a loss share and is subject to this section.
(B) Basis redetermination under this paragraph (b). Although P's
transfer of its share of M stock is subject to this section, this
paragraph (b) does not apply to the transfer because there is only one
share of M stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity among
members' bases in common shares and there are no outstanding preferred
shares with respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or loss).
Accordingly, after the application of this paragraph (b), P's sale of
its M share is still a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to
paragraph (c) of this section.
(C) Application of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. Under
paragraph (c) of this section, P must reduce its basis in its M share by
$50, the lesser of its net positive adjustment ($50, see paragraph
(c)(3) of this section) and its disconformity amount ($150, see
paragraphs (c)(4), (c)(5), and (c)(6) of this section). As a result, the
share is no longer a loss share and the transfer is not subject to
paragraph (d) of this section.
(D) Result of application of section. After the application of this
section, P recognizes a $50 gain on its sale of the S share and no loss
on its sale of the M share. Although there is unrecognized loss
preserved in M's basis in its S share, if M later transfers the share
when it is a loss share, that transfer will be subject to this section.
Example 4. Application to outstanding common and preferred shares.
(i) Facts. P owns all the stock of M and all eight outstanding shares of
S common stock. S also has two shares of nonvoting preferred stock
outstanding; the preferred shares each have a $100 annual, cumulative
preference as to dividends. M owns one of the preferred shares (PS1) and
P owns the other (PS2). On January 1, year 1, the bases and values of
the outstanding S shares are:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preferred Common
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PS1 PS2 CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8
(M) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basis........................... 1250 990 1025 710 550 400 375 250 215 100
Value........................... 1000 1000 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(A) As of January 1, year 1, there are no arrearages on the
preferred stock. In year 1, S has a $1100 capital loss and $100 of
ordinary income. The group absorbs the loss and the negative remaining
adjustment of $1000 is allocable entirely to the common stock, equally
to each common share ($125 per share). See Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(iii)
and (c)(2).
(B) In year 2, S has $700 of ordinary income and a $100 ordinary
loss. Also, on October 1, year 2, S declares and makes a $200 dividend
distribution with respect to the preferred stock ($100 per share). Under
Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(i), a negative adjustment of $100 is first
allocated to each of the preferred shares to reflect the declaration of
the dividend. The $600 positive remaining adjustment determined under
Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(iii) (reflecting S's net income reduced by the
distribution) is then allocated to each of the preferred shares to the
extent of its entitlement to dividends accruing in year 1 and year 2
($200 per share). See Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(iii) and (c)(3). The $200 of
the positive remaining adjustment not allocated to the preferred shares
is then allocated to the common stock, equally to each common share ($25
per share). See Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(iii) and (c)(2). After taking into
account the effects of all applicable rules of law, the adjusted bases
and the values of the shares as of January 1, year 3, are:
[[Page 475]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preferred Common
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PS1 PS2 CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8
(M) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basis........................... 1250 990 1025 710 550 400 375 250 215 100
Year 1Sec. 1.1502-32 N/A N/A -125 -125 -125 -125 -125 -125 -125 -125
adjustments....................
Year 2Sec. 1.1502-32 -100 -100 +25 +25 +25 +25 +25 +25 +25 +25
adjustments....................
+200 +200 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
-------------------------
+100 +100 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ......
=========================
Adjusted basis.................. 1350 1090 925 610 450 300 275 150 115 0
Value........................... 1100 1100 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275
Unrecognized gain/(loss)........ (250) 10 (650) (335) (175) (25) 0 125 160 275
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(C) On January 1, year 3, M sells PS1 for $1100 and P sells CS2 for
$275. The sales of PS1 and CS2 are transfers of loss shares and
therefore subject to this section.
(ii) Basis redetermination under this paragraph (b). Under this
paragraph (b), all members' bases in shares of S stock are subject to
redetermination in accordance with the following:
(A) Removing positive investment adjustments from transferred loss
common shares. First, paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section applies to
reduce P's basis in CS2, but not below value, by removing the positive
investment adjustment applied to the basis of the share. Accordingly,
P's basis in CS2 is reduced by $25, from $610 to $585.
(B) Reallocating negative investment adjustments from common shares
that are not transferred loss shares. Because the transferred shares
remain loss shares after the removal of positive investment adjustments,
their bases are further reduced under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this
section, but not below value, by reallocating negative investment
adjustments applied to common shares that are not transferred loss
shares. Reallocations are made first to preferred shares and then to the
common shares, in a manner that reduces disparity among members' bases
in transferred loss preferred shares, and reduces disparity among
members' bases in all common shares, to the greatest extent possible.
The loss on PS1 is $250, the remaining loss on CS2 is $310, and the
total amount of negative investment adjustments applied to shares that
are not transferred loss shares is $875 (the sum of the negative
adjustments applied to all common shares other than CS2). Thus, $250 of
negative investment adjustments are reallocated and applied to the basis
of PS1, reducing it to the share's value, $1100. The negative investment
adjustments are reallocated from the common shares that are not
transferred loss shares in a manner that reduces disparity among
members' bases in all common shares to the greatest extent possible. The
negative investment adjustments may be reallocated to PS1 from the
common shares that are not transferred loss shares as follows: $125 from
each of CS7 and CS8. Such reallocations increase the basis of CS7 by
$125, from $115 to $240, and increase the basis of CS8 by $125, from $0
to $125. Negative investment adjustments are then reallocated to CS2
from the common shares that are not transferred loss shares in a manner
that reduces disparity among members' bases in all common shares to the
greatest extent possible. The negative investment adjustments may be
reallocated to CS2 from the other common shares as follows: $80 from
CS4, $105 from CS5, and $125 from CS6. Such reallocations reduce the
basis of CS2 by $310, from $585 to $275, increase the basis of CS4 by
$80, from $300 to $380, increase the basis of CS5 by $105, from $275 to
$380, and increase the basis of CS6 by $125, from $150 to $275. However,
there may be other reasonable reallocations.
(C) Increasing basis by reallocated positive investment adjustments.
Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(A) of this section, the $25 positive
investment adjustment removed from CS2 (the transferred loss common
share) is then reallocated and applied to increase the basis of
preferred shares, but not above value. Accordingly, $10 of that amount
is reallocated to PS2, increasing its basis from $1090 to $1100, its
value. Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section, the remaining $15
is reallocated and applied to the common shares in a manner that reduces
disparity among members' bases in all common shares to the greatest
extent possible. The $15 positive investment adjustment that is
reallocated to common shares may be reallocated entirely to CS8,
increasing its basis from $125 to $140. However, there may be other
reasonable reallocations.
(D) Summary of the reallocation of adjustments. The adjustments made
under this paragraph (b) are:
[[Page 476]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preferred Common
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PS1 PS2 CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 CS6 CS7 CS8
(M) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P) (P)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adjusted basis before 1350 1090 925 610 450 300 275 150 115 0
redetermination................
Removing positive adjustments ...... ...... ...... -25
from transferred loss shares...
Reallocating negative -250 ...... ...... -310 ...... +80 +105 +125 +125 +125
adjustments....................
Applying positive adjustments ...... +10 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... +15
removed from transferred loss
shares.........................
Basis after redetermination..... 1100 1100 925 275 450 380 380 275 240 140
Value........................... 1100 1100 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275
Gain/(loss)..................... 0 0 (650) 0 (175) (105) (105) 0 35 135
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) Application of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. Because
M's sale of PS1 and P's sale of CS2 are not transfers of loss shares
after the application of this paragraph (b), paragraphs (c) and (d) of
this section do not apply.
(iv) Higher-tier effects. The $250 reduction in the basis of PS1
under this paragraph (b) is a noncapital, nondeductible expense under
Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(3)(iii)(B) that will be included in the year 3
investment adjustment to be applied to P's basis in its M stock.
(c) Stock basis reduction to prevent noneconomic loss--(1) In
general. The rules of this paragraph (c) reduce M's basis in a
transferred share of S stock to prevent noneconomic stock loss and thus
promote the clear reflection of the group's income. These rules limit
the reduction to M's basis in the S share to the amount of net
unrealized appreciation reflected in the share's basis as of the
transfer (the disconformity amount). These rules also limit the
reduction to M's basis in the S share to the portion of the share's
basis that is attributable to investment adjustments made pursuant to
the consolidated return regulations.
(2) Basis reduction rule. This paragraph (c) applies if M transfers
a share of S stock and, after taking into account the effects of all
applicable rules of law, including any adjustments under paragraph (b)
of this section, the share is a loss share. Under this paragraph (c),
M's basis in the share is reduced, but not below value, by the lesser
of--
(i) The share's net positive adjustment (as defined in paragraph
(c)(3) of this section); and
(ii) The share's disconformity amount (as defined in paragraph
(c)(4) of this section).
(3) Net positive adjustment. A share's net positive adjustment is
the greater of--
(i) Zero; and
(ii) The sum of all investment adjustments reflected in the basis of
the share. The term investment adjustment has the same meaning as in
paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section, except that it includes all
adjustments specially allocated under Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(ii).
(4) Disconformity amount. A share's disconformity amount is the
excess, if any, of--
(i) M's basis in the share; over
(ii) The share's allocable portion of S's net inside attribute
amount (as defined in paragraph (c)(5) of this section).
(5) Net inside attribute amount. S's net inside attribute amount is
determined as of the transfer, taking into account all applicable rules
of law (even if the adjustments required by such rules are not deemed
effective until after the transfer, such as certain adjustments required
under sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28). S's net inside
attribute amount is the sum of S's net operating and capital loss
carryovers, deferred deductions, money, and basis in assets other than
money, reduced by the amount of S's liabilities. For this purpose, S's
basis in any share of lower-tier subsidiary stock is generally S's basis
in that share, adjusted to reflect any gain or loss recognized in the
transaction with respect to the share and any other related or resulting
adjustments to the basis of the share. However, see paragraph (c)(6) of
this section for special rules regarding the computation of S's net
inside attribute amount for purposes of this paragraph (c) if S holds
stock of a subsidiary that is not transferred in the transaction.
[[Page 477]]
See paragraph (f) of this section for definitions of ``allocable
portion,'' ``deferred deduction,'' ``liability,'' ``loss carryover,''
and other relevant terms.
(6) Determination of S's net inside attribute amount if S owns stock
of a lower-tier subsidiary--(i) Overview. If a loss share of S stock is
transferred when S holds a share of stock of another subsidiary (S1) and
the S1 share is not transferred in the same transaction, S's net inside
attribute amount is determined by treating S's basis in its S1 share as
tentatively reduced under this paragraph (c)(6). The purpose of this
rule is to reduce the extent to which S1's investment adjustments
increase noneconomic loss on S stock (as a result of S1's recognition of
items that are indirectly reflected in a member's basis in a share of S
stock).
(ii) General rule for nontransferred shares of lower-tier subsidiary
stock. For purposes of determining the disconformity amount of a share
of S stock, S's basis in a nontransferred share of S1 stock is treated
as reduced by the share's tentative reduction amount. The tentative
reduction amount is the lesser of the S1 share's net positive adjustment
and the S1 share's disconformity amount.
(iii) Multiple tiers of nontransferred shares. If S directly or
indirectly owns nontransferred shares of stock of subsidiaries in
multiple tiers, then, subject to the limitations in paragraph (c)(6)(iv)
of this section (regarding nontransferred shares that are lower-tier to
transferred shares), the rules of this paragraph (c)(6) first apply to
determine the tentatively reduced basis of stock of the subsidiary at
the lowest tier. These rules then apply to determine the tentatively
reduced basis of nontransferred shares of stock of subsidiaries
successively at each next higher tier that is lower-tier to S. The
tentative reductions at each tier are treated as noncapital,
nondeductible expenses that tier up under the principles of Sec.
1.1502-32, and, as such, result in a tentative reduction of basis and
any net positive adjustment of subsidiary shares that are lower-tier to
S.
(iv) Nonapplicability of tentative basis reduction rule to
transferred shares. The tentative basis reduction rule in this paragraph
(c)(6) does not apply to any share of stock of a lower-tier subsidiary
(S1) that is transferred in the same transaction in which the S share is
transferred. Further, for purposes of determining the S share's
disconformity amount, the tentative basis reduction rule in this
paragraph (c)(6) only applies with respect to stock of a lower-tier
subsidiary if such stock is lower-tier to a nontransferred S1 share. The
purpose of this rule is to prevent tentative adjustments to the bases of
lower-tier shares if this paragraph (c) has already applied with respect
to the shares, without regard to whether such application resulted in
the reduction of the basis of any share.
(v) Example. The rules of this paragraph (c)(6) are illustrated by
the following example:
Example. (i) Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share of S stock, S
owns the sole outstanding share of S1 stock, S1 owns all five
outstanding shares of S2 stock (the bases of which are equal), and S2
owns the sole outstanding share of S3 stock. The basis of each of the
shares reflects its allocable portion of a $5 positive investment
adjustment attributable to income recognized by S3. The basis of the S
share exceeds its value by $10 and the basis of the S1 share exceeds its
value by $5. The basis of each S2 share is $1 less than its value. In
one transaction, M sells its S share to X, S1 issues new shares in an
amount that prevents S and S1 from being members of the same group, and
S1 sells one of its S2 shares to an unrelated individual. S1, S2, and S3
elect to file a consolidated return following the transaction.
(ii) General applicability of section. As a result of the
transaction, there is a transfer of the S share and the S2 share that
was sold (because both shares were sold to nonmembers) and of the S1
share (because S and S1 cease to be members of the same group as a
result of the stock issuance). The transfer of the S2 share is not a
transfer of a loss share, and so this section does not apply to that
transfer. The transfers of the S and S1 shares are transfers of loss
shares, and so this section applies to those transfers. The S3 share and
the four retained S2 shares are not transferred in the transaction.
Under paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, this section applies
first to the transfer of the S1 share because it is the lowest-tier
transferred loss share.
(iii) Application of paragraph (b) of this section and this
paragraph (c) to transfer of S1 stock. First, the $1 gain recognized on
the transfer of the S2 share tiers up to adjust the basis of each upper-
tier share. The transferred S1 share is still a loss share (by $4)
[[Page 478]]
and is therefore subject to this section. Although the transfer is
subject to paragraph (b) of this section, there is no basis
redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because there is
only one share of S1 stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity
among members' bases in common shares and there are no outstanding
preferred shares with respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or
loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the
application of paragraph (b) of this section, the S1 share is still a
loss share and, as such, subject to this paragraph (c). In determining
the amount of any basis reduction under this paragraph (c), the
disconformity amount of the S1 share is computed by comparing S's basis
in its S1 share to S1's net inside attribute amount (because there is
only one S1 share outstanding, the entire amount is allocable to that
share). In determining S1's net inside attribute amount, the tentative
reduction rule in this paragraph (c)(6) applies to nontransferred lower-
tier shares (provided they are lower-tier to nontransferred shares).
Thus, the rule applies to S1's four retained shares of S2 stock and to
S2's share of S3 stock. The tentative reduction begins at the lowest
level (S2's share of S3 stock) and any tentative reduction amount tiers
up as a noncapital, nondeductible expense under the principles of Sec.
1.1502-32, tentatively reducing the bases of any upper tier
nontransferred shares that are lower-tier to the transferred loss share
(the S1 share). Accordingly, each of S1's nontransferred share of S2
stock is tentatively reduced by its portion of the tentative reduction
to S2's share of S3 stock. S1 then applies the tentative reduction rule
to its four nontransferred S2 shares. S1's net inside attribute amount
is the sum of its basis in each of its nontransferred S2 shares, as
tentatively reduced under this paragraph (c)(6) and S1's actual basis in
the transferred S2 share, increased to reflect the gain recognized on
the sale of that share. After the application of this paragraph (c) to
the transfer of the S1 share, paragraph (b) of this section applies to
M's transfer of the S share.
(iv) Application of section to transfer of S stock. Because the S
share is still a loss share after applying paragraph (b) of this section
and this paragraph (c) to the transfer of the S1 stock, this section
applies to M's transfer of the S share. Although paragraph (b) of this
section applies to the transfer, there is no basis redetermination under
paragraph (b) of this section because there is only one share of S stock
outstanding (and so there can be no disparity among members' bases in
common shares and there are no outstanding preferred shares with respect
to which there can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c). In determining the disconformity
amount of the S share, S's net inside attribute amount is determined
using S's actual basis in the transferred S1 stock (after any reduction
under this paragraph (c)), because the tentative reduction rule in this
paragraph (c)(6) does not apply to shares that are transferred in the
transaction. All other shares are lower-tier to the transferred S1 share
and are therefore also not subject to tentative reduction for purposes
of determining the disconformity amount of the S share. After the
application of this paragraph (c) to the transfer of the S share,
paragraph (d) of this section applies with respect to M's transfer of
the S share. After the application of paragraph (d) of this section with
respect to the transfer of the S share, if the S1 share is still a loss
share, paragraph (d) of this section applies with respect to S's
transfer of the S1 share.
(7) Netting of gains and losses taken into account--(i) General
rule. Solely for purposes of computing the basis reduction required
under this paragraph (c), the basis of each transferred loss share of S
stock is treated as reduced proportionately (as to loss) by the amount
of income or gain taken into account by members with respect to
transferred shares of S stock, provided that--
(A) The shares are transferred in one transaction; and
(B) The gain is taken into account as of the transaction.
(ii) Example. The netting rule of this paragraph (c)(7) is
illustrated by the following example:
Example. Disposition of gain and loss shares. (i) Facts. M owns the
only three outstanding shares of S stock. Share A has a basis of $54,
Share B has a basis of $100, and Share C has a basis of $80. In the same
transaction, M sells all three S shares to X for $60 each. M realizes a
gain of $6 on Share A, a loss of $40 on Share B, and a loss of $20 on
Share C. M's sales of Share B and Share C are transfers of loss shares
and therefore subject to this section. M's sale is a transfer of all of
the shares of S stock held by members to one or more nonmembers in one
fully taxable transaction and, therefore, basis is not redetermined
under paragraph (b) of this section. See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(B) of this
section. The transfer is then subject to this paragraph (c). However,
for this purpose, M treats its bases in Share B and Share C as reduced
by the $6 gain taken into account on Share A. The gain is allocated to
Share B and Share C proportionately based on the amount of loss in each
share. Thus, $4 of gain ($40/$60 x $6) is treated as allocated to Share
B and $2 of gain ($20/$60 x $6) is treated as allocated to Share
[[Page 479]]
C. Accordingly, M computes the basis reduction required under this
paragraph (c) by treating its basis in Share B as $96 ($100 less $4) and
its basis in Share C as $78 ($80 less $2). If, after the application of
this paragraph (c), the sales of Share B and Share C are still transfers
of loss shares, then the transfers are subject to paragraph (d) of this
section. (Although the bases of Share B and Share C are not actually
reduced by any portion of the gain, paragraph (d)(3)(i)(A) of this
section applies netting principles to limit adjustments under paragraph
(d) of this section.)
(ii) Disposition of stock with deferred gain. The facts are the same
as in paragraph (i) of this Example, except that M sells the gain share
to another member. Under Sec. 1.1502-13, M's gain recognized on Share A
is not taken into account in the taxable year of the transfer and
therefore cannot be treated as reducing M's loss recognized on Share B
and Share C for purposes of this paragraph (c). The applicability of
this section to the transfer of Share A is determined as of the time
that the intercompany item (the gain on M's sale to the other member) is
taken into account; see paragraph (e)(3) of this section. However, if
Share B (instead of Share A) were sold to a member, the entire gain on
Share A would be treated as reducing the loss on Share C for purposes of
applying this paragraph (c); see paragraph (e)(3) of this section.
(8) Examples. The application of this paragraph (c) is illustrated
by the following examples.
Example 1. Appreciation reflected in stock basis at acquisition. (i)
Appreciation recognized as gain. (A) Facts. On January 1, year 1, M
purchases the sole outstanding share of S stock for $100. At that time,
S owns two assets, Asset 1 with a basis of $0 and a value of $40, and
Asset 2 with a basis and value of $60. In year 1, S sells Asset 1 for
$40, recognizing a $40 gain. On December 31, year 1, M sells its S share
for $100. After taking into account the effects of all applicable rules
of law, M's basis in the S share is $140 (M's original $100 basis
increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $40, the share's allocable portion of
the gain recognized on the sale of Asset 1). M's sale of the S share is
a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section because there is only one share of S
stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity among members' bases
in common shares and there are no outstanding preferred shares with
respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(C) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's basis in the S share, $140, is reduced, but not below value,
$100, by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and
disconformity amount. The share's net positive adjustment is the greater
of zero and the sum of all investment adjustments (as defined in
paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section) applied to the basis of the
share. The only investment adjustment applied to the basis of the share
is the $40 adjustment attributable to the gain recognized on the sale of
Asset 1. Thus, the share's net positive adjustment is $40. The share's
disconformity amount is the excess, if any, of its basis, $140, over its
allocable portion of S's net inside attribute amount. S's net inside
attribute amount is the sum of S's money ($40 from the sale of Asset 1)
and S's basis in Asset 2, $60, or $100. The share is the only
outstanding S share and so its allocable portion of the $100 net inside
attribute amount is the entire $100. Thus, the share's disconformity
amount is $40, the excess of $140 over $100. The lesser of the net
positive adjustment, $40, and the share's disconformity amount, $40, is
$40. Accordingly, immediately before the application of paragraph (d) of
this section, M's basis in the share is reduced by $40, from $140 to
$100.
(D) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. Because M's sale
of the S share is not a transfer of a loss share after the application
of this paragraph (c), paragraph (d) of this section does not apply to
the transfer.
(ii) Appreciation recognized as income earned in the consumption of
built-in gain. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of this
Example 1, except that, instead of selling Asset 1, the value of Asset 1
is consumed in the production of $40 of income in year 1 (reducing the
value of Asset 1 to $0). Because the net positive adjustment includes
items of income as well as items of gain, the results are the same as
those described in paragraph (i) of this Example 1.
(iii) Post-acquisition appreciation eliminates stock loss. The facts
are the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 1 except that, in
addition, the value of Asset 2 increases to $100 before the stock is
sold. As a result, M sells the S share for $140. Because M's sale of the
S share is not a transfer of a loss share, this section does not apply
to the transfer, notwithstanding that P's basis in the S share was
increased by the gain recognized on Asset 1.
(iv) Distributions. (A) Facts. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 1 except that, in addition, S declares
and makes a $10 dividend distribution before the end of year 1. As a
result, the value of the share decreases and M sells the share for $90.
After taking into account the effects of all applicable rules of law,
M's basis in the S
[[Page 480]]
share is $130 (M's original $100 basis increased under Sec. 1.1502-32
by $30, the $10 distribution on the share reduced by the share's
allocable portion of the $40 gain recognized on the sale of Asset 1).
M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss share and therefore
subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section for the reasons set forth in
paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 1. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(C) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's basis in the S share, $130, is reduced, but not below value,
$90, by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and
disconformity amount. The share's net positive adjustment is $40 (the
sum of all investment adjustments (as defined in paragraph (b)(1)(iii)
of this section) applied to the basis of the share). The share's
disconformity amount is the excess of its basis, $130, over its
allocable portion of S's net inside attribute amount. S's net inside
attribute amount is $90, the sum of S's money ($30, the $40 sale
proceeds less the $10 distribution) and S's basis in Asset 2, $60. The
share is the only outstanding S share and so its allocable portion of
the $90 net inside attribute amount is the entire $90. The lesser of the
share's net positive adjustment, $40, and its disconformity amount, $40,
is $40. Accordingly, immediately before the application of paragraph (d)
of this section, the basis in the share is reduced by $40, from $130 to
$90.
(D) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. Because M's sale
of the S share is not a transfer of a loss share after the application
of this paragraph (c), paragraph (d) of this section does not apply to
the transfer.
Example 2. Loss of appreciation reflected in basis. (i) Facts. On
January 1, year 1, M purchases the sole outstanding share of S stock for
$100. At that time, S owns two assets, Asset 1 with a basis of $0 and a
value of $40, and Asset 2 with a basis and value of $60. The value of
Asset 1 declines to $0 and M sells its S share for $60. After taking
into account the effects of all applicable rules of law, M's basis in
the S share is $100. M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss
share and therefore subject to this section.
(ii) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section because there is only one share of S
stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity among members' bases
in common shares and there are no outstanding preferred shares with
respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(iii) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's $100 basis in the S share is reduced, but not below its $60
value by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and
disconformity amount. There were no investment adjustments applied to
M's basis in the share and so the share's net positive adjustment is $0.
Thus, although the share's disconformity amount is $40 (the excess of
M's $100 basis in the share over the share's $60 allocable portion of
S's net inside attribute amount), no basis reduction is required under
this paragraph (c).
(iv) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. After the
application of this paragraph (c), M's sale of the S share is still a
transfer of a loss share, and, accordingly, subject to paragraph (d) of
this section. No adjustment is required under paragraph (d) of this
section because there is no aggregate inside loss. See paragraph
(d)(3)(iii) of this section.
Example 3. Items accruing after S becomes a member. (i) Recognition
of loss accruing after S becomes a member. (A) Facts. On January 1, year
1, M purchases the sole outstanding share of S stock for $100. At that
time, S owns two assets, Asset 1, with a basis of $0 and a value of $40,
and Asset 2, with a basis and value of $60. In year 1, S sells Asset 1
for $40, recognizing a $40 gain. Also in year 1, the value of Asset 2
declines and S sells Asset 2 for $20, recognizing a $40 loss that is
absorbed by the group. On December 31, year 1, M sells its S share for
$60. After taking into account the effects of all applicable rules of
law, M's basis in the S share is $100 (M's original $100 basis,
unadjusted under Sec. 1.1502-32 because the $40 gain recognized on the
sale of Asset 1 and the $40 loss on the sale of Asset 2 net, resulting
in an adjustment of $0). M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss
share and therefore subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section because there is only one share of S
stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity among members' bases
in common shares and there are no outstanding preferred shares with
respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(C) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's basis in the S share is reduced, but not below the share's $60
value, by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and
disconformity amount. The share's net positive adjustment
[[Page 481]]
is $0. Thus, although the share has a disconformity amount of $40 (the
excess of M's basis in the share, $100, over the share's allocable
portion of S's net inside attribute amount, $60), no basis reduction is
required under this paragraph (c).
(D) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. After the
application of this paragraph (c), M's sale of the S share is still a
transfer of a loss share, and, accordingly, subject to paragraph (d) of
this section. No adjustment is required under paragraph (d) of this
section because there is no aggregate inside loss. See paragraph
(d)(3)(iii) of this section.
(ii) Recognition of gain accruing after S becomes a member. (A)
Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 3,
except that M does not sell the S share and S does not sell either asset
in year 1. In addition, in year 2, the value of Asset 1 declines to $0,
the value of Asset 2 returns to $60, and S creates Asset 3 (with a basis
of $0). In year 3, S sells Asset 3 for $40, recognizing a $40 gain. On
December 31, year 3, M sells its S share for $100. After taking into
account the effects of all applicable rules of law, M's basis in the S
share is $140 (M's original $100 basis increased under Sec. 1.1502-32
by $40 (the share's allocable portion of the gain recognized on the sale
of Asset 3 in year 3)). M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss
share and therefore subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section for the reasons set forth in
paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 3. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(C) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's basis in the S share, $140, is reduced, but not below value,
$100, by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and
disconformity amount. The share's net positive adjustment is $40 (the
year 3 investment adjustment). The share's disconformity amount is the
excess of its basis, $140, over its allocable portion of S's net inside
attribute amount. S's net inside attribute amount is $100, the sum of
S's money ($40 from the sale of Asset 3) and its basis in its assets
($60 (the sum of Asset 1's basis of $0 and Asset 2's basis of $60)). S's
$100 net inside attribute amount is allocable entirely to the sole
outstanding S share. Thus, the share's disconformity amount is the
excess of $140 over $100, or $40. The lesser of the share's net positive
adjustment, $40, and its disconformity amount, $40, is $40. Accordingly,
the basis in the share is reduced by $40, from $140 to $100.
(D) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. Because M's sale
of the S share is not a transfer of a loss share after the application
of this paragraph (c), paragraph (d) of this section does not apply to
the transfer.
(iii) Recognition of income earned after S becomes a member. The
facts are the same as in paragraph (ii)(A) of this Example 3, except
that instead of creating Asset 3, S earns $40 of income from services
provided in year 3. Because the net positive adjustment includes items
of income as well as items of gain, the results are the same as those
described in paragraph (ii) of this Example 3.
Example 4. Computing the disconformity amount. (i) Unrecognized loss
reflected in stock basis. (A) Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share
of S stock with a basis of $100. S owns two assets, Asset 1 with a basis
of $20 and a value of $60, and Asset 2 with a basis of $60 and a value
of $40. In year 1, S sells Asset 1 for $60, recognizing a $40 gain. On
December 31, year 1, M sells the S share for $100. After taking into
account the effects of all applicable rules of law, M's basis in the S
share is $140 (M's original $100 basis increased under Sec. 1.1502-32
by $40, the share's allocable portion of the gain recognized on the sale
of Asset 1). M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss share and
therefore subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section because there is only one share of S
stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity among members' bases
in common shares and there are no outstanding preferred shares with
respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(C) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's basis in the S share, $140, is reduced, but not below the
share's $100 value, by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment
and disconformity amount. The share's net positive adjustment is $40
(the year 1 investment adjustment). The share's disconformity amount is
the excess of its basis, $140, over its allocable portion of S's net
inside attribute amount. S's net inside attribute amount is $120, the
sum of S's money ($60 from the sale of Asset 1) and S's basis in Asset
2, $60. S's net inside attribute amount is allocable entirely to the
sole outstanding S share. Thus, the share's disconformity amount is $20,
the excess of $140 over $120. The lesser of the share's net positive
adjustment, $40, and its disconformity amount, $20, is $20. Accordingly,
the basis in the share is reduced by $20, from $140 to $120.
(D) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. After the
application of this paragraph (c), M's sale of the S share is still a
transfer
[[Page 482]]
of a loss share, and, accordingly, S's attributes (to the extent of the
$20 duplicated loss) are subject to reduction under paragraph (d) of
this section.
(ii) Loss carryover. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A)
of this Example 4, except that Asset 2 has a basis of $0 (rather than
$60) and S has a $60 loss carryover (as defined in paragraph (f)(6) of
this section). The analysis is the same as paragraph (i) of this Example
4. Furthermore, the analysis of the application of this paragraph (c)
would be the same if the $60 loss carryover were subject to a section
382 limitation from a prior ownership change, or if, instead, the $60
loss carryover were subject to the limitation in Sec. 1.1502-21(c) on
losses carried from separate return limitation years.
(iii) Liabilities. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of
this Example 4, except that S borrows $100 before M sells the S share.
S's net inside attribute amount remains $120, computed as the sum of S's
money ($160, $60 from the sale of Asset 1 plus the $100 borrowed) and
S's basis in Asset 2, $60, less its liabilities, $100. Thus, the S
share's disconformity amount remains the excess of $140 over $120, or
$20. The results are the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example 4.
Example 5. Computing the allocable portion of the net inside
attribute amount. (i) Facts. On January 1, year 1, M owns all five
outstanding shares of S stock with a basis of $20 per share. S owns
Asset with a basis of $0. In year 1, S sells Asset for $100, recognizing
a $100 gain. On December 31, year 1, M sells one of the S shares, Share
1, for $20. After taking into account the effects of all applicable
rules of law, M's basis in Share 1 is $40 (M's original $20 basis
increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $20 (the share's allocable portion of
the gain recognized on the sale of Asset)). M's sale of Share 1 is a
transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to this section.
(ii) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, basis is not redetermined under
paragraph (b) of this section because there is no disparity among M's
bases in shares of S common stock and there are no shares of S preferred
stock outstanding (so there can be no unrecognized gain or loss with
respect to preferred shares). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this
section. After the application of paragraph (b) of this section, M's
sale of Share 1 is still a transfer of a loss share and therefore
subject to this paragraph (c).
(iii) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's $40 basis in Share 1 is reduced, but not below its $20 value by
the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and disconformity
amount. Share 1's net positive adjustment is $20 (the year 1 investment
adjustment). Share 1's disconformity amount is the excess of its $40
basis over its allocable portion of S's net inside attribute amount. S's
net inside attribute amount is equal to the amount of S's money ($100
from the sale of the asset). Share 1's allocable portion of S's $100 net
inside attribute amount is $20 (1/5 x $100). Thus, Share 1's
disconformity amount is the excess of $40 over $20, or $20. The lesser
of the share's $20 net positive adjustment and its $20 disconformity
amount is $20. Accordingly, the basis in the share is reduced by $20,
from $40 to $20.
(iv) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. Because M's sale
of Share 1 is not a transfer of a loss share after the application of
this paragraph (c), paragraph (d) of this section does not apply to the
transfer.
Example 6. Liabilities. (i) In general. (A) Facts. On January 1,
year 1, M purchases the sole outstanding share of S stock for $100. At
that time, S owns Asset, with a basis of $0 and value of $100, and $100
cash. S also has a $100 liability. In year 1, S declares and makes a $60
dividend distribution to M and recognizes $20 of income. The value of
Asset declines to $60 and, on December 31, year 1, M sells the S share
for $20. After taking into account the effects of all applicable rules
of law, M's basis in the S share is $60 (M's original $100 basis
decreased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $40 (the net of the $60 distribution
and the $20 income recognized)). M's sale of the S share is a transfer
of a loss share and therefore subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section because there is only one share of S
stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity among members' bases
in common shares and there are no outstanding preferred shares with
respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(C) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's basis in the S share, $60, is reduced, but not below value,
$20, by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and
disconformity amount. The share's net positive adjustment is $20 (the
year 1 investment adjustment, as defined in paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of
this section). The share's disconformity amount is the excess of its
basis, $60, over its allocable portion of S's net inside attribute
amount. S's net inside attribute amount is negative $40, computed as the
sum of S's money ($60 ($100 less the $60 distribution plus the $20
income recognized)) and S's basis in Asset, $0, less S's liability,
$100. S's net inside attribute amount is allocable entirely to the sole
outstanding S share. Thus, the share's disconformity amount is the
excess of $60 over negative $40, or $100. The lesser of the share's
[[Page 483]]
net positive adjustment, $20, and its disconformity amount, $100, is
$20. Accordingly, the basis in the share is reduced by $20, from $60 to
$40.
(D) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. After the
application of this paragraph (c), the S share is still a loss share
and, accordingly, S's attributes are subject to reduction under
paragraph (d) of this section. No adjustment is required under paragraph
(d) of this section, however, because there is no aggregate inside loss.
See paragraph (d)(3)(iii) of this section.
(ii) Excluded cancellation of indebtedness income--insufficient
attributes available for reduction under sections 108 and 1017, and
Sec. 1.1502-28. (A) Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(i)(A) of this Example 6, except that M does not sell the S share.
Instead, in year 4, Asset is destroyed in a fire and S spends its $60 on
deductible expenses that are not absorbed by the group. S's loss becomes
part of the consolidated net operating loss (CNOL). In year 5, S becomes
insolvent and S's debt is discharged. Because of S's insolvency, S's
discharge of indebtedness income is excluded under section 108 and, as a
result, S's attributes are subject to reduction under sections 108 and
1017, and Sec. 1.1502-28. S's only attribute is the portion of the CNOL
attributable to S, $60, and it is reduced to $0. There are no other
consolidated attributes. In year 5, the S stock (which is treated as a
capital asset) becomes worthless under section 165, taking into account
Sec. 1.1502-80(c). After taking into account the effects of all
applicable rules of law, M's basis in the S share is $60 (M's original
$100 basis decreased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by the year 1 investment
adjustment of $40 (the net of the $60 distribution and the $20 income
recognized). The investment adjustment for year 5 is $0 (the net of the
$60 tax exempt income from the excluded COD applied to reduce attributes
and the $60 noncapital, nondeductible expense from the reduction of S's
portion of the CNOL). Under paragraph (f)(10)(i)(D) of this section, a
share is transferred on the last day of the taxable year during which it
becomes worthless under section 165 if the share is treated as a capital
asset, or the date the share becomes worthless if the share is not
treated as a capital asset, taking into account Sec. 1.1502-80(c).
Accordingly, M transfers the loss share of S stock on December 31, year
5, and the transfer is therefore subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section for the reasons set forth in
paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 6. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(C) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's basis in its S share, $60, is reduced, but not below value, $0,
by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and disconformity
amount. The share's net positive adjustment is $20 (the year 1
investment adjustment, as defined in paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this
section). The share's disconformity amount is the excess of its basis,
$60, over its allocable portion of S's net inside attribute amount. S's
net inside attribute amount is $0. (The effects of the attribute
reduction required under sections 108 and 1017 and Sec. 1.1502-28 are
taken into account in applying this section; therefore, for purposes of
this section, S's portion of the CNOL is treated as eliminated under
section 108 and Sec. 1.1502-28.) S's net inside attribute amount is
allocable entirely to the sole outstanding S share. Thus, the share's
disconformity amount is the excess of $60 over $0, or $60. The lesser of
the share's net positive adjustment, $20, and its disconformity amount,
$60, is $20. Accordingly, the basis in the share is reduced by $20, from
$60 to $40, immediately before the transfer.
(D) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. After the
application of this paragraph (c), the S share is still a loss share,
and, accordingly, S's attributes are subject to reduction under
paragraph (d) of this section. No adjustment is required under paragraph
(d) of this section, however, because there is no aggregate inside loss.
See paragraph (d)(3)(iii) of this section.
(iii) Excluded cancellation of indebtedness income--full attribute
reduction under sections 108 and 1017, and Sec. 1.1502-28 (using
attributes attributable to another member). (A) Facts. The facts are the
same as in paragraph (ii)(A) of this Example 6 except that M loses the
$60 distributed in year 1 and the group does not absorb the loss. Thus,
as of December 31, year 5, the CNOL is $120, attributable $60 to S and
$60 to P. As a result, under Sec. 1.1502-28(a)(4), after the portion of
the CNOL attributable to S is reduced to $0, the remaining $40 of
excluded COD applies to the portion of the CNOL attributable to P,
reducing it from $60 to $20. After taking into account the effects of
all applicable rules of law, M's basis in the S share at the end of year
5 is $100 (M's original $100 basis decreased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by
$40 at the end of the year 1 and then increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by
$40 at end of the year 5 (the net of the $100 tax exempt income from the
excluded COD applied to reduce attributes and the $60 noncapital,
nondeductible expense from the reduction of S's portion of the CNOL)).
Under paragraph (f)(10)(i)(D) of this section, a share is transferred on
the last day of the taxable year during which it becomes worthless under
section 165 if the share is treated as a capital asset, or the date the
share becomes worthless if the share is not treated as a capital
[[Page 484]]
asset, taking into account Sec. 1.1502-80(c). Accordingly, M transfers
the loss share of S stock on December 31, year 5, and the transfer is
therefore subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section for the reasons set forth in
paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 6. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(C) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). Under this paragraph
(c), M's basis in the S share, $100, is reduced, but not below value,
$0, by the lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and
disconformity amount. The share's net positive adjustment is $60 (the
sum of the year 1 investment adjustment, as defined in paragraph
(b)(1)(iii) of this section, $20, and the year 5 investment adjustment,
$40). The share's disconformity amount is the excess of its basis, $100,
over its allocable portion of S's net inside attribute amount. S's net
inside attribute amount is $0 (taking into account the effects of the
attribute reduction required under sections 108 and 1017 and Sec.
1.1502-28). S's net inside attribute amount is allocable entirely to the
sole outstanding S share. The share's disconformity amount is therefore
$100. The lesser of the share's net positive adjustment, $60, and its
disconformity amount, $100, is $60. Accordingly, M's basis in the share
is reduced by $60, from $100 to $40, immediately before the transfer.
(D) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. After the
application of this paragraph (c), the S share is still a loss share,
and, accordingly, S's attributes are subject to reduction under
paragraph (d) of this section. No adjustment is required under paragraph
(d) of this section, however, because there is no aggregate inside loss.
See paragraph (d)(3)(iii) of this section.
Example 7. Lower-tier subsidiary (no transfer of lower-tier stock).
(i) Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share of S stock with a basis of
$160. S owns two assets, Asset 1 with a basis and value of $100, and the
sole outstanding share of S1 stock with a basis of $60. S1 owns one
asset, Asset 2, with a basis of $20 and value of $60. In year 1, S1
sells Asset 2 to X for $60, recognizing a $40 gain. On December 31, year
1, M sells its S share to Y, a member of another consolidated group, for
$160. After taking into account the effects of all applicable rules of
law, M's basis in the S share is $200 (M's original $160 basis increased
under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $40 (to reflect the tier-up of the adjustment
to S's basis in the S1 stock for the gain recognized on S1's sale of
Asset 2)). M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss share and
therefore subject to this section. (S does not transfer the S1 share
because S and S1 are members of the same group following the transfer.
See paragraph (f)(10) of this section.)
(ii) Application of paragraph (b) of this section. Although the
transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis redetermination
under paragraph (b) of this section because there is only one share of S
stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity among members' bases
in common shares and there are no outstanding preferred shares with
respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the application of
paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss share and, as
such, subject to this paragraph (c).
(iii) Basis reduction under this paragraph (c). (A) In general.
Under this paragraph (c), M's basis in the S share, $200, is reduced,
but not below value, $160, by the lesser of the share's net positive
adjustment and disconformity amount. The S share's net positive
adjustment is $40. The share's disconformity amount is the excess of its
basis, $200, over the share's allocable portion of S's net inside
attribute amount. S's net inside attribute amount is the sum of S's
basis in Asset 1, $100, and S's basis in the S1 share.
(B) S's basis in the S1 share. Although S's actual basis in the S1
share is $100 (S's original $60 basis increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by
$40 (the share's allocable portion of the gain recognized on the sale of
Asset 2)), for purposes of computing the S share's disconformity amount,
S's net inside attribute amount is determined by treating S's basis in
the S1 share as tentatively reduced by the lesser of the S1 share's net
positive adjustment and the S1 share's disconformity amount. The S1
share's net positive adjustment is $40 (the year 1 investment
adjustment). The S1 share's disconformity amount is the excess of its
basis, $100, over the share's allocable portion of S1's net inside
attribute amount. S1's net inside attribute amount is equal to the
amount of S1's money ($60 from the sale of Asset 2), and is allocable
entirely to the sole outstanding S1 share. Thus, the S1 share's
disconformity amount is the excess of $100 over $60, or $40. The lesser
of the S1 share's net positive adjustment, $40, and its disconformity
amount, $40, is $40. Accordingly, for purposes of computing the
disconformity amount of the S share, S's net inside attribute amount is
determined by treating S's basis in its S1 share as tentatively reduced
by $40, from $100 to $60.
(C) The disconformity amount of M's S share. S's net inside
attribute amount is treated as the sum of its basis in Asset 1, $100,
and its tentatively reduced basis in the S1 share, $60, or $160. S's net
inside attribute amount is allocable entirely to the sole outstanding S
share. Thus, the S share's disconformity amount is the excess of $200
over $160, or $40.
(D) Amount of reduction. M's basis in its S share is reduced by the
lesser of the S share's
[[Page 485]]
net positive adjustment, $40, and disconformity amount, $40, or $40.
Accordingly, M's basis in the S share is reduced by $40, from $200 to
$160.
(E) Effect on S's basis in its S1 share. The tentative reduction
under this paragraph (c) has no effect on S's actual basis in the S1
share. Thus, after the application of this paragraph (c), S owns the S1
share with a basis of $100 (S's original $60 basis increased under Sec.
1.1502-32 by $40 (the share's allocable portion of the gain recognized
on the sale of Asset 2)).
(iv) Application of paragraph (d) of this section. Because M's sale
of the S share is not a transfer of a loss share after the application
of this paragraph (c), paragraph (d) of this section does not apply to
the transfer.
(d) Attribute reduction to prevent duplication of loss--(1) In
general. The rules of this paragraph (d) reduce attributes of S and its
lower-tier subsidiaries to the extent they duplicate a net loss on
shares of S stock transferred by members in one transaction. This rule
furthers single-entity principles by preventing S (or its lower-tier
subsidiaries) from using deductions and losses to the extent that the
group or its members (including former members) have either used, or
preserved for later use, a corresponding loss in S shares.
(2) Attribute reduction rule--(i) General rule. If a transferred
share is a loss share after taking into account the effects of all
applicable rules of law, including any adjustments under paragraph (b),
(c), or (d)(5)(iii) of this section, S's attributes are reduced by S's
attribute reduction amount immediately before the transfer. S's
attribute reduction amount is determined under paragraph (d)(3) of this
section and applied in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs
(d)(4), (d)(5), and (d)(6) of this section. In addition, paragraph
(d)(7) of this section provides for additional attribute reduction in
the case of certain transfers due to worthlessness and certain transfers
not followed by a separate return year.
(ii) Attribute reduction amount less than five percent of value.
This paragraph (d) generally does not apply to a transaction if the
aggregate attribute reduction amount in the transaction is less than
five percent of the aggregate value of the shares transferred by members
in the transaction. However, in such a case, P may elect to apply this
paragraph (d) to the transaction. If such an election is made, this
paragraph (d) will apply with respect to the entire aggregate attribute
reduction amount determined in the transaction. Such an election is made
in the manner provided in paragraph (e)(5) of this section.
(3) Attribute reduction amount--(i) In general. S's attribute
reduction amount is the lesser of--
(A) The net stock loss (as defined in paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this
section); and
(B) S's aggregate inside loss (as defined in paragraph (d)(3)(iii)
of this section).
(ii) Net stock loss. The net stock loss is the excess, if any, of--
(A) The aggregate basis of all shares of S stock transferred by
members in the transaction; over
(B) The aggregate value of those shares.
(iii) Aggregate inside loss--(A) In general. S's aggregate inside
loss is the excess, if any, of--
(1) S's net inside attribute amount; over
(2) The value of all outstanding shares of S stock.
(B) Net inside attribute amount. S's net inside attribute amount
generally has the same meaning as in paragraph (c)(5) of this section.
However, if S holds stock of a lower-tier subsidiary, the provisions of
paragraph (d)(5) of this section (and not the provisions of paragraph
(c)(6) of this section) modify the computation of S's net inside
attribute amount for purposes of this paragraph (d).
(iv) Lower-tier subsidiaries. See paragraph (d)(5) of this section
for special rules relating to the application of this paragraph (d) if S
owns shares of stock of a subsidiary.
(4) Application of attribute reduction amount--(i) Attributes
available for reduction. S's attributes available for reduction under
this paragraph (d) are--
(A) Category A. Capital loss carryovers;
(B) Category B. Net operating loss carryovers;
(C) Category C. Deferred deductions; and
(D) Category D. Basis of assets other than assets identified as
Class I assets in Sec. 1.338-6(b)(1).
[[Page 486]]
(ii) Rules of application--(A) Category A, Category B, and Category
C attributes. S's attribute reduction amount is first allocated and
applied to reduce the attributes in Category A, Category B, and Category
C.
(1) Attribute reduction amount less than total attributes in
Category A, Category B, and Category C. If S's attribute reduction
amount is less than S's total attributes in Category A, Category B, and
Category C, all of S's attribute reduction amount will be applied to
reduce such attributes. However, P may specify the allocation of S's
attribute reduction amount among such attributes. An election to specify
the allocation of S's attribute reduction amount is made in the manner
provided in paragraph (e)(5) of this section. To the extent that P does
not specify an allocation of S's attribute reduction amount, S's
attribute reduction amount will be applied to reduce any Category A
attributes not reduced as a result of the specific allocation of S's
attribute reduction amount, from oldest to newest, until they are
eliminated. Then, any remaining attribute reduction amount will be
applied to reduce any Category B attributes not reduced as a result of
the specific allocation of S's attribute reduction amount, from oldest
to newest, until they are eliminated. Finally, any remaining attribute
reduction amount will be applied to reduce any Category C attributes not
reduced as a result of the specific allocation of S's attribute
reduction amount, proportionately.
(2) Attribute reduction amount not less than the total attributes in
Category A, Category B, and Category C. If S's attribute reduction
amount equals or exceeds S's total attributes in Category A, Category B,
and Category C, all such attributes are eliminated and any remaining
attribute reduction amount is allocated and applied as provided in
paragraphs (d)(4)(ii)(B) and (d)(4)(ii)(C) of this section.
(B) Category D attributes. Any attribute reduction amount not
applied to reduce S's Category A, Category B, and Category C attributes
is allocated and applied as provided in this paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(B)
and, to the extent applicable, paragraph (d)(5) of this section.
(1) Allocation if S holds stock of another subsidiary. If S holds
shares of stock of another subsidiary, the attribute reduction amount
not applied to reduce S's Category A, Category B, and Category C
attributes is first allocated between S's shares of lower-tier
subsidiary stock and S's other Category D assets in the manner provided
in paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section. S's attribute reduction amount
allocated to shares of lower-tier subsidiary stock is applied to reduce
S's bases in those shares, becomes an attribute reduction amount of the
lower-tier subsidiary, and, subject to certain limitations, reduces the
lower-tier subsidiary's attributes. See paragraphs (d)(5)(iii) through
(d)(5)(vi) of this section.
(2) Allocation and application of attribute reduction amount not
applied to lower-tier subsidiary stock. Any portion of S's attribute
reduction amount not applied to reduce S's Category A, Category B, and
Category C attributes and not allocated to lower-tier subsidiary stock
is allocated to S's Category D assets other than lower-tier subsidiary
stock in the manner provided in this paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(B)(2). Such
amount is first allocated to S's bases (if any) in its assets identified
as Class VII assets in Sec. 1.338-6(b)(2)(vii). If the attribute
reduction amount allocated to Class VII assets is less than S's
aggregate basis in those assets, it is applied proportionately (by
basis) to reduce the bases of such assets. If the attribute reduction
amount allocated to Class VII assets equals or exceeds S's aggregate
basis in those assets, it is applied to reduce the bases of such assets
to zero. Any remaining attribute reduction amount is then allocated and
applied in the same manner to reduce S's bases (if any) in assets
identified as Class VI assets in Sec. 1.338-6(b)(2)(vi), and then to
reduce S's bases (if any) in its assets identified in Sec. 1.338-
6(b)(2) as Class V, Class IV, Class III, and Class II, successively.
(C) Attribute reduction amount exceeding attributes available for
reduction. If the amount to be allocated and applied to attributes in
Category D other than lower-tier subsidiary stock exceeds the amount of
attributes in that category, then--
[[Page 487]]
(1) To the extent of any liabilities of S that are not taken into
account for tax purposes before the transfer, such excess amount is
suspended. The suspended amount is applied proportionately to reduce any
amounts attributable to S that would be deductible or capitalizable as a
result of such liabilities being taken into account by S or any other
person. Solely for purposes of this paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) and
paragraph (d)(5)(ii)(B) of this section, the term liability means any
liability or obligation the satisfaction of which would be required to
be capitalized as an assumed liability by a person that purchased all of
S's assets and assumed all of S's liabilities in a single transaction.
(2) To the extent such excess amount is greater than any amount
suspended under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section, it is
disregarded and has no further effect.
(iii) Time and effect of attribute reduction. In general, the
reduction of attributes is effective immediately before the transfer of
a loss share of S stock. If the reduction to a member's basis in a share
of lower-tier subsidiary stock exceeds the basis of that share, to the
extent the excess is not restored under paragraph (d)(5)(vi) of this
section it is an excess loss account in that share (and such excess loss
account is not taken into account under Sec. 1.1502-19 or otherwise as
a result of the transaction). The reductions to attributes required
under this paragraph (d)(4), including by reason of paragraph (d)(5)(v)
of this section (tier down of attribute reduction amounts to lower-tier
subsidiaries), are not noncapital, nondeductible expenses described in
Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(iii).
(5) Special rules applicable if S holds stock of another subsidiary.
If S holds shares of stock of any other subsidiary (S1) as of a transfer
of loss shares of S stock, the rules of this paragraph (d)(5) apply with
respect to each such subsidiary.
(i) Treatment of lower-tier subsidiary stock for computation of S's
attribute reduction amount. For purposes of determining S's net inside
attribute amount and attribute reduction amount under paragraph (d)(3)
of this section--
(A) Single share. All of S's shares of S1 stock held as of the
transfer of S stock (whether or not transferred in, or held by S
immediately after, the transaction) are treated as a single share of
stock (generally referred to as the S1 stock); and
(B) Deemed basis. S's basis in its S1 stock is treated as its deemed
basis in the stock, which is equal to the greater of--
(1) The sum of S's basis in each share of S1 stock (adjusted to
reflect any gain or loss recognized on the transfer of any S1 shares in
the transaction, whether allowed or disallowed); and
(2) The portion of S1's net inside attribute amount allocable to S's
shares of S1 stock.
(C) Multiple tiers. For purposes of computing deemed basis under
paragraph (d)(5)(i)(B) of this section, a subsidiary's basis in stock of
a lower-tier subsidiary is the deemed basis in that lower-tier
subsidiary stock. Thus, if stock is held in multiple tiers, the
computation of deemed basis begins at the lowest tier, so that the
computation of deemed basis at each tier takes into account the deemed
basis of all lower-tier shares.
(ii) Allocation of S's attribute reduction amount between lower-tier
subsidiary stock and other Category D assets. The portion of S's
attribute reduction amount that is not applied to reduce S's Category A,
Category B, and Category C attributes must be allocated between each of
S's deemed single shares of S1 stock and all of S's other Category D
assets. For this purpose, S's Category D assets other than lower-tier
subsidiary stock are treated as one asset with a basis equal to the
aggregate bases of all Category D assets other than lower-tier
subsidiary stock (non-stock Category D asset). S's attribute reduction
amount is allocated proportionately (by basis) between (among) the non-
stock Category D asset and S's deemed single share(s) of subsidiary
stock. (See paragraphs (d)(4)(ii)(B)(2) and (d)(4)(ii)(C) of this
section regarding the portion of S's attribute reduction amount
allocated to the Category D assets other than lower-tier subsidiary
stock.) For allocation purposes, S's basis in each deemed single share
of S1 stock is its
[[Page 488]]
deemed basis (determined under paragraphs (d)(5)(i)(B) and (d)(5)(i)(C)
of this section), reduced by--
(A) The value of S's transferred shares of S1 stock; and
(B) The nontransferred S1 shares' allocable portion of the excess of
S1's non-loss assets over S1's liabilities (including liabilities
described in paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section). For this
purpose, S1's non-loss assets are--
(1) S1's assets identified as Class I assets in Sec. 1.338-6(b)(1),
(2) The value of S1's transferred shares of lower-tier subsidiary
stock, and
(3) The nontransferred lower-tier subsidiary shares' allocable
portions of lower-tier non-loss assets (net of liabilities, including
liabilities described in paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section) of
all lower-tier subsidiaries.
(iii) Application of attribute reduction amount to S's S1 stock. The
portion of S's attribute reduction amount allocated under paragraph
(d)(5)(ii) of this section to each deemed single share of S1 stock
(allocated attribute reduction amount) is apportioned among, and applied
to reduce S's bases in, individual S1 shares in accordance with the
following--
(A) No portion of the allocated attribute reduction amount is
apportioned to an individual share of transferred S1 stock if gain or
loss is recognized on its transfer (recognition transfer);
(B) The allocated attribute reduction amount is apportioned among
all of S's other shares of S1 stock in a manner that, first reduces the
loss in and disparity among S's bases in loss shares of S1 preferred
stock to the greatest extent possible, and then reduces the disparity
among S's bases in the shares of S1 common stock (other than those
transferred in a recognition transfer) to the greatest extent possible;
(C) The allocated attribute reduction amount apportioned to an
individual S1 share is applied to reduce the basis of that share to, but
not below, value if the share is either a preferred share or a common
share that is transferred other than in a recognition transfer; and
(D) The allocated attribute reduction amount apportioned to an
individual S1 share is applied to reduce the basis of that share without
regard to value if the share is a common share that is not transferred
in the transaction.
(iv) Unapplied allocated attribute reduction amount. Any portion of
the allocated attribute reduction amount that is not applied to reduce
S's basis in a share of S1 stock has no effect on any other attributes
of S, it is not a noncapital, nondeductible expense of S, and it does
not cause S to recognize income or gain. However, such amounts continue
to be part of the allocated attribute reduction amount for purposes of
the tier down rule in paragraph (d)(5)(v) of this section.
(v) Tier down of attribute reduction amount--(A) General rule. The
allocated attribute reduction amount of each deemed single share of S1
stock is an attribute reduction amount of S1 (tier-down attribute
reduction amount). Accordingly, the tier-down attribute reduction
amount, in combination with any attribute reduction amount computed with
respect to the transferred S1 shares (if any) (direct S1 attribute
reduction amount), applies to reduce S1's attributes under the
provisions of this paragraph (d). The tier-down attribute reduction
amount is an attribute reduction amount of S1 that must be allocated to
S1's assets, and may become an allocated attribute reduction amount of
lower-tier subsidiary stock (and thus a tier-down attribute reduction
amount of a lower-tier subsidiary), even if its application to S1's
attributes is limited under paragraph (d)(5)(v)(B) of this section.
(B) Conforming limitation on reduction of lower-tier subsidiary's
attributes. Notwithstanding the general rule in paragraph (d)(5)(v)(A)
of this section, and unless P elects otherwise in the manner provided in
paragraph (e)(5) of this section, the application of S1's tier-down
attribute reduction amount to S1's attributes is limited to an amount
equal to the excess of the portion of S1's net inside attribute amount
that is allocable to all S1 shares held by members as of the transaction
(whether or not transferred in the transaction) over the sum of--
[[Page 489]]
(1) Any direct S1 attribute reduction amount;
(2) The aggregate value of all S1 shares transferred by members in
the transaction with respect to which gain or loss was recognized
(recognition transfer);
(3) The sum of all members' bases (after any reduction under this
section, including this paragraph (d)) in any shares of S1 stock
transferred by members in the transaction (other than in a recognition
transfer), reduced by any direct S1 attribute reduction amount computed
with respect to the transfer of such S1 shares; and
(4) The sum of all members' bases (after any reduction under this
section, including this paragraph (d)) in any nontransferred shares of
S1 stock held as of the transaction.
(vi) Stock basis restoration--(A) In general. After paragraph
(d)(5)(v) of this section has applied with respect to all shares of
subsidiary stock transferred in the transaction, lower-tier subsidiary
stock basis is restored under this paragraph (d)(5)(vi). Under this
paragraph (d)(5)(vi), the reductions to members' bases in shares of
lower-tier subsidiary stock under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section
are reversed to the extent necessary to restore such bases to an amount
that conforms the basis of each such share to its allocable portion of
the subsidiary's net inside attribute amount, taking into account any
reductions under this paragraph (d). Restoration adjustments are first
made at the lowest tier and then at each next higher tier successively.
Restoration adjustments do not tier up to affect the bases of higher-
tier shares. Rather, restoration is computed and applied separately at
each tier. For purposes of this rule, when computing a subsidiary's net
inside attribute amount--
(1) The subsidiary's basis in stock of a lower-tier subsidiary is
the actual basis of the stock after application of this paragraph (d);
and
(2) Any attribute reduction amount allocated to the subsidiary's
Category D assets other than lower-tier subsidiary stock that is
suspended under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section is treated as
reducing the subsidiary's net inside attribute amount.
(B) Election not to restore basis. Notwithstanding paragraph
(d)(5)(vi)(A) of this section, P may elect not to restore basis in stock
of a lower-tier subsidiary that was reduced under paragraph (d)(5)(iii)
of this section. An election not to restore lower-tier subsidiary stock
basis is made in the manner provided in paragraph (e)(5) of this
section.
(6) Elections to reduce the potential for loss duplication--(i) In
general. Notwithstanding the general operation of this paragraph (d), P
may elect to reduce the potential for loss duplication, and thereby
reduce or avoid attribute reduction. To the extent of S's attribute
reduction amount tentatively computed without regard to any election
under this paragraph (d)(6), P may elect--
(A) To reduce all or any portion (including any portion in excess of
a specified amount) of members' bases in transferred loss shares of S
stock;
(B) To reattribute all or any portion (including any portion in
excess of a specified amount) of S's Category A, Category B, and
Category C attributes (including such attributes of lower-tier
subsidiaries), to the extent they would otherwise be subject to
reduction under this paragraph (d); or
(C) Any combination thereof.
(ii) Manner and effect of election. An election to reduce loss
duplication under this paragraph (d)(6) is made in the manner provided
in paragraph (e)(5) of this section. Although such elections are
irrevocable, they have no effect--
(A) If there is no attribute reduction amount; or
(B) To the extent S's attribute reduction amount is less than the
amount specified in the election.
(iii) Order of application--(A) Stock of one subsidiary transferred
in the transaction. If shares of stock of only one subsidiary are
transferred in the transaction, any stock basis reduction and
reattribution of attributes (including from lower-tier subsidiaries) is
deemed to occur immediately before the application of this paragraph
(d). If a transferred share is still a loss share after giving effect to
this election, the other provisions of this paragraph (d) then apply
with respect to that share.
[[Page 490]]
(B) Stock of multiple subsidiaries transferred in the transaction.
If shares of stock of more than one subsidiary are transferred in the
transaction and elections under this paragraph (d)(6) are made with
respect to transfers of stock of subsidiaries in multiple tiers, effect
is given to the elections from the lowest tier to the highest tier in
the manner provided in this paragraph (d)(6)(iii)(B). The amount of the
election for the transfer at the lowest tier is determined by applying
this paragraph (d) with respect to the transferred loss shares of this
lowest-tier subsidiary immediately after applying paragraphs (b) and (c)
of this section to the stock of such subsidiary. The effect of any stock
basis reduction or reattribution of losses immediately tiers up under
Sec. 1.1502-32 to adjust members' bases in higher-tier shares.
Elections and adjustments are then made with respect to transfers at
each next higher tier successively.
(iv) Special rules for reattribution elections--(A) In general.
Because the reattribution election is intended to provide the group a
means to retain certain S attributes, and not to change the location of
attributes where S continues to be a member of the same group as P, the
election to reattribute attributes may only be made if S becomes a
nonmember (within the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(2)) as a result of
the transaction and S does not become a member of any group that
includes P. The election to reattribute S's attributes can only be made
for attributes in Category A, Category B, and Category C. The attributes
that would otherwise be reduced under paragraph (d)(4) of this section
may be reattributed to P. Accordingly, P may specify the attributes in
Category A, Category B, and Category C to be reattributed. Such an
election is made in the manner provided in paragraph (e)(5) of this
section. To the extent that P elects to reattribute attributes but does
not specify the attributes to be reattributed, any attributes not
specifically reattributed will be reattributed in the default amount,
order, and category described in paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(A)(1) of this
section. P succeeds to reattributed attributes as if such attributes
were succeeded to in a transaction to which section 381(a) applies. Any
owner shift of the subsidiary (including any deemed owner shift
resulting from section 382(g)(4)(D) or section 382(l)(3)) in connection
with the transaction is not taken into account under section 382 with
respect to the reattributed attributes. (See Sec. 1.1502-96(d) for
rules relating to section 382 and the reattribution of losses under this
paragraph (d)(6).) The reattribution of S's attributes is a noncapital,
nondeductible expense described in Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(iii). See Sec.
1.1502-32(c)(1)(ii)(A) regarding special allocations applicable to such
noncapital, nondeductible expense. If P elects to reattribute S
attributes (including attributes of a lower-tier subsidiary) and reduce
S stock basis, the reattribution is given effect before the stock basis
reduction.
(B) Insolvency limitation. If S, or any higher-tier subsidiary, is
insolvent within the meaning of section 108(d)(3) at the time of the
transfer, S's losses may be reattributed only to the extent they exceed
the sum of the separate insolvencies of any subsidiaries (taking into
account only S and its higher-tier subsidiaries) that are insolvent. For
purposes of determining insolvency, liabilities owed to higher-tier
members are not taken into account, and stock of a subsidiary that is
limited and preferred as to dividends and that is not owned by higher-
tier members is treated as a liability to the extent of the amount of
preferred distributions to which the stock would be entitled if the
subsidiary were liquidated on the date of the transfer.
(C) Limitation on reattribution from lower-tier subsidiaries. P's
ability to reattribute attributes of lower-tier subsidiaries is limited
under this paragraph (d)(6)(iv)(C) in order to prevent circular
computations of the attribute reduction amount. Accordingly, attributes
that would otherwise be reduced as a result of tier-down attribute
reduction under paragraph (d)(5)(v) of this section may only be
reattributed to the extent that the reduction in the basis of any lower-
tier subsidiary stock resulting from the noncapital, nondeductible
expense (as allocated under Sec. 1.1502-32(c)(1)(ii)(A)(2)) will not
create
[[Page 491]]
an excess loss account in any such stock.
(v) Special rules for stock basis reduction elections--(A) In
general. An election to reduce basis in S stock is made with respect to
all members' bases in loss shares of S stock that are transferred in the
transaction. The reduction is allocated among all such shares in
proportion to the amount of loss on each share. This reduction in S
stock basis is a noncapital, nondeductible expense described in Sec.
1.1502-32(b)(2)(iii) of the transferring member.
(B) Adjustment to the attribute reduction amount. The attribute
reduction amount (determined under paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section)
is treated as reduced by the amount of any elective reduction in the
basis of the S stock under this paragraph (d)(6). Accordingly, the
election to reduce stock basis under this paragraph (d)(6) is treated as
reducing or eliminating the duplication even if the shares of S stock
are loss shares after giving effect to the election.
(C) Deemed stock basis reduction election in the case of certain
disallowed stock losses. If there is a net stock loss in transferred
shares after taking into account any actual elections under this
paragraph (d)(6), and the stock loss would otherwise be permanently
disallowed (for example, under section 311(a)), P will be deemed to have
made a stock basis reduction election equal to such net stock loss.
(7) Additional attribute reduction in the case of certain transfers
due to worthlessness and certain transfers not followed by a separate
return year--(i) In general. Notwithstanding any other provision of this
paragraph (d), if a transfer is subject to this paragraph (d)(7) any of
S's Category A, Category B, and Category C attributes not otherwise
reduced or reattributed under this paragraph (d), and any credit
carryover attributable to S, including any consolidated credits that
would be apportioned to S under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-79 if S
had a separate return year, are eliminated. Attributes other than
consolidated tax attributes are eliminated under this paragraph
(d)(7)(i) immediately before the transfer subject to this paragraph
(d)(7)(i). The elimination of attributes under this paragraph (d)(7)(i)
is not a noncapital, nondeductible expense described in Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(2)(iii).
(ii) Transfers subject to this paragraph (d)(7). A transfer is
subject to this paragraph (d)(7) if--
(A) M transfers a share of S stock solely by reason of a transfer
defined in paragraph (f)(10)(i)(D) of this section (worthlessness where
the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-80(c) are satisfied), M recognizes a net
deduction or loss on the share, and S is a member of the group on the
day following the last day of the group's taxable year during which the
share becomes worthless under section 165 (taking into account the
provisions of Sec. 1.1502-80(c)), or
(B) M recognizes a net deduction or loss on the stock of S in a
transaction in which S ceases to be a member and does not become a
nonmember within the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(2).
(iii) Example. The application of this paragraph (d) to transfers
due to worthlessness and to loss transfers not followed by separate
return years is illustrated by the following example.
Example. (i) Worthlessness where S continues as a member. M owns the
sole share of S stock. The share is worthless under section 165. In
addition, S has disposed of all its assets within the meaning of Sec.
1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A) and therefore satisfies the provisions of Sec.
1.1502-80(c). M claims a worthless securities deduction with respect to
the share. The worthlessness is a transfer of the S share, a loss share,
and therefore subject to this section. After the application of
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, M's basis in the share (and
therefore M's net stock loss) is $75. The portion of the consolidated
net operating loss attributable to S is $100. Under the general rules of
this paragraph (d), S's attribute reduction amount is $75 (the lesser of
M's $75 net stock loss and S's $100 aggregate inside loss ($100 net
inside attribute amount over $0 value of S share)). S's attributes are
reduced by $75, from $100 to $25. In addition, if S remains a member of
the P group, this paragraph (d)(7) applies to eliminate the remaining
$25 of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to S because the
S share is worthless, and M recognizes a deduction (taking into account
Sec. 1.1502-80(c)) with respect to the share. Accordingly, after the
application of this section, M recognizes a $75 worthless securities
deduction, S has $0 net inside attributes, and the consolidated net
operating loss is reduced by a total of $100.
(ii) Dissolution of insolvent subsidiary. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (i) of this
[[Page 492]]
Example, except that S is insolvent, does not dispose of all its assets
within the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(iii)(A), M causes S to be
legally dissolved, and the S share held by M is cancelled without
consideration. Under paragraph (d)(7)(ii)(B) of this section, the
dissolution of S is subject to this paragraph (d)(7) and the result is
the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example. The result would also be
the same if instead of being legally dissolved, S was converted into an
entity that is disregarded as separate from M.
(iii) Stock cancelled in connection with a section 381(a)
transaction with another member. M owns the sole share of S common stock
with a basis of $75. M1 owns the sole share of S preferred stock. The
value of S's assets (net of liabilities) is less than the liquidation
preference on the S preferred stock. In a reorganization described in
section 368(a)(1)(D), S transfers all of its assets to M2 in exchange
for M2 common stock and M2's assumption of S's liabilities, S
distributes all of the M2 common stock received in the exchange to M1 in
exchange for M1's S preferred stock, the S common stock held by M is
cancelled without consideration, and S ceases to exist. Notwithstanding
that M is not entitled to treat its common share of S stock as worthless
until Sec. 1.1502-80(c) is satisfied, M's share is transferred within
the meaning of paragraph (f)(10)(i)(A) of this section because M ceases
to own the share in a transaction in which, but for this section (and
notwithstanding the deferral of any amount recognized on the transfer,
other than by reason of Sec. 1.1502-13), M would recognize a loss or
deduction with respect to the share. Accordingly, there is a transfer of
the S common share and this section applies to the transfer. There are
no adjustments under paragraphs (b) or (c) of this section because no
investment adjustments have been applied to the bases of the shares. The
transfer of the S common stock is subject to the general rules of this
paragraph (d), but is not subject to the additional attribute reduction
under this paragraph (d)(7) because the transfer was not solely by
reason of worthlessness where Sec. 1.1502-80(c) is satisfied, and S did
not cease to be a member because M2 is a successor to S.
(iv) Stock cancelled in connection with a section 381(a) transaction
with a nonmember. The facts are the same as in paragraph (iii) of this
Example, except that the S preferred share is held by X, instead of M2
acquiring S's assets, S merges into Y in a reorganization described in
section 368(a)(1)(A), M1 receives all of the Y stock issued in the
merger in exchange for M1's S preferred stock, and Y does not become a
member as a result of the transaction. M treats the cancelled S common
stock as worthless, and Sec. 1.1502-80(c) is satisfied because S ceases
to be a member. In this case, there is a transfer of M's S common share
because it becomes worthless (taking into account Sec. 1.1502-80(c));
because M ceases to own the share in a transaction in which, but for
this section (and notwithstanding the deferral of any amount recognized
on the transfer, other than by reason of Sec. 1.1502-13), M would
recognize a loss or deduction with respect to the share; and because M
and S cease to be members of the same group. The transfer of the S
common stock is subject to the general rules of this paragraph (d), but
is not subject to the additional attribute reduction under this
paragraph (d)(7) because the transfer was not solely by reason of
worthlessness where Sec. 1.1502-80(c) is satisfied and, although S did
cease to be a member, S became a nonmember within the meaning of Sec.
1.1502-19(c)(2) because Y is a successor to S.
(8) Examples. The application of this paragraph (d) is illustrated
by the following examples:
Example 1. Computation of attribute reduction amount. (i) Transfer
of all S shares. (A) Facts. M owns all 100 of the outstanding shares of
S stock with a basis of $2 per share. S owns land with a basis of $100,
has a $120 loss carryover, and has no liabilities. Each share has a
value of $1. M sells 30 of the S shares to X for $30. As a result of the
sale, M and S cease to be members of the same group. Accordingly, all
100 of the S shares are transferred. See paragraphs (f)(10)(i)(A),
(f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) (with respect to the 30 S shares sold
to X) of this section. M's transfer of the S shares is a transfer of
loss shares and therefore subject to this section.
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. Although
the transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis
redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because there is no
disparity among M's bases in shares of S common stock and there are no
shares of S preferred stock outstanding (so there can be no unrecognized
gain or loss on preferred stock). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this
section. Therefore, after the application of paragraph (b) of this
section, the share is still a loss share and, as such, subject to
paragraph (c) of this section. No adjustment is required under paragraph
(c) of this section because the net positive adjustment is $0. See
paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Thus, after the application of
paragraph (c) of this section, M's transfer of the S shares is still a
transfer of loss shares and, accordingly, subject to this paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). Under this
paragraph (d), S's attributes are reduced by S's attribute reduction
amount. Paragraph (d)(3) of this section provides that S's attribute
reduction amount is the lesser of the net stock loss and S's aggregate
inside loss. The net stock loss is the excess of the $200 aggregate
bases of the transferred shares over the $100 aggregate value of
[[Page 493]]
the transferred shares, or $100. S's aggregate inside loss is the excess
of its $220 net inside attribute amount (the sum of the $100 basis in
the land and the $120 loss carryover) over the $100 value of all
outstanding S shares, or $120. The attribute reduction amount is
therefore the lesser of the $100 net stock loss and the $120 aggregate
inside loss, or $100. Under paragraph (d)(4) of this section, S's $100
attribute reduction amount is allocated and applied to reduce S's $120
loss carryover to $20. Under paragraph (d)(4)(iii) of this section, the
reduction of the loss carryover is not a noncapital, nondeductible
expense and has no effect on M's basis in the S stock.
(ii) Transfer of less than all S shares. (A) Facts. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 1, except that M only
sells 20 S shares to X. M's sale of the 20 S shares is a transfer of
loss shares and therefore subject to this section. See paragraph
(f)(10)(i)(A) and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this section. (There is no transfer
of the remaining shares because S and M remain members of the same
group.)
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. No
adjustment is required under paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of this
section for the reasons set forth in paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 1.
Thus, after the application of paragraph (c) of this section, M's
transfer of the S shares is still a transfer of loss shares and,
accordingly, subject to this paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). Under this
paragraph (d), S's attributes are reduced by S's attribute reduction
amount. Paragraph (d)(3) of this section provides that S's attribute
reduction amount is the lesser of the net stock loss and S's aggregate
inside loss. The net stock loss is $20, the excess of the $40 aggregate
bases of the transferred shares over the $20 aggregate value of the
transferred shares. S's aggregate inside loss is $120, the excess of its
$220 net inside attribute amount (the sum of the $100 basis in the land
and the $120 loss carryover) over the $100 value of all outstanding S
shares. The attribute reduction amount is therefore $20, the lesser of
the $20 net stock loss and the $120 aggregate inside loss. Under
paragraph (d)(4) of this section, S's $20 attribute reduction amount is
allocated and applied to reduce S's $120 loss carryover to $100.
Example 2. Proportionate allocation of attribute reduction amount.
(i) Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share of S stock with a basis of
$150. S owns land with a basis of $60, a factory with a basis of $30,
publicly traded property with a basis of $30 and goodwill with a basis
of $30. M sells its S share for $90. M's sale of the S share is a
transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to this section. See
paragraphs (f)(10)(i)(A), (f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this
section.
(ii) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. Although
the transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis
redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because there is
only one share of S stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity
among members' bases in common shares and there are no outstanding
preferred shares with respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or
loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the
application of paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss
share and, as such, subject to paragraph (c) of this section. No
adjustment is required under paragraph (c) of this section because both
the disconformity amount and the net positive adjustment are $0. See
paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Thus, after the application of
paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale of the S share is still a
transfer of a loss share and, accordingly, subject to this paragraph
(d).
(iii) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). Under paragraph
(d)(3) of this section, S's attribute reduction amount is determined to
be $60, the lesser of the $60 net stock loss ($150 basis over $90 value)
and S's $60 aggregate inside loss (the excess of S's $150 net inside
attribute amount (the $60 basis of the land, plus the $30 basis of the
factory, plus the $30 basis of the publicly traded property, plus the
$30 basis of the goodwill) over the $90 value of the S share). Under
paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(B)(2) of this section, the $60 attribute reduction
amount is allocated and applied to reduce S's bases in its Category D
assets, S's only attributes available for reduction, as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allocable portion of Adjusted
Available attributes, basis in Category D assets Attribute attribute reduction attribute
amount amount amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Class VII, Goodwill.......................................... $30 $30 $0
Class V:
Land..................................................... 60 (60/90 x 60) 40 20
Factory.................................................. 30 (30/90 x 60) 20 10
--------------------------------------------------
Total Class V........................................ 90 60 30
Class II, publicly traded property........................... 30 0 30
--------------------------------------------------
Totals............................................... 150 60 90
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 494]]
Example 3. Attribute reduction amount less than total attributes in
Category A, Category B, and Category C. (i) No election to prescribe the
allocation of S's attribute reduction amount. (A) Facts. P owns the sole
outstanding share of M stock with a basis of $1,000 and M owns the sole
outstanding share of S stock with a basis of $210. M sells its S share
to X for $100. M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss share and
therefore subject to this section. See paragraphs (f)(10)(i)(A),
(f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this section. At the time of the
sale, S has no liabilities and the following attributes:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category Attribute Attribute amount
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category A................... Capital loss $10
carryover.
Category B................... NOL carryover........ 200
Category C................... Deferred deductions.. 40
Category D, Class V.......... Basis in Land........ 50
-------------------
Total Attributes......... ..................... 300
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. Although
the transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis
redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because there is
only one share of S stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity
among members' bases in common shares and there are no outstanding
preferred shares with respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or
loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the
application of paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss
share and, as such, subject to paragraph (c) of this section. No
adjustment is required under paragraph (c) of this section because both
the disconformity amount and the net positive adjustment are $0. See
paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Thus, after the application of
paragraph (c) of this section, M's transfer of the S share is still a
transfer of a loss share and, accordingly, subject to this paragraph
(d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of the $110 net stock loss
($210 basis over $100 value) and S's aggregate inside loss. S's
aggregate inside loss is $200 (S's $300 net inside attribute amount (the
$10 capital loss carryover, plus the $200 NOL carryover, plus the $40
deferred deductions, plus the $50 basis in land) less the $100 value of
all outstanding S shares). Thus, the attribute reduction amount is $110,
the lesser of the $110 net stock loss and S's $200 aggregate inside
loss. Under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(A)(1) of this section, the $110
attribute reduction amount is allocated and applied to reduce S's
attributes as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allocation of
Attribute attribute Adjusted
Category Attribute amount reduction attribute
amount amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category A.......................... Capital loss carryover. $10 $10 $0
Category B.......................... NOL carryover.......... 200 100 100
Category C.......................... Deferred deductions.... 40 0 40
Category D, Class V................. Basis in land.......... 50 0 50
--------------------------------------------------
1Totals......................... ....................... 300 110 190
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Election to prescribe the allocation of attribute reduction
amount. (A) Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of this
Example 3, except that P elects to allocate the attribute reduction
amount to eliminate the Category C attributes, preserve the capital loss
carryover, and reduce Category B attributes.
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. No
adjustment is required under paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of this
section for the reasons set forth in paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 3.
Thus, after the application of paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale
of the S share is still a transfer of a loss share, and accordingly,
subject to this paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). For the reasons
set forth in paragraph (i)(C) of this Example 3, under this paragraph
(d)(3), S's attribute reduction amount is determined to be $110. M
elects to apply S's $110 attribute reduction amount as follows:
[[Page 495]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allocation of
Attribute attribute Adjusted
Category Attribute amount reduction attribute
amount amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category A............................ Capital loss carryover.. $10 $0 $10
Category B............................ NOL carryover........... 200 70 130
Category C............................ Deferred deductions..... 40 40 0
Category D, Class V................... Basis of land........... 50 0 50
-----------------------------------------------
Totals............................ ........................ 300 110 190
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 4. Attributes attributable to liability not taken into
account. (i) S operates one business. (A) Facts. On January 1, year 1, M
forms S by exchanging $150 for the sole outstanding share of S stock. In
year 1, S earns $500, purchases land for $50, spends $100 to build a
factory on that land, and then purchases publicly traded property for
$250. In year 2, S earns a section 38 general business credit of $50.
However, pollution generated by S's business gives rise to an
environmental remediation liability under Federal law that would be
required to be capitalized if a person purchased S's assets and assumed
the liability. Before any amounts have been taken into account with
respect to the environmental remediation liability, when the liability
has a present value of $500, M sells its S share to X for $150. After
giving effect to all other provisions of law, M's basis in the S share
is $650 (the original basis of $150 increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 by
$500 for the income earned). The sale is therefore a transfer of a loss
share of subsidiary stock and subject to this section. See paragraphs
(f)(10)(i)(A), (f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this section.
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. Although
the transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis
redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because there is
only one share of S stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity
among members' bases in common shares and there are no outstanding
preferred shares with respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or
loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the
application of paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss
share and, as such, subject to paragraph (c) of this section. No
adjustment to basis is made under paragraph (c) of this section because,
although the net positive adjustment is $500, the disconformity amount
is $0. See paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Thus, after the application
of paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale of the S share is still a
transfer of a loss share and, accordingly, subject to this paragraph
(d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Under
paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's attribute reduction amount is the
lesser of the $500 net stock loss ($650 basis over $150 value) and the
aggregate inside loss. The aggregate inside loss is $500, computed as
the excess of S's $650 net inside attribute amount (the sum of S's $100
basis in the factory, $50 basis in the land, $250 basis in the publicly
traded property, and $250 cash remaining after the purchases) over the
$150 value of the S share. Thus, S's attribute reduction amount is $500,
the lesser of the $500 net stock loss and the $500 aggregate inside
loss. Under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(B)(2) of this section, S's $500
attribute reduction amount is allocated and applied to reduce S's
attributes as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allocable portion Adjusted
Available attributes Attribute of attribute attribute
amount reduction amount amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category D:
Class V Assets:
Basis of factory.................................... $100 $100 $0
Basis of land....................................... 50 50 0
Class II Assets:
Publicly traded property............................ 250 250 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(2) The remaining $100 attribute reduction amount is not applied to
S's $250 cash (Class I asset) or to S's $50 general business tax credit.
Under the general rule of this paragraph (d), that remaining $100
attribute reduction amount would have no further effect on S's
attributes. However, S has a $500 liability that has not been taken into
account. Therefore, under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section,
the remaining $100 attribute reduction amount is suspended and will be
allocated and applied to reduce any amounts that become deductible or
capitalizable as a result of the environmental remediation liability
later being taken into account. If the liability is satisfied for an
amount that is
[[Page 496]]
less than $100, under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(2) of this section the
remaining portion of that $100 suspended attribute reduction amount is
disregarded and has no further effect.
(ii) Lower-tier subsidiary with additional liability. (A) Facts. The
facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of Example 4, except that, in
addition, S exchanged $50 for the sole outstanding share of stock of S1.
S1 has $50 and equipment with an aggregate basis of $0. S1 also has
employee medical expense liabilities that have not been taken into
account and that would be required to be capitalized if a person
purchased S1's assets and assumed the liabilities. At the time of the
sale, S's environmental remediation liability had a present value of
$475 and S1's employee medical expenses had a present value of $25. For
the reasons set forth in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 4, M's sale of
the S share is a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to this
section.
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. No
adjustment is made under paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of this section
for the reasons set forth in paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 4. Thus,
after the application of paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale of the
S share is still a transfer of a loss share and, accordingly, subject to
this paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of the $500 net stock loss
($650 basis over $150 value) and the aggregate inside loss. The
aggregate inside loss is the excess of S's net inside attribute amount
over the value of the S share. Under paragraphs (d)(3)(iii)(B) and
(d)(5)(i)(B) of this section, S's net inside attribute amount is
determined by using S's $50 deemed basis in the S1 share (the greater of
S's $50 actual basis in the share and S1's $50 net inside attribute
amount). Accordingly, S's net inside attribute amount is $650 (the sum
of its $100 basis in the factory, $50 basis in the land, $250 basis in
the publicly traded property, $200 cash, and $50 deemed basis in its S1
share). The aggregate inside loss is $500, the excess of S's $650 net
inside attribute amount over the $150 value of the S share. Thus, S's
attribute reduction amount is $500, the lesser of the $500 net stock
loss and S's $500 aggregate inside loss.
(2) Allocation, apportionment, and application of attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S's $500 attribute reduction amount is allocated
proportionately (by basis) between its S1 share and its non-stock
Category D asset (consisting of all S's Category D assets other than its
share of S1 stock, with a basis equal to $600, the aggregate basis of
S's non-stock assets). However, under paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, for purposes of allocating S's attribute reduction amount
between its non-stock Category D asset and the S1 share, S's $50 deemed
basis in its S1 share is treated as reduced by S1's $25 net non-loss
assets (its Class I asset, $50 cash over S1's liabilities (which, for
this purpose include the $25 of employee medical expense liabilities not
taken into account as of the transfer)). As a result, S's attribute
reduction amount is allocated $480 (600/625 x 500) to S's non-stock
Category D asset and $20 (25/625 x 500) to the S1 share. The $480
attribute reduction amount allocated to S's non-stock Category D asset
produces the same reduction in the bases of S's assets (other than the
S1 stock) as in paragraph (i)(C) of this Example 4; in addition, the $80
attribute reduction amount not applied to reduce S's attributes is
suspended and applied to reduce any amounts that become deductible or
capitalizable as a result of the environmental remediation liability
later being taken into account. If the liability is satisfied for an
amount that is less than $80, under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(2) of this
section the remaining portion of that $80 suspended attribute reduction
amount is disregarded and has no further effect. Because the S1 share is
not transferred within the meaning of paragraph (f)(10) of this section,
the allocated attribute reduction amount apportioned to the S1 share is
applied fully to reduce the basis of the S1 share to $30. See paragraph
(d)(5)(iii) of this section.
(D) Tier down of S's attribute reduction amount. The $20 portion of
S's attribute reduction amount allocated to the S1 share is an attribute
reduction amount of S1. Because S1 holds only cash, it has no attributes
available for reduction under this paragraph (d). However, because S1
has a $25 liability not taken into account for tax purposes, paragraph
(d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section requires that $20 of the unapplied
attribute reduction amount be suspended and then allocated and applied
to reduce any amounts that become deductible or capitalizable as a
result of the employee medical expense liabilities later being taken
into account. If these liabilities are satisfied for an amount that is
less than $20, under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(2) of this section the
remaining portion of that $20 suspended attribute reduction amount is
disregarded and has no further effect.
Example 5. Wholly owned lower-tier subsidiary (no lower-tier
transfer). (i) Application of conforming limitation. (A) Facts. M owns
the sole outstanding share of S stock with a basis of $250. S owns Asset
with a basis of $100 and the only two outstanding shares of S1 stock
(Share A has a basis of $40 and Share B has a basis of $60). S1 owns
Asset 1 with a basis of $50. M sells its S share to P1, the common
parent of another consolidated group, for $50. The sale is a transfer of
a loss share and therefore subject to this section.
[[Page 497]]
See paragraphs (f)(10)(i)(A), (f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this
section.
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. Although
the transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis
redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because there is
only one share of S stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity
among members' bases in common shares and there are no outstanding
preferred shares with respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or
loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the
application of paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss
share and, as such, subject to paragraph (c) of this section. No
adjustment is required under paragraph (c) of this section because,
although there is a $50 disconformity amount, the net positive
adjustment is $0. See paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Thus, after the
application of paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale of the S share is
still a transfer of a loss share and, accordingly, subject to this
paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of M's net stock loss and S's
aggregate inside loss. M's net stock loss is $200 ($250 basis over $50
value). S's aggregate inside loss is the excess of S's net inside
attribute amount over the value of the S share. Under paragraphs
(d)(3)(iii)(B) and (d)(5)(i)(B) of this section, S's net inside
attribute amount is $200, computed as the sum of S's $100 basis in Asset
and its $100 deemed basis in the deemed single share of S1 stock
(computed as the greater of S's $100 aggregate basis in the S1 shares
and S1's $50 basis in Asset 1). S's aggregate inside loss is therefore
$150, $200 net inside attribute amount over the $50 value of the S
share. Accordingly, S's attribute reduction amount is $150, the lesser
of the $200 net stock loss and the $150 aggregate inside loss.
(2) Allocation, apportionment, and application of S's attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S's $150 attribute reduction amount is allocated
proportionately (by basis) between Asset (non-stock Category D asset)
with a basis of $100, and the S1 stock (treated as a single share with a
deemed basis of $100). Accordingly, $75 of the attribute reduction
amount ($100/$200 x $150) is allocated to Asset and $75 of the attribute
reduction amount ($100/$200 x $150) is allocated to the S1 stock. The
$75 of the attribute reduction amount allocated to Asset is applied to
reduce S's basis in Asset from $100 to $25. The $75 of the attribute
reduction amount allocated to the S1 stock is first apportioned between
the shares in a manner that reduces disparity to the greatest extent
possible. Thus, of the total $75 allocated to the S1 stock, $27.50 is
apportioned to Share A and $47.50 is apportioned to Share B. Because
neither of the S1 shares is transferred within the meaning of paragraph
(f)(10) of this section, the allocated attribute reduction amount
apportioned to each of the individual S1 shares is applied fully to
reduce the basis of each share to $12.50. See paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of
this section. As a result, immediately after the allocation,
apportionment, and application of S's attribute reduction amount, S's
basis in Asset is $25 and S's basis in each of the S1 shares is $12.50.
(3) Tier down of S's attribute reduction amount, application of
conforming limitation. Under paragraph (d)(5)(v)(A) of this section, the
$75 portion of S's attribute reduction amount allocated to the S1 stock
is an attribute reduction amount of S1 (regardless of the extent, if
any, to which it is apportioned and applied to reduce the basis of any
shares of S1 stock). Under the general rules of this paragraph (d), the
$75 tier-down attribute reduction amount would be allocated and applied
to reduce S1's basis in Asset 1 from $50 to $0. However, under paragraph
(d)(5)(v)(B) of this section, S1's attributes can be reduced by only
$25, the excess of the $50 portion of S1's net inside attribute amount
that is allocable to all S1 shares held by members as of the transaction
over $25, the aggregate amount of members' bases in nontransferred S1
shares after reduction under this paragraph (d). Thus, of S1's $75 tier-
down attribute reduction amount, only $25 is applied to reduce S1's
basis in Asset 1, from $50 to $25. The $50 unapplied portion of the
tier-down attribute reduction amount subject to the conforming
limitation has no further effect.
(ii) Application of basis restoration rule. (A) Facts. The facts are
the same as in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 5, except that S's basis
in Share A is $15 and S's basis in Share B is $35, and S1's basis in
Asset 1 is $100.
(B) Basis redetermination and basis reduction under paragraphs (b)
and (c) of this section. No adjustment is required under paragraph (b)
or paragraph (c) of this section for the reasons set forth in paragraph
(i)(B) of this Example 5. Thus, after the application of paragraph (c)
of this section, M's transfer of the S share is still a transfer of a
loss share and, accordingly, subject to this paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of M's net stock loss and S's
aggregate inside loss. M's net stock loss is $200 ($250 basis over $50
value). S's aggregate inside loss is the excess of S's net inside
attribute amount over the value of the S share. Under paragraphs
(d)(3)(iii)(B) and (d)(5)(i)(B) of this section, S's net inside
attribute amount is $200, the sum of S's $100 basis in Asset and its
$100 deemed basis in the deemed single share of S1 stock (computed as
the greater of
[[Page 498]]
S's $50 aggregate basis in the S1 shares and S1's $100 basis in Asset
1). S's aggregate inside loss is therefore $150, $200 net inside
attribute amount over the $50 value of the S share. Accordingly, S's
attribute reduction amount is $150, the lesser of the $200 net stock
loss and the $150 aggregate inside loss.
(2) Allocation, apportionment, and application of S's attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S's $150 attribute reduction amount is allocated
proportionately (by basis) between Asset (non-stock Category D asset)
with a basis of $100, and the S1 stock (treated as a single share with a
deemed basis of $100). Accordingly, $75 of the attribute reduction
amount ($100/$200 x $150) is allocated to Asset and $75 of the attribute
reduction amount ($100/$200 x $150) is allocated to the S1 stock. The
$75 of the attribute reduction amount allocated to Asset is applied to
reduce S's basis in Asset from $100 to $25. The $75 of the attribute
reduction amount allocated to the S1 stock is first apportioned between
the shares in a manner that reduces disparity to the greatest extent
possible. Thus, of the total $75 allocated to the S1 stock, $27.50 is
apportioned to Share A and $47.50 is apportioned to Share B. Because
neither of the S1 shares is transferred within the meaning of paragraph
(f)(10) of this section, the allocated attribute reduction amount
apportioned to each of the individual S1 shares is applied fully to
reduce the basis of each share to an excess loss account of $12.50. See
paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section. As a result, immediately after
the allocation, apportionment, and application of S's attribute
reduction amount, S's basis in Asset is $25 and S's basis in each of the
S1 shares is an excess loss account of $12.50.
(3) Tier down of S's attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph
(d)(5)(v)(A) of this section, the $75 portion of S's attribute reduction
amount allocated to S1 stock is an attribute reduction amount of S1
(regardless of the extent, if any, to which it is apportioned and
applied to reduce the basis of any shares of S1 stock). Accordingly,
under the general rules of this paragraph (d), the $75 tier-down
attribute reduction amount is applied to reduce S1's basis in Asset 1
from $100 to $25.
(4) Basis restoration. Under paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) of this
section, after this paragraph (d) has been applied with respect to all
transfers of subsidiary stock, any reduction made to the basis of a
share of lower-tier subsidiary stock under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this
section is reversed to the extent necessary to conform the basis of that
share to the share's allocable portion of the subsidiary's net inside
attribute amount (after reduction). S1's net inside attribute amount
after the application of this paragraph (d) is $25 and thus each of the
two S1 share's allocable portion of S1's net inside attribute amount is
$12.50. Accordingly, the reductions to Share A and to Share B under
paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section are reversed to the extent
necessary to restore the basis of each share to $12.50. Thus, $25 of the
$27.50 of reduction to the basis of Share A, and $25 of the $47.50 of
reduction to the basis of share B, is reversed, restoring the basis of
each share to $12.50.
Example 6. Multiple blocks of lower-tier subsidiary stock
outstanding. (i) Excess loss account taken into account (transfer of
upper-tier share causes disposition within the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(ii)(B)). (A) Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share of S
stock with a basis of $200. S holds all five outstanding shares of S1
common stock (Shares A, B, C, D, and E). S has an excess loss account of
$20 in Share A and a positive basis of $20 in each of the other shares.
The only investment adjustment applied to any S1 share was a negative
$20 investment adjustment applied to Share A when it was the only
outstanding share, and this amount tiered up and adjusted M's basis in
the S share. S1 owns one asset with a basis of $250. M sells its S share
to P1, the common parent of a consolidated group, for $20. The sale of
the S share is a disposition of Share A under Sec. 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(ii)(B) (S1 becomes a nonmember because it will have a separate
return year as a member of the P1 group). Accordingly, under Sec.
1.1502-19(b)(1)(i) and paragraph (a)(3)(i) of this section, before the
application of this section, S's excess loss account in Share A is taken
into account, increasing S's basis in Share A to $0 and M's basis in its
S share to $220. After giving effect to the recognition of the excess
loss account, M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss share and
therefore subject to this section. See paragraphs (f)(10)(i)(A),
(f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this section.
(B) Basis redetermination and basis reduction under paragraphs (b)
and (c) of this section. Although the transfer is subject to this
section, there is no basis redetermination under paragraph (b) of this
section because there is only one share of S stock outstanding (and so
there can be no disparity among members' bases in common shares and
there are no outstanding preferred shares with respect to which there
can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this
section. Therefore, after the application of paragraph (b) of this
section, the share is still a loss share and, as such, subject to
paragraph (c) of this section. No adjustment is made under paragraph (c)
of this section because, even though there is a disconformity amount of
$140, the net positive adjustment is $0. See paragraph (c)(3) of this
section. Thus, after the application of paragraph (c) of this section,
M's sale of the S share remains a transfer of a loss share and,
accordingly, subject to this paragraph (d).
[[Page 499]]
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of M's net stock loss and S's
aggregate inside loss. M's net stock loss is $200 ($220 basis over $20
value). S's aggregate inside loss is the excess of S's net inside
attribute amount over the value of the S share. Under paragraphs
(d)(3)(iii)(B) and (d)(5)(i)(B) of this section, S's net inside
attribute amount is $250, S's $250 deemed basis in the deemed single
share of S1 stock (computed as the greater of S's $80 aggregate basis in
the S1 shares ($0 basis in Share A plus $20 basis in each of the four
other shares) and S1's $250 basis in its asset). S's aggregate inside
loss is therefore $230, $250 net inside attribute amount over the $20
value of the S share. Accordingly, S's attribute reduction amount is
$200, the lesser of the $200 net stock loss and the $230 aggregate
inside loss.
(2) Allocation, apportionment, and application of S's attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S's $200 attribute reduction amount is allocated entirely to
the S1 stock (treated as a single share) and then apportioned among the
shares in a manner that reduces disparity to the greatest extent
possible. Thus, $24 is apportioned to Share A and $44 is apportioned to
each of the other shares. Because none of the S1 shares are transferred
within the meaning of paragraph (f)(10) of this section (notwithstanding
that there is a disposition under Sec. 1.1502-19(c)(1)(ii)(B)), the
allocated attribute reduction amount apportioned to each of the
individual S1 shares is applied fully to reduce the basis of each share
to an excess loss account of $24. See paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this
section.
(3) Tier down of S's attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph
(d)(5)(v)(A) of this section, the $200 of S's attribute reduction amount
allocated to the S1 shares is an attribute reduction amount of S1
(regardless of the extent, if any, to which it is apportioned and
applied to reduce the basis of any shares of S1 stock). Under the
general rules of this paragraph (d), S1's $200 tier-down attribute
reduction amount is allocated and applied to reduce S1's basis in its
asset from $250 to $50.
(4) Basis restoration. Under paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) of this
section, after this paragraph (d) has been applied with respect to all
transfers of subsidiary stock, any reduction made to the basis of a
share of lower-tier subsidiary stock under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this
section is reversed to the extent necessary to conform the basis of that
share to the share's allocable portion of the subsidiary's net inside
attribute amount (after reduction). S1's net inside attribute amount
after the application of this paragraph (d) is $50 and thus each of the
five S1 share's allocable portion of S1's net inside attribute amount is
$10. Accordingly, the reductions to the bases of S1 shares under
paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section are reversed to the extent
necessary to restore (to the extent possible) the basis of each share to
$10. Thus, $24 of the $24 of reduction to the basis of Share A is
reversed, restoring the basis of Share A to $0, and $34 of the $44 of
reduction to the basis of each other share is reversed, restoring the
basis of each of those shares to $10.
(ii) Sale of gain share to member. (A) Facts. The facts are the same
as in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 6, except that M owns Shares A,
B, C, and D, S owns Share E, S has a liability of $20, and S1's basis in
its asset is $500. Also, as part of the transaction, S sells Share E to
M for $40. Unlike under the facts of paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 6,
there is no disposition of Share A within the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(ii)(B) (S1 continues to be a member of the group, and thus does
not have a separate return year). As a result, the Share A excess loss
account is not taken into account. Although S's sale of Share E is a
transfer of that share, the share is not a loss share and thus the
transfer is not subject to this section. M's sale of the S share,
however, is a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to this
section. See paragraphs (f)(10)(i)(A), (f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C)
of this section.
(B) Transfer in lowest tier (gain share). S's sale of Share E is the
lowest-tier transfer in the transaction. Under paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A)
of this section, because there are no transfers of loss shares at that
tier, no adjustments are required under paragraph (b) or (c) of this
section. However, S's gain recognized on the transfer of Share E is
computed and immediately adjusts members' bases in subsidiary stock
under Sec. 1.1502-32 (because M and S are not members of the same group
immediately after the transaction, the sale is not an intercompany
transaction subject to Sec. 1.1502-13). Accordingly, M's basis in its S
share is increased by $20, from $200 to $220.
(C) Transfers in next higher tier, application of paragraphs (b) and
(c) of this section. The next higher tier transfer is M's sale of the S
stock. The sale is a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to
this section. Although the transfer is subject to this section, there is
no basis redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because
there is only one share of S stock outstanding (and so there can be no
disparity among members' bases in common shares and there are no
outstanding preferred shares with respect to which there can be
unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section.
Therefore, after the application of paragraph (b) of this section, the
share is still a loss share and, as such, subject to paragraph (c) of
this section. Under paragraph (c) of this section, M's basis in its S
share is decreased by $20, the lesser of S's $200 disconformity amount
(computed as the excess of
[[Page 500]]
M's $220 basis in the S stock over S's $20 net inside attribute amount
(computed as the $20 basis in Share E, increased by $20 to reflect the
gain recognized with respect to the share, less the $20 liability)), and
the $20 net positive adjustment. Thus, after the application of
paragraph (c) of this section, M's basis in the S share is $200, and the
sale remains a transfer of a loss share. There are no higher tier
transfers and, therefore, M's transfer of the S share is then subject to
this paragraph (d).
(D) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of M's net stock loss and S's
aggregate inside loss. M's net stock loss is $180 ($200 basis over $20
value). S's aggregate inside loss is the excess of S's net inside
attribute amount over the value of the S share. Under paragraphs
(d)(3)(iii)(B) and (d)(5)(i)(B) of this section, S's net inside
attribute amount is $80, computed as $100 (S's deemed basis in Share E
(the greater of $40 (S's $20 basis in Share E, adjusted for the $20 gain
recognized with respect to the share), and Share E's allocable portion
of S1's net inside attribute amount of $100 (1/5 of S1's $500 basis in
its asset)), less S's $20 liability. Accordingly, S's aggregate inside
loss is $60 ($80 net inside attribute amount over the $20 value of the S
stock). S's attribute reduction amount is therefore $60, the lesser of
$180 net stock loss and $60 aggregate inside loss.
(2) Allocation, apportionment, and application of S's attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S's $60 attribute reduction amount is allocated entirely to its
S1 stock, Share E. However, because Share E was transferred within the
meaning of paragraph (f)(10) of this section and gain was recognized on
its transfer, none of the allocated amount is apportioned to, or applied
to reduce the basis of Share E. See paragraph (d)(5)(iii)(A) of this
section. Under paragraph (d)(5)(iv) of this section, the $60 allocated
attribute reduction amount not apportioned or applied to Share E has no
effect on S or S's attributes.
(3) Tier down of S's attribute reduction amount. Notwithstanding the
fact that no portion of the allocated attribute reduction amount was
apportioned to or applied to reduce the basis of Share E, the entire $60
allocated attribute reduction amount is an attribute reduction amount of
S1. See paragraph (d)(5)(v)(A) of this section.
(4) Basis restoration. Under paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) of this
section, after this paragraph (d) has been applied with respect to all
transfers of subsidiary stock, any reduction made to the basis of a
share of subsidiary stock under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section is
reversed to the extent necessary to conform the basis of that share to
the share's allocable portion of the subsidiary's net inside attribute
amount. No reduction was made to the basis of the S1 stock under
paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section. Therefore, no stock basis is
increased under the basis restoration rule in paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) of
this section.
Example 7. Allocation of attribute reduction if lower-tier
subsidiary has non-loss assets or liabilities. (i) S1 holds cash. (A)
Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share of S stock with a basis of
$800. S owns Asset with a basis of $400 and the sole outstanding share
of S1 stock with a basis of $300. S1 holds Asset 1 with a basis of $50,
and $100 cash. M sells its S share to P1, the common parent of a
consolidated group, for $100. The sale is not a transfer of the S1 share
because S and S1 are members of the same group following the
transaction. However, the sale is a transfer of the S share, a loss
share, and therefore subject to this section. See paragraphs
(f)(10)(i)(A), (f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this section.
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. Although
the transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis
redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because there is
only one share of S stock outstanding (and so there can be no disparity
among members' bases in common shares and there are no outstanding
preferred shares with respect to which there can be unrecognized gain or
loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Therefore, after the
application of paragraph (b) of this section, the share is still a loss
share and, as such, subject to the provisions of this paragraph (c). No
adjustment is required under paragraph (c) of this section because, even
though there is a disconformity amount of $100, the net positive
adjustment is $0. See paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Thus, after the
application of paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale of the S share is
still a transfer of a loss share and, accordingly, subject to this
paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of M's net stock loss and S's
aggregate inside loss. M's net stock loss is $700 ($800 basis over $100
value). S's aggregate inside loss is the excess of S's net inside
attribute amount over the value of the S share. Under paragraphs
(d)(3)(iii)(B) and (d)(5)(i)(B) of this section, S's net inside
attribute amount is $700, the sum of its $400 basis in Asset and its
$300 deemed basis in the S1 share (computed as the greater of S's $300
basis in the S1 share and S1's $150 net inside attribute amount
(reflecting the sum of S1's $50 basis in Asset 1 and S1's $100 cash)).
Therefore, S's aggregate inside loss is $600 ($700 net inside attribute
amount over the $100 value of the S stock). S's attribute reduction
amount is
[[Page 501]]
$600, the lesser of the $700 net stock loss and the $600 aggregate
inside loss.
(2) Allocation, apportionment, and application of S's attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S's $600 attribute reduction amount is allocated
proportionately (by basis) between S's $400 basis in Asset (non-stock
Category D asset) and its deemed basis in the S1 share. However, under
paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section, for purposes of allocating the
attribute reduction amount, S's $300 deemed basis in the S1 share is
treated as reduced by S1's net non-loss assets (its Class I asset, $100
cash) to $200. Thus, the $600 is allocated $400 to Asset ($400/$600 x
$600) and $200 to the S1 share ($200/$600 x $600). The $400 allocated to
Asset is applied to reduce S's basis in Asset from $400 to $0. Because
the S1 share is not transferred within the meaning of paragraph (f)(10)
of this section, the allocated attribute reduction amount apportioned to
the S1 share is applied fully to reduce the basis of the S1 share to
$100. See paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section.
(3) Tier down of S's attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph
(d)(5)(v)(A) of this section, the $200 portion of S's attribute
reduction amount allocated to the S1 stock is an attribute reduction
amount of S1 (regardless of the extent, if any, to which it is
apportioned and applied to reduce the basis of any shares of S1 stock).
Under the general rules of this paragraph (d), S1's $200 tier-down
attribute reduction amount is allocated and applied to reduce S1's basis
in Asset 1 (S1's only attribute available for reduction) from $50 to $0.
The $150 unapplied attribute reduction amount is disregarded and has no
further effect.
(4) Basis restoration. Under paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) of this
section, after this paragraph (d) has been applied with respect to all
transfers of subsidiary stock, any reduction made to the basis of a
share of subsidiary stock under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section is
reversed to the extent necessary to conform the basis of that share to
the share's allocable portion of the subsidiary's net inside attribute
amount. There is only one share of S1 stock outstanding and so S1's
entire $100 net inside attribute amount is allocable to that share.
Because S's $100 basis in the S1 share (as reduced under this paragraph
(d)) is already conformed with its $100 allocable portion of S1's net
inside attribute amount, there is no restoration under paragraph
(d)(5)(vi)(A) of this section.
(ii) S1 borrows cash. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)(A)
of this Example 7 except that, in addition, S1 borrows $50 from X
immediately before M sells the S share. The computation of the attribute
reduction amount is the same as in paragraph (i)(C) of this Example 7
(the $50 cash from the loan proceeds and the $50 liability offset in the
computation of S1's net inside attribute amount and so the net amount is
unaffected, and the computation of S's deemed basis in the S1 stock is
unaffected). Similarly, for purposes of allocating the attribute
reduction amount between the non-stock Category D asset and the S1
stock, paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section requires S's deemed basis in
the S1 share to be treated as reduced by S1's net non-loss assets (S1's
non-loss assets over S1's liabilities). Accordingly, the additional $50
cash proceeds is offset by the $50 liability and there is no effect on
the allocation of the attribute reduction amount. The results are the
same as in paragraph (i) of this Example 7.
(iii) S1 has a liability not taken into account for tax purposes.
(A) Facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (ii) of this Example 7
except that, in addition, S1 has a $40 liability that is not taken into
account for tax purposes as of the transfer and that would be required
to be capitalized if a person purchased S1's assets and assumed the
liability.
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. No
adjustment is required under paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of this
section for the reasons set forth in paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 7.
Thus, after the application of paragraph (c) of this section, P's sale
of the S share is still a transfer of a loss share and, accordingly,
subject to this paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. The attribute reduction amount is the same
as computed in paragraph (i)(C)(1) of this Example 7 (under paragraph
(f)(5) of this section, the term liability does not include liabilities
not taken into account for tax purposes and so the additional $40
liability not yet taken into account for tax purposes does not affect
the computation of S's attribute reduction amount).
(2) Allocation, apportionment, and application of S's attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S's $600 attribute reduction amount is allocated
proportionately (by basis) between S's $400 basis in Asset 1 (non-stock
Category D asset) and its deemed basis in the S1 share. However, under
paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section, for purposes of allocating the
attribute reduction amount, S's $300 deemed basis in the S1 share is
treated as reduced by S1's net non-loss assets (S1's non-loss assets
over S1's liabilities). For this purpose, the term liabilities includes
liabilities not taken into account for tax purposes, as described in
paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section (generally, liabilities that,
if assumed in a purchase, would give rise to a capitalized amount when
satisfied). Thus, for this purpose, S's $300 deemed basis in the S1
share is reduced by S1's $60 net non-loss assets (the excess of S1's
$150 non-loss assets (its Class I asset, $150 cash) over S1's $90
liabilities ($50
[[Page 502]]
loan and $40 liability not yet taken into account for tax purposes)), to
$240. Accordingly, S's $600 attribute reduction amount is allocated and
applied $375 ($400/$640 x $600) to Asset (reducing S's basis in Asset
from $400 to $25) and $225 ($240/$640 x $600) to the S1 share. Because
the S1 share is not transferred within the meaning of paragraph (f)(10)
of this section, the allocated attribute reduction amount apportioned to
the S1 share is applied fully to reduce the basis of the S1 share to
$75. See paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section.
(3) Tier down of S's attribute reduction amount, application of
conforming limitation. Under paragraph (d)(5)(v)(A) of this section, the
$225 portion of S's attribute reduction amount allocated to the S1 stock
is an attribute reduction amount of S1 (regardless of the extent, if
any, to which it is apportioned and applied to reduce the basis of any
shares of S1 stock). Under the general rules of this paragraph (d), S1's
$225 tier-down attribute reduction amount would be allocated and applied
to reduce S1's attributes. However, under paragraph (d)(5)(v)(B) of this
section, S1's attributes can be reduced by only $75, the excess of the
$150 portion of S1's net inside attribute amount that is allocable to
all S1 shares held by members as of the transaction over $75, the
aggregate amount of members' bases in nontransferred S1 shares, after
reduction under this paragraph (d). Thus, of S1's $225 tier-down
attribute reduction amount, $50 is applied to reduce S1's basis in Asset
1, from $50 to $0. Although the $25 unapplied attribute reduction amount
not subject to the conforming limitation would generally be disregarded
without further effect, because S1 has a $40 liability not taken into
account for tax purposes, paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section
requires that the $25 of the unapplied attribute reduction amount not
subject to the conforming limitation be suspended and then allocated and
applied to reduce any amounts that become deductible or capitalizable as
a result of that liability later being taken into account. If the
liability is satisfied for an amount that is less than $25, under
paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(2) of this section the remaining portion of that
$25 suspended attribute reduction amount is disregarded and has no
further effect. The $150 unapplied portion of the tier-down attribute
reduction amount subject to the conforming limitation has no further
effect.
(4) Basis restoration. Under paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) of this
section, after this paragraph (d) has been applied with respect to all
transfers of subsidiary stock, any reduction made to the basis of a
share of lower-tier subsidiary stock under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this
section is reversed to the extent necessary to conform the basis of that
share to the share's allocable portion of the subsidiary's net inside
attribute amount. Paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) provides that, for this
purpose, S1's net inside attribute amount is its net inside attribute
amount, taking into account any reductions under this paragraph (d) and
treating it as reduced by any attribute reduction amount suspended under
paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section. Because S's $75 basis in its
S1 stock (after application of this paragraph (d)) is already conformed
with its $75 allocable portion of S1's net inside attribute amount ($100
net inside attributes after reduction, reduced by S1's $25 suspended
attribute reduction amount), there is no restoration under paragraph
(d)(5)(vi)(A) of this section.
Example 8. Election to reduce stock basis or reattribute attributes
under paragraph (d)(6) of this section. (i) Deconsolidating sale. (A)
Facts. P owns the sole outstanding share of M stock with a basis of
$1,000. M owns all 100 outstanding shares of S stock with a basis of
$2.10 per share ($210 total). M sells all its S shares to X for $1 per
share ($100 total). M's sale of the S shares is a transfer of loss
shares and therefore subject to this section. See paragraphs
(f)(10)(i)(A), (f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this section. At the
time of the sale, S has no liabilities and the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Attribute
Category Attribute amount
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category A......................... Capital loss carryover $10
Category B......................... NOL carryover......... 90
Category C......................... Deferred deduction.... 40
------------
Total Category A, Category B, 140...................
and Category C Attributes.
Category D, Class V................ Basis in land......... 70
------------
Total Attributes............... 210...................
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. Although
the transfer is subject to this section, there is no basis
redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section because there is no
disparity among M's bases in shares of S common stock and there are no
shares of S preferred stock outstanding (so there can be no unrecognized
gain or loss with respect to preferred shares). See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. No
[[Page 503]]
adjustment is required under paragraph (c) of this section because both
the disconformity amount and the net positive adjustment are $0. See
paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Thus, after the application of
paragraph (c) of this section, M's transfer of the S shares is still a
transfer of loss shares and, accordingly, subject to this paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of the $110 net stock loss
($210 aggregate basis over the $100 aggregate value) and S's aggregate
inside loss. S's aggregate inside loss is $110 (S's $210 net inside
attribute amount (the $10 capital loss carryover, plus the $90 NOL
carryover, plus the $40 deferred deduction, plus the $70 basis in the
land) over the $100 value of all outstanding S shares). S's attribute
reduction amount is $110, the lesser of the $110 net stock loss and the
$110 aggregate inside loss.
(2) Application of attribute reduction amount. (i) S's $110
attribute reduction amount is applied as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allocation of
Attribute attribute Adjusted
Category Attribute amount reduction attribute
amount amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category A............................ Capital loss carryover... $10 $10 $0
Category B............................ NOL carryover............ 90 90 0
Category C............................ Deferred deduction....... 40 10 30
Category D, Class V................... Basis in land............ 70 0 70
----------------------------------------------
Totals............................ 210...................... 110 100
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Alternatively, under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(A)(1) of this
section, P could specify the allocation of S's $110 attribute reduction
amount among S's $10 capital loss carryover, S's $90 NOL carryover, and
S's $40 deferred deduction.
(D) Results. The P group recognizes a $110 loss on M's sale of the S
shares that is absorbed by the group, which reduces P's basis in the M
share under Sec. 1.1502-32 from $1,000 to $890. Immediately after the
transaction, the entities own the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Entity Asset Basis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P........................... M share.......................... $890
X........................... 100 S shares..................... 100
S........................... Category C, deferred deduction... 30
Category D, Class V Asset (land). 70
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(E) Election to reduce stock basis. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 8 except that P elects under paragraph
(d)(6) of this section to reduce M's basis in the S shares by the full
attribute reduction amount of $110, in lieu of S reducing its
attributes. The election is effective for all transferred loss shares
and is allocated to those shares in proportion to the loss in each. See
paragraph (d)(6)(v)(A) of this section. Accordingly, the basis of each
of the 100 transferred shares is reduced from $2.10 to $1.00. After
giving effect to the election, the S shares are not loss shares and this
section has no further application to the transfer. The $110 reduction
in M's basis in the S shares pursuant to the election under paragraph
(d)(6) of this section is a noncapital, nondeductible expense of M that
will reduce P's basis in the M share. See paragraph (d)(6)(v)(A) of this
section. Immediately after the transaction, the entities own the
following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basis/
Entity Asset attribute
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P....................... M share.......................... $890
X....................... 100 S shares..................... 100
S....................... Category A, capital loss 10
carryover.
Category B, NOL carryover........ 90
Category C, deferred deduction... 40
Category D, Class V Asset (land). 70
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(F) Election to reattribute losses. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 8 except that P elects under paragraph
(d)(6) of this section to reattribute S's attributes. S's attribute
reduction amount is $110, and P can reattribute all or any portion of
the attributes in Category A, Category B, and Category C to the extent
of $110. P elects to reattribute the $90 NOL, and, as a result, S's NOL
is $0. Under paragraph (d)(6)(iv)(A) of this section, the reattribution
of the $90 NOL is a noncapital, nondeductible expense of S. Under Sec.
1.1502-32(c)(1)(ii)(A)(1) this $90 expense is allocated to the
transferred loss shares of S stock in proportion to the loss in
[[Page 504]]
the shares, or $.90 per share. Further, this expense tiers up under
Sec. 1.1502-32 and reduces P's basis in the M stock by $90. After
giving effect to the election, the P group would recognize a $20 loss on
M's sale of the S shares, S would have an aggregate inside loss of $20
(S's $120 net inside attribute amount (the $10 capital loss carryover,
plus the $40 deferred deduction, plus the $70 basis in the land) over
the $100 value of all outstanding S shares), and S's attribute reduction
amount would be $20 (applied $10 to the $10 capital loss carryover and
$10 to the $40 deferred deduction). (Alternatively, under paragraph
(d)(4)(ii)(A)(1) of this section, P could specify the allocation of S's
$20 attribute reduction amount between S's $10 capital loss carryover
and S's $40 deferred deduction. Further, P could elect to reduce M's
remaining basis in the S shares by any amount up to the $20 attribute
reduction amount, thereby reducing or eliminating S's attribute
reduction amount.)
(ii) Nondeconsolidating sale. (A) Facts. The facts are the same as
in paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 8, except that M only sells 20 S
shares ($20 total).
(B) Application of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section. No
adjustment is required under paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of this
section for the reasons set forth in paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 8.
Thus, after the application of paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale
of the S shares is still a transfer of loss shares and, accordingly,
subject to this paragraph (d).
(C) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of the $22 net stock loss ($42
aggregate basis over $20 aggregate value) and S's $110 aggregate inside
loss (as calculated in paragraph (i)(C)(1) of this Example 8). S's
attribute reduction amount is $22, the lesser of the $22 net stock loss
and the $110 aggregate inside loss.
(2) Application of attribute reduction amount. (i) S's $22 attribute
reduction amount is applied as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Allocation of
Attribute attribute Adjusted
Category Attribute amount reduction attribute
amount amount
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Category A.............................. Capital loss carryover..... $10 $10 $0
Category B.............................. NOL carryover.............. 90 12 78
Category C.............................. Deferred deduction......... 40 0 40
Category D, Class V..................... Land....................... 70 0 70
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) Alternatively, under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(A)(1) of this
section, P could specify the allocation of S's $22 attribute reduction
amount among S's $10 capital loss carryover, S's $90 NOL carryover, and
S's $40 deferred deduction.
(D) Results. The P group recognizes a $22 loss on M's sale of the S
shares that is absorbed by the group, which reduces P's basis in the M
share under Sec. 1.1502-32 from $1,000 to $978. Immediately after the
transaction, the entities have the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Entity Asset Basis
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P......................... M share............................ $978
X......................... 20 S shares........................ 20
S......................... Category B, NOL carryover.......... 78
Category C, deferred deduction..... 40
Category D, Class V Asset (land)... 70
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(E) Election to reduce stock basis. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (ii)(A) of this Example 8, except that P elects under
paragraph (d)(6) of this section to reduce M's basis in the S shares by
the full attribute reduction amount of $22, in lieu of S reducing its
attributes. The election is effective for all transferred loss shares
and is allocated to such shares in proportion to the loss in each share.
See paragraph (d)(6)(v)(A) of this section. Accordingly, the basis of
each of the 20 transferred shares is reduced from $2.10 to $1.00. After
giving effect to the election, the transferred S shares are not loss
shares and this section has no further application to the transfer. The
$22 reduction in M's basis in the S shares pursuant to the election
under paragraph (d)(6) of this section is a noncapital, nondeductible
expense of M that will reduce P's basis in the M share. See paragraph
(d)(6)(v)(A) of this section. Immediately after the transaction, the
entities have the following:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Entity Asset Basis/ attribute
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P.................... M share....................... $978
M.................... 80 S shares................... 168
X.................... 20 S shares................... 20
S.................... Category A, capital loss 10
carryover.
Category B, NOL............... 90
Category C, deferred deduction 40
[[Page 505]]
Category D Class V Asset 70
(land).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(F) Election to reattribute attributes. The facts are the same as in
paragraph (ii)(A) of this Example 8. Because S remains a member of the
same group as P following M's sale of S stock, P cannot elect under
paragraph (d)(6) of this section to reattribute any portion of S's
attributes in lieu of attribute reduction.
Example 9. Transfers at multiple tiers, gain and loss shares. (i)
Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share of S stock with a basis of
$700. S owns Asset 1 (basis of $170) and all ten outstanding shares of
S1 common stock ($170 basis in share 1, $10 basis in share 2, and $15
basis in each of share 3 through share 10). S1 owns the sole outstanding
share of S2 ($0 basis), the sole outstanding share of S3 ($60 basis),
and the sole outstanding share of S4 ($100 basis). S2's sole asset is
Asset 2 ($75 basis). S3's sole asset is Asset 3 ($75 basis). S4's sole
asset is Asset 4 ($80 basis). In one transaction, M sells its S share to
P1 (the common parent of a consolidated group) for $240, S sells S1
share 1 to X for $20, S contributes S1 share 2 to a partnership in a
section 721 transaction, and S1 sells its S2 share to Y for $50. M's
sale of the S share and S1's sale of the S2 share are transfers under
paragraphs (f)(10)(i)(A), (f)(10)(i)(B), and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this
section. S's sale of S1 share 1 to X is a transfer under paragraphs
(f)(10)(i)(A) and (f)(10)(i)(C) of this section. S's contribution of S1
share 2 to the partnership is a transfer under paragraph (f)(10)(i)(C)
of this section.
(ii) Transfer in lowest tier (gain share). However, S1's gain
recognized on the transfer of the S2 share is computed and immediately
adjusts members' bases in subsidiary stock under Sec. 1.1502-32. Under
paragraph (a)(3)(ii)(A) of this section, because there are no transfers
of loss shares at that tier, no adjustments are required under paragraph
(b) or (c) of this section. However, S1's gain recognized on the
transfer of the S2 share is computed and immediately adjusts members
bases in subsidiary stock under Sec. 1.1502-32. Accordingly, $5 is
allocated to each of 10 S1 shares, increasing the basis of share 1 to
$175, the basis of share 2 to $15, and the basis of each other share to
$20. The $50 applied to S's bases in the S1 shares then tiers up to
increase P's basis in the S share from $700 to $750.
(iii) Transfers in next highest tier (loss share). S's sale of the
S1 share 1 and S's transfer of the S1 share 2 to a partnership are both
transfers of stock in the next higher tier. However, only the S1 share 1
is a loss share and so this section only applies with respect to the
transfer of that share.
(A) Basis redetermination under paragraph (b) of this section. Under
paragraph (b)(2)(i)(A) of this section, members' bases in S1 shares are
redetermined by first removing the positive investment adjustments
applied to the bases of transferred loss common shares. Accordingly, the
$5 positive investment adjustment applied to the basis of S1 share 1 is
removed, reducing the basis of S1 share 1 from $175 to $170. Because
there were no negative adjustments applied to the bases of S1 shares,
there are no negative adjustments that can be reallocated to further
reduce the basis of S1 share 1 under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) of this
section. Finally, under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section, the $5
positive investment adjustment removed from S1 share 1 is reallocated
and applied to increase the bases of other S1 common shares in a manner
that reduces disparity to the greatest extent possible. Accordingly, the
entire $5 investment adjustment removed from S1 share 1 is reallocated
and applied to increase the basis of S1 share 2, from $15 to $20. After
basis is redetermined under paragraph (b) of this section, the S1 share
1 is still a loss share and therefore subject to basis reduction under
paragraph (c) of this section. (Because the S1 share 2 is not a loss
share, this section does not apply with respect to the transfer of that
share.)
(B) Basis reduction under paragraph (c) of this section. No
adjustment is required to the basis of S1 share 1 under paragraph (c) of
this section. The S1 share 1 has a disconformity amount of $149. This
$149 disconformity amount is computed as the excess of the $170 basis in
the S1 share 1 over the S1 share 1's $21 allocable portion (1/10) of
S1's $210 net inside attribute amount. S1's $210 net inside attribute
amount is determined under paragraph (c)(5) of this section as the sum
of $50 (S1's $0 basis in the S2 share, adjusted for the $50 gain
recognized with respect to that share), S1's $60 basis in the S3 stock,
and S1's $100 basis in the S4 stock. (In computing the disconformity
amount, the basis of the S2 share is not treated as tentatively reduced
because that share is transferred in the transaction, and the bases of
the S3 and S4 shares are not treated as tentatively reduced because no
positive investment adjustments were applied to the bases of those
shares.) However, the S1 share 1's net positive adjustment is $0 because
the $5 positive investment adjustment originally allocated to S1 share 1
was reallocated to S1 share 2 under paragraph (b) of this section. See
paragraph (c)(3)
[[Page 506]]
of this section. No adjustment is required to the basis of S1 share 2
under paragraph (c) of this section because S1 share 2 is not a loss
share.
(C) Computation of loss, adjustments to stock basis. S recognizes a
loss of $150 on the sale of the S1 share 1 ($170 basis over $20 amount
realized) that is absorbed by the group. Under Sec. 1.1502-32, M's
basis in its S share is therefore decreased by $100, the net of the $150
loss recognized by S on the sale of the S1 share, and the $50 gain that
tiered up from S1 (as a result of S1's sale of the S2 share). Following
these adjustments, M's basis in the S share is $600 and the sale of the
S share is still a transfer of a loss share.
(iv) Transfer in highest tier (loss share). The sale of the S share
is a transfer in the next higher tier, which is the highest tier in this
transaction. Because the sale is a transfer of a loss share, it is
subject to this section.
(A) Basis redetermination and basis reduction under paragraphs (b)
and (c) of this section. Although the transfer is subject to this
section, there is no basis redetermination under paragraph (b) of this
section because there is only one share of S stock outstanding (and so
there can be no disparity among members' bases in common shares and
there are no outstanding preferred shares with respect to which there
can be unrecognized gain or loss). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this
section. Therefore, after the application of paragraph (b) of this
section, the share is still a loss share and, as such, subject to
paragraph (c) of this section. In addition, no adjustment is required
under paragraph (c) of this section. The S share has a disconformity
amount of $230. This $230 disconformity amount is computed as the excess
of the $600 basis in the S share over the S share's $370 allocable
portion (1/1) of S's $370 net inside attribute amount. S's $370 net
inside attribute amount is determined under paragraph (c)(5) of this
section as the sum of $200 (S's $170 basis in the S1 share 1, adjusted
for the $150 loss recognized with respect to that share, and S's $20
basis in each of S1 share 2 through share 10), and S's $170 basis in
Asset 1. (In computing the disconformity amount, the bases of S1 share 1
and share 2 are not treated as tentatively reduced because those shares
are transferred in the transaction, and the bases of S1 share 3 through
share 10 are not treated as tentatively reduced because none of those
shares have a disconformity amount--each share has a basis of $20 and a
$21 allocable portion (1/10) of S1's $210 net inside attribute amount,
as determined in paragraph (iii)(B) of this Example 9.) However, the S
share's net positive adjustment is $0 (the S share's net adjustment is
negative $100). See paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Accordingly, the
sale of the S share is still a transfer of a loss share. Because there
are no higher-tier loss shares transferred in the transaction, this
paragraph (d) then applies with respect to the transfer of the S share.
(B) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d). (1) Computation of
S's attribute reduction amount. Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section,
S's attribute reduction amount is the lesser of P's net stock loss and
S's aggregate inside loss. P's net stock loss is $360 ($600 basis over
$240 amount realized). S's aggregate inside loss is the excess of S's
net inside attribute amount over the value of the S share. S's net
inside attribute amount is the sum of its bases in its assets, treating
its S1 shares as a single share (the S1 stock) and treating S's deemed
basis in the S1 stock as its basis in that stock. Under paragraph
(d)(5)(i)(C) of this section, when subsidiaries are owned in multiple
tiers, deemed basis is first determined for shares at the lowest tier,
and then for stock in each next higher tier. Under paragraph
(d)(5)(i)(B) of this section, S1's deemed basis in the S2 stock is $75
(computed as the greater of $50 (S1's $0 basis in the S2 share, adjusted
for the $50 gain recognized with respect to the share) and $75 (S2's net
inside attribute amount, the basis in Asset 2)). S1's deemed basis in
the S3 stock is $75 (computed as the greater of $60 (S1's basis in the
S3 share) and $75 (S3's net inside attribute amount, the basis in Asset
3)). S1's deemed basis in the S4 stock is $100 (computed as the greater
of $100 (S1's basis in the S4 share) and $80 (S4's net inside attribute
amount, the basis in Asset 4)). Accordingly, S1's net inside attribute
amount is $250 ($75 deemed basis in the S2 stock plus $75 deemed basis
in the S3 stock plus $100 deemed basis in the S4 stock). S's deemed
basis in the S1 stock is the greater of the sum of S's actual basis in
each share of S1 stock (adjusted for any gain or loss recognized) and
S1's net inside attribute amount. S's actual basis in the S1 stock,
adjusted for the loss recognized, is $200 (the sum of S's $170 basis in
the S1 share 1, adjusted by the $150 loss recognized with respect to the
share, and S's $20 basis in each of S1 share 2 through share 10). Thus,
S's deemed basis in the S1 stock is $250, the greater of $200 (aggregate
basis in S1 shares, adjusted for loss recognized) and $250 (S1's net
inside attribute amount). As a result, S's net inside attribute amount
is $420, the sum of S's $250 deemed basis in the S1 stock and S's $170
basis in Asset 1. Accordingly, the aggregate inside loss is $180, the
excess of S's $420 net inside attribute amount over the $240 value of
all of the S stock. S's attribute reduction amount is therefore $180,
the lesser of the $360 net stock loss and the $180 aggregate inside
loss.
(2) Allocation, apportionment, and application of S's attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S's $180 attribute reduction amount is allocated
proportionately (by basis) between Asset 1 (non-stock Category D asset)
and the S1 stock. However, under paragraph (d)(5)(ii)
[[Page 507]]
of this section, for purposes of allocating S's $180 attribute reduction
amount between S's non-stock Category D asset and the S1 stock, S's $250
deemed basis in the S1 stock is reduced by the $40 value of the
transferred S1 shares (S1 share 1 and share 2) and the nontransferred S1
shares' $40 allocable portion (8/10) of S1's $50 net non-loss assets.
S1's net non-loss assets is the $50 value of S1's transferred S2 shares.
(S1 has no other non-loss assets, and there are no non-loss assets held
by lower-tier subsidiaries.) Accordingly, for this purpose, S's deemed
basis in the S1 stock is reduced by $80, from $250 to $170. Thus, $90 of
the attribute reduction amount ($170/$340 x $180) is allocated to Asset
1 (reducing S's basis in Asset 1 from $170 to $80) and $90 of the
attribute reduction amount ($170/$340 x $180) is allocated to the S1
stock. Under paragraph (d)(5)(iii)(A) of this section, none of the $90
allocated attribute reduction amount is apportioned to S1 share 1
because loss is recognized on the transfer of S1 share 1. Under
paragraph (d)(5)(iii)(B) of this section, the $90 allocated attribute
reduction amount is apportioned among the other nine shares of S1 common
stock in a manner that reduces disparity to the greatest extent
possible. Accordingly, of the total $90 allocated amount, $10 is
apportioned to each of the remaining nine shares of S1 stock. Under
paragraph (d)(5)(iii)(C) of this section, the allocated attribute
reduction amount apportioned to an individual share cannot be applied to
reduce the basis of the share below its value if the share is
transferred other than in a recognition transfer. Because the S1 share 2
is transferred (contributed to the partnership) and the basis of S1
share 2 is already equal to its value, none of the $10 allocated
attribute reduction amount apportioned to S1 share 2 is applied to
reduce its basis. Because none of S1 share 3 through share 10 are
transferred within the meaning of paragraph (f)(10) of this section, the
$10 allocated attribute reduction amount apportioned to each of S1 share
3 through share 10 is applied fully to reduce the basis of each of those
shares from $20 to $10. As a result, immediately after the allocation
and application of S's attribute reduction amount, S's basis in Asset 1
is $80 ($170 minus $90), its bases in S1 share 1 and share 2 are not
adjusted under paragraph (d)(5)(iii), and its basis in each of S1 share
3 through share 10 is $10. Under paragraph (d)(5)(v)(A) of this section,
the entire $90 of S's attribute reduction amount that was allocated to
the S1 stock is an attribute reduction amount of S1, regardless of the
fact that none of the allocated amount was apportioned to S1 share 1 and
none of the amount apportioned to S1 share 2 was applied to reduce the
basis of S1 share 2.
(v) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d) in next lower tier.
(A) Computation of S1's attribute reduction amount. S's sale of S1 share
1 is a transfer of a loss share and it is in the next lower tier. Thus,
this paragraph (d) next applies with respect to S's transfer of S1 share
1. S1's attribute reduction amount will include both the $90 attribute
reduction amount that tiered down from S and any attribute reduction
amount resulting from the application of this paragraph (d) with respect
to S's transfer of S1 share 1 and share 2 (S1's direct attribute
reduction amount). Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, S1's direct
attribute reduction amount is the lesser of the net stock loss on
transferred S1 shares and S1's aggregate inside loss. The net stock loss
on transferred S1 shares is $150, computed as the excess of S's $190
adjusted bases in transferred shares of S1 stock ($170 in S1 share 1
plus $20 in S1 share 2) over the $40 aggregate value of those shares.
S1's aggregate inside loss is $50, the excess of S1's $250 net inside
attribute amount (as calculated in paragraph (iv)(B)(1) of this Example
9) over the $200 value of all outstanding S1 shares. Therefore, S1's
direct attribute reduction amount is $50, the lesser of the $150 net
stock loss and S1's $50 aggregate inside loss. S1's total attribute
reduction amount is thus $140, the sum of the $90 tier-down attribute
reduction amount and the $50 direct attribute reduction amount.
(B) Allocation, apportionment, and application of S1's attribute
reduction amount. Under paragraphs (d)(4) and (d)(5)(ii) of this
section, S1's $140 attribute reduction amount is allocated
proportionately (by basis) among the S2 stock, the S3 stock, and the S4
stock. However, under paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section, for purposes
of allocating S1's $140 attribute reduction amount among S1's lower-tier
subsidiary stock, S1's $75 deemed basis in the S2 stock is reduced by
the $50 value of the transferred S2 share. Accordingly, for this
purpose, S1's deemed basis in the S2 stock is reduced by $50, from $75
to $25. Thus, $17.50 of S1's attribute reduction amount ($25/$200 x
$140) is allocated to the S2 stock, $52.50 of S1's attribute reduction
amount ($75/$200 x $140) is allocated to the S3 stock, and $70 of S1's
attribute reduction amount ($100/$200 x $140) is allocated to the S4
stock. Under paragraph (d)(5)(iii)(A) of this section, none of the
$17.50 of S1's attribute reduction amount allocated to S2 stock is
apportioned to the S2 share because gain was recognized on the transfer
of the S2 share. Because neither the S3 share nor the S4 share is
transferred within the meaning of paragraph (f)(10) of this section, the
$52.50 of S1's attribute reduction amount allocated to the S3 stock, and
the $70 of S1's attribute reduction amount allocated to the S4 stock, is
apportioned to and applied fully to reduce the basis of such shares.
Thus, S1's basis in the S3 share is reduced by $52.50, from $60 to
$7.50, and S1's basis in the S4 stock is reduced by $70, from $100 to
$30. (Note: The conforming limitation in paragraph
[[Page 508]]
(d)(5)(v)(B) of this section limits the application of the $90 tier down
attribute reduction amount to $80, the amount by which the portion (10/
10) S1's $250 net inside attribute amount attributable to S1 shares held
by members exceeds $170 (the sum of the $50 direct attribute reduction
amount, the $20 value of the S1 share 1 transferred in a recognition
transfer, the $20 basis (after reduction) in the S1 share 2 transferred
other than in a recognition transfer, and the $80 aggregate basis (after
reduction) in the nontransferred S1 shares held by members). However,
the conforming limitation does not limit the application of S1's $90
tier-down attribute reduction amount because none of the $17.50 of S1's
total attribute reduction amount allocated to the S2 share was applied
to reduce the basis of the share. Accordingly, only $78.75 ($90--($17.50
x ($90/$140)) of the $90 tier-down attribute reduction was applied to
reduce S1's attributes.) Under paragraph (d)(5)(v)(A) of this section,
the attribute reduction amount allocated to the S2 stock, the S3 stock,
and the S4 stock becomes an attribute reduction amount of S2, S3, and
S4, respectively (even though the amount allocated to S2 stock was not
apportioned to or applied to reduce the basis of the S2 share).
(vi) Attribute reduction under this paragraph (d) in lowest tier.
Although the sale of the S2 share is a transfer of subsidiary stock at
the next lower tier, the S2 share is not a loss share. Thus, this
paragraph (d) does not apply with respect to that transfer. However, S2,
S3, and S4 have attribute reduction amounts that tiered down from S1 and
that are applied to reduce attributes under this paragraph (d).
(A) Tier down of S1's attribute reduction amount to S2. Under the
general rules of this paragraph (d), S2's $17.50 tier-down attribute
reduction amount is allocated and applied to reduce S2's basis in Asset
2 from $75 to $57.50.
(B) Tier down of S1's attribute reduction amount to S3. Under the
general rules of this paragraph (d), S3's $52.50 tier-down attribute
reduction amount is allocated and applied to reduce S3's basis in Asset
3 from $75 to $22.50.
(C) Tier down of S1's attribute reduction amount to S4, application
of conforming limitation. Under the general rules of this paragraph (d),
S4's $70 tier-down attribute reduction amount is allocated to, and would
be applied to reduce, S4's basis in Asset 4. However, under paragraph
(d)(5)(v)(B) of this section, the reduction is limited to the excess of
S4's $80 net inside attribute amount over the $30 basis of the S4 share
(after reduction under this paragraph (d)). As a result, only $50 (the
excess of $80 over $30) of S4's $70 attribute reduction amount is
applied to S4's basis in Asset 4, reducing it from $80 to $30. The $20
unapplied portion of S4's tier-down attribute reduction amount subject
to the conforming limitation is disregarded and has no further effect.
(vii) Application of basis restoration rule. Under paragraph
(d)(5)(vi)(A) of this section, after this paragraph (d) has been applied
with respect to all transfers of subsidiary stock, any reduction made to
the basis of a share of lower-tier subsidiary stock under paragraph
(d)(5)(iii) of this section is reversed to the extent necessary to
conform the basis of that share to the share's allocable portion of the
subsidiary's net inside attribute amount. Restoration adjustments are
first made at the lowest tier and then at each next higher tier
successively.
(A) Basis restoration at lowest tier. The basis of the S2 share was
not reduced under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section and so there is
no restoration of any basis in the S2 share. S3's $22.50 net inside
attribute amount (after reduction under this paragraph (d)) exceeds S1's
$7.50 basis in the S3 share (after reduction under this paragraph (d))
by $15. To conform S1's basis in the S3 share to S3's net inside
attribute amount, the $52.50 reduction to the basis of the S3 share
under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section is reversed by $15
(restoring S1's basis in the S3 share to $22.50). The restoration of
S1's basis in the S3 share does not tier up to affect the basis in stock
of any other subsidiary. S1's $30 basis in the S4 share (after reduction
under this paragraph (d)) is already conformed with S4's $30 net inside
attribute amount (after reduction under this paragraph (d)) and so there
is no restoration of any basis in the S4 share.
(B) Basis restoration at next higher tier. Each share of S1 stock
has an allocable portion of S1's net inside attribute amount (after
reduction) equal to $10.25 (1/10 x $102.50, the sum of S1's $0 basis in
the S2 stock, adjusted for the $50 gain recognized with respect to the
share, S1's $22.50 basis in the S3 stock (after restoration), and S1's
$30 basis in the S4 stock). Neither S's basis in S1 share 1 nor S's
basis in S1 share 2 was reduced under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this
section. Accordingly, there is no restoration of any basis in either S1
share 1 or share 2. However, S's basis in each of S1 share 3 through
share 10 was reduced under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this section by $10,
from $20 to $10. Accordingly, the $10 reduction to the basis of each of
those shares is reversed to the extent of $.25, to restore the basis of
each such share to $10.25 (its allocable portion of S1's net inside
attribute amount).
(viii) Results. After the application of this section, P recognizes
a loss of $360 on the sale of the S share, S recognizes a loss of $150
on the sale of S1 share 1, and S1 recognizes a $50 gain on the sale of
the S2 share. Immediately after the transaction, the entities each
directly own the following:
[[Page 509]]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Entity Asset Basis Value
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
P1............................................ S share.............................. $240 $240
P............................................. Proceeds of the sale of S share...... 240 240
S............................................. Proceeds of sale of S1 share 1....... 20 20
Partnership interest received for S1 20 20
share 2.
S1 share 3 through share 10.......... 82 ($10.25
per share)
Asset 1.............................. 80
S1............................................ Proceeds of sale of S2 share......... 50 50
The S3 share......................... 22.50
The S4 share......................... 30
S2............................................ Asset 2.............................. 57.50
S3............................................ Asset 3.............................. 22.50
S4............................................ Asset 4.............................. 30
X............................................. S1 share 1........................... 20 20
Partnership................................... S1 share 2........................... 20 20
Y............................................. The S2 share......................... 50 50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(e) Operating rules--(1) Predecessors, successors. This section
applies to predecessor or successor persons, groups, and assets to the
extent necessary to effectuate the purposes of this section.
(2) Adjustments for prior transactions that altered stock basis or
other attributes. In certain situations, M's basis in S stock or S's
attributes may be adjusted in a manner that alters the relationship
between stock basis and inside attributes and prevents that relationship
from identifying the extent to which stock basis reflects unrecognized
gain and duplicated loss. The provisions of this paragraph (e)(2) modify
the computations in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section to adjust for
the effects of such adjustments.
(i) Prior reductions to S's basis in assets or other attributes
pursuant to section 362(e)(2)(A). If M transferred loss property to S in
an intercompany transaction subject to section 362(e)(2) (for example,
if the transfer was prior to September 17, 2008, no election was made to
apply Sec. 1.1502-80(h), and, as a result, S's attributes were reduced
under section 362(e)(2)), then the disconformity amount of the S shares
received in the section 362(e)(2) transaction is reduced by the amount
that the basis in such shares would have been reduced under section
362(e)(2)(C) had such an election been made. In addition, for purposes
of determining the attribute reduction amount under paragraph (d) of
this section resulting from the transfer of any S shares received (or
deemed received) in such a transfer, and for purposes of applying
paragraph (d)(5)(v)(B) of this section (conforming limitation) to S, the
bases in such shares is treated as reduced by the amount the bases in
such shares would have been reduced under section 362(e)(2)(C) had such
an election been made.
(ii) Prior reductions to the basis of any share of S stock pursuant
to an election under section 362(e)(2)(C). If M transferred loss
property to S in an intercompany transaction subject to section
362(e)(2) and the basis of any share of S stock was reduced as the
result of an election under section 362(e)(2)(C) (including in the hands
of a predecessor, to the extent that the effect of the election remains
reflected in the basis of the S stock), then, for purposes of computing
either any S share's disconformity amount or S's aggregate inside loss,
and for purposes of applying paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) of this section
(stock basis restoration) to S, S's net inside attribute amount is
treated as reduced by the amount that S's attributes would have been
reduced under section 362(e)(2)(A) in the absence of an election under
section 362(e)(2)(C). Notwithstanding the general rule of this paragraph
(e)(2)(ii), no reduction will be required to the extent that the group
can establish that the net loss in the S shares transferred by M is no
longer reflected in S's net inside attributes.
(iii) Other adjustments. Appropriate adjustments will be made in any
other case in which an adjustment to S's net inside attributes or to M's
basis in a share of S stock alters the relationship between such
amounts, and the adjustment does not relate to the extent to
[[Page 510]]
which loss reflected in M's basis in S stock is noneconomic or
duplicated within the meaning of this section.
(3) Special rules for subsidiary stock transferred in an
intercompany transaction--(i) In general. This section applies with
respect to M's transfer of a share of S stock to another member in an
intercompany transaction in which M's intercompany item is deferred
under Sec. 1.1502-13 (and to any subsequent transfer of that share by a
member) as of the time M's intercompany item is taken into account under
Sec. 1.1502-13. In determining the application of this section, all
transferor-members are treated as divisions of a single corporation.
Appropriate adjustments will be made to the intercompany item(s), any
member's basis in an S share, to S's attributes, or any combination
thereof, to further the purposes of this section and Sec. 1.1502-13.
(ii) Certain prior intercompany transactions. If M transferred a
share of S stock to another member before September 17, 2008 and M's
intercompany item related to the transfer is taken into account on or
after September 17, 2008, P may elect to apply this paragraph (e)(3) to
the transfer. The election is made in the manner provided in paragraph
(e)(5) of this section.
(iii) Examples. The application of this paragraph (e)(3) is
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Intercompany sale with duplicated loss. (i) Buying member
later sells at gain. (A) Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share of
stock of S with a basis of $100. S has one asset with a basis of $100. M
sells the S share to M1 for $70, recognizing a loss of $30. While owned
by M1, S recognizes $10 of depreciation deductions that are absorbed by
the group. S's basis in the asset is reduced by $10 (from $100 to $90),
and M1's basis in the S stock is reduced under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $10
(from $70 to $60). Later, M1 sells the S share to X, an unrelated
person, for $80.
(B) Analysis. M's sale of its S share to M1 is a transfer of the
share, but this section applies as of the time M's intercompany item is
taken into account under Sec. 1.1502-13, as if M and M1 were divisions
of a single corporation. If M and M1 were divisions of a single
corporation, the S share's basis would be $90 ($100 reduced by $10 for
the depreciation deductions absorbed by the group) and the group would
recognize a $10 loss on the sale of the share that is potentially
subject to this section. Thus, the sale would be a transfer of a loss
share (to the extent of $10) and would be subject to this section (to
the extent of that $10). Although the transfer would be subject to this
section, there would be no adjustment under paragraph (b) of this
section (S has only one share outstanding and so there is no disparity
in bases of common shares and no unrecognized gain or loss with respect
to preferred) or under paragraph (c) of this section (S has no net
positive adjustment). Thus, after the application of paragraph (c) of
this section, the share would still be a loss share and would therefore
be subject to paragraph (d) of this section. Under paragraph (d) of this
section, S would be subject to $10 of attribute reduction (the lesser of
the $10 net stock loss and S's $10 aggregate inside loss), allocable to
the basis in S's asset. Accordingly, S's basis in its asset is reduced
by $10, from $90 to $80, M takes its $30 intercompany stock loss into
account, and M1 recognizes a $20 stock gain.
(ii) Selling member deconsolidates. Assume the same facts as in
paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 1, except that M1 does not sell the S
share and M ceases to be a member of the group when the value of the S
share is $80. Under Sec. 1.1502-13, M's deconsolidation causes M's
intercompany loss to be taken into account and this section applies at
that time. At the time that M deconsolidates, if M and M1 were divisions
of a single corporation, the basis in the S share would be $90 ($100
reduced by $10 for the depreciation deductions absorbed by the group)
and the group would recognize a $10 loss on the sale of the share that
is potentially subject to this section. Such a sale would be a transfer
of a loss share (to the extent of $10) and would be subject to this
section (to the extent of that $10). The analysis is then the same as in
paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 1. As a result, S's basis in its asset
is reduced from $90 to $80, M takes its $30 intercompany stock loss into
account, and M1 holds the S stock with a basis of $60 (and an
unrecognized gain of $20).
(iii) M1 sells the S share at a loss. Assume the same facts as in
paragraph (i)(A) of this Example 1, except that S declines in value and
M1 sells the S share to X for $50, realizing a $10 loss. In this case,
if M and M1 were divisions of a single corporation, the share's basis
would be $90 ($100 reduced by $10 for the depreciation deductions
absorbed by the group) and the group would recognize a $40 loss on the
sale of the share that is potentially subject to this section. Thus, the
sale would be a transfer of a loss share (to the extent of $40) and
would be subject to this section (to the extent of that $40). Although
the transfer would be subject to this section, for the reasons set forth
in paragraph (i)(B) of this Example 1, there would be no adjustment
under either paragraph (b) or paragraph (c) of this section. Thus, after
the application of paragraph (c), the share would still be a loss
[[Page 511]]
share and would therefore be subject to paragraph (d) of this section.
Under paragraph (d) of this section, S would be subject to $40 of
attribute reduction (the lesser of the $40 net stock loss and S's $40
aggregate inside loss), allocable to the basis in S's asset.
Accordingly, S's basis in its asset is reduced by $40, from $90 to $50,
M takes its $30 intercompany stock loss into account, and M1 recognizes
a $10 stock loss.
Example 2. Intercompany sale of built-in gain stock. (i) Facts. M
owns the sole outstanding share of stock of S with a basis of $100. S's
sole asset has a basis of $0. S sells its asset for $100 and recognizes
a $100 gain that increases M's basis in its S share under Sec. 1.1502-
32 to $200. M sells the S share to M1 for $100 and recognizes a $100
intercompany loss. Later, M1 sells the S share to X, an unrelated
person, for $120.
(ii) Analysis. M's sale of the S share to M1 is a transfer of the
share, but this section applies as of the time M's intercompany item is
taken into account under Sec. 1.1502-13, as if M and M1 were divisions
of a single corporation. If M and M1 were divisions of a single
corporation, the S share's basis would be $200 ($100 increased by $100
for the gain recognized on the sale of the asset) and the group would
recognize an $80 loss on the sale of the share that is potentially
subject to this section. Thus, the sale would be a transfer of a loss
share (to the extent of $80) and would be subject to this section (to
the extent of that $80). Although the transfer would be subject to this
section, there would be no adjustment under paragraph (b) of this
section (S has only one share outstanding and so there is no disparity
in bases of common shares and no unrecognized gain or loss with respect
to preferred). Thus, after the application of paragraph (b), the share
would still be a loss share and would therefore be subject to paragraph
(c) of this section. Under paragraph (c) of this section, the basis in
the S share would be reduced, but not below its $120 value, by the
lesser of the $100 disconformity amount and the $100 net positive
adjustment that was applied to the share when held by M. Accordingly,
the basis in the S share would be reduced by $80, to $120. Because the S
share would not be a loss share after the application of paragraph (c)
of this section, paragraph (d) of this section would not apply to the
transfer. As a result, because the positive adjustment was applied to
the share when held by M, M's intercompany item is adjusted to reflect
what it would have been had M's basis in its S share been reduced by $80
immediately before its sale to M1. Thus, M's intercompany loss is
reduced to $20 and M takes this loss into account, and M1 recognizes a
gain of $20.
Example 3. Intercompany sale creates built-in gain stock. (i) Facts.
M owns the sole outstanding share of stock of S with a basis of $0. S's
sole asset has a basis of $0. M sells the S share to M1 for $100 and
recognizes a $100 intercompany gain. While owned by M1, S sells its
asset for $100, recognizing a $100 gain that increases M1's basis in the
S share under Sec. 1.1502-32 to $200. Later, M1 sells the S share to X
for $120.
(ii) Analysis. M's sale of its S share to M1 is a transfer of the
share, but this section applies as of the time M's intercompany item is
taken into account under Sec. 1.1502-13, as if M and M1 were divisions
of a single corporation. If M and M1 were divisions of a single
corporation, the S share's basis would be $100 ($0 increased by $100 for
the gain recognized on the sale of the asset) and the group would
recognize a $20 gain on the sale of the share. Thus, the sale would not
be a transfer of a loss share and this section would not apply to the
transfer. Accordingly, under this paragraph (e)(3), no portion of M1's
$80 loss is subject to this section. M takes its $100 intercompany stock
gain into account, and M1 recognizes an $80 loss.
Example 4. Disparate bases in members' shares. (i) Facts. M holds
Share A, one of the two outstanding shares of S stock, with a basis of
$50 and M1 holds Share B, the other outstanding share of S stock with a
basis of $0. S has $50 cash and an asset with a basis of $0. S sells the
asset for $50, recognizing a $50 gain that increases M's basis in its S
share under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $25 (from $50 to $75) and increases M1's
basis under Sec. 1.1502-32 by $25 (from $0 to $25). Later, M sells its
Share A to M1 for $50 and recognizes a $25 intercompany loss. Later, M1
sells both S shares to X for $100.
(ii) Analysis. M's sale of its Share A to M1 is a transfer of the
share, but this section applies as of the time M's intercompany item is
taken into account under Sec. 1.1502-13, as if M and M1 were divisions
of a single corporation. If M and M1 were divisions of a single
corporation, the basis of Share A would be $75 ($50 increased by $25 for
its share of the gain recognized on the sale of the asset), the basis of
Share B would be $25, and the group would recognize a $25 loss on the
sale of Share A that is potentially subject to this section and a $25
gain on the sale of Share B. Thus, the sale would be a transfer of a
loss share (to the extent of $25) and would be subject to this section
(to the extent of that $25). Although the transfer is subject to this
section, there would be no adjustment under paragraph (b) of this
section (all S shares held by members are transferred to a nonmember in
one taxable transaction). Thus, after the application of paragraph (b),
Share A would still be a loss share and therefore subject to paragraph
(c) of this section. Under paragraph (c)(7) of this section, the basis
of Share A would be treated as reduced by the gain recognized and taken
into account with respect to the transfer of Share B in the same
transaction, and so Share A would not be a loss share for purposes of
[[Page 512]]
paragraph (c) of this section. Although the share would be a loss share
after the application of paragraph (c) of this section, no adjustment
would be required under paragraph (d) of this section because there
would be no net stock loss in the transaction. Because no adjustment
would be made under this section if M and M1 were divisions of a single
corporation, M takes its $25 intercompany stock loss into account and M1
recognizes a gain of $25. Alternatively, if the group elects to apply
paragraph (b) of this section, M's intercompany item would be adjusted
to reflect what it would have been had the $25 investment adjustment
applied to Share A been reallocated to Share B, and M1's basis in Share
B would be increased by that amount. If so, M's $25 intercompany loss
would be reduced to zero, M1's basis in Share B would be increased from
$25 to $50, and there would be no gain or loss recognized on either
share.
Example 5. Subsidiary with built-in gain and built-in loss assets.
(i) Facts. M owns the sole outstanding share of stock of S with a basis
of $100. S has two assets, Asset 1 with a basis of $0 and Asset 2 with a
basis of $80. M sells the S share to M1 for $90 and recognizes a $10
intercompany loss. While owned by M1, S sells Asset 1 for $60,
recognizing a $60 gain that increases M1's basis in the S share under
Sec. 1.1502-32 to $150. Later, M1 sells the S share to X for $90.
(ii) Analysis. M's sale of the S share to M1 is a transfer of the
share, but this section applies as of the time M's intercompany item is
taken into account under Sec. 1.1502-13, as if M and M1 were divisions
of a single corporation. If M and M1 were divisions of a single
corporation, the S share's basis would be $160 ($100 increased by $60
for the gain recognized on the sale of Asset 1) and the group would
recognize a $70 loss on the sale of the share that is potentially
subject to this section. Thus, the sale would be a transfer of a loss
share (to the extent of $70) and would be subject to this section (to
the extent of that $70). Although the transfer is subject to this
section, there would be no adjustment under paragraph (b) of this
section (S has only one share outstanding and so there is no disparity
in bases of common shares and no unrecognized gain or loss with respect
to preferred). Thus, after the application of paragraph (b), the share
would still be a loss share and would therefore be subject to paragraph
(c) of this section. Under paragraph (c) of this section, the basis in
the S share would be reduced, but not below its $90 value, by the lesser
of the $20 disconformity amount ($160 stock basis over $140 net inside
attribute amount) and the $60 net positive adjustment that was applied
to the share when held by M1. Accordingly, the basis in the S share
would be reduced by $20, to $140. Because the S share would still be a
loss share after the application of paragraph (c) of this section,
paragraph (d) of this section would apply to the transfer. Under
paragraph (d) of this section, S would have an attribute reduction
amount of $50, the lesser of the $50 net stock loss ($140 basis over $90
value) and S's $50 aggregate inside loss (the excess of the sum of S's
$80 basis in Asset 2 and S's $60 cash from the sale of Asset 1, over the
$90 value of the S share). The adjustments required under this section
are applied as follows: because the positive adjustment was applied to
the share when held by M1, the $20 basis reduction required under
paragraph (c) of this section is applied to M1's basis in its S share
immediately before its sale to X, reducing it from $150 to $130. In
addition, pursuant to paragraph (d) of this section, S's basis in Asset
2 is reduced by $50, from $80 to $30. M takes its $10 intercompany stock
loss into account and M1 recognizes a loss of $40.
(iii) Allocation of basis reduction. Assume the same facts as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 5, except that, while S is held by M, S
earns $30 (consuming a portion of Asset 1) and, while S is held by M1, S
earns $20 (consuming a portion of Asset 1) and sells Asset 1 for $10.
Thus, M's basis in the S share immediately before the sale to M1 is
$130, and M recognizes a $40 intercompany stock loss, and M1's basis in
the S share immediately before the sale to X is $120. The analysis
regarding the application of this section is the same as in paragraph
(ii) of this Example 5. On a separate entity basis, M's basis in the S
share would be subject to a $20 reduction under paragraph (c) of this
section (at the time M transferred the S share the share had a $30 net
positive adjustment and a $20 disconformity amount), and M1's basis in
the S share would not be subject to reduction under paragraph (c) of
this section (at the time M1 transferred the S share the share had a $30
net positive adjustment and a $20 negative disconformity amount).
Therefore, the $20 basis reduction required under paragraph (c) of this
section is allocated entirely to M. Accordingly, M's intercompany item
is adjusted to reflect what it would have been had the entire $20 basis
reduction been applied to the S share while held by M, and M1's basis in
the S share is not reduced. Thus, M's intercompany stock loss is reduced
by $20 to $20 and M takes this loss into account, and M1 recognizes a
$30 loss. S's basis in Asset 2 is reduced by $50, from $80 to $30.
(4) Limited application to multiple-member section 332 liquidations.
If more than one member owns shares of S stock, paragraphs (c) and (d)
of this section do not apply to any transfer of S shares resulting from
a liquidation of S to which section 332 applies.
[[Page 513]]
(5) Form and manner of election(s) under this section. The elections
provided in this section are irrevocable and made in the form of a
statement titled ``Section 1.1502-36 Statement.'' The statement must be
included on or with the group's timely filed return (original or
amended, if filed by the due date for the return, including extensions)
for the taxable year of the transfer of the subsidiary stock to which
the election relates or, in the case of an intercompany transfer, the
year in which the intercompany item from the transfer is taken into
account. The statement must include--
(i) The name and employer identification number (E.I.N.) of each
subsidiary with respect to which an election is being made;
(ii) If P is electing under paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section to
redetermine basis with respect to the transfer of stock of one or more
subsidiaries, a statement that members' bases in shares of [name of
subsidiary or subsidiaries] stock are being redetermined notwithstanding
that all members' shares of [name of subsidiary or subsidiaries] are
being transferred to one or more nonmembers in one fully taxable
transaction;
(iii) If P is electing under paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section
(attribute reduction amount less than five percent of value) to apply
the attribute reduction provisions, a statement that paragraph (d) of
this section is being applied to the transfer of shares of stock of
[names of all subsidiaries whose shares are transferred] notwithstanding
that the aggregate attribute reduction amount in the transaction is less
than five percent of the aggregate value of the stock of [names of all
subsidiaries whose shares are transferred] transferred by members in the
transaction;
(iv) If P is electing under paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(A)(1) of this
section to specify the allocation of the attribute reduction amount, a
statement (for each subsidiary for which the election is being made)
that the attribute reduction amount of [name of subsidiary] is being
applied (or not applied) to reduce [identify the attributes in Category
A, Category B, and Category C, and the amount of each, with respect to
which the election is being made];
(v) If P is electing under paragraph (d)(5)(v)(B) of this section
not to apply the conforming limitation on tier-down attribute reduction
with respect to one or more subsidiaries, a statement that the
conforming limitation in paragraph (d)(5)(v)(B) of this section is not
being applied with respect to [name of subsidiary or subsidiaries];
(vi) If P is electing under paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(B) of this section
not to restore lower-tier subsidiary stock basis with respect to one or
more subsidiaries, a statement that members' bases in [name of
subsidiary or subsidiaries] is not being restored under paragraph
(d)(5)(vi)(A) of this section;
(vii) If P is electing under paragraph (d)(6) of this section to
reattribute attributes, a statement (for each subsidiary for which the
election is being made) that [identify the attributes in Category A,
Category B, and Category C, and the amount of each or the amount in
excess of an amount, with respect to which the election is being made]
of [name of subsidiary] are being reattributed (or not) to P;
(viii) If P is electing under paragraph (d)(6) of this section to
reduce stock basis, a statement (for each subsidiary for which the
election is being made) that members' bases in shares of stock of [name
of subsidiary] are being reduced by [specify amount or the amount in
excess of an amount];
(ix) If P is electing under paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section to
apply paragraph (e)(3) of this section to an intercompany transfer that
occurred before September 17, 2008, a statement that paragraph (e)(3) of
this section is being elected to apply to the transfer of stock of [name
of subsidiary] by [name of transferor subsidiary] to [name of transferee
subsidiary] on [date of transfer]; and
(x) If P is electing under Sec. 1.1502-96(d)(5) to reattribute to
itself all or any part of a section 382 limitation, a statement that P
is electing to reattribute a section 382 limitation with respect to
losses of [name of subsidiary or, if two or more subsidiaries are
members of a loss subgroup, the name of each subsidiary in the loss
subgroup]. A separate statement is made
[[Page 514]]
for each subsidiary or loss subgroup for which an election is being
made. Each statement must include--
(A) The date of the ownership change giving rise to the separate
section 382 limitation or subgroup section 382 limitation that is being
apportioned;
(B) The amount of the separate (or subgroup) section 382 limitation
for the taxable year in which the reattribution occurs (determined
without reference to any apportionment under this section or Sec.
1.1502-95(c)); and
(C) The amount of each net operating loss carryover, capital loss
carryover, or deferred deduction, and the year in which it arose, of the
subsidiary (or subsidiaries) that is subject to the separate section 382
limitation or subgroup section 382 limitation that is being apportioned
to the common parent, and the amount of the value element and adjustment
element of that limitation that is apportioned to the common parent.
(f) Definitions. In addition to the definitions in other paragraphs
of this section and in other provisions of the regulations under section
1502, the following definitions apply for purposes of this section.
(1) Allocable portion has the same meaning as in Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(4)(iii)(B). Thus, for example, within a class of stock, each share
has the same allocable portion of the net inside attribute amount and,
if there is more than one class of stock, the net inside attribute
amount is allocated to each class by taking into account the terms of
each class and all other facts and circumstances relating to the overall
economic arrangement.
(2) Deferred deduction means any deduction for expenses or loss that
would be taken into account under general tax accounting principles as
of the time of the transfer of the share, but that is nevertheless not
taken into account immediately after the transfer by reason of the
application of a deferral provision. Such provisions include, for
example, sections 267(f) and 469, and Sec. 1.1502-13. ``Deferred
deduction'' also includes S's portion of such consolidated tax
attributes, for example consolidated excess charitable contributions
that would be apportioned to S under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
79(e) if S had a separate return year. Additionally, it includes amounts
equivalent to deductions, such as negative adjustments under section 475
(mark to market accounting method for dealers in securities) and section
481 (adjustments required by changes in method of accounting).
(3) Distribution has the same meaning as in Sec. 1.1502-
32(b)(3)(v).
(4) Higher-tier, lower-tier. A subsidiary (S1) (and its shares of
stock) is ``higher-tier'' with respect to another subsidiary (S2) (and
its shares of stock) if investment adjustments made to the bases of
shares of S2 stock under Sec. 1.1502-32 affect the investment
adjustments made to the bases of shares of S1 stock. A subsidiary (S1)
(and its shares of stock) is ``lower-tier'' with respect to another
subsidiary (S) (and its shares of stock) if investment adjustments made
to the bases of shares of S1 stock affect the investment adjustments
made to the bases of shares of S stock. The term lowest-tier subsidiary
generally refers to a subsidiary that owns no stock of another
subsidiary. The term highest-tier subsidiary generally refers to a
subsidiary the stock of which is not lower tier to any shares
transferred in the transaction.
(5) Liability means a liability that has been incurred within the
meaning of section 461(h), except to the extent otherwise provided in
paragraph (d)(4)(ii)(C)(1) of this section.
(6) Loss carryover means any net operating or capital loss carryover
that is attributable to S, including any losses that would be
apportioned to S under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2) if S had
a separate return year. However, solely for purposes of applying
paragraph (d) of this section, loss carryovers do not include the amount
of any losses waived under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(4).
(7) Loss share, gain share. A loss share is a share of stock with a
basis that exceeds its value. A gain share is a share of stock with a
value that exceeds its basis.
(8) Preferred stock, common stock. Preferred stock and common stock
have the same meanings as in Sec. 1.1502-32(d)(2) and (3),
respectively.
(9) Transaction includes all the steps taken pursuant to the same
plan or arrangement.
[[Page 515]]
(10) Transfer--(i) Definition. Except as provided in paragraph
(f)(10)(ii) of this section, for purposes of this section, M transfers a
share of S stock on the earliest of--
(A) The date that M ceases to own the share as a result of a
transaction in which, but for the application of this section (and
notwithstanding the deferral of any amount recognized on the transfer,
other than by reason of Sec. 1.1502-13), M would recognize income,
gain, loss or deduction with respect to the share (see paragraph (e)(3)
of this section in the case of a transfer in an intercompany
transaction);
(B) The date that M and S cease to be members of the same group;
(C) The date that a nonmember acquires the share from M; and
(D) The last day of the taxable year during which the share becomes
worthless under section 165 (taking into account the provisions of Sec.
1.1502-80(c)) if the share is treated as a capital asset, or the date
the share becomes worthless (taking into account the provisions of Sec.
1.1502-80(c)) if the share is not treated as a capital asset.
(ii) Excluded transactions. Notwithstanding paragraph (f)(10)(i) of
this section, M does not transfer a share of S stock if--
(A) M ceases to own the share as a result of a transaction to which
section 381(a) applies and in which either a member acquires assets from
S or S acquires assets from M, provided that--
(1) M recognizes no income, gain, loss, or deduction with respect to
the share, and
(2) If the transaction is a liquidation to which section 332
applies, M is the only member that owns shares of S stock (if another
member owns shares of S stock, see paragraph (e)(4) of this section for
a limitation on the application of this section); or
(B) M ceases to own the share as a result of a distribution of the
share to a nonmember in a transaction to which section 355 applies, and
in which the share is treated as qualified property for purposes of
section 355(c) or section 361(c).
(11) Value means the amount realized, if any, or otherwise the fair
market value.
(g) Anti-abuse rule--(1) General rule. If a taxpayer acts with a
view to avoid the purposes of this section or to apply the rules of this
section to avoid the purposes of any other rule of law, appropriate
adjustments will be made to carry out the purposes of this section or
such other rule of law.
(2) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
the anti-abuse rule in this paragraph (g). No implication is intended
regarding the potential applicability of any other anti-abuse rules:
Example 1. Loss Trafficking. (i) Facts. M purchases the sole
outstanding share of S stock for $100. At that time, S owns Asset 1 with
a basis of $0. S sells Asset 1 for $100. Later, S purchases the sole
outstanding share of X stock, a corporation with losses, with a view to
liquidating X in a transaction to which section 332 applies in order to
reduce S's disconformity amount. S purchases the X share for $1, and X
has a $100 NOL and an asset with a basis of $1. Subsequently, M sells
its S share for $100. After taking into account the effects of all
applicable rules of law, M's basis in the S share is $200 (M's original
$100 basis, increased under Sec. 1.1502-32 to reflect the $100 gain
recognized on the sale of Asset 1). M's sale of the S share is a
transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to this section.
(ii) Analysis. Although M's transfer of the S share is subject to
this section, there is no adjustment under paragraph (b) of this section
(S has only one share outstanding and so there is no disparity in bases
of common shares and no shares of S preferred stock outstanding (and so
there is no unrecognized gain or loss on S preferred stock)). See
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Accordingly, after the
application of paragraph (b) of this section, M's sale of the S share is
still a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to paragraph (c)
of this section. Under paragraph (c) of this section, M's $200 basis in
the S share is reduced, but not below the share's $100 value, by the
lesser of the share's net positive adjustment and disconformity amount.
The share's net positive adjustment is $100, the positive adjustment
attributable to the gain recognized on the sale of Asset 1. The share's
disconformity amount is $0, the excess of M's $200 basis in the S share
over S's $200 net inside attribute amount. Thus, the reduction to basis
under paragraph (c) of this section would be $0. However, because S
purchased the X stock and liquidated X with a view to avoiding the
purposes of this section (by using X's attributes to minimize the
disconformity amount of the S share), the attributes acquired from X are
disregarded
[[Page 516]]
for purposes of applying this section. Accordingly, S's net inside
attribute amount is limited to the $100 of attributes S would have had
absent the purchase of the X stock, S's money ($100 from the sale of
Asset 1). The loss share's disconformity amount is therefore the excess
of $200 over $100, or $100. The lesser of the share's $100 net positive
adjustment and $100 disconformity amount is $100. As a result, M's $200
basis in the S share is reduced by $100, to $100, and M recognizes no
gain or loss on the sale of the S share.
Example 2. Use of a partnership to prevent current attribute
reduction. (i) Facts. M owns all 5 outstanding shares of S common stock
with a basis of $200 each. S owns Asset 1 with a basis of $1000. In year
1, with a view to preventing a current reduction in the basis of Asset
1, S contributes Asset 1 to a partnership in a transaction in which S
recognizes no gain or loss. On December 31, year 2, M sells one S share
for $20. After taking into account the effects of all applicable rules
of law, M's basis in each S share is $200. M's sale of the S share is a
transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to this section.
(ii) Analysis. Although M's transfer of the S share is subject to
this section, there is no basis redetermination under paragraph (b) of
this section because there is no disparity among M's bases in its shares
of S common stock and there are no shares of S preferred stock
outstanding (and so there is no unrecognized gain or loss on S preferred
stock). See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Accordingly, after
the application of paragraph (b) of this section, M's sale of the S
share is still a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to
paragraph (c) of this section. However, no adjustment is required under
paragraph (c) of this section because both the disconformity amount and
the net positive adjustment are $0. See paragraph (c)(3) of this
section. Under paragraph (d) of this section, S's attribute reduction
amount is $180 (the lesser of the $180 net stock loss and S's $900
aggregate inside loss ($1000 of attributes over $100 value of all of the
S shares)). Absent the application of this paragraph (g), the $180
attribute reduction amount would be applied to reduce S's basis in the
partnership interest. However, because S acted with a view to avoiding a
current reduction in the basis of Asset 1 under paragraph (d) of this
section, this section is applied by treating S as if it held Asset 1 at
the time of the stock sale. The basis of Asset 1 is reduced by $180, to
$820, effective immediately before the transfer to the partnership and,
as a result, S's basis in its partnership interest is $820.
Example 3. Creation of an intercompany receivable to mitigate
attribute reduction. (i) Facts. M owns all five outstanding shares of S
common stock each with equal basis that exceeds value. S holds cash and
Asset 1 with a basis that exceeds value. In year 1, with a view to
mitigating a reduction in the basis of Asset 1, S lends the cash to M1.
Asset 1 and the intercompany note received from M1 are assets of the
same class under Sec. 1.338-6(b)(2). On December 31, year 2, M sells
one of its S shares and, without regard to this section, recognizes a
loss. M's sale of the S share is a transfer of a loss share and
therefore subject to this section.
(ii) Analysis. Although M's transfer of the S share is subject to
this section, no adjustment is required under paragraph (b) of this
section because there is no disparity among M's bases in shares of S
common stock and there are no shares of S preferred stock outstanding
(and so there is no unrecognized gain or loss on S preferred stock). See
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section. Accordingly, after the
application of paragraph (b) of this section, M's sale of the S shares
is still a transfer of a loss share and therefore subject to paragraph
(c) of this section. However, there is no adjustment under paragraph (c)
of this section because the net positive adjustment is $0. See paragraph
(c)(3) of this section. Under paragraph (d) of this section, S's
attribute reduction amount would be applied to reduce S's basis in Asset
1 and the intercompany receivable in proportion to basis. However,
because S acted with a view to mitigating the reduction in the basis of
Asset 1 under paragraph (d) of this section, this section is applied
without regard to the intercompany receivable. Accordingly, S's basis in
Asset 1 is reduced by the full attribute reduction amount.
Example 4. Use of a partnership to reduce net stock loss. (i) Facts.
M owns all ten outstanding shares of S common stock, one share (Share 1)
has a basis of $0, and one share (Share 2) has a basis of $160. S has an
aggregate inside loss of $80. In one transaction and with a view to
mitigating a reduction in S's attributes, M contributes Share 1 to a
partnership, recognizing no gain or loss, and sells Share 2 for $80. M's
contribution of Share 1 to the partnership is a transfer, but the share
is not a loss share and so the transfer is not subject to this section.
M's sale of Share 2 is a transfer of a loss share and is therefore
subject to this section.
(ii) Analysis. Although M's transfer of Share 2 is subject to this
section, there is no adjustment under paragraph (b) of this section
because there are no investment adjustments that have been applied to
the shares. Accordingly, after the application of paragraph (b) of this
section, M's sale of Share 2 is still a transfer of a loss share and
therefore subject to paragraph (c) of this section. There is no
adjustment under paragraph (c) of this section because the net positive
adjustment is $0. See paragraph (c)(3) of this section. Accordingly,
after the application of paragraph (c) of this section, M's sale of
Share 2 is still a transfer of loss shares and
[[Page 517]]
therefore subject to paragraph (d) of this section. Under paragraph (d)
of this section, the net stock loss would be determined to be $0, the
excess of the $160 aggregate basis in all of the transferred shares over
the $160 aggregate value of those shares. S's attribute reduction amount
would be determined to be $0, the lesser of the $0 net stock loss and
S's $80 aggregate inside loss. Thus, there would be no reduction of
attributes under this paragraph (d) of this section. However, because M
acted with a view to reducing the attribute reduction amount by
transferring a gain share to a partnership while avoiding the
recognition of the gain on the share, this section is applied without
regard to the transfer of the gain share. Accordingly, the net stock
loss is determined to be $80, and the attribute reduction amount is
determined to be $80.
Example 5. Stuffing gain asset. (i) Facts. M owns the sole
outstanding share of S stock (Share 1) with a basis of $100. S owns
Asset 1 with a basis of $100 and a value of $20. With a view to avoid
the purposes of this section, M transfers Asset 2 with a basis of $0 and
a value of $80 to S in exchange for four additional shares of S stock
(Share 2 through Share 5) in a transaction to which section 351 applies.
M later sells Share 1 to X for $20. M's sale of Share 1 is a transfer of
a loss share and therefore subject to this section.
(ii) Analysis. Although M's transfer of the Share 1 is subject to
this section, there is no adjustment under paragraph (b) of this section
because no investment adjustments have been applied to the basis of any
S shares. Thus, after the application of paragraph (b) of this section,
M's sale of the S share is still a transfer of a loss share and
therefore subject to paragraph (c) of this section. There is no
adjustment under paragraph (c) of this section because the net positive
adjustment is $0. Accordingly, after the application of paragraph (c) of
this section, M's sale of the S share is still a transfer of a loss
share and therefore subject to paragraph (d) of this section. Under
paragraph (d) of this section, S's attribute reduction amount would be
$0, the lesser of the $80 net stock loss and S's $0 aggregate inside
loss ($100 of attributes does not exceed the $100 value of all of the S
shares). However, because M transferred Asset 2 to S with a view to
avoid the purposes of this section, the application of this section to
M's transfer of Share 1 is made without regard to the transfer of Asset
2. Accordingly, under paragraph (d) of this section, S's attribute
reduction amount is $80, the lesser of the $80 net stock loss and S's
$80 aggregate inside loss (computed without regard to Asset 2). S's
basis in Asset 1 is therefore reduced by $80, from $100 to $20, under
paragraph (d) of this section.
(iii) Transfer of all S shares. Assume the same facts as in
paragraph (i) of this Example 5, except that M sells all five S shares
to X, recognizing both the gain and the loss on the S shares. The
transfer of Share 1 is still a transfer of a loss share and therefore
subject to this section. However, because all the shares are
transferred, the group's income is clearly reflected. Therefore, the
purposes of this section are not avoided and this section applies
without modification. S's attribute reduction amount is $0, the lesser
of the $0 net stock loss and S's $0 aggregate inside loss.
(h) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to transfers
of shares of subsidiary stock on or after September 17, 2008 unless the
transfer was made pursuant to a binding agreement that was in effect
prior to September 17, 2008 and at all times thereafter. For transfers
of shares of subsidiary stock that are not subject to this section, see
Sec. Sec. 1.337(d)-2 and 1.1502-35.
[T.D. 9424, 73 FR 53952, Sept. 17, 2008, as amended at 73 FR 62204, Oct.
20, 2008; 73 FR 65982, Nov. 6, 2008]
Special Taxes and Taxpayers
Sec. 1.1502-42 Mutual savings banks, etc.
(a) In general. This section applies to mutual s avings banks and
other institutions described in section 593(a).
(b) Total deposits. In computing for purposes of section
593(b)(1)(B)(ii) total deposits or withdrawable accounts at the close of
the taxable year, the total deposits or withdrawable accounts of other
members shall be excluded.
(c) Taxable income; taxable years for which the due date (without
extensions) for filing returns is before March 15, 1983. For taxable
years for which the due date (without extensions) for filing returns is
before March 15, 1983, a member's taxable income for purposes of section
593(b)(2) is determined under Sec. 1.1502-27(b) (computed without
regard to any deduction under section 593(b)(2)). In addition, for
taxable years beginning after July 11, 1969, taxable income as computed
under the preceding sentence is subject to the adjustments provided in
section 593(b)(2)(E). See Sec. 1.593-6A(b)(5).
(d) Taxable income; taxable years for which the due date (without
extensions) for filing returns is after March 14, 1983--(1) In general.
For a taxable year for which the due date (without extensions) for
filing returns is after March 14, 1983, a thrift's taxable income for
[[Page 518]]
purposes of section 593(b)(2) is its tentative taxable income (as
defined in paragraph (e)(1) of this section).
(2) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
(i) A thrift is a member described in section 593(a).
(ii) A nonthrift is a member that is not a thrift.
(e) Tentative taxable income (or loss)--(1) Thrift. For purposes of
this section, a thrift's tentative taxable income (or loss) is its
separate taxable income (determined under Sec. 1.1502-12 without
paragraph (q) thereof and without any deduction under section 593(b)),
subject to the following adjustments in the following order:
(i) The adjustments described in paragraph (e)(3) of this section;
(ii) The adjustments described in section 593(b)(2)(E) for those
thrifts with separate taxable income greater than zero (determined after
the adjustments under paragraph (e)(3) of this section); and
(iii) The adjustments described in paragraph (f) of this section.
(2) Nonthrift. For purposes of this section, a nonthrift's tentative
taxable income (or loss) is its separate taxable income (determined
under Sec. 1.1502-12), adjusted for the portion of the consolidated net
operating loss deduction attributable to the member, the portion of the
consolidated net capital loss carryover or carryback attributable to the
member, and further adjusted as described in paragraph (e)(3) of this
section.
(3) Adjustments for all members. For each member, the following
adjustments taken into account in the computation of consolidated
taxable income are included in determining its tentative taxable income
(or loss) in order to adjust separate taxable income of the member to
take into account certain consolidated items:
(i) The portions of the consolidated charitable contributions
deduction and the consolidated dividends received deduction attributable
to the member.
(ii) The member's capital gain net income, determined without any
net capital loss carryover or carryback attributable to the member.
(iii) The member's net capital loss and section 1231 net loss,
reduced by the portion of the consolidated net capital loss attributable
to the member.
(f) Adjustments for thrifts--(1) Reductions. A thrift's separate
taxable income (as adjusted under paragraph (e)(3) of this section) is
reduced (but not below zero) by losses of thrifts and to the extent
attributable to functionally related activities, losses of a nonthrift.
Certain operating rules for determining the amount of the reductions are
provided in paragraph (f)(4) of this section. The reductions are made in
the following amounts in the following order:
(i) The thrift's allocable share (as determined under paragraph
(h)(2) of this section) of another thrift's tentative taxable loss. That
tentative taxable loss is determined by including a deduction under
section 593(b) (other than paragraph (2) thereof) for the year in which
the loss arises.
(ii) The thrift's allocable share (as determined under paragraph
(h)(3) of this section) of the portion of the consolidated net operating
loss deduction attributable to it or another thrift. That consolidated
net operating loss deduction is determined by including a deduction
under section 593(b) (other than paragraph (2) thereof) for the year in
which the loss arose. The portion of a consolidated net operating loss
deduction attributable to another thrift is computed by excluding losses
arising in taxable years for which the due date (without extensions) for
filing returns is before March 15, 1983.
(iii) The thrift's allocable share (as determined under paragraph
(h)(4) of this section) of the loss attributable to functionally related
activities of a nonthrift (as determined under paragraph (g) of this
section). For a rule netting that share against certain income
attributable to functionally related activities of that nonthrift, see
paragraph (f)(4)(iv) of this section.
(iv) The thrift's allocable share (as determined under paragraph
(h)(3) of this section) of the portion of the consolidated net operating
loss deduction attributable to functionally related activities of a
nonthrift (as determined under paragraph (h)(5) of this section). That
consolidated net operating loss deduction is determined by excluding
losses arising in taxable years for
[[Page 519]]
which the due date (without extensions) for filing returns is before
March 15, 1983. For a rule netting that share against certain income
attributable to functionally related activities of that nonthrift, see
paragraph (f)(4)(iv) of this section.
(2) Increases. (i) A thrift's separate taxable income (as adjusted
under paragraphs (e)(3) and (f)(1) of this section) is increased in a
subsequent consolidated return year to restore reductions made in a
prior consolidated return year to a thrift's separate taxable income by
reason of losses of a nonthrift. This increase is the amount of the
thrift's allocable share (as determined under paragraph (h)(6) of this
section) of the income attributable to functionally related activities
of a nonthrift in a consolidated return year and is made only in that
year. This increase is made only if both the thrift and the nonthrift
were members of the group in the consolidated return years in which both
the reduction and increase are made.
(ii) This subdivision (ii) limits the increases to a thrift's
separate taxable income to assure that income of a particular nonthrift
is used to restore reductions of a thrift only to the extent that such
nonthrift's losses reduced the thrift's income. Therefore, as of the end
of a consolidated return year, the cumulative increases to a thrift's
tentative taxable income (by reason of income attributable to
functionally related activities of a nonthrift) may not exceed the
cumulative reductions to the thrift's separate taxable income made (by
reason of the nonthrift's functionally related activities) under
paragraph (f)(1) (iii) and (iv) of this section in the current and all
prior consolidated return years during which both the thrift institution
and the nonthrift institution were members of the group.
(iii) For a netting rule, see paragraph (f)(4)(iv) of this section.
(3) Special Rule. (i) If a carryback to a thrift's separate taxable
income diminishes the reduction to a thrift's separate taxable income
for a prior consolidated return year otherwise required by paragraph
(f)(1) (iii) or (iv) of this section, then any increases to a thrift's
separate taxable income under paragraph (f)(2) of this section for an
intervening consolidated return year must be recomputed to take into
account the effect of such carryback. Thus, if a net operating loss
attributable to a thrift is carried back and completely offsets the
thrift's separate taxable income (before the reductions under paragraph
(f)(1) (iii) or (iv) or this section), any increase to the thrift's
separate taxable income under paragraph (f)(2) of this section
(attributable to a reduction in the year to which the loss is carried)
for an intervening consolidated return year will be eliminated. The
recomputation required by this subparagraph (3) must be reflected on an
amended return for the intervening consolidated return year for which
the increase was previously reported. See example (2) in paragraph (j)
of this section.
(ii) If a deficiency for an intervening consolidated return year
results from the application of paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section with
respect to an item to which section 6501(h) applies, the deficiency may
be assessed at any time within the period described in section 6501(h).
(iii) For purposes of chapter 67 of the Code (relating to interest),
the last date prescribed for payment of any tax owed as a result of the
application of paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section is deemed to be the
last day of the taxable year for which the item carried back arose.
(4) Operating rules. For purposes of paragraphs (d) through (j) of
this section:
(i) The portion of a consolidated net operating loss deduction
attributable to a member is determined as follows:
(A) First, determine under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(b) (or Sec. 1.1502-
79A(a)(3), as appropriate) the portion of each consolidated net
operating loss attributable to the member for the particular year in
which the loss arose.
(B) Second, apply the anti-double-counting rule in paragraph
(h)(3)(iii) of this section so as not to take the same loss into account
twice.
(C) Finally, apply the loss absorption limit in paragraph
(f)(4)(iii) of this section to the total amount of the consolidated net
operating loss deduction from a particular loss year.
[[Page 520]]
(ii) Capital loss carryovers and carrybacks shall be taken into
account in a manner consistent with the principles of paragraphs (d)
through (j) of this section.
(iii) This subdivision (iii) prescribes a loss absorption limit. The
total amount of the consolidated net operating loss deduction from a
given year (loss year) taken into account as reductions under paragraph
(f)(1) of this section for another year (absorption year) shall not
exceed the amount of the consolidated net operating loss deduction
attributable to the loss year absorbed in computing consolidated taxable
income for the absorption year. For this purpose, consolidated taxable
income for the absorption year shall include a deduction under section
593(b) (other than paragraph (2) thereof) for each thrift member.
(iv) This subdivision (iv) prescribes a rule for netting in certain
cases income attributable to functionally related activities of a
nonthrift in a consolidated return year (``income year'') against losses
attributable to functionally related activities of that nonthrift which
arise in a consolidated return year (``loss year''). That nonthrift's
income is netted against the portion of that nonthrift's loss which
would otherwise be applied in a consolidated return year (``reduction
year'') under paragraph (f)(1) (iii) or (iv) of this section to reduce a
thrift's tentative taxable income, but:
(A) Only if the income year is not later than the loss year and the
reduction year, and
(B) Only to the extent the income had not previously been taken into
account under paragraph (f)(2) of this section or this subdivision (iv)
as of the close of the later of the loss year and the reduction year.
(g) Income (or loss) attributable to functionally related activities
of a nonthrift--(1) In general. For purposes of this section, the income
(or loss) attributable to functionally related activities of a nonthrift
is the income (or loss) of the nonthrift:
(i) Attributable to the provision of assets or the rendition of
services to a thrift (such as the leasing of office space or providing
computer or financial services), or
(ii) Derived from the assets described in section 7701(a)(19)(C)
(iii) through (x), but only if such assets comprise 5 percent or more of
the gross assets of the nonthrift.
(2) Amount of income (or loss).The amount of income (or loss) from
such activities is the excess of (i) gross income from such activities
over (ii) the deductions of the nonthrift allocable and apportionable to
that gross income under the principles of Sec. 1.861-8. The loss
attributable to functionally related activities of a nonthrift is the
excess (if any) of such deductions over such gross income. That loss,
however, may not exceed the amount of the tentative taxable loss of that
nonthrift (determined by excluding losses arising in taxable years for
which the due date (without extensions) for filing returns is before
March 15, 1983).
(h) Allocation of income and losses--(1) In general. Paragraphs
(h)(2) through (5) of this section provides rules for allocating
different losses among thrifts that have tentative taxable income
greater than zero. Generally, these allocations are made in the order
listed in paragraph (f)(1) of this section and are based upon the
relative tentative taxable income of the thrifts to which the particular
loss is allocated. For purposes of each allocation under a subdivision
of such paragraph (f)(1), the tentative taxable income of the thrifts
used in making this allocation is reduced by the thrift's allocable
share of losses allocated to the thrift under a prior subdivision of
such paragraph (f)(1). Accordingly, for purposes of this paragraph (h),
tentative taxable income is determined without regard to paragraph (f)
of this section, except as otherwise provided. Paragraph (h)(6) of this
section provides rules for allocating income attributable to
functionally related activities of a nonthrift based upon the relative
reductions to thrift income made on account of that nonthrift.
(2) Allocation of tentative taxable loss of other thrifts. For
purposes of paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section, a thrift's allocable
share of another thrift's tentative taxable loss is the loss multiplied
by a fraction. The numerator of the fraction is the tentative taxable
income (if greater than zero) of the
[[Page 521]]
thrift, and the denominator is the aggregate of such tentative taxable
income of each thrift.
(3) Allocation of portions of a consolidated net operating loss
deduction. (i) For purposes of paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section, a
first thrift's allocable share of the portion of the consolidated net
operating loss deduction attributable to another thrift is determined
under paragraph (h)(2) of this section as if that portion were a
tentative taxable loss of that other thrift and by computing tentative
taxable income under such paragraph (h)(2) by taking into account
paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section. A thrift's allocable share of the
portion of the consolidated net operating loss deduction attributable to
that thrift is equal to that entire portion.
(ii) For purposes of paragraph (f)(1)(iv) of this section, a
thrift's allocable share of the portion of a consolidated net operating
loss deduction attributable to functionally related activities of a
nonthrift (determined under paragraph (h)(5) of this section) is
determined under paragraph (h)(4) of this section as if that portion
were a loss attributable to functionally related activities of the
nonthrift and by computing tentative taxable income under such paragraph
(h)(4) by taking into account paragraph (f)(1) (i), (ii), and (iii) of
this section.
(iii) This subdivision (iii) prevents the ``double-counting'' of
losses. The reduction to the tentative taxable income of a thrift is
diminished to the extent the loss that gave rise to the reduction has
previously been taken into account in reducing a thrift's tentative
taxable income. Thus, any loss taken into account as a reduction to a
thrift's separate taxable income under any subdivision of paragraph
(f)(1) of this section shall be reduced (but not below zero) to the
extent taken into account:
(A) In a prior consolidated return year under any subdivision of
such paragraph (f)(1) or
(B) In the current consolidated return year under a previous
subdivision of such paragraph (f)(1).
(4) Allocation of loss attributable to functionally related
activities of a nonthrift. For purposes of paragraph (f)(1)(iii) of this
section, a thrift's allocable share of a loss attributable to
functionally related activities of a nonthrift is determined by
multiplying the loss by a fraction. The numerator of the fraction is the
tentative taxable income (if greater than zero) of the thrift (taking
into account paragraph (f)(1) (i) and (ii) of this section) and the
denominator is the aggregate of such tentative taxable income (so
determined) of each thrift.
(5) Portion of the consolidated net operating loss deduction
attributable to functionally related activities of a particular
nonthrift. The portion of the consolidated net operating loss deduction
attributable to functionally related activities of a particular
nonthrift is the lesser of the following two amounts:
(i) The portion of the consolidated net operating loss deduction
attributable to that nonthrift.
(ii) The aggregate of the losses attributable to functionally
related activities of that nonthrift for the taxable years in which the
consolidated net operating loss deduction arose.
(6) Allocation of income attributable to functionally related
activities of a nonthrift. For purposes of paragraph (f)(2) of this
section, a thrift institution's allocable share of the income
attributable to functionally related activities of a nonthrift is
determined by multiplying that income by a fraction. The numerator of
the fraction is the amount of the cumulative reductions referred to in
paragraph (f)(2)(ii) of this section (minus the cumulative increases
under paragraph (f)(2) of this section) made on account of that
nonthrift for the thrift and the denominator is the sum of such
cumulative reductions (minus such cumulative increases) made on account
of that nonthrift for all thrifts.
(7) Proper accounting The provisions of section 482 apply in
determining a thrift institution's tentative taxable income, and in
determining the gross income and deductions attributable to functionally
related activities. For example, an expense such as the salary of an
individual who performs services for both a thrift and a nonthrift must
be allocated in a manner that fairly reflects the value of the services
rendered to each.
[[Page 522]]
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Examples. The provisions of this section may be illustrated by
the following examples. In each example the letter ``T'' for a member
denotes a thrift and the letters ``NT'' denote a nonthrift. Also, in
each example, a thrift loss includes a bad debt deduction under section
593(b) (other than paragraph (2) thereof) for such year and a thrift
with income would have such a bad debt deduction of zero.
Example 1. (a) In 1983, corporations T1, T2, NT1, and NT2 are
formed. These corporations constitute an affiliated group that files a
consolidated return on the basis of a calendar year. For 1983, 1984, and
1985, the tentative taxable income (or loss) of each member (before the
application of paragraph (f) of this section) is as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1983 1984 1985
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NT1........................................... $(60) $(140) $15
T1............................................ 1,000 500 750
NT2........................................... (90) (220) 150
T2............................................ (300) 400 250
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In 1983, NT1, in addition to its other business activities, acted as
a collection agency for T1. Deductions attributable to those activities
exceeded gross income attributable to those activities by $70. NT1's
other activities generated a $10 gain. In 1984 and 1985, NT1 acted as a
collection agency for T1 as its sole activity.
(b) The tentative taxable incomes of T1 and T2 for 1983 (determined
under paragraph (e) of this section) as of the close of that year are
adjusted by paragraph (f) of this section as follows:
(i) T1's tentative taxable income:
T1's tentative taxable income (before the ....... $1,000
application of paragraph (f) of this section.......
Less:
T2's tentative taxable loss......................... $300 .......
NT1's functionally related loss (limited by NT1's 60 360
overall loss)......................................
-----------------
T1's tentative taxable income for 1983.............. ....... 640
(ii) T2's tentative taxable income for 1983 is zero.
(c) The tentative taxable incomes of T1 and T2 for 1984 (determined
under paragraph (e) of this section as of the close of that year) are
adjusted by paragraph (f) of this section as follows:
(i) T1's tentative taxable income:
T1's tentative taxable income (before the application of $500
paragraph (f) of this section)................................
Less:
T1's allocable portion of NT1's functionally related loss 78
(140x500/(500+400)).........................................
--------
T1's tentative taxable income for 1984....................... 422
========
(ii) T2's tentative taxable income:
T2's tentative taxable income (before the application of 400
paragraph (f) of this section...............................
Less:
T2's allocable portion of NT1's functionally related loss 62
(140x400/(500+400)).........................................
T2's tentative taxable income for 1984....................... 338
(d) For 1985, the amount under paragraph (f) (2) of this section for
both T1 and T2 is $15 (NT1's tentative taxable income from functionally
related activities for 1985). For 1983 and 1984, T1's tentative taxable
income was reduced by a total of $138 (i.e., $60 + $78) due to NT1's
losses from functionally related activities. For 1984, T2's tentative
taxable income was reduced by $62 due to those losses. Accordingly,
under paragraph (f)(2) of this section, T1's tentative taxable income
for 1983 is increased by $10 (i.e., $15x$138/($138+$62)) and T2's
tentative taxable income is increased by $5 (i.e., $15x$62/($138+$62)).
Example 2. (a) In 1983, corporations T, NT1, and NT2 are formed.
these corporations constitute an affiliated group. NT2 provides computer
services to T as its sole activity. For the calendar years 1983, 1984,
and 1985, the group files a consolidated return. The tentative taxable
income of each member (before the application of paragraph (f) of this
section) is as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1983 1984 1985
------------------------------------------------------------------------
T............................................ $100 $0 $(200)
NT1.......................................... 200 0 100
NT2.......................................... (20) 20 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) Under paragraph (f)(1) of this section, T's tentative taxable
income for 1983 (determined at the close of that year) is reduced to $80
(i.e., $100 less NT2's $20 loss). For 1984, under paragraph (f)(2) of
this section, T's tentative taxable income is increased by $20. For
1985, the consolidated net operating loss of $100 (all of which is
attributable to T) is carried back to 1983. That $100 carryback is not
limited by paragraph (f)(4)(iii) of this section, since consolidated
taxable income for 1983 available for absorption after a bad debt
deduction of $0 under section 593(b) (other than paragraph (2) thereof)
for that year is $280. Accordingly, under paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this
section, T's tentative taxable income is reduced by the full $100, which
is taken into account before the previous reduction of T's tentative
taxable income under paragraph (f)(1)(iii) of this section. In addition,
under paragraph (f)(3)(i) of this section, the group must file an
amended return for 1984 to eliminate the increase to T's bad debt
deduction for 1984 by reason of the consolidated net operating loss
carryback to 1983.
Example 3. (a) T and NT are formed in 1983 and are the only members
of an affiliated
[[Page 523]]
group filing a consolidated return on a calendar year basis. NT provided
computer services to T as its sole activity. For 1983, 1984, and 1985,
the tentative taxable income of T and NT (before the application of
paragraph (f) of this section) is as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1983 1984 1985
------------------------------------------------------------------------
T............................................ $100 $0 $0
NT........................................... 0 40 (40)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) At the close of 1983, T's tentative taxable income is $100. For
1985, however, the group has a consolidated net operating loss of $40,
all of which is attributable to NT's functionally related activities and
which is carried back to 1983. However, T's tentative taxable income for
1983 is not reduced under paragraph (f)(1)(iv) of this section, since,
under paragraph (f)(4)(iv) of this section, NT's 1984 income
attributable to functionally related activities of $40 is netted against
that $40 carryback.
Example 4. (a) In 1983, corporations T1, T2, NT1, and NT2 are
formed. For calendar years 1983, 1984, and 1985, the affiliated group
consisting of T1, T2, NT1, and NT2 filed a consolidated return. NT1
provided computer services to T1 as its sole activity. The tentative
taxable income of each member (before the application of paragraph (f)
of this section) is as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1983 1984 1985
------------------------------------------------------------------------
T1........................................... (50) 100 30
T2........................................... (50) (80) (25)
NT1.......................................... (50) (40) (99)
NT2.......................................... 120 30 100
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(b) For 1983, the group has a consolidated net operating loss of
$30, apportioned $10 each to T1, T2, and NT1 under Sec. 1.1502-
79A(a)(3). For 1984, the only thrift with tentative taxable income
greater than zero (before applying paragraph (f) of this section) is T1.
That tentative taxable income of $100 is first reduced to $20 by T2's
$80 1984 loss under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section. Next, T1's
remaining tentative taxable income of $20 is reduced to $10 by the
portions attributable to T1 and T2 of the 1983 consolidated net
operating loss carryover to 1984 under paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this
section. The sum of those portions is limited to $10 (i.e., $5 each) by
paragraph (f)(4)(iii) of this section because 1984 consolidated taxable
income available for absorption after a bad debt deduction under section
593(b) (other than paragraph (2) thereof) for each thrift member for
that year is $10. For that reason, paragraph (f)(4)(iii) of this section
also prevents any further portion of that carryover from being taken
into account in 1984 as a reduction under paragraph (f)(1) of this
section. T1's remaining tentative taxable income of $10 is reduced to
zero, under paragraph (f)(1)(iii) of this section, by NT1's 1984
tentative taxable loss.
(c) For 1985, the only thrift with tentative taxable income greater
than zero (before applying paragraph (f) of this section) is T1. T1's
tentative taxable income for 1985 of $30 is reduced to $5 by T2's 1985
loss of $25 under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section. Next, the
portions attributable to T1 and T2 of the consolidated net operating
loss carryover from 1983 to 1985 for purposes of paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of
this section must be determined. That determination is made without
applying the rules for loss absorption in computing consolidated taxable
income under Sec. 1.1502-21A(b)(3). Those portions are instead
determined in 3 steps under paragraph (f)(4)(i) of this section. The
first of those steps is to determine each of T1's and T2's attributable
portions of the 1983 consolidated net operating loss which under Sec.
1.1502-79A (a)(3) is $10 or $20 for both thrifts. The second of those
steps is to apply the anti-double counting rule under paragraph
(h)(3)(iii) of this section to reduce that $20 amount by the $10 total
of the two $5 portions attributable to T1 and T2 of the consolidated net
operating loss carryover from 1983 to 1984 taken into account as
reductions to T1's tentative taxable income for 1984 under paragraph
(f)(1)(ii) of this section. That leaves a $10 total amount available to
be taken into account as reductions to T1's remaining tentative taxable
income of $5 for 1985 under paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section. Under
the third of those steps that $10 amount, however, is limited, under the
loss absorption limit of paragraph (f)(4)(iii) of this section, to the
$6 of the 1983 consolidated net operating loss carryover to 1985 which
is absorbed in computing consolidated taxable income for 1985 since 1985
consolidated taxable income available for absorption after a bad debt
deduction under section 593(b) (other than paragraph (2) thereof) for
that year is $6 (i.e., $30+$100-$99-$25). Because separate taxable
income cannot be reduced below zero under paragraph (f)(1) of this
section, T1's remaining tentative taxable income of $5 is thus reduced
to zero by the portions attributable to T1 and T2, respectively, of the
consolidated net operating loss carryover from 1983 to 1985 under
paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this section.
(Sec. 1502, 7805, Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (68A Stat. 367 and 917;
(26 U.S.C. 1502 and 7805))
[T.D. 7637, 44 FR 46841, Aug. 9, 1979, as amended by T.D. 7815, 47 FR
11516, Mar. 17, 1982; T.D. 7876, 48 FR 11258, Mar. 17, 1983; 48 FR
13165, Mar. 30, 1983; T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33324, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823,
64 FR 36100, July 2, 1999]
[[Page 524]]
Sec. 1.1502-43 Consolidated accumulated earnings tax.
(a) Group subject to tax--(1) General rule. For a group filing a
consolidated return for the taxable year, the accumulated earnings tax
under section 531 is imposed on consolidated accumulated taxable income
(as defined in paragraph (b) of this section). This tax applies to any
group that is formed or availed of to avoid or prevent the imposition of
the individual income tax on the shareholders of either any of its
members or any other corporation by permitting earnings and profits to
accumulate instead of dividing or distributing them. Section 531 and
this section do not apply to a group that is treated as a ``personal
holding company'' under section 542(a)(1) as a result of the application
of section 542(b)(1). Special rules are provided in this section for
other groups which include one or more personal holding companies.
(2) Evidence of purpose to avoid income tax. (i) Under section
533(a), the fact that the group's earnings and profits are permitted to
accumulate beyond the reasonable needs of its business is determinative
of the purpose to avoid the income tax with respect to shareholders,
unless the group by the preponderance of the evidence proves to the
contrary.
(ii) The fact that a group is a mere holding or investment group is
prima facie evidence of the group's purpose to avoid the income tax with
respect to the shareholders. The activities of a member which is a
personal holding company are not taken into account in determining if
the group is a mere holding or investment group.
(3) Earnings and profits. For purposes of this paragraph (a) and
paragraph (d) of this section, the following rules apply:
(i) If no member of the group is a personal holding company, the
group's earnings and profits are the aggregate of the earnings and
profits (or deficit) of each corporation that is a member at the close
of the taxable year, determined in accordance with Sec. 1.1502-33.
(ii) Earnings and profits resulting from the application of Sec.
1.1502-33(b) are not taken into account.
(iii) Earnings and profits resulting from the disposition of a
member's stock are determined without regard to the stock basis
adjustments under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-32 and 1.1502-33(c)(1).
(4) Reasonable needs of the business. The reasonable needs of the
group's business include the reasonable needs of the business of any
corporation (other than a personal holding company) that is a member at
the close of the taxable year. Thus, the earnings and profits of one
member may be accumulated with respect to the reasonable business needs
of another member. If under Sec. 1.537-3(b) the business of a nonmember
corporation is considered the business of a member, then the earnings
and profits of any member may be accumulated with respect to such
nonmember's reasonable business needs.
(5) Burden of proof. The notification described in section 534(b)
and the statement described in section 534(c) are made to or by the
common parent corporation in accordance with Sec. 1.1502-77.
(b) Consolidated accumulated taxable income--(1) In general.
``Consolidated accumulated taxable income'' is the group's consolidated
taxable income determined under Sec. 1.1502-11 adjusted in the manner
provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, minus the sum of--
(i) The consolidated dividends paid deduction determined under
paragraph (c) of this section and
(ii) The consolidated accumulated earnings credit determined under
paragraph (d) of this section.
(2) Adjustments to consolidated taxable income. For purposes of
paragraph (b)(1) of this section, consolidated taxable income is
adjusted as follows:
(i) Under section 535(b)(1), the deduction for taxes is the excess
of--
(A) The consolidated liability for tax determined without Sec.
1.1502-2 (b) through (d) and without the foreign tax credit provided by
section 33, over
(B) The consolidated foreign tax credit determined pursuant to Sec.
1.1502-4. Foreign taxes deductible under Sec. 1.535-2(a)(2) are also
allowed as a deduction under section 535(b)(1).
(ii) The consolidated charitable contributions deduction under Sec.
1.1502-24
[[Page 525]]
does not apply. Under section 535(b)(2), there shall be allowed the
aggregate charitable contributions of the members allowable under
section 170, determined without section 170 (b)(2) and (d)(2).
(iii) Under section 535(b)(3), the deductions provided in Sec. Sec.
1.1502-26 and 1.1502-27 are not allowed.
(iv) Under section 535(b)(4), the consolidated net operating loss
deduction described in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(a) or 1.1502-21A(a), as
appropriate is not allowed.
(v) Under section 535(b)(5), there is allowed as a deduction the
consolidated net capital loss, determined under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22(a)
or 1.1502-22A(a), as appropriate .
(vi) Under section 535(b)(6), there is allowed as a deduction an
amount equal to (A) the excess of the consolidated net long-term capital
gain (determined under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22(a) or 1.1502-41A, as
appropriate over the consolidated net short-term capital loss
(determined under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22T(a) or 1.1502-41A, as
appropriate), minus (B) the taxes attributable to this excess. This
consolidated net short-term capital loss is determined without the
consolidated net capital loss carryovers or carrybacks to the taxable
year.
(vii) Under section 535(b)(7), the consolidated net capital loss
carryovers and carrybacks are not allowed. See Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22(b)
or 1.1502-22A(b), as appropriate.
(viii) Sections 1.1502-15A (Limitations on built-in deductions not
subject to Sec. 1.1502-15) and 1.1502-15 do not apply.
(3) Personal holding company a member. If a member is a personal
holding company for the taxable year--
(i) [Reserved]
(ii) In applying paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, consolidated
liability for tax (as determined under that paragraph (b)(2)(i)) is
reduced by the portion thereof allocable to that member under section
1552(a) (1), (2), (3), or (4) (or Sec. 1.1502-33(d)), whichever is
applicable. The consolidated foreign tax credit is computed by excluding
the taxable income and any foreign taxes paid or accrued by that member,
and foreign taxes deductible under Sec. 1.535-2(a)(2) do not include
foreign taxes attributable to that member.
(c) Consolidated dividends paid deduction--(1) General rule. For
purposes of this section, the consolidated dividends paid deduction is
the aggregate of the members' deductions under section 561(a) (1) and
(2). This deduction is determined by excluding deductions for dividends
paid to other members.
(2) Exception for certain personal holding companies. [Reserved]
(3) Dividends paid defined. For purposes of this paragraph (c),
``dividends paid'' and ``dividend (or portion thereof) paid'' include
amounts treated as dividends paid during the taxable year under sections
562(b)(1), 563, and 565 (relating respectively to liquidating
distributions, dividends paid after year end, and consent dividends).
(4) Examples. This paragraph (c) can be illustrated by the following
examples:
Example 1. Corporations P and S constitute an affiliated group which
files a consolidated return on a calendar year basis for 1984 and 1985.
P owns all of S's stock and two individuals own all of P's stock.
Neither member of the group is a personal holding company for 1984.
Assume that on December 15, 1984, S pays a dividend (as defined in
section 316 (a)) of $2,000 to P, and P pays a dividend (as so defined)
of $3,000 on January 15, 1985, to its individual shareholders. All
dividends are paid in cash and are pro rata with no preference as to any
shares or class of stock. For purposes of this paragraph (c), the
consolidated dividends paid deduction for 1984 is $3,000, i.e., the
dividend paid on January 15, 1985, by P to its nonmember shareholders.
See section 563 (a). The $2,000 dividend paid by S to P is not taken
into account in computing the consolidated dividends paid deduction.
Example 2. [Reserved]
(d) Consolidated accumulated earnings credit--(1) In general.
[Reserved]
(2) Special rule if a consolidated group is part of a controlled
group. If a consolidated group is treated collectively as being one
component member of a controlled group, or if each member of a
consolidated group is treated as being a separate component member of a
controlled group, see section 1561 for determining the portion of the
accumulated earnings credit to be allocated to such group or to such
members.
(e) Effective/applicability date. This section applies to any
consolidated Federal income tax return due (without extensions) on or
after December
[[Page 526]]
21, 2009. However, a consolidated group may apply this section to any
consolidated Federal income tax return filed on or after December 21,
2009. For returns due before December 21, 2009, see Sec. 1.1502-43T as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2009.
[T.D. 7937, 49 FR 3462, Jan. 27, 1984, as amended by T.D. 8560, 59 FR
41674, Aug. 15, 1994; T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33324, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8560,
62 FR 12098, Mar. 14, 1997; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36100, July 2, 1999; T.D.
9304, 71 FR 76907, Dec. 22, 2006; T.D. 9476, 74 FR 68532, Dec. 28, 2009]
Sec. 1.1502-44 Percentage depletion for independent producers and
royalty owners.
(a) In general. The sum of the percentage depletion deductions for
the taxable year for all oil or gas property owned by all members, plus
any carryovers under section 613A(d)(1) or paragraph (d) of this section
from a prior taxable year, may not exceed 65 percent of the group's
adjusted consolidated taxable income (under paragraph (b) of this
section) for the consolidated return year.
(b) Adjusted consolidated taxable income. For purposes of this
section, adjusted consolidated taxable income is an amount (not less
than zero) equal to the group's consolidated taxable income determined
without:
(1) Any depletion with respect to an oil or gas property (other than
a gas property with respect to which the depletion allowance for all
production is determined pursuant to section 613A(b)) for which
percentage depletion would exceed cost depletion in the absence of the
depletable quantity limitations contained in section 613A(c) (1) and (6)
and the consolidated taxable income limitation contained in paragraph
(a) of this section.
(2) Any consolidated net operating loss carryback to the
consolidated return year under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21 or 1.1502-21A (as
appropriate) and
(3) Any consolidated net capital loss carryback to the consolidated
return year under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22 or 1.1502-22A (as appropriate).
(c) Allocation to oil and gas properties. The maximum amount
allowable as a deduction under section 613A(c), after the application of
paragraph (a) of this section, is allocated to properties held by
members in accordance with the regulations under section 613A(d). Those
regulations provide for an initial allocation and possible reallocation
of the maximum allowable percentage depletion deduction among oil and
gas properties. Thus, if, after the initial allocation, cost depletion
exceeds the percentage depletion that would be allowable for a
particular oil or gas property, cost depletion must be used for that
property and the maximum amount of percentage depletion allowable as a
deduction for the group is reallocated among only the remaining
properties held by all members.
(d) Carryover for disallowed amounts. (1) If any amount is
disallowed as a deduction for the taxable year by reason of section
613A(d)(1) or paragraph (a) of this section, the disallowed amount for
each oil or gas property is treated as an amount allowed as a deduction
under section 613A(c), for the following taxable year for the member
that owned the property, in accordance with the regulations under
section 613A and paragraphs (a) and (d)(2) of this section.
(2) Any amount that was disallowed as a deduction in a separate
return limitation year of a member may be carried to a consolidated
return year only to the extent that 65 percent of the excess determined
under paragraph (d)(3) of this section exceeds the sum of the otherwise
allowable percentage depletion deductions for the member's oil and gas
properties for the year.
(3) The excess determined in this subparagraph (3) for a member is
the excess, if any, of adjusted consolidated taxable income for the year
under paragraph (b) of this section over that income recomputed by
excluding the items of income and deductions of the member.
(e) Effective date. This section applies to taxable years for which
the due date (without extensions) for filing returns is after September
30, 1980.
[T.D. 7725, 45 FR 65561, Oct. 3, 1980, as amended by T.D. 8677, 61 FR
33324, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36100, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-47 Consolidated returns by life- nonlife groups.
(a) Scope--(1) In general. Under section 1504(b)(2), insurance
companies
[[Page 527]]
that are taxed under section 802 or 821 (relating respectively to life
insurance companies and to certain mutual insurance companies) are not
treated as includible corporations for purposes of determining under
section 1504(a) the existence of an affiliated group and the composition
of its membership. Section 1504(c)(2) provides an election whereby
certain life insurance companies and mutual insurance companies may be
treated as includible corporations, and thus members, of a group
composed of other includible corporations. This section provides
regulations for the making of this election and for the determination of
an electing group's composition and its consolidated tax liability.
(2) General method of consolidation--(i) Subgroup method. The
regulations adopt a subgroup method to determine consolidated taxable
income. One subgroup is the group's nonlife companies (including those
taxable under section 821). The other subgroup is the group's life
insurance companies. Initially, the nonlife subgroup computes nonlife
consolidated taxable income and the life subgroup computes consolidated
partial life insurance company taxable income. A subgroup's income may
in effect be reduced by a loss of the other subgroup. The life subgroup
losses consist of consolidated loss from operations and life
consolidated net capital loss. The nonlife subgroup losses consist of
nonlife consolidated net operating loss and nonlife consolidated net
capital loss. Consolidated taxable income is therefore defined in
pertinent part as the sum of nonlife consolidated taxable income and
consolidated partial life insurance company taxable income reduced by
life subgroup losses or nonlife subgroup losses.
(ii) Subgroup loss. A subgroup loss does not actually affect the
computation of nonlife consolidated taxable income or consolidated
partial life insurance company taxable income. It merely constitutes a
bottom-line adjustment in reaching consolidated taxable income.
Furthermore, one subgroup's loss must first be carried back against
income of the same subgroup before it may be used as a setoff against
the second subgroup income in the taxable year the loss arose. (See
section 1503(c)(1)). The carryback of the losses from one subgroup may
not be used to offset income of the other subgroup in the year to which
the loss is to be carried. This carryback of the first subgroup's loss
may ``bump'' the second subgroup's loss that in effect previously
reduced the income of the first subgroup. The second subgroup's loss
that is bumped in appropriate cases may in effect reduce a succeeding
year's income of the second or first subgroup. This approach gives the
group the tax savings of the use of losses but the bumping rule assures
that insofar as possible life deductions will be matched against life
income and nonlife deductions against nonlife income.
(iii) Carryover of subgroup loss. A subgroup's loss may be used in a
succeeding year, but in any particular succeeding year the loss must be
used to reduce the income of the same subgroup before it may be used as
a setoff against the other subgroup's income.
(3) Authority. This section is prescribed under the authority of
sections 1502, 1503(c), 1504(c)(2), and 7805(b).
(4) Other provisions. The provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-1 through
1.1502-80 apply unless this section provides otherwise. Further, unless
otherwise indicated in this section, a term used in this section has the
same meaning as in sections 801-844.
(b) Effective dates--(1) General rule. This section is effective for
taxable years for which the due date (without extensions) for filing
returns is after March 14, 1983, except as provided in paragraph (b)(2)
of this section.
(2) Tacking rule effective dates--(i) In general. Paragraph
(d)(12)(v) of this section applies to any original consolidated Federal
income tax return due (without extensions) after July 20, 2007.
(ii) Prior law. For original consolidated Federal income tax returns
due (without extensions) after April 25, 2006, and on or before July 20,
2007, see Sec. 1.1502-47T as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on
April 1, 2007. For original consolidated Federal income tax returns due
(without extensions) on or before April 25, 2006, see Sec. 1.1502-47 as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2006.
[[Page 528]]
(c) Cross references. The following table provides cross references
for some of the definitions and operating rules that are relevant in
making the election and determining the group's composition and its tax
liability:
Item and Paragraph
General definitions (d).
Eligible corporation (Five-year rules) (d)(12).
Election (e).
Consolidated taxable income (g).
Nonlife consolidated taxable income (h).
Consolidated partial life insurance company taxable income (j).
Nonlife subgroup losses (m).
Life subgroup losses (n).
Alternative tax (o).
(d) Definitions. For purposes of this section:
(1) Life insurance company. The term ``life company'' means a life
insurance company as defined in section 801. Section 801 applies to each
company separately.
(2) Mutual insurance company. The term ``mutual company'' means a
mutual insurance company taxable under section 821(a)(1).
(3) Life insurance company taxable income. The term ``life insurance
company taxable income'' is referred to as LICTI. The terms ``TII'',
``GO'', and ``LO'' refer, respectively, to taxable investment income
(section 804), gain from operations (section 809), and loss from
operations (section 812). The term ``consolidated partial LICTI'' refers
to consolidated LICTI without section 802(b)(3).
(4) Group. The term ``group'' means an affiliated group of
corporations (as defined in section 1504(a)). Unless otherwise indicated
in this section, a group's composition is determined without section
1504(b)(2).
(5) Member. The term ``member'' means a corporation (including the
common parent) that is an includible corporation in the group. A life
company or mutual company is tentatively treated as a member for any
taxable year for purposes of determining if it is an eligible
corporation under paragraph (d)(12) of this section and therefore if it
is an includible corporation under section 1504(c)(2). If such a company
is eligible and includible (under section 1504(c)(2)), it will actually
be treated as a member of the group.
(6) Life member. A life member is a member of the group that is a
life company.
(7) Nonlife member. A nonlife member is a member of the group that
is not a life company.
(8) Life subgroup. A life subgroup is composed of those members that
are life members. If the group has only one life member, it constitutes
a life subgroup.
(9) Nonlife subgroup. A nonlife subgroup is composed of those
members that are nonlife members. If the group has only one nonlife
member, it constitutes a nonlife subgroup.
(10) Separate return year. The term ``separate return year'' means a
taxable year of a corporation for which it files a separate return or
for which it joins in the filing of a consolidated return by another
group. For purposes of this subparagraph (10), the term ``group'' is
defined with regard to section 1504(b)(2) for years in which an election
under section 1504(c)(2) is not in effect. Thus, a separate return year
includes a taxable year for which that election is not in effect.
(11) Separate return limitation year. Section 1.1502-1(f)(2)
provides exceptions to the definition of the term ``separate return
limitation year''. For purposes of applying those exceptions to this
section, for taxable years ending after December 31, 1980, the term
``group'' is defined without regard to section 1504(b)(2) and the
definition in this subparagraph (11) applies separately to the nonlife
subgroup in determining nonlife consolidated taxable income under
paragraph (h) of this section and to the life subgroup in determining
consolidated partial LICTI under paragraph (j) of this section.
Paragraph (m)(3)(ix) of this section defines the term ``separate return
limitation year'' for purposes of determining whether the losses of one
subgroup may be used against the income of the other subgroup.
(12) Eligible corporations--(i) In general. A corporation is an
eligible corporation for a taxable year of a group only if, throughout
every day of the base period the corporation:
[[Page 529]]
(A) Was in existence and a member of the group determined without
the exclusions in section 1504(b)(2) (see paragraphs (d)(12) (iii)
through (vi) of this section),
(B) Was engaged in the active conduct of a trade or business
(``active business''),
(C) Did not experience a change in tax character (see paragraph
(d)(12)(vii) of this section), and
(D) Did not undergo disproportionate asset acquisitions (see
paragraph (d)(12)(viii) of this section).
(ii) Base period. The base period consists of the common parent's
five taxable years immediately preceding the group's taxable year for
which the consolidated return and the determination of eligibility are
made. Eligibility is determined for each consolidated return year
beginning with the first year for which the election under section
1504(c)(2) is effective.
(iii) In existence. Except as provided in paragraphs (d)(12) (v) and
(vi) of this section, a corporation organized after the base period
begins is not eligible even though it is a member of the group
immediately after its organization. For purposes of this subdivision
(iii), a corporation that was a party to a reorganization described in
section 368(a)(1)(F) shall be treated as the same entity both before and
after the reorganization.
(iv) Membership period. Except as provided in paragraphs (d)(12) (v)
and (vi) of this section, a corporation must have been a member of the
group throughout the base period to be eligible. Thus, an ineligible
corporation includes one whose stock was acquired from outside the group
at any time during the base period or one which was a member of a
different group (whether by application of reverse acquisition rules in
Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3) or otherwise) at any time during the base period.
For purposes of this subdivision (iv), the common parent of a group is
treated as constituting a group (and hence is a member) during any
period when it was not a member of an affiliated group within the
meaning of section 1504(a) (applied without section 1504(b)(2)).
(v) Tacking rule. The period during which an old corporation is in
existence and a member of the group engaged in active business is
included in (or tacks onto) the period for the new corporation if the
following four conditions listed in this paragraph (d)(12)(v) are met.
For purposes of this paragraph (d)(12)(v), a new corporation is a
corporation (whether or not newly organized) during the period its
eligibility depends upon the tacking rule. The four conditions are as
follows--
(A) The first condition is that, at any time, 80 percent or more of
the new corporation's assets it acquired (other than in the ordinary
course of its trade or business) were acquired from the old corporation
in one or more transactions described in section 351(a) or 381(a). This
asset test is applied by using the fair market values of assets on the
date they were acquired and without regard to liabilities. Assets
acquired in the ordinary course of business will be excluded from total
assets only if they were acquired after the new corporation became a
member of the group (determined without section 1504(b)(2)). In
addition, assets that the old corporation acquired from outside the
group in transactions not conducted in the ordinary course of its trade
or business are not included in the 80 percent (but are included in
total assets) if the old corporation acquired those assets within five
calendar years before the date of their transfer to the new corporation.
(B) The second condition is that at the end of the taxable year
during which the first condition is first met, the old corporation and
the new corporation must both have the same tax character. For purposes
of this paragraph (d)(12), a corporation's tax character is the section
under which it would be taxed (i.e., sections 11, 802, 821, or 831) if
it filed a separate return. If the old corporation is not in existence
(or adopts a plan of complete liquidation) at the end of that taxable
year, this paragraph (d)(12)(v)(B) will apply to the old corporation's
taxable year immediately preceding the beginning of the taxable year
during which the first condition is first met.
(C) The third condition is that, at the end of the taxable year
during which the first condition is first met, the new
[[Page 530]]
corporation does not undergo a disproportionate asset acquisition under
paragraph (d)(12)(viii) of this section.
(D) The fourth condition is that, if there is more than one old
corporation, the first two conditions apply to all of the corporations.
Thus, the second condition (tax character) must be met by all of the old
corporations transferring assets taken into account in meeting the test
in paragraph (d)(12)(v)(A) of this section.
(vi) Old group remaining in existence. If the common parent of a
group (or a new common parent) became the common parent in a transaction
described in Sec. 1.1502-75 (d)(2) or (d)(3) where a group remained in
existence, then paragraph (d)(12) (ii) through (iv) of this section
apply by treating that common parent as if it were also the previous
common parent of the group that remains in existence. If this paragraph
(d)(12)(vi) applies to a transaction, the tacking rule in paragraph
(d)(12)(v) of this section does not apply to the transaction.
(vii) Change in tax character. A corporation must not experience
during the base period a change in tax character (as defined in
paragraph (d)(12)(v)(B) of this section) if the change is attributable
to an acquisition of assets from outside the group in transactions not
conducted in the ordinary course of its trade or business. However, if a
new corporation relies on the tacking rules in paragraph (d)(12)(v) of
this section, this paragraph (d)(12)(vii) shall apply during the base
period and the current consolidated return year and even if the change
in tax character is attributable to an asset acquisition from within the
group.
(viii) Disproportionate asset acquisition. To be eligible, a
corporation must not undergo during the base period disproportionate
asset acquisitions which are attributable to an acquisition (or a series
of acquisitions) of assets from outside the group in transactions not
conducted in the ordinary course of its trade or business (special
acquisition). Whether special acquisitions are disproportionate is
determined at the end of each base period. Whether an acquisition
results in a disproportionate asset acquisition depends on all of the
facts and circumstances including the following factors and rules:
(A) One factor is the portion of the insurance reserves (i.e., total
reserves in section 801 (c)) of the acquiring company at the end of the
base period which is attributable to special acquisitions.
(B) A second factor is the portion of the fair market value of the
assets (without reduction for liabilities) of the acquiring company at
the end of the base period that is attributable to special acquisitions.
(C) A third factor is the portion of the premiums generated during
the last taxable year of the base period which are attributable to
special acquisitions.
(D) A corporation will not experience a disproportionate asset
acquisition unless 75 percent of one factor (whether or not listed in
this subdivision (viii)) is attributable to special acquisitions.
(E) Money or other property contributed to a corporation by a
shareholder that is not a member of the group (without section
1504(b)(2)) is not a special acquisition.
(F) If a new corporation relies on the tacking rules in paragraph
(d)(12)(v) of this section, this subdivision (viii) applies to that
corporation during a consolidated return year. Thus, if at any time
during a consolidated return year, a new corporation undergoes a
disproportionate asset acquisition, the corporation becomes ineligible
at that time.
(13) Ineligible corporation. A corporation that is not an eligible
corporation is ineligible. If a life company or mutual company is
ineligible, it is not treated under section 1504(c)(2) as an includible
corporation. Losses of a nonlife member arising in years when it is
ineligible may not be used under section 1503(c)(2) and paragraph (m) of
this section to set off the income of a life member. If a life or mutual
company is ineligible and is the common parent of the group (without
section 1504(b)(2)), the election under section 1504(c)(2) may not be
made.
(14) Illustrations. The following examples illustrate this paragraph
(d). In each example, L indicates a life company, another letter
indicates a nonlife
[[Page 531]]
company, and each corporation uses the calendar year as its taxable
year.
Example 1. P has owned all of the stock of S since 1913. On January
1, 1980, P purchased all of the stock of L1 which owns all of
the stock of L2 and S2. L1 and
L2 are treated as members for purposes of determining if they
are eligible for 1982. However, for 1982, L1, L2,
and S2 are ineligible because none of them has been a member
of the group for P's five taxable years preceding 1982. For 1982,
L1 and L2 may elect to file a consolidated return
because they constitute an affiliated group under section 1504(c)(1),
and P and S may file a consolidated return.
Example 2. Since 1974, P has been a mutual insurance company owning
all the stock of L1. In 1980, P transfers assets to
S1, a new stock casualty company subject to taxation under
section 831(a). For 1982, only P and L1 are eligible
corporations. The tacking rule in paragraph (d)(12)(v) of this section
does not apply in 1982 because the old corporation (P) and the new
corporation (S1) do not have the same tax character. The
result would be the same if P were a life company.
Example 3. Since 1974, L has owned all the stock of L1
which has owned all the stock of S1, a stock casualty
company. L1 writes some accident and health insurance
business. In 1980, L1 transfers this business, and
S1 transfers some of its business, to a new stock casualty
company, S2., in a transaction described in section 351 (a).
The property transferred to S2. by L1 had a fair
market value of $50 million. The property transferred by S1
had a fair market value of $40 million. S2. is ineligible for
1982 because the tacking rule in paragraph (d)(12)(v) of this section
does not apply. The old corporations (L1 and S1)
and the new corporation (S2.) do not all have the same tax
character. See subparagraph (d)(12)(v)(B) and (E) of this section. The
result would be the same if L1 transferred other property
(e.g., stock and securities) with the same value, rather than accident
and health insurance contracts, to S2.
Example 4. Since 1974, P has owned all the stock of S and
L1. L1 is a large life company engaged in active
business since 1974. On January 1, 1982, L1 transfers in a
section 351 (a) transaction assets (not acquired from outside the group)
to a new life company, L2. For 1982, L2 is
eligible because under paragraph (d)(12)(v) of this section,
L2 is considered to have been in existence and a member of
the group engaged in the active business since 1974 which is the period
L1, the old corporation, was in existence and a member of the
group so engaged.
Example 5. The facts are the same as in example (4). Assume that the
fair market value of the assets L1 transferred to
L2 was $10 million on January 1, 1982 and that L2
acquired no other assets prior to June 30, 1983. Assume further that on
January 1, 1983, L1 acquires (other than in the ordinary
course of its trade or business) assets having a fair market value of
$40 million from L3, an unrelated life company. On June 30,
1983, L1 transfers those assets to L2.
L2 becomes ineligible on June 30, 1983. Since by fair market
values, 80 percent (i.e., 40/50) of L2's assets are
attributable to special acquisitions, L2 has undergone a
disproportionate asset acquisition at that time. See paragraph
(d)(12)(viii)(B), (D), and (F) of this section.
Example 6. The facts are the same as in example (5) except that
L1 transfers assets (other than life insurance contracts)
having a fair market value of $40 million to L2 and
L2 purchases the assets of L3 on June 30, 1983.
the result of the 1983 acquisition is the same as in example (5).
Example 7. The facts are the same as in example (5) except the
acquired assets acquired by L2 in 1983 from L1
have a fair market value of $20 million. In 1983, L2 had $1
million of premiums on its pre-existing contracts but premiums generated
by the acquired business for the entire year would have been $2 million.
L2 is eligible in 1983 because it did not experience a
disproportionate asset acquisition on June 30, 1983.
Example 8. Since 1974, L, a State A corporation, has owned all of
the stock of L1 and S1. On January 1, 1982, L
merges into L3, a smaller State B corporation, which owns the
stock of S2. The transaction is a reverse acquisition
described in Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3) and the group of which L was the
common parent remains in existence. Under paragraph (d)(12)(vi) of this
section, L3 is eligible for 1982. However, S2 is
ineligible in 1982 under paragraph (d)(12)(iv) of this section.
Example 9. The facts are the same as in example (8) except that L
acquires the stock of L3. L3 and S2 are
both ineligible for 1982. On January 1, 1983, the fair market value of
L3's assets are $5 million (without liabilities) and on that
date L transfers assets (not acquired from outside the group) having a
fair market value of $95 million (without liabilities) to L3.
L and L3 are life companies at the end of 1983. L3
is eligible in 1983 under the tacking rule in paragraph (d)(12)(v) of
this section. S2 is ineligible in that year. The result would
be the same if L3 was not a life company prior to January 1,
1983. See paragraph (d)(12)(v)(B) of this section.
Example 10. Since 1974, X, a foreign corporation, has owned all the
stock of S2 and S1, and S1 has owned
all of the stock of L1. On January 1, 1982, X incorporates a
new U.S. company P, and transfers the stock of S1 and
S2 to P. Assume that under Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3) (relating to
reverse acquisitions), the S1-L1 affiliated group
remains in existence. Under paragraph (d)(12)(vi) of this section, P,
S1, and L1 are eligible but S2 is
ineligible. The result would be the same if X were an individual.
[[Page 532]]
Example 11. The facts are the same as in Example (10) except that X
owns all of the stock of S1, L1, and
S2. In addition, on January 1, 1982, X transfers the stock of
S1 and S2 to L1. L1 is
eligible in 1982 under paragraph (d)(12)(iv) of this section.
L1 would still be eligible even if it owned a subsidiary
during the base period but sold the subsidiary prior to January 1, 1982.
S1 and S2 are ineligible in 1982.
Example 12. Since 1974, S1 has owned all of the stock of
L1. S2, an unrelated company, has owned all of the
stock of L2 and S3 for 10 years. S1 and
S2 are active stock casualty companies and not holding
companies. On January 1, 1982, S1 and S2 merge
into a new casualty company, S, in a transaction described in Sec.
1.1502-75(d)(3) so that the group of which S1 was the common
parent remains in existence. S and L1 are eligible in 1982
under paragraph (d)(12)(vi) of this section. L2 and
S3 are ineligible.
Example 13. The facts are the same as in Example (12) except that
S2 (the first corporation in Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3)) acquires
the stock of S1 in exchange for the stock of S2.
The result is that only S2, S1, and L1
are eligible in 1982.
Example 14. Since 1974, S had owned all of the stock of
L1. L1 is a large life company. On January 1,
1982, L1 incorporates L2 and transfers $40 million
in cash and securities to L2 in a transaction described in
section 351(a). On March 1, 1982, L2 purchases the assets of
L3, an unrelated life company. The purchased assets have a
fair market value (without liabilities) of $30 million on March 1, 1982.
L2 is ineligible for 1982 because the tacking rule in Sec.
1.1502-47T(d)(12)(v) does not apply. L2 experienced a
disproportionate asset acquisition in 1982. See Sec. 1.1502-
47T(d)(12)(v)(C).
(e) Election--(1) In general. The election under section 1504(c)(2)
may not be made if the group's common parent is an ineligible life
company or an ineligible mutual company. The election under section
1504(c)(2) may only be made by the common parent of the group (as
defined in section 1504(c)(2) without the exclusions in section
1504(b)(2)). For example, assume that P owns all of the stock of
L1, an eligible life company, which owns the stock of
S1. Assume further that P also owns the stock of
L2, an ineligible life member, which (for more than five
years) has owned the stock of a nonlife company, S2. Only P
may make the election and, if it does so, P, L1, and
S1 may file a consolidated return under this section.
L2 may not make the election under section 1504(c)(2) and may
not file a consolidated return with S2.
(2) How election is made--(i) General rule. The election under
section 1504(c)(2) is generally made by the group's common parent in the
same manner (and it has the same effect) as the election to file a
consolidated return is made under Sec. 1.1502-75 (a) and (b) for a
group which did not file a consolidated return for the immediately
preceding taxable year. The procedure for making the election under
section 1504(c)(2) is the same whether or not a consolidated return was
filed by the life members or the nonlife members for the immediately
preceding taxable year.
(ii) Special rule. Notwithstanding the general rule, however, if the
nonlife members in the group filed a consolidated return for the
immediately preceding taxable year and had executed and filed a Form
1122 that is effective for the preceding year, then such members will be
treated as if they filed a Form 1122 when they join in the filing of a
consolidated return under section 1504(c)(2) and they will be deemed to
consent to the regulations under this section. However, an affiliation
schedule (Form 851) must be filed by the group and the life members must
execute a Form 1122 in the manner prescribed in Sec. 1.1502-75(h)(2).
(3) Irrevocability. Except as provided in Sec. 1.1502-75(c) and
paragraph (e)(4) of this section, the election under section 1504(c)(2)
is irrevocable.
(4) Permission to discontinue--(i) General rule. A ``section
1504(c)(2) group'' with a common parent that has made the election to
file a consolidated return under section 1504(c)(2) in a previous
taxable year is granted permission to elect (under Sec. 1.1502-
75(c)(2)(ii)) to discontinue filing such a consolidated return for that
group's first taxable year for which the regulations under this section
are effective. This election to discontinue shall be exercised in the
time and manner prescribed in Sec. 1.1502-75(c)(3), except that the
group's common parent shall exercise this election to discontinue (and
the other members of the section 1504(c)(2) group must comply with this
election) by filing appropriate returns. For purposes of this paragraph
(e)(4), an appropriate return is either a separate return or a
consolidated return
[[Page 533]]
that is filed by newly exercising the privilege under Sec. 1.1502-
75(a)(1).
(ii) Types of groups. (A) A ``section 1504(c)(2) group'' is an
affiliated group which files or filed a consolidated return pursuant to
an election under section 1504(c)(2).
(B) A ``limited group'' is an affiliated group (determined without
section 1504(c)(2)) having at least one member which was a member of a
section 1504(c)(2) group on the date that the section 1504(c)(2) group
elected to discontinue under paragraph (e)(4)(i) of this section.
(iii) Effect on restoration rules. If a group ceases to file a
consolidated return or terminates or if a member leaves the group,
certain items of income, gain, or loss on transactions between members
are taken into account under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-13, 1.1502-18, and
1.1502-19 (``restoration rules''). For purposes of applying these
restoration rules solely by reason of an election under paragraph
(e)(4)(i) or (e)(4)(v)(A) of this section to discontinue filing
consolidated returns as a section 1504(c)(2) group, the following rules
apply:
(A) The section 1504(c)(2) group shall not be considered to
terminate and no member of that group shall be treated as ceasing to be
a member.
(B) Members of that section 1504(c)(2) group that are included in
the consolidated return of a limited group for the first taxable year
for which the discontinuance is effective shall be considered to be
filing a consolidated return as a continuation of the section 1504(c)(2)
group. However, a corporation that is not a member of a particular
limited group for that taxable year is considered to have a separate
return year (and, for purposes of Sec. 1.1502-19(c), not to be a member
of a group filing a consolidated return) with respect to that limited
group's members.
(C) Section 1.1502-13 shall be applied without regard to paragraph
(f)(1)(vii).
(iv) Illustrations. The following examples illustrate paragraph
(e)(4)(i)-(iii) of this section. In these examples, L indicates a life
company and another letter indicates a nonlife company. All corporations
use the calendar year as the taxable year. For all taxable years
involved, P owns all the stock of L1 and of S, L1
owns all the stock of L2, L2 owns all the stock of
L3, and S owns all the stock of L4. For 1981, P
makes the life-nonlife election of section 1504(c)(2) and L4
is an eligible corporation. For 1982, P makes the election to
discontinue filing consolidated returns under section 1504(c)(2) in
accordance with the permission granted in this paragraph (e)(4).
Example 1. L1, L2, and L3 were
eligible members. For 1982, P and S may either file separate returns or
may file, as a limited group, a consolidated return. Similarly,
L1, L2, and L3 may either file separate
returns or may file a consolidated return as a limited group under
section 1504(c)(1). L4 must file a separate return.
Example 2. For 1981, L1 was an ineligible member and
L1, L2, and L3 filed a consolidated
return under section 1504(c)(1). For 1982, L1, L2,
and L3 must continue filing a consolidated return under
section 1504(c)(1).
Example 3. For 1981, L1 was an eligible member and
L2 and L3 were ineligible members. For 1982,
L1, L2, and L3 either must each file a
separate return or must file a consolidated return as a limited group
under section 1504(c)(1) having L1 as a common parent.
Example 4. The facts are the same as in example (3). Assume further
that for 1981, L2 and L3 file a consolidated
return. During 1981, intercompany transactions (see Sec. 1.1502-13)
occur in the life-nonlife group between P and L1, between P
and S, and between S and L4 and occur in the ineligible life
subgroup between L2 and L3. For 1982, the
restoration rules of Sec. 1.1502-13, as modified by paragraph
(e)(4)(iii)(B) of this section, will be applicable as indicated in the
following table:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Intercompany transactions between Sec. 1.1502-13
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P and L1............................... Yes.
P and S, if they file:
Separate returns..................... Yes.
A consolidated return................ No.
S and L4............................... Yes.
L2 and L3, if L1, L2, and L3 file:
Separate returns..................... Yes.
A consolidated return................ No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(v) Additional rules. (A) If a group with a taxable year ending in
the month of December, 1982, had made the election under section
1504(c)(2) for a taxable year ending prior to December 1, 1982, and if
that group meets the conditions of subdivision (vi) of this paragraph
(e)(4), then the common parent may elect to discontinue filing a
consolidated return for its taxable year ending in the month of
December, 1982 (and other members of the section 1504(c)(2) group must
comply with this
[[Page 534]]
election) by filing appropriate returns (see paragraph (e)(4)(i) of this
section) before September 16, 1983.
(B) If a group made the election under section 1504(c)(2) for its
taxable year ending in the month of December, 1982, and if that group
meets the conditions of subdivision (vi) of this paragraph (e)(4), then
the common parent may elect to withdraw the section 1504(c)(2) election
(and all other members of the group determined without section
1504(b)(2) comply with the election) by filing before September 16,
1983, any returns for the appropriate taxable years that would have been
filed had the section 1504(c)(2) election never been made.
(vi) A group referred to at subdivision (v)(A) or (B) of this (e)(4)
meets the conditions of this subdivision (vi) if it--
(A) filed before March 16, 1983, a return for its taxable year
ending in the month of December, 1982, and
(B) had not been granted an extension of time beyond March 15, 1983,
for the filing of that return.
(vii) Interest. For purposes of section 6601(a), interest runs from
the original due date (without extensions) for the filing of such
returns as are filed pursuant to an election (to discontinue or withdraw
as the case may be) under this paragraph (e)(4).
(5) Consent to regulations. If a group does not discontinue filing a
consolidated return under paragraph (e)(4) of this section but continues
to file a consolidated return for the group's first taxable year for
which the regulations under this section are first effective, the
members of the group will be deemed to have consented to the regulations
under this section.
(6) Cross reference. If an election is made under section
1504(c)(2), see Sec. 1.1502-75 (e) and (f) for rules that apply for not
including (or including) a member or a nonmember in the consolidated
return.
(f) Effect of election. If the common parent makes the election
under section 1504(c)(2), the following rules apply:
(1) Termination of group. A mere election under section 1504(c)(2)
will not cause the creation of a new group or the termination of an
affiliated group that files a consolidated return in the immediately
preceding taxable year.
(2) Effect of eligibility. If a life member is eligible after an
election under section 1504(c)(2), it may not be included as a member of
an affiliated group as defined in section 1504(c)(1).
(3) Eligible and ineligible life companies. If any life company was
a member of an affiliated group of life companies (as defined in section
1504(c)(1)) but is ineligible for a taxable year for which the election
under section 1504(c)(2) is effective, that year is not a separate
return year merely by reason of the election under section 1504(c)(2) in
applying Sec. Sec. 1.1502-13, 1.1502-18, and 1.1502-19 to transactions
occurring in prior consolidated return years of that affiliated group.
In addition, if more than one ineligible life member of the group (as
defined in section 1504(c)(1)) joined in the filing of a consolidated
return in the taxable year immediately preceding the year for which the
election under section 1504(c)(2) is effective and, solely as a result
of the election, one of the ineligible life members becomes the common
parent of such a group (section 1504(c)(1)), the group must continue to
file a consolidated return. For example, assume that L1 owns
all of the stock of S1 and all of the stock of L2.
L2 owns the stock of L3. L1,
L2, and L3 are life companies and S1 is
a nonlife company. Assume further that in 1981, L1,
L2, and L3 file a consolidated return but
L1 makes the election under section 1504(c)(2) for 1982 and
L2 and L3 are ineligible. L2 and
L3 must continue to file a consolidated return in 1982.
Moreover, L2 could elect in 1982 to file a consolidated
return (section 1504(c)(1)) with L3 even if they did not file
a consolidated return in 1981 with L1.
(4) Inclusion of life company. If a life company is ineligible in
the consolidated return year for which the election is effective, it
will be treated as an includible corporation for the common parent's
first taxable year in which the company becomes eligible.
(5) Dividends received deduction. Section 243(b)(5) defines the term
affiliated group for purposes of the election to deduct 100 percent of
the qualifying dividends received by a member from another member of the
group. Section
[[Page 535]]
246(b)(6) limits certain multiple tax benefits and the deduction itself.
Section 243(b) (5) and (6) do not apply to the mutual companies and life
companies that are eligible corporations. See section 1504(c)(2)(B)(i).
Thus, the common parent of the group may elect to deduct 100 percent of
the qualifying dividends received from an ineligible life company.
(6) Controlled group. Sections 1563 (a)(4), (b)(2)(D), and (b)(3)(C)
(insofar as it applies to corporations described in section
1563(b)(2)(D)) do not apply to any eligible or ineligible life company
that is a member of the group for a taxable year during which the
election is effective. See paragraph (d)(4) of this section for the
definition of group.
(7) Consolidated tax. The tax liability of a group for a
consolidated return year (before application of credits against that
tax) is computed on a consolidated basis by adding together the
following taxes:
(i) The tax imposed under section 11 on consolidated taxable income
(as determined under paragraph (g) of this section). The taxes imposed
under sections 802(a), 821(a), and 831(a) will each be treated as a tax
imposed under section 11.
(ii) The tax imposed by section 1201 on consolidated net capital
gain (as determined under paragraph (o) of this section) in lieu of the
tax imposed under paragraph (f)(7)(i) of this section on that gain.
(iii) Any taxes described in Sec. 1.1502-2 (other than by
paragraphs (a), (f), and (h) thereof).
(g) Consolidated taxable income. The consolidated taxable income is
the sum of the following three amounts:
(1) Nonlife consolidated taxable income. The nonlife consolidated
taxable income (as defined in paragraph (h) of this section) of the
nonlife subgroup, as set off by the life subgroup losses as provided in
paragraph (n) of this section. The amount in this paragraph (g)(1) may
not be less than zero.
(2) Consolidated partial LICTI. The consolidated partial LICTI (as
defined in paragraph (j) of this section) of the life subgroup, as set
off by the nonlife subgroup losses as provided in paragraph (m) of this
section. The amount in this paragraph (g)(2) may not be less than zero.
(3) Surplus accounts. The sum of the amounts subtracted under
section 815 from the policyholders' surplus accounts of the life
members.
(h) Nonlife consolidated taxable income--(1) In general. Nonlife
consolidated taxable income is the consolidated taxable income of the
nonlife subgroup, computed under Sec. 1.1502-11 as modified by this
paragraph (h). For this purpose, separate taxable income of a member
includes separate mutual insurance company taxable income (as defined in
section 821(b)) and insurance company taxable income (as defined in
section 832).
(2) Nonlife consolidated net operating loss deduction--(i) In
general. In applying Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21 or 1.1502-21A (as
appropriate), the rules in this subparagraph (2) apply in determining
for the nonlife subgroup the nonlife net operating loss and the portion
of the nonlife net operating loss carryovers and carrybacks to the
taxable year.
(ii) Nonlife CNOL. The nonlife consolidated net operating loss is
determined under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(A)(f) or 1.1502-21(e) (as
appropriate) by treating the nonlife subgroup as the group.
(iii) Carryback. The nonlife consolidated net operating loss for the
nonlife subgroup is carried back under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A or 1.1502-
21 (as appropriate) to the appropriate years (whether consolidated or
separate) before the loss may be used as a nonlife subgroup loss under
paragraphs (g)(2) and (m) of this section to set off consolidated
partial LICTI in the year the loss arose. The election under section
172(b)(3)(C) to relinquish the entire carryback period for the net
operating loss of the nonlife subgroup may be made by the common parent
of the group. Furthermore, the election may be made even though the
election under section 812(b)(3) and paragraph (l)(3)(iii) of this
section is not made.
(iv) Subgroup rule. In determining the portion of the nonlife
consolidated net operating loss that is absorbed when the loss is
carried back to a consolidated return year beginning after December 31,
1981, Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A or 1.1502-21 (as appropriate) is applied by
treating the nonlife subgroup as the group.
[[Page 536]]
Therefore, the absorption is determined without taking into account any
life subgroup losses that were previously reported on a consolidated
return as setting off nonlife consolidated taxable income for the year
to which the nonlife loss is carried back.
(v) Carryover. The portion of the nonlife consolidated net operating
loss that is not absorbed in a prior year as a carryback, or as a
nonlife subgroup loss that set off consolidated partial LICTI for the
year the loss arose, constitutes a nonlife carryover under this
subparagraph (2) to reduce nonlife consolidated taxable income before
that portion may constitute a nonlife subgroup loss that sets off
consolidated partial LICTI for a particular year.
(vi) Transitional rules. The nonlife consolidated net operating loss
deduction is subject to a transitional rule limitation in paragraph
(h)(3) of this section.
(vii) Example. The following example illustrates this paragraph
(h)(2). In the example, L indicates a life company, another letter
indicates a nonlife company, and each corporation uses the calendar year
as its taxable year.
Example. P owns all of the stock of S and L1.
L1 owns all of the stock of L2. For 1982, the
group first files a consolidated return for which the election under
section 1504(c)(2) is effective. P and S filed consolidated returns for
1979 through 1981. In 1982, the P-S group sustains a nonlife
consolidated net operating loss. The loss is carried back to the
consolidated return years 1979, 1980, and 1981 of P and S by using the
principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A and 1.1502-79A and, because the
election in 1982 under section 1504(c)(2) does not result under
paragraph (f)(1) of this section in the creation of a new group or the
termination of the P-S nonlife group, the loss is absorbed on the
consolidated return in those years without regard to whether the loss in
1982 is attributable to P or S and without regard to their contribution
to consolidated taxable income in 1979, 1980, or 1981. The portion of
the loss not absorbed in 1979, 1980, and 1981 may serve as a nonlife
subgroup loss in 1982 that may set off the consolidated partial LICTI of
L1 and L2 under paragraphs (g)(2) and (m) of this
section.
(3) Transitional rule--(i) In general. The portion of the nonlife
consolidated net operating loss deduction in a consolidated return year
beginning after December 31, 1980 (referred to as ``post-1980 year'')
attributable to net operating losses sustained in separate return years
ending before January 1, 1981 (referred to as ``pre-1981 year''), is
subject to the rules and limitations in this subparagraph (3).
(ii) Separate nonlife groups. To determine the limitation, first,
identify for the post-1980 year one or more separate affiliated groups
of nonlife companies (as defined in section 1504 without section
1504(c)(2)). For this purpose, a single nonlife company may constitute a
separate affiliated group if (A) it is not otherwise a member of a
separate group or (B) it has a net operating loss sustained in the pre-
1981 year that may be carried over and that year is a separate return
limitation year (determined under Sec. 1.1502-1(f) without paragraph
(d)(11) of this section).
(iii) Carryover. Second, identify the pre-1981 year net operating
losses that may be carried over and that are attributable to each
separate affiliated group of nonlife companies. The separate return
limitation year rules in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(c) or 1.1502-21(c) (as
appropriate) do not apply to any of these carryovers.
(iv) Limitation. Third, treat the last taxable year ending before
January 1, 1981, as if in that year there was a consolidated return
change of ownership of each such separate affiliated group of nonlife
companies and apply the consolidated return change of ownership
limitation in Sec. 1.1502-21A(d) to the losses of each group by
treating the members of each separate group as old members.
(v) Examples. The following examples illustrate this paragraph
(h)(3). In the examples L indicates a life company, another letter
indicates a nonlife company, and each corporation uses the calendar year
as its taxable year.
Example 1. Throughout all of 1982, P owns all of the stock of S and
L1 and L1 owns all of the stock of L2
which in turn owns all of the stock of S1. Thus, for 1982,
there are two nonlife subgroups under this subparagraph (3), P-S and
S1. For 1981, P and S did not file a consolidated return and
for 1980 P has a net operating loss of $200,000. Assume that P had no
income in 1981. For 1982, the group makes an election under section
1504(c)(2) to file a consolidated return and all corporations are
eligible corporations. The consolidated taxable income for the nonlife
subgroup for 1982
[[Page 537]]
(determined without the consolidated net operating loss deduction)
recomputed by including only items of income and deduction of P and S is
$120,000. If $120,000 is the Sec. 1.1502-21(d)(2) amount for P and S,
then the amount of P's net operating loss for 1980 that may be carried
over to P and S for 1982 cannot exceed $120,000.
Example 2. (a) P owns all of the stock of S1. On January
1, 1979, P purchased all of the stock of L1 which owns all of
the stock of L2 and S2. Prior to 1984, all of the
corporations filed separate returns. For 1984, the group makes an
election under section 1504(c)(2) to file a consolidated return.
(b) 1981, 1982, and 1983 are not treated under paragraph (d)(11) of
this section as separate return limitation years of the P,
S1, and S2 nonlife subgroup. However, P and
S1 will be treated as old members under paragraph (h)(3)(iv)
of this section and under Sec. 1.1502-21A(d) with respect to their
losses in 1979 and 1980 (whether a consolidated return was filed or
separate returns were filed) so that the portion of nonlife consolidated
taxable income attributable to S2 may not absorb the losses
of P or S1. The rules that apply to the P-S1
nonlife subgroup for 1979 and 1980 apply in an identical way to
S2 by treating S2 as a subgroup separate from the
P-S1 nonlife subgroup. See section 1507(c)(2)(A) of the Tax
Reform Act of 1976.
(c) Similarly, L1 and L2 are treated as old
members under paragraphs (l)(3) and (h)(3)(iv) of this section for
losses arising in 1979 and 1980. However, since the L1--
L2 subgroup is also the life subgroup under paragraph (d)(8)
of this section, the limitation in paragraph (h)(3)(iv) of this section
does not affect the computation of consolidated partial LICTI for the
life subgroup.
(4) Nonlife consolidated capital gain net income or loss--(i) In
general. In applying Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22 or 1.1502-22A (as
appropriate),the rules in this subparagraph (4) apply in determining for
the nonlife subgroup the nonlife consolidated capital gain net income or
loss and the portion of the nonlife net capital loss carryovers and
carrybacks to the taxable year. In particular, the nonlife consolidated
capital gain net income and nonlife consolidated net capital loss are
determined under the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22 or 1.1502-22A(a)
(as appropriate) by treating the nonlife subgroup as the group.
(ii) Additional principles. In applying Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22A or
1.1502-22 to nonlife consolidated net capital loss carryovers and
carrybacks, the principles set forth in paragraphs (h)(2) (iii) through
(v) for applying Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21 or 1.1502-21A (as appropriate) to
nonlife consolidated net operating loss carryovers and carrybacks shall
also apply. Further, the portion of nonlife consolidated net capital
loss carryovers attributable to losses sustained in taxable years ending
before January 1, 1981, is subject to the limitations in paragraph
(h)(3) of this section applied by substituting ``net capital loss'' for
the term ``net operating loss'' and ``Sec. 1.1502-22A(d)'' for ``Sec.
1.1502-21A(d)''.
(iii) Special rules. The nonlife consolidated net capital loss is
reduced, for purposes of determining the carryovers and carrybacks under
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-22A(b)(1) or 1.1502-22(b) by the lesser of:
(A) The aggregate of the additional capital loss deductions allowed
under section 822(c)(6) or section 832(c)(5), or
(B) The nonlife consolidated taxable income computed without capital
gains and losses.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Consolidated partial LICTI. [Reserved]
(k) Consolidated TII--(1) General rule. [Reserved]
(2) Separate TII. [Reserved]
(3) Company's share of investment yield. [Reserved]
(4) Life consolidated capital gain net income. [Reserved]
(5) Life consolidated net capital loss carryovers and carrybacks.
The life consolidated net capital loss carryovers and carrybacks for the
life subgroup are determined by applying the principles of Sec. Sec.
1.1502-22 or 1.1502-22A (as appropriate) as modified by the following
rules in this subparagraph (5):
(i) Life consolidated net capital loss is first carried back (or
apportioned to the life members for separate return years) to be
absorbed by life consolidated capital gain net income without regard to
any nonlife subgroup capital losses and before the life consolidated net
capital loss may serve as a life subgroup capital loss that sets off
nonlife consolidated capital gain net income in the year the life
consolidated net capital loss arose.
(ii) If a life consolidated net capital loss is not carried back or
is not a life subgroup loss that sets off nonlife consolidated capital
gain net income in the year the life consolidated net capital loss
arose, then it is carried over
[[Page 538]]
to the particular year under this paragraph (k)(5) first against life
consolidated capital gain net income before it may serve as a life
subgroup capital loss that sets off nonlife consolidated capital gain
net income in that particular year.
(iii) Section 818(f). Capital losses may not be deducted more than
once and capital gain will not be included more than once. See section
818(e) and also section 818(f).
(iv) Capital loss carryovers are subject to the transitional rule in
paragraph (k)(6) of this section.
(6) Transitional rule. The portion of the life consolidated capital
loss carryovers attributable to the net capital losses of the life
members sustained in separate return years ending before January 1,
1981, is subject to the same limitations as the capital losses of
nonlife members in paragraph (h)(4)(iii) of this section by applying the
principles of paragraph (h)(3) of this section to each separate
affiliated group of life companies.
(l) Consolidated GO or LO--(1) General rule. [Reserved]
(2) Separate GO. [Reserved]
(3) Consolidated operations loss deduction--(i) General rule. The
consolidated operations loss deduction is an amount equal to the
consolidated operations loss carryovers and carrybacks to the taxable
year. The provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21 or 1.1502-21A (as
appropriate) and section 812 apply to the extent not inconsistent with
this paragraph (l)(3).
(ii) Consolidated offset. For purposes of applying section 812 (b)
and (d), the term ``consolidated offset'' means the increase in the
consolidated operations loss deduction which reduces consolidated
partial LICTI to zero. For setoff of consolidated LO against nonlife
consolidated taxable income, see paragraph (n)(2) of this section.
(iii) Carrybacks. A consolidated LO is first carried back to be
absorbed by GO of a life member under section 809(d)(4) or consolidated
partial LICTI (as the case may be under section 818(f)(2)) for prior
consolidated return years (or apportioned to the life members for prior
separate return years) without regard to any nonlife subgroup losses
that were set off against consolidated partial LICTI and before the
consolidated LO may serve as a life subgroup loss to be set off against
nonlife consolidated taxable income in the year the consolidated LO
arose. The election to relinquish the entire carryback period for the
consolidated LO of the life subgroup may be made by the common parent of
the group. See section 812(b)(3). Furthermore, the election may be made
even though the election under section 172(b)(3)(C) and paragraph
(h)(2)(iii) of this section is not made.
(iv) Carryovers. If a consolidated LO is not carried back or is not
applied as a life subgroup loss that set off nonlife consolidated
taxable income in the year the consolidated LO arose, then it is carried
over to a particular year under this paragraph (l)(3) first against the
GO of a life member under section 809(d)(4) or consolidated partial
LICTI (as the case may be under section 818(f)(2)) before it may serve
as a life subgroup loss that may be set off against nonlife consolidated
taxable income for that particular year.
(v) Transitional rule. The portion of a consolidated operations loss
deduction that is attributable to LOs sustained in separate return years
ending before January 1, 1981, is subject to the same rules and
limitations that the nonlife consolidated net operating loss deduction
is subject to in paragraph (h)(3) of this section as applied by
identifying separate affiliated groups of life companies.
(4) Life consolidated capital gain net income or loss. Life
consolidated capital gain net income or loss is determined in the same
manner as under paragraph (k)(4) of this section. However, a life
member's company share is determined under section 809 (a) and (b)(3).
(m) Consolidated partial LICTI setoff by nonlife subgroup losses--
(1) In general. The nonlife subgroup losses consist of the nonlife
consolidated net operating loss and the nonlife consolidated net capital
loss. Under paragraph (g)(2) of this section, consolidated partial LICTI
is set off by the amounts of these two consolidated losses specified in
paragraph (m)(2) of this section. The setoff is subject to the rules and
limitations in paragraph (m)(3) of this section.
[[Page 539]]
(2) Amount of setoff--(i) Current year. Consolidated partial LICTI
for the current taxable year is set off by the portion of the nonlife
consolidated net operating loss and nonlife consolidated net capital
loss arising in that year that cannot be carried back under paragraph
(h) of this section to prior taxable years (whether consolidated or
separate return years) of the nonlife subgroup.
(ii) Carryovers. The portion of the offsettable nonlife consolidated
net operating loss or nonlife consolidated net capital loss that has not
been used as a nonlife subgroup loss setoff against consolidated partial
LICTI in the year it arose may be carried over to succeeding taxable
years under the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21 or 1.1502-21A (as
appropriate) (relating to net operating loss deduction) or Sec. Sec.
1.1502-22 or 1.1502-22A (as appropriate) (relating to net capital loss
carryovers). However, in any particular succeeding year, the losses will
be used under paragraph (h) of this section in computing nonlife
consolidated taxable income before being used in that year as a nonlife
subgroup loss that sets off consolidated partial LICTI.
(3) Nonlife subgroup loss rules and limitations. The nonlife
subgroup losses are subject to the following operating rules and
limitations:
(i) Separate return years. The carryovers in paragraph (m)(2)(ii) of
this section may include net operating losses and net capital losses of
the nonlife members arising in separate return years ending after
December 31, 1980, that may be carried over to a succeeding year under
the principles (including limitations) of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21 and
1.1502-22 (or Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A and 1.1502-22A, as appropriate). But
see subdivision (ix) of this paragraph (m)(3).
(ii) Capital loss. Nonlife consolidated net capital loss sets off
consolidated partial LICTI only to the extent of life consolidated
capital gain net income (as determined under paragraph (l)(4) of this
section) and this setoff applies before any nonlife consolidated net
operating loss sets off consolidated partial LICTI.
(iii) Capital gain. Life consolidated capital gain net income is
zero in any taxable year in which the life subgroup has a consolidated
LO and, in any taxable year, it may not exceed consolidated partial
LICTI.
(iv) Ordering rule. Consolidated partial LICTI for a consolidated
return year is set off by nonlife subgroup losses for that year before
being set off (under paragraph (m)(2)(ii) of this section) by a
carryover of a nonlife subgroup loss to that year.
(v) Setoff at bottom line. The setoff of nonlife subgroup losses
against consolidated partial LICTI does not affect life member
deductions that depend in whole or in part on GO or TII. Thus, the
setoff does not affect the amount of consolidated partial LICTI (as
determined under paragraph (j) of this section) for any taxable year but
it merely constitutes an adjustment in arriving at the group's
consolidated taxable income under paragraph (g) of this section.
(vi) Ineligible nonlife member. (A) The offsetable nonlife
consolidated net operating loss that arises in any consolidated return
year (that may be set off against consolidated partial LICTI in the
current taxable year or in a succeeding taxable year) is the amount
computed under paragraph (h)(2)(ii) of this section reduced by the
ineligible NOL. For purposes of this subparagraph (3), the ``ineligible
NOL'' is in the year the loss arose the amount of the separate net
operating loss (determined under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(b) of any nonlife
member that is ineligible in that year (and not the portion of the
nonlife consolidated net operating loss attributable under Sec. Sec.
1.1502-21(b) to such a member). (B) The carryovers of offsetable nonlife
net operating losses under paragraph (m)(2)(ii) of this section do not
include an ineligible NOL arising in a consolidated return year or a
loss attributable to an ineligible member arising in a separate return
year. See section 1503(c)(2). (C) For absorption within the nonlife
subgroup of an ineligible NOL arising in a consolidated return year or a
loss of an ineligible member arising in a separate return year which is
not a separate return limitation year under paragraph (m)(3)(ix) of this
section, see paragraph (m)(3)(vii) of this section.
(vii) Absorption of ineligible NOL. (A) If all or a portion of a
nonlife member's
[[Page 540]]
ineligible NOL (determined under paragraph (m)(3)(vi)(A) of this
section) may be carried back or carried over under paragraph (h)(2) of
this section to a particular consolidated return year of the nonlife
subgroup (absorption year), then notwithstanding Sec. 1.1502-
21A(b)(3)(ii) or 1.1502-21(b), the amount carried to the absorption year
will be absorbed by that member's contribution (to the extent thereof)
to nonlife consolidated taxable income for that year.
(B) For purposes of (A) of this subdivision (vii), a member's
contribution to nonlife consolidated taxable income for an absorption
year is the amount of such income (computed without the portion of the
nonlife consolidated net operating loss deduction attributable to
taxable years subsequent to the year the loss arose), minus such
consolidated taxable income recomputed by excluding both that member's
items of income and deductions for the absorption year. The deductions
of the member include the prior application of this paragraph
(m)(3)(vii) to the absorption of the nonlife consolidated net operating
loss deduction for losses arising in taxable years prior to the
particular loss year.
(viii) Election to relinquish carryback. The offsetable nonlife
consolidated net operating loss does not include the amount that could
be carried back under paragraph (h) (2) of this section but for the
common parent's election under section 172(b)(3)(C) to relinquish the
carryback. See section 1503(c)(1).
(ix) Separate return limitation year. The offsetable nonlife
consolidated net operating and capital loss carryovers do not include
any losses attributable to a nonlife member that were sustained (A) in a
separate return limitation year (determined without section 1504(b)(2))
of that member (or a predecessor), or (B) in a separate return year
ending after December 31, 1980, in which an election was in effect under
neither section 1504(c)(2) nor section 243(b)(2). For purposes of this
paragraph (m), a separate return limitation year includes a taxable year
ending before January 1, 1981. See section 1507(c)(2)(A) of the Tax
Reform Act of 1976 and Sec. Sec. 1.1502-15 and 1.1502-15A (including
applicable exceptions thereto).
(x) Percentage limitation. The offsetable nonlife consolidated net
operating losses that may be set off against consolidated partial LICTI
in a particular year may not exceed a percentage limitation. This
limitation is the applicable percentage in section 1503(c)(1) of the
lesser of two amounts.
The first amount is the sum of the offsetable nonlife consolidated net
operating losses under paragraph (m)(2) of this section that may serve
in the particular year (determined without this limitation) as a setoff
against consolidated partial LICTI. The second amount is consolidated
partial LICTI (as defined in paragraph (j) of this section) in the
particular year reduced by any nonlife consolidated net capital loss
that sets off consolidated partial LICTI in that year.
(xi) Further limitation. Any offsetable nonlife consolidated net
operating loss remaining after applying the percentage limitation that
is carried over to a succeeding taxable year may not be set off against
the consolidated partial LICTI attributable to a life member that was
not an eligible life member in the year the loss arose. See section
1503(c)(2).
(xii) Restoration rule. The carryback of a consolidated LO or life
consolidated net capital loss under paragraph (l) of this section that
reduces consolidated partial LICTI (or life consolidated capital gain
net income) for a prior year may reduce the amount of nonlife subgroup
losses that would offset consolidated partial LICTI in that prior year.
Thus, that amount may be carried over under paragraph (h) (2) or (4) of
this section from that prior year in determining nonlife consolidated
taxable income in a succeeding year or serve as offsetable nonlife
subgroup losses in a succeeding year.
(4) Acquired groups. [Reserved]
(5) Illustrations. The following examples illustrates this paragraph
(m). In the examples, L indicates a life company, another letter
indicates a nonlife company, and each corporation uses the calendar year
as its taxable year.
Example 1. P owns all of the stock of L and S. S owns all of the
stock of I, a nonlife member that is an ineligible corporation for 1982
under paragraph (d)(13) of this section. For 1982, the group elects
under section
[[Page 541]]
1504(c)(2) to file a consolidated return. For 1982, assume that any
nonlife consolidated net operating loss may not be carried back to a
prior taxable year. Other facts are summarized in the following table.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Separate
taxable
income
(loss)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P............................................................ $100
S............................................................ (100)
I............................................................ (100)
----------
Nonlife consolidated net operating loss.................. (100)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Under paragraph (m)(3)(vi) of this section, P's separate income is
considered to absorb the loss of S, an eligible member, first and the
offsetable nonlife consolidated net operating loss is zero, i.e., the
consolidated net operating loss ($100) reduced by I's loss ($100). The
consolidated net operating loss ($100) may be carried over, but since it
is entirely attributable to I (an ineligible member) its use is subject
to the restrictions in paragraph (m)(3)(vi) of this section. The result
would be the same if the group contained two additional members,
S1, an eligible member, and I1, an ineligible
member, where S1 had a loss of ($100) and I1 had
income of $100.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in example (1) except that for
1982 S's separate net operating loss is $200. Assume further that L's
consolidated partial LICTI is $200. Under paragraph (m)(3)(vi) of this
section, the offsetable nonlife consolidated net operating loss is $100,
i.e., the nonlife consolidated net operating loss computed under
paragraph (h)(2)(ii) of this section ($200), reduced by the separate net
operating loss of I ($100). The offsetable nonlife consolidated net
operating loss that may be set off against consolidated partial LICTI in
1982 is $30, i.e., 30 percent of the lesser of the offsetable $100 or
consolidated partial LICTI of $200. See paragraph (m)(3)(x) of this
section. The nonlife subgroup may carry $170 to 1983 under paragraph
(h)(2) of this section against nonlife consolidated taxable income,
i.e., consolidated net operating loss ($200) less amount used in 1982
($30). Under paragraph (m)(2)(ii) of this section, the offsetable
nonlife consolidated net operating loss that may be carried to 1983 is
$70, i.e., $100 minus $30. The facts and results are summarized in the
table below.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Dollars omitted)
-----------------------------------------------------------
Facts Offsetable Limit Unused loss
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1. P................................................ 100 ............. ........... ...............
2. S................................................ (200) (100) ........... (70)
3. I................................................ (100) ............. ........... (100)
4. Nonlife subgroup................................. (200) (100) (100) (170)
5. L................................................ 200 ............. 200 ...............
6. 30% of lower of line 4(c) or 5(c)................ ............. ............. 30 ...............
7. Unused offsetable loss........................... ............. ............. ........... (70)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accordingly, under paragrah (g) of this section (assuming no amount is
withdrawn from L's surplus accounts), consolidated taxable income is
$170, i.e., line 5 (a) minus line 6(c)).
Example 3. The facts are the same as in example (2) with the
following additions for 1983. The nonlife subgroup has nonlife
consolidated taxable income of $50 (all of which is attributable to I)
before the nonlife consolidated net operating loss deduction under
paragraph (h)(2) of this section. Consolidated partial LICTI is $100.
Under paragraph (h)(2) of this section, $50 of the nonlife consolidated
net operating loss carryover ($170) is used in 1983 and, under paragraph
(m)(3) (vi) and (vii) of this section, the portion used in 1982 is
attributable to I, the ineligible nonlife member. Accordingly, the
offsetable nonlife consolidated net operating loss from 1982 under
paragraph (m)(3)(ii) of this section is $70, i.e., the unused loss from
1982. The offsetable nonlife consolidated net operating loss in 1983 is
$24.50, i.e., 35 percent of the lesser of the offsetable loss of $70 or
consolidated partial LICTI of $100. Accordingly, under paragraph (g) of
this section (assuming no amount is withdrawn from L's surplus
accounts), consolidated taxable income is $75.50, i.e., consolidated
partial LICTI of $100 minus the offsetable loss of $24.50.
Example 4. P owns all of the stock of S and L. For 1982, all
corporations are eligible corporations, and the group elects under
section 1504(c)(2) to file a consolidated return, the nonlife
consolidated net operating loss is $100, and the nonlife consolidated
net capital loss is $50. Assume that the losses may not be carried back
and the capital losses are not attributable to built-in deductions under
paragraph (m)(3)(ix) of this section or under Sec. 1.1502-15A. Other
facts and the results are set forth in the following table:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
P-S L
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Nonlife consolidated net operating loss.......... ($100) .......
2. Nonlife consolidated capital loss................ (50) .......
3. Consolidated partial LICTI....................... ......... $100
[[Page 542]]
4. Life consolidated capital gain net income ......... 50
included in line 3.................................
===================
5. Offsetable:
(a) 30% of lower of line (1) or line (3)-(4)...... (15) .......
(b) Line 2........................................ (50) .......
-------------------
(c) Total......................................... (65) .......
6. Unused losses available to be carried over:
(a) From line 1 (line 1 minus line 5 (a))......... (85) .......
(b) From line 2 (line 2 minus line 5 (b))......... 0 .......
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Accordingly, under paragraph (g) of this section consolidated taxable
income is $35, i.e., line 3 minus line 5(c).
Example 5. The facts are the same as in example (4). Assume further
that for 1983 L has an LO that is carried back to 1982 and the LO is
large enough to reduce consolidated partial LICTI for 1982 to zero as
determined before any setoff for nonlife losses. Under paragraph
(m)(3)(xii) of this section, the nonlife consolidated net operating loss
of $15 and the nonlife consolidated net capital loss of $50 that were
set off in 1982 respectively against consolidated partial LICTI and life
consolidated capital gain net income are restored. These restored
amounts may consititute part of the nonlife consolidated net operating
loss carryover to 1983 under paragraph (h)(2) of this section or part of
the nonlife net capital loss carryover to 1983 under paragraph (h)(4) of
this section.
Example 6. The facts are the same as in example (5) except that L's
LO for 1983 as carried back reduces consolidated partial LICTI in 1982
from $100 to $25. Since consolidated partial LICTI of $100 in 1982
(before the carryback) included life consolidated capital gain net
income of $50, under paragraph (m)(3)(iii) of this section, the life
consolidated capital gain net income is $25, i.e., $50 but not more than
$25. Therefore, under paragraph (m)(3)(ii) of this section, the
offsetable nonlife capital loss in 1982 is $25 and, under paragraph (m)
(3)(xii) of this section, $25 of the $50 nonlife consolidated net
capital loss in 1982 may be carried under paragraph (h)(4) of this
section to 1983. No nonlife consolidated net operating loss is used as a
setoff against consolidated partial LICTI in 1982 under paragraph
(m)(3)(xii) of this section by reason of the carryback of the
consolidated LO from 1983 to 1982.
(n) Nonlife consolidated taxable income set off by life subgroup
losses--(1) In general. The life subgroup losses consist of the
consolidated LO and the life consolidated net capital loss (as
determined under paragraph (l)(4) of this section). Under paragraph
(g)(1) of this section, nonlife consolidated taxable income is set off
by the amounts of these two consolidated losses specified in paragraph
(n)(2) of this section.
(2) Amount of setoff. The portion of the consolidated LO or life
consolidated net capital loss that may be set off against nonlife
consolidated taxable income (determined under paragraph (h) of this
section) is determined by applying the rules prescribed in paragraphs
(m) (2) and (3) of this section in the following manner:
(i) Substitute the term ``life'' for ``nonlife'', and vice versa.
(ii) Substitute the term ``nonlife consolidated taxable income'' for
``consolidated partial LICTI'', and vice versa.
(iii) Substitute the term ``consolidated LO'' for ``non-life
consolidated net operating loss'', ``paragraph (l)'' or ``paragraph
(j)'' for ``paragraph (h)'', and ``section 812(b)(3)'' for ``section
172(b)(3)(C)''.
(iv) Paragraphs (m)(3)(vi), (vii), (x), and (xi) of this section do
not apply to a consolidated LO.
(v) Capital losses may not be deducted more than once. See section
818(e) and also the requirements in section 818(f).
(vi) The setoff of life subgroup losses against nonlife consolidated
taxable income does not affect nonlife member deductions that depend in
whole or in part on taxable income.
(3) Illustrations. The following examples illustrate this paragraph
(n). In the examples, L indicates a life company, another letter
indicates a nonlife company, and each corporation uses the calendar year
as its taxable year.
Example 1. P, S, L1 and L2 constitute a group
that elects under section 1504(c)(2) to file a consolidated return for
1982. In 1982, the nonlife subgroup consolidated taxable income is $100
and there is $20 of nonlife consolidated net capital loss that cannot be
carried back under paragraph (h) of this section to taxable years
(whether consolidated or separate) preceding 1982. The nonlife subgroup
has no carryover from years prior to 1982. Consolidated LO is $150 which
under paragraph (l) of this section includes life consolidated capital
gain net income of $25. The $150 LO is carried back under paragraph
(l)(3) of this section to taxable years (whether consolidated or
separate) preceding 1982 before it may offset in 1982 nonlife
consolidated taxable income. Since life consolidated
[[Page 543]]
capital gain net income is zero for 1982, the nonlife capital loss
offset is zero.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in example (1). Assume further
that no part of the $150 consolidated LO for 1982 can be used by
L1 and L2 in years prior to 1982. For 1982, $100
of consolidated LO sets off the $100 nonlife consolidated taxable
income. The life subgroup carries under paragraph (l)(3) of this section
to 1983 $50 of the consolidated LO ($150 minus $100). See paragraph
(l)(3)(ii) of this section. The $50 carryover will be used in 1983
against life subgroup income before it may be used in 1983 to setoff
nonlife consolidated taxable income.
Example 3. (a) The facts are the same as in example (1), except that
for 1982 the nonlife consolidated taxable income is $150 and includes
nonlife consolidated capital gain net income of $50, consolidated
partial LICTI is $200, and a life consolidated net capital loss is $50.
Assume that the $50 life consolidated net capital loss sets off the $50
nonlife consolidated capital gain net income. Consolidated taxable
income under paragraph (g) of this section is $300, i.e., nonlife
consolidated taxable income ($150) minus the setoff of the life
consolidated net capital loss ($50), plus consolidated partial LICTI
($200).
(b) Assume that for 1983 the nonlife consolidated net operating loss
is $150. Under paragraph (h)(2) of this section, the loss may be carried
back to 1982 against nonlife consolidated taxable income. If P, the
common parent, does not elect to relinquish the carryback under section
172(b)(3)(C), the entire $150 must be carried back reducing 1982 nonlife
consolidated taxable income to zero and nonlife consolidated capital
gain net income to zero. Under paragraph (m)(3)(xii) of this section,
the setoff in 1982 of the nonlife consolidated capital gain net income
($50) by the life consolidated net capital loss ($50) is restored.
Accordingly, the 1982 life consolidated net capital loss may be carried
over by the life subgroup to 1983. Under paragraph (g) of this section,
after the carryback consolidated taxable income for 1982 is $200, i.e.,
nonlife consolidated taxable income ($0) plus consolidated partial LICTI
($200).
Example 4. The facts are the same as in example (3), except that P
elects under section 172 (b)(3)(C) to relinquish the carryback of $150
arising in 1983. The setoff in part (a) of example (3) is not restored.
However, the offsetable nonlife consolidated net operating loss for 1983
(or that may be carried forward from 1983) is zero. See paragraph
(m)(3)(viii) of this section. Nevertheless, the $150 nonlife
consolidated net operating loss may be carried forward to be used by the
nonlife group.
Example 5. P owns all of the stock of S1 and of
L1. On January 1, 1978, L1 purchases all of the
stock of L2. For 1982, the group elects under section
1504(c)(2) to file a consolidated return. For 1982, L1 is an
eligible corporation under paragraph (d)(12) of this section but
L2 is ineligible. Thus, L1 but not L2
is a member for 1982. For 1982, L2 sustains an LO that cannot
be carried back. For 1982, L2 is treated under paragraph
(f)(6) of this section as a member of a controlled group of corporations
under section 1563 with P, S, and L1. For 1983, L2
is eligible and is included on the group's consolidated return.
L2's LO for 1982 that may be carried to 1983 is not treated
under paragraph (d)(11) of this section as having been sustained in a
separate return limitation year for purposes of computing consolidated
partial LICTI of the L1-L2 life subgroup for 1983.
Furthermore, the portion of L2's LO not used under paragraph
(l)(3) of this section against life subgroup income in 1983 may be
included in offsetable consolidated operations loss under paragraph
(n)(2) and (m)(3)(i) of this section that reduces in 1983 nonlife
consolidated taxable income because L2's loss in 1982 was not
sustained in a separate return limitation year under paragraph (n)(2)
and (m)(3)(ix)(A) of this section or in a separate return year (1982)
when an election was in effect neither under section 1504(c)(2) nor
section 243(b)(2).
(o) Alternative tax--(1) In general. For purposes of the alternative
tax under paragraph (f)(7)(ii) of this section, consolidated net capital
gain is the sum of the following two amounts:
(i) The nonlife consolidated net capital gain reduced by any setoff
of a life consolidated net capital loss.
(ii) The life consolidated net capital gain reduced by any setoff of
a nonlife consolidated net capital loss.
(2) Net capital gain. For purposes of this paragraph (o):
(i) Nonlife consolidated net capital gain is computed under
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-41A or 1.1502-22T (as appropriate) except that it may
not exceed nonlife consolidated taxable income (computed under paragraph
(h) of this section).
(ii) Life consolidated net capital gain is computed under Sec. Sec.
1.1502-41A or 1.1502-22T (as appropriate), applied in a manner
consistent with paragraph (l)(4) of this section, except that it may not
exceed consolidated partial LICTI (as determined under paragraph (j) of
this section).
(iii) Setoffs. Setoffs are determined under paragraphs (m) or (n) of
this section (as the case may be).
(p) Transitional rule for credit carryovers. For limitations on
credits arising in taxable years ending before January 1, 1981, that may
be carried over to taxable years beginning on or after that date,
section 1507(c)(2)(A) of
[[Page 544]]
the Tax Reform Act of 1976 and the principles in paragraph (h)(3) of
this section (relating to limitations on loss carryovers) apply.
(q) Preemption. The rules in this section preempt any inconsistent
rules in other sections (Sec. 1.1502-1 through 1.1502-80) of the
consolidated return regulations. For example, the rules in paragraph
(m)(3)(vi) apply notwithstanding Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(b)(3) and 1.1502-
79A(a)(3) (or Sec. 1.1502-21, as appropriate).
(r) Other consolidation principles. The fact that this section
treats the life and nonlife members as separate groups in computing,
respectively, consolidated partial LICTI (or LO) and nonlife
consolidated taxable income (or loss) does not affect the usual rules in
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-0--1.1502-80 unless this section provides otherwise.
Thus, the usual rules in Sec. 1.1502-13 (relating to intercompany
transactions) apply to both the life and nonlife members by treating
them as members of one affiliated group.
(s) Filing requirements--(1) In general. To file a consolidated
income tax return for a life-nonlife consolidated group, the common
parent shall--
(i) File the applicable consolidated corporate income tax return: a
Form 1120-L, ``U.S. Life Insurance Company Income Tax Return,'' where
the common parent is a life insurance company; a Form 1120-PC, ``U.S.
Property and Casualty Insurance Company Income Tax Return,'' where the
common parent is an insurance company, other than a life insurance
company; or a Form 1120, ``U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return,'' where
the common parent is any other type of corporation;
(ii) Indicate clearly on the face of this return that such corporate
tax return is a life-nonlife return;
(iii) Show any set offs required by paragraphs (g), (m), and (n) of
this section;
(iv) Report separately the nonlife consolidated taxable income or
loss, determined under paragraph (h) of this section, on a Form 1120 or
1120-PC (whether filed by the common parent or as an attachment to the
consolidated return), as the case may be, of all nonlife members of the
consolidated group; and
(v) Report separately the consolidated partial Life Insurance
Company Taxable Income (as defined by paragraph (d)(3) of this section),
determined under paragraph (j) of this section, on a Form 1120-L
(whether filed by the common parent or as an attachment to the
consolidated return), of all life members of the consolidated group.
(2) Cross reference. See Sec. 1.1502-75(j), regarding the inclusion
in a corporate tax return of the required statements and schedules for
subsidiaries.
(t) Effective/applicability date. Paragraph (s) of this section
applies to any consolidated Federal income tax return due (without
extensions) on or after December 21, 2009. However, a consolidated group
may apply paragraph (s) of this section to any consolidated Federal
income tax return filed on or after December 21, 2009. For returns due
before December 21, 2009, see Sec. 1.1502-47T as contained in 26 CFR
part 1 in effect on April 1, 2009.
(Secs. 1502 and 7805 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (68A Stat.
637, 917; 26 U.S.C. 1502, 7805))
[T.D. 7877, 48 FR 11441, Mar. 18, 1983, as amended by T.D. 7912, 48 FR
40215, Sept. 6, 1983; T.D. 8560, 59 FR 41674, Aug. 15, 1994; T.D. 8597,
60 FR 36679-36680, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33324, June 27, 1996;
T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36100, July 2, 1999; T.D. 9258, 71 FR 23856, Apr. 25,
2006; T.D. 9304, 71 FR 76907, Dec. 22, 2006; T.D. 9342, 72 FR 39736,
July 20, 2007; T.D. 9476, 74 FR 68532, Dec. 28, 2009]
Sec. 1.1502-55 Computation of alternative minimum tax of consolidated groups.
(a)-(h)(3) [Reserved]
(h)(4) Separate return year minimum tax credit. (i)-(ii) [Reserved]
(iii)(A) Limitation on portion of separate return year minimum tax
credit arising in separate return limitation years. The aggregate of a
member's minimum tax credits arising in SRLYs that are included in the
consolidated minimum tax credits for all consolidated return years of
the group may not exceed--
(1) The aggregate for all consolidated return years of the member's
contributions to the consolidated section 53(c) limitation for each
consolidated return year; reduced by
(2) The aggregate of the member's minimum tax credits arising and
absorbed in all consolidated return years
[[Page 545]]
(whether or not absorbed by the member).
(B) Computational rules--(1) Member's contribution to the
consolidated section 53(c) limitation. Except as provided in the special
rule of paragraph (h)(4)(iii)(B)(2) of this section, a member's
contribution to the consolidated section 53(c) limitation for a
consolidated return year equals the member's share of the consolidated
net regular tax liability minus its share of consolidated tentative
minimum tax. The group computes the member's shares by applying to the
respective consolidated amounts the principles of section 1552 and the
percentage method under Sec. 1.1502-33(d)(3), assuming a 100%
allocation of any decreased tax liability. The group makes proper
adjustments so that taxes and credits not taken into account in
computing the limitation under section 53(c) are not taken into account
in computing the member's share of the consolidated net regular tax,
etc. (See, for example, the taxes described in section 26(b) that are
disregarded in computing regular tax liability.)
(2) Adjustment for year in which alternative minimum tax is paid.
For a consolidated return year for which consolidated tentative minimum
tax is greater than consolidated regular tax liability, the group
reduces the member's share of the consolidated tentative minimum tax by
the member's share of the consolidated alternative minimum tax for the
year. The group determines the member's share of consolidated
alternative minimum tax for a year using the same method it uses to
determine the member's share of the consolidated minimum tax credits for
the year.
(3) Years included in computation. For purposes of computing the
limitation under this paragraph (h)(4)(iii), the consolidated return
years of the group include only those years, including the year to which
a credit is carried, that the member has been continuously included in
the group's consolidated return, but exclude any years after the year to
which the credit is carried.
(4) Subgroup principles. The SRLY subgroup principles under Sec.
1.1502-21(c)(2) apply for purposes of this paragraph (h)(4)(iii). The
predecessor and successor principles under Sec. 1.1502-21(f) also apply
for purposes of this paragraph (h)(4)(iii).
(5) Overlap with section 383. The principles under Sec. 1.1502-
21(g) apply for purposes of this paragraph (h)(4)(iii). For example, an
overlap of this paragraph (h)(4)(iii) and the application of section 383
with respect to a credit carryover occurs if a corporation becomes a
member of a consolidated group (the SRLY event) within six months of the
change date of an ownership change giving rise to a section 383 credit
limitation with respect to that carryover (the section 383 event), with
the result that the limitation of this paragraph (h)(4)(iii) does not
apply. See Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21(g)(2)(ii)(A) and 1.383-1; see also Sec.
1.1502-21(g)(4) (subgroup rules).
(C) Effective date--(1) In general. This paragraph (h)(4)(iii)
generally applies to consolidated return years for which the due date of
the income tax return (without extensions) is after March 13, 1998. See
Sec. 1.1502-3(d)(4) for an optional effective date rule (generally
making this paragraph (h)(4)(iii) also applicable to a consolidated
return year beginning on or after January 1, 1997, if the due date of
the income tax return (without extensions) was on or before March 13,
1998).
(i) Contribution years. In general, a group does not take into
account a consolidated taxable year for which the due date of the income
tax return (without extensions) is on or before March 13, 1998, in
determining a member's (or subgroup's) contributions to the consolidated
section 53(c) limitation under this paragraph (h)(4)(iii). However, if a
consolidated group chooses to apply the optional effective date rule,
the consolidated group shall not take into account a consolidated
taxable year beginning before January 1, 1997 in determining a member's
(or subgroup's) contributions to the consolidated section 53(c)
limitation under this paragraph (h)(4)(iii).
(ii) Special subgroup rule. In the event that the principles of
Sec. 1.1502-21(g)(1) do not apply to a particular credit carryover in
the current group, then solely for purposes of applying this paragraph
(h)(4)(iii) to determine the limitation with respect to that carryover
and with respect to which the SRLY register
[[Page 546]]
(the aggregate of the member's or subgroup's contribution to
consolidated section 53(c) limitation reduced by the aggregate of the
member's or subgroup's minimum tax credits arising and absorbed in all
consolidated return years) began in a taxable year for which the due
date of the return is on or before May 25, 2000, the principles of Sec.
1.1502-21(c)(2) shall be applied without regard to the phrase ``or for a
carryover that was subject to the overlap rule described in paragraph
(g) of this section or Sec. 1.1502-15(g) with respect to another group
(the former group).''
(2) Overlap rule. Paragraph (h)(4)(iii)(B)(5) of this section
(relating to overlap with section 383) applies to taxable years for
which the due date (without extensions) of the consolidated return is
after May 25, 2000. For purposes of paragraph (h)(4)(iii)(B)(5) of this
section, only an ownership change to which section 383, as amended by
the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (100 Stat. 2095), applies and which results
in a section 383 credit limitation shall constitute a section 383 event.
The optional effective date rule of Sec. 1.1502-3(d)(4) (generally
making this paragraph (h)(4)(iii) also applicable to a consolidated
return year beginning on or after January 1, 1997, if the due date of
the income tax return (without extensions) was on or before March 13,
1998) does not apply with respect to paragraph (h)(4)(iii)(B)(5) of this
section (relating to the overlap rule).
[T.D. 8884, 65 FR 33759, May 25, 2000]
Administrative Provisions and Other Rules
Sec. 1.1502-75 Filing of consolidated returns.
(a) Privilege of filing consolidated returns--(1) Exercise of
privilege for first consolidated return year. A group which did not file
a consolidated return for the immediately preceding taxable year may
file a consolidated return in lieu of separate returns for the taxable
year, provided that each corporation which has been a member during any
part of the taxable year for which the consolidated return is to be
filed consents (in the manner provided in paragraph (b) of this section)
to the regulations under section 1502. If a group wishes to exercise its
privilege of filing a consolidated return, such consolidated return must
be filed not later than the last day prescribed by law (including
extensions of time) for the filing of the common parent's return. Such
consolidated return may not be withdrawn after such last day (but the
group may change the basis of its return at any time prior to such last
day).
(2) Continued filing requirement. A group which filed (or was
required to file) a consolidated return for the immediately preceding
taxable year is required to file a consolidated return for the taxable
year unless it has an election to discontinue filing consolidated
returns under paragraph (c) of this section.
(b) How consent for first consolidated year exercised--(1) General
rule. The consent of a corporation referred to in paragraph (a)(1) of
this section shall be made by such corporation joining in the making of
the consolidated return for such year. A corporation shall be deemed to
have joined in the making of such return for such year if it files a
Form 1122 in the manner specified in paragraph (h)(2) of this section.
(2) Consent under facts and circumstances. If a member of the group
fails to file Form 1122, the Commissioner may under the facts and
circumstances determine that such member has joined in the making of a
consolidated return by such group. The following circumstances, among
others, will be taken into account in making this determination:
(i) Whether or not the income and deductions of the member were
included in the consolidated return;
(ii) Whether or not a separate return was filed by the member for
that taxable year; and
(iii) Whether or not the member was included in the affiliations
schedule, Form 851.
If the Commissioner determines that the member has joined in the making
of the consolidated return, such member shall be treated as if it had
filed a Form 1122 for such year for purposes of paragraph (h)(2) of this
section.
(3) Failure to consent due to mistake. If any member has failed to
join in the making of a consolidated return under
[[Page 547]]
either subparagraph (1) or (2) of this paragraph, then the tax liability
of each member of the group shall be determined on the basis of separate
returns unless the common parent corporation establishes to the
satisfaction of the Commissioner that the failure of such member to join
in the making of the consolidated return was due to a mistake of law or
fact, or to inadvertence. In such case, such member shall be treated as
if it had filed a Form 1122 for such year for purposes of paragraph
(h)(2) of this section, and thus joined in the making of the
consolidated return for such year.
(c) Election to discontinue filing consolidated returns--(1) Good
cause--(i) In general. Notwithstanding that a consolidated return is
required for a taxable year, the Commissioner, upon application by the
common parent, may for good cause shown grant permission to a group to
discontinue filing consolidated returns. Any such application shall be
made to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, DC 20224, and
shall be made not later than the 90th day before the due date for the
filing of the consolidated return (including extensions of time). In
addition, if an amendment of the Code, or other law affecting the
computation of tax liability, is enacted and the enactment is effective
for a taxable year ending before or within 90 days after the date of
enactment, then application for such a taxable year may be made not
later than the 180th day after the date of enactment, and if the
application is approved the permission to discontinue filing
consolidated returns will apply to such taxable year notwithstanding
that a consolidated return has already been filed for such year.
(ii) Substantial adverse change in law affecting tax liability.
Ordinarily, the Commissioner will grant a group permission to
discontinue filing consolidated returns if the net result of all
amendments to the Code or regulations with effective dates commencing
within the taxable year has a substantial adverse effect on the
consolidated tax liability of the group for such year relative to what
the aggregate tax liability would be if the members of the group filed
separate returns for such year. Thus, for example, assume P and S filed
a consolidated return for the calendar year 1966 and that the provisions
of the Code have been amended by a bill which was enacted by Congress in
1966, but which is first effective for taxable years beginning on or
after January 1, 1967. Assume further that P makes a timely application
to discontinue filing consolidated returns. In order to determine
whether the amendments have a substantial adverse effect on the
consolidated tax liability for 1967, relative to what the aggregate tax
liability would be if the members of the group filed separate returns
for 1967, the difference between the tax liability of the group computed
on a consolidated basis and taking into account the changes in the law
effective for 1967 and the aggregate tax liability of the members of the
group computed as if each such member filed separate returns for such
year (also taking into account such changes) shall be compared with the
difference between the tax liability of such group for 1967 computed on
a consolidated basis without regard to the changes in the law effective
in such year and the aggregate tax liability of the members of the group
computed as if separate returns had been filed by such members for such
year without regard to the changes in the law effective in such year.
(iii) Other factors. In addition, the Commissioner will take into
account other factors in determining whether good cause exists for
granting permission to discontinue filing consolidated returns beginning
with the taxable year, including:
(a) Changes in law or circumstances, including changes which do not
affect Federal income tax liability,
(b) Changes in law which are first effective in the taxable year and
which result in a substantial reduction in the consolidated net
operating loss (or consolidated unused investment credit) for such year
relative to what the aggregate net operating losses (or investment
credits) would be if the members of the group filed separate returns for
such year, and
(c) Changes in the Code or regulations which are effective prior to
the taxable year but which first have a
[[Page 548]]
substantial adverse effect on the filing of a consolidated return
relative to the filing of separate returns by members of the group in
such year.
(2) Discretion of Commissioner to grant blanket permission--(i)
Permission to all groups. The Commissioner, in his discretion, may grant
all groups permission to discontinue filing consolidated returns if any
provision of the Code or regulations has been amended and such amendment
is of the type which could have a substantial adverse effect on the
filing of consolidated returns by substantially all groups, relative to
the filing of separate returns. Ordinarily, the permission to
discontinue shall apply with respect to the taxable year of each group
which includes the effective date of such an amendment.
(ii) Permission to a class of groups. The Commissioner, in his
discretion, may grant a particular class of groups permission to
discontinue filing consolidated returns if any provision of the Code or
regulations has been amended and such amendment is of the type which
could have a substantial adverse effect on the filing of consolidated
returns by substantially all such groups relative to the filing of
separate returns. Ordinarily, the permission to discontinue shall apply
with respect to the taxable year of each group within the class which
includes the effective date of such an amendment.
(3) Time and manner for exercising election. If, under subparagraph
(1) or (2) of this paragraph, a group has an election to discontinue
filing consolidated returns for any taxable year and such group wishes
to exercise such election, then the common parent must file a separate
return for such year on or before the last day prescribed by law
(including extensions of time) for the filing of the consolidated return
for such year. See section 6081 (relating to extensions of time for
filing returns).
(d) When a group remains in existence--(1) General rule. A group
remains in existence for a tax year if the common parent remains as the
common parent and at least one subsidiary that was affiliated with it at
the end of the prior year remains affiliated with it at the beginning of
the year, whether or not one or more corporations have ceased to be
subsidiaries at any time after the group was formed. Thus, for example,
assume that corporation P acquires the sole outstanding share of stock
of S on January 1, year 1, and that P and S file a consolidated return
for the year 1 calendar year. On May 1, year 2, P acquires the sole
outstanding share of stock of S1 and, on July 1, year 2, P sells the S
share. The group (consisting originally of P and S) remains in existence
in year 2 because P remained the common parent and, S, a subsidiary that
was affiliated with P at the end of year 1, remained affiliated with P
at the beginning of year 2.
(2) Common parent no longer in existence--(i) Mere change in
identity. For purposes of this paragraph, the common parent corporation
shall remain as the common parent irrespective of a mere change in
identity, form, or place of organization of such common parent
corporation (see section 368(a)(1)(F)).
(ii) Transfer of assets to subsidiary. The group shall be considered
as remaining in existence notwithstanding that the common parent is no
longer in existence if the members of the affiliated group succeed to
and become the owners of substantially all of the assets of such former
parent and there remains one or more chains of includible corporations
connected through stock ownership with a common parent corporation which
is an includible corporation and which was a member of the group prior
to the date such former parent ceases to exist. For purposes of applying
paragraph (f)(2)(i) of Sec. 1.1502-1 to separate return years ending on
or before the date on which the former parent ceases to exist, such
former parent, and not the new common parent, shall be considered to be
the corporation described in such paragraph.
(iii) Taxable years. If a transfer of assets described in
subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph is an acquisition to which section
381(a) applies and if the group files a consolidated return for the
taxable year in which the acquisition occurs, then for purposes of
section 381:
(a) The former common parent shall not close its taxable year merely
because of the acquisition, and all taxable years of such former parent
ending on or before the date of acquisition
[[Page 549]]
shall be treated as taxable years of the acquiring corporation, and
(b) The corporation acquiring the assets shall close its taxable
year as of the date of acquisition, and all taxable years of such
corporation ending on or before the date of acquisition shall be treated
as taxable years of the transferor corporation.
(iv) Exception. With respect to acquisitions occurring before
January 1, 1971, subdivision (iii) of this subparagraph shall not apply
if the group, in its income tax return, treats the taxable year of the
former common parent as having closed as of the date of acquisition.
(3) Reverse acquisitions--(i) In general. If a corporation
(hereinafter referred to as the ``first corporation'') or any member of
a group of which the first corporation is the common parent acquires
after October 1, 1965:
(a) Stock of another corporation (hereinafter referred to as the
second corporation), and as a result the second corporation becomes (or
would become but for the application of this subparagraph) a member of a
group of which the first corporation is the common parent, or
(b) Substantially all the assets of the second corporation,
in exchange (in whole or in part) for stock of the first corporation,
and the stockholders (immediately before the acquisition) of the second
corporation, as a result of owning stock of the second corporation, own
(immediately after the acquisition) more than 50 percent of the fair
market value of the outstanding stock of the first corporation, then any
group of which the first corporation was the common parent immediately
before the acquisition shall cease to exist as of the date of
acquisition, and any group of which the second corporation was the
common parent immediately before the acquisition shall be treated as
remaining in existence (with the first corporation becoming the common
parent of the group). Thus, assume that corporations P and S comprised
group PS (P being the common parent), that P was merged into corporation
T (the common parent of a group composed of T and corporation U), and
that the shareholders of P immediately before the merger, as a result of
owning stock in P, own 90 percent of the fair market value of T's stock
immediately after the merger. The group of which P was the common parent
is treated as continuing in existence with T and U being added as
members of the group, and T taking the place of P as the common parent.
For purposes of determining under (a) of this subdivision whether the
second corporation becomes (or would become) a member of the group of
which the first corporation is the common parent, and for purposes of
determining whether the former stockholders of the second corporation
own more than 50 percent of the outstanding stock of the first
corporation, there shall be taken into account any acquisitions or
redemptions of the stock of either corporation which are pursuant to a
plan of acquisition described in (a) or (b) of this subdivision.
(ii) Prior ownership of stock. For purposes of subdivision (i) of
this subparagraph, if the first corporation, and any members of a group
of which the first corporation is the common parent, have continuously
owned for a period of at least 5 years ending on the date of the
acquisition an aggregate of at least 25 percent of the fair market value
of the outstanding stock of the second corporation, then the first
corporation (and any subsidiary which owns stock of the second
corporation immediately before the acquisition) shall, as a result of
owning such stock, be treated as owning (immediately after the
acquisition) a percentage of the fair market value of the first
corporation's outstanding stock which bears the same ratio to (a) the
percentage of the fair market value of all the stock of the second
corporation owned immediately before the acquisition by the first
corporation and its subsidiaries as (b) the fair market value of the
total outstanding stock of the second corporation immediately before the
acquisition bears to (c) the sum of (1) the fair market value,
immediately before the acquisition, of the total outstanding stock of
the first corporation, and (2) the fair market value, immediately before
the acquisition, of the total outstanding stock of the second
corporation (other than any such stock owned
[[Page 550]]
by the first corporation and any of its subsidiaries). For example,
assume that corporation P owns stock in corporation T having a fair
market value of $100,000, that P acquires the remaining stock of T from
individuals in exchange for stock of P, that immediately before the
acquisition the total outstanding stock of T had a fair market value of
$150,000, and that immediately before the acquisition the total
outstanding stock of P had a fair market value of $200,000. Assuming P
owned at least 25 percent of the fair market value of T's stock for 5
years, then for purposes of this subparagraph, P is treated as owning
(immediately after the acquisition) 40 percent of the fair market value
of its own outstanding stock, determined as follows:
[$150,000/($200,000+$50,000)]x662/3%=40%.
Thus, if the former individual stockholders of T own, immediately after
the acquisition more than 10 percent of the fair market value of the
outstanding stock of P as a result of owning stock of T, the group of
which T was the common parent is treated as continuing in existence with
P as the common parent, and the group of which P was the common parent
before the acquisition ceases to exist.
(iii) Election. The provisions of subdivision (ii) of this
subparagraph shall not apply to any acquisition occurring in a taxable
year ending after October 7, 1969, unless the first corporation elects
to have such subdivision apply. The election shall be made by means of a
statement, signed by any officer who is duly authorized to act on behalf
of the first corporation, stating that the corporation elects to have
the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3)(ii) apply and identifying the
acquisition to which such provisions will apply. The statement shall be
filed, on or before the due date (including extensions of time) of the
return for the group's first consolidated return year ending after the
date of the acquisition, with the internal revenue officer with whom
such return is required to be filed.
(iv) Transfer of assets to subsidiary. This subparagraph shall not
apply to a transaction to which subparagraph (2)(ii) of this paragraph
applies.
(v) Taxable years. If, in a transaction described in subdivision (i)
of this subparagraph, the first corporation files a consolidated return
for the first taxable year ending after the date of acquisition, then:
(a) The first corporation, and each corporation which, immediately
before the acquisition, is a member of the group of which the first
corporation is the common parent, shall close its taxable year as of the
date of acquisition, and each such corporation shall, immediately after
the acquisition, change to the taxable year of the second corporation,
and
(b) If the acquisition is a transaction described in section
381(a)(2), then for purposes of section 381:
(1) All taxable years ending on or before the date of acquisition,
of the first corporation and each corporation which, immediately before
the acquisition, is a member of the group of which the first corporation
is the common parent, shall be treated as taxable years of the
transferor corporation, and
(2) The second corporation shall not close its taxable year merely
because of such acquisition, and all taxable years ending on or before
the date of acquisition, of the second corporation and each corporation
which, immediately before the acquisition, is a member of any group of
which the second corporation is the common parent, shall be treated as
taxable years of the acquiring corporation.
(vi) Exception. With respect to acquisitions occurring before April
17, 1968, subdivision (v) of this subparagraph shall not apply if the
parties to the transaction, in their income tax returns, treat
subdivision (i) as not affecting the closing of taxable years or the
operation of section 381.
(4) [Reserved]
(5) Coordination with section 833--(i) Election to continue old
group. If, solely by reason of the enactment of section 833 (relating to
certain Blue Cross or Blue Shield organizations and certain other health
insurers), an organization to which section 833 applies (a ``section 833
organization'') became the new common parent of an old group on January
1, 1987, the old group may elect to continue in existence with that
section
[[Page 551]]
833 organization as its new common parent, provided all the old groups
having the same section 833 organization as their new common parent
elect to continue in existence. To revoke this election, see paragraph
(d)(5)(x) of this section. To file as a new group, see paragraph
(d)(5)(v) of this section.
(ii) Old group. For purposes of this paragraph (d)(5), an old group
is a group which, for its last taxable year ending in 1986, either filed
a consolidated return or was eligible to (but did not) file a
consolidated return.
(iii) Manner of electing to continue--(A) Deemed election. If all
the members of all the old groups having the same section 833
organization as their new common parent are included for the first
taxable year beginning after December 31, 1986, on the same consolidated
(or amended consolidated) return and a Form 1122 was not filed, the old
groups are deemed to have elected under paragraph (d)(5)(i) of this
section to continue in existence.
(B) Delayed election. If a deemed election to continue in existence
was not made under paragraph (d)(5)(iii)(A) of this section, all the
members of all the old groups having the same section 833 organization
as their new common parent may make a delayed election under paragraph
(d)(5)(i) of this section to continue in existence by:
(1) Filing an appropriate consolidated (or amended consolidated)
return or returns for each taxable year beginning after December 31,
1986, (notwithstanding Sec. 1.1502-75(a)(1)) on or before January 3,
1991, and
(2) On the top of any such return prominently affixing a statement
containing the following declaration: ``THIS RETURN'' (or, if
applicable, ``AMENDED RETURN'') ``REFLECTS A DELAYED ELECTION TO
CONTINUE UNDER Sec. 1.1502-75T(d)(5)(iii)(B)''. A delayed election to
continue in existence automatically revokes a deemed election to file as
a new group which was made under paragraph (d)(5)(vi) of this section.
(iv) Effects of election to continue in existence. If an old group
or groups elect to continue in existence under paragraph (d)(5)(i) of
this section, the following rules apply:
(A) Taxable years. Each member that filed returns other than on a
calendar year basis shall close its taxable year on December 31, 1986,
and change to a calendar year beginning on January 1, 1987. See section
843 and Sec. 1.1502-76(a)(1).
(B) Carryovers from separate return limitation years. For purposes
of applying the separate return limitation year rules to carryovers from
taxable years beginning before 1987 to taxable years beginning after
1986, the following rules apply:
(1) Any taxable year beginning before 1987 of a corporation that was
not a member of an old group (including a section 833 organization) will
be treated as a separate return limitation year;
(2) Any taxable year beginning before 1987 of a corporation that was
a member of an old group that, without regard to this section and the
enactment of section 833, was a separate return limitation year will
continue to be treated as a separate return limitation year;
(3) Any taxable year beginning before 1987 of a member of an old
group (other than a separate return limitation year described in
paragraph (d)(5)(iv)(B)(2) of this section) will not be treated as a
separate return limitation year with respect to any corporation that was
a member of such group for each day of that taxable year; and
(4) Any taxable year beginning before 1987 of a member of an old
group will be treated as a separate return limitation year with respect
to any corporation that was not a member of such group for each day of
that taxable year (e.g., a corporation that was not a member of an old
group, including a section 833 organization, or a corporation that was a
member of another old group).
(C) Five-year rules for life-nonlife groups. Any life-nonlife
election under section 1504(c)(2) in effect for an old group remains in
effect. Any old group which was eligible to make a life-nonlife election
will remain eligible to make the election. For purposes of section
1503(c), a nonlife member is treated as ineligible under Sec. 1.1502-
47(d)(13) with respect to a life member, unless both were members of the
same affiliated group (determined without regard to the exclusions in
section 1504(b) (1)
[[Page 552]]
and (2)) for five taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year
in which the loss arose. See paragraph (d)(5)(ix) of this section for a
tacking rule.
(v) Election to file as a new group. If, solely by reason of the
enactment of section 833, a section 833 organization became the new
common parent of an old group on January 1, 1987, the application of the
five-year prohibition on reconsolidation in section 1504(a)(3)(A) to the
old group is waived and the old group together with the new section 833
organization common parent may elect to file as a new group provided
that all includible corporations elect to file a consolidated (or
amended consolidated) return as a new group for the first taxable year
beginning after December 31, 1986. To revoke this election, see
paragraph (d)(5)(x) of this section.
(vi) Manner of electing to file as a new group--(A) Deemed election.
The old group or groups and the section 833 organization are deemed to
have elected under paragraph (d)(5)(v) of this section to file as a new
group by filing, for the first taxable year beginning after December 31,
1986, a Form 1122 and a consolidated (or amended consolidated) tax
return.
(B) Delayed election. If a deemed election to file as a new group
was not made pursuant to paragraph (d)(5)(vi)(A) of this section, the
old group or groups and the section 833 organization may make a delayed
election under paragraph (d)(5)(v) of this section to file as a new
group by
(1) Filing an appropriate consolidated (or amended consolidated)
return or returns for each taxable year beginning after December 31,
1986 (notwithstanding Sec. 1.1502-75(a)(1)) on or before January 3,
1991, and
(2) On the top of any such return prominently affixing a statement
containing the following declaration: ``THIS RETURN'' (or, if
applicable, ``AMENDED RETURN'') ``REFLECTS A DELAYED ELECTION TO FILE AS
A NEW GROUP UNDER Sec. 1.1502-75T (d)(5)(vi)(B)''. A delayed election
to file as a new group automatically revokes any deemed election to
continue in existence which was made under paragraph (d)(5)(iii) of this
section.
(vii) Effects of election to file as a new group. If an old group or
groups elect to file as a new group under paragraph (d)(5)(v) of this
section, the following rules apply:
(A) Termination. Each old group is treated as if it terminated on
January 1, 1987, and the termination is not treated as resulting from
the acquisition by a nonmember of all of the stock of the common parent.
(B) Taxable years. Each member that filed returns other than on a
calendar year basis shall close its taxable year on December 31, 1986,
and change to a calendar year beginning on January 1, 1987. See section
843 and Sec. 1.1502-76(a)(1).
(C) Separate return limitation year and life-nonlife groups. For
purposes of Sec. 1.1502-1(f), sections 1503(c) and 1504(c), and Sec.
1.1502-47, the group is treated as coming into existence as a new group
on January 1, 1987. Thus, for example, paragraphs (d)(5)(iv) (B) and (C)
of this section do not apply.
(viii) Earnings and profits. All distributions after January 1, 1987
by a corporation, whether or not such corporation was a member of an old
group, to an existing Blue Cross or Blue Shield organization (as defined
in section 833(c)(2)) out of earnings and profits accumulated before
1987 are deemed made out of earnings and profits accumulated in pre-
affiliation years. See Sec. 1.1502-32(h)(5).
(ix) Five-year tacking rules for certain life-nonlife groups. For
purposes of applying Sec. 1.1502-47(d) (5) and (12) to any taxable year
ending after 1986 to a corporation, whether or not the corporation was a
member of an old group,
(A) The determination of whether the corporation was in existence
and a member or tentatively treated as a member of a group, for taxable
years ending before 1987, is made without regard to the exclusions under
section 1504(b) (1) and (2) of any section 833 organization or life
insurance company (as the case may be) and
(B) A section 833 organization is not treated as having a change in
tax character solely by reason of the loss of its tax-exempt status due
to the enactment of section 833.
This paragraph (d)(5)(ix) does not apply if an election to file as a new
group
[[Page 553]]
under paragraph (d)(5)(v) of this section is made.
(x) Time to revoke elections made before September 5, 1990. An
election by an old group to continue in existence or to file as a new
group that was made (or deemed made) before September 5, 1990, may be
revoked by filing an appropriate return (or returns) on or before
January 3, 1991. For purposes of this paragraph (d)(5)(x), appropriate
returns include separate returns filed by each member of the group or
consolidated returns filed in accordance with a delayed election either
under paragraph (d)(5)(iii)(B) or (vi)(B) of this section.
(xi) Examples. The following examples illustrate this paragraph
(d)(5). In these examples, each corporation uses the calendar year as
its taxable year.
Example 1. B is a section 833 organization. For several years, B has
owned all of the outstanding stock of X, Y, and Z. X has owned all the
outstanding stock of X1 throughout X1's existence
and Y has owned all of the outstanding stock of Y1 throughout
Y1's existence. For 1986 X and X1 filed a
consolidated federal income tax return but Y and Y1 filed
separate returns. Under paragraph (d)(5)(ii) of this section, X and
X1 and Y and Y1 each constitute an old group
because they either filed a consolidated return or were eligible to file
a consolidated return for 1986. The X and Y groups may elect under
paragraph (d)(5)(i) of this section to continue in existence. If they
elect to continue, under paragraph (d)(5)(iv)(B) of this section, the
separate return limitation year rules apply as follows: any taxable year
of B or Z beginning before 1987 is treated as a separate return
limitation year with respect to each other and to all other members of
the group; any taxable year of X or X1 beginning before 1987
is treated as a separate return limitation year with respect to B, Z, Y
and Y1, but not with respect to each other; and any taxable
year of Y or Y1 beginning before 1987 is treated as a
separate return limitation year with respect to B, Z, X and
X1, but not with respect to each other.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1 except that B is
owned by C, another section 833 organization. If the X and Y groups
elect to continue, the results are the same as in Example 1, except
that, under paragraph (d)(5)(iv)(B)(1) of this section, for purposes of
applying the separate return limitation year rules, any taxable year of
C beginning before 1987 is also treated as a separate return limitation
year with respect to all other members of the group.
Example 3. The facts are the same as in Example 1 except that Y
purchased Y1 on January 1, 1985. If the X and Y groups elect
to continue, the results are the same as in Example 1, except that,
under paragraph (d)(5)(iv)(B)(2) of this section, for purposes of
applying the separate return limitation year rules, any taxable year of
Y1 beginning before 1985 is treated as a separate return
limitation year with respect to Y as well as with respect to all other
members of the group.
Example 4. B, a section 833 organization, has owned all the stock of
X since November 1984. X has owned all the stock of L, a life insurance
company, throughout L's existence. In 1986, X and L properly filed a
life-nonlife consolidated return. Under paragraph (d)(5)(i) of this
section, the X group elects to continue in existence. Under paragraph
(d)(5)(iv)(C) of this section, the life-nonlife election will remain in
effect. However, losses of B which arise before 1990 cannot be used to
offset the income of L. See section 1503(c)(2) and Sec. 1.1502-
47(d)(13) and paragraph (d)(5)(iv)(C) of this section. Under paragraph
(d)(5)(iv)(B) of this section, the separate return limitation year rules
apply as follows: any taxable year of B beginning before 1987 is treated
as a separate return limitation year with respect to all other members
of the group; and any taxable year of X or L beginning before 1987 is
treated as a separate return limitation year with respect to B, but not
with respect to each other.
Example 5. The facts are the same as Example 4 except that, on
January 1, 1984, B formed L1, a life insurance company. Under
paragraph (d)(5)(ix) of this section and section 1504(c), the first year
L1 is eligible to join in B's life-nonlife election is 1989.
Example 6. The facts are the same as in Example 4 except that B and
the X group elect under paragraph (d)(5)(v) of this section to file as a
new group. The X group will be considered to have terminated under Sec.
1.1502-75(d)(1) on December 31, 1986. X and L are each separately
subject to the separate return limitation year rules of Sec. 1.1502-
1(f). The first year L and L1 are eligible to join the new
group in a life-nonlife election is 1992 (five years after the new group
is formed). See section 1504(c)(2) and paragraphs (d)(5)(vii)(C) and
(ix) of this section.
The provisions contained in this Treasury decision are needed to
immediately amend the consolidated return regulations in response to
changes made by section 1012 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. It is
therefore found impracticable and contrary to the public interest to
issue this Treasury decision with notice and public procedure under
section 553(b) of title 5 of the United States Code or subject to the
effective date limitations of section 553(d) of title 5, United States
Code.
[[Page 554]]
(e) Failure to include subsidiary. If a consolidated return is
required for the taxable year under the provisions of paragraph (a)(2)
of this section, the tax liability of all members of the group for such
year shall be computed on a consolidated basis even though:
(1) Separate returns are filed by one or more members of the group,
or
(2) There has been a failure to include in the consolidated return
the income of any member of the group.
If subparagraph (1) of this paragraph applies, the amounts assessed or
paid upon the basis of separate returns shall be considered as having
been assessed or paid upon the basis of a consolidated return.
(f) Inclusion of one or more corporations not members of the group--
(1) Method of determining tax liability. If a consolidated return
includes the income of a corporation which was not a member of the group
at any time during the consolidated return year, the tax liability of
such corporation will be determined upon the basis of a separate return
(or a consolidated return of another group, if paragraph (a)(2) or
(b)(3) of this section applies), and the consolidated return will be
considered as including only the income of the corporations which were
members of the group during that taxable year. If a consolidated return
includes the income of two or more corporations which were not members
of the group but which constitute another group, the tax liability of
such corporations will be computed in the same manner as if separate
returns had been made by such corporations unless the Commissioner upon
application approves the making of a consolidated return for the other
group or unless under paragraph (a)(2) of this section a consolidated
return is required for the other group.
(2) Allocation of tax liability. In any case in which amounts have
been assessed and paid upon the basis of a consolidated return and the
tax liability of one or more of the corporations included in the
consolidated return is to be computed in the manner described in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, the amounts so paid shall be
allocated between the group composed of the corporations properly
included in the consolidated return and each of the corporations the tax
liability of which is to be computed on a separate basis (or on the
basis of a consolidated return of another group) in such manner as the
corporations which were included in the consolidated return may, subject
to the approval of the Commissioner, agree upon or in the absence of an
agreement upon the method used in allocating the tax liability of the
members of the group under the provisions of section 1552(a).
(g) Computing periods of limitation--(1) Income incorrectly included
in consolidated return. If:
(i) A consolidated return is filed by a group for the taxable year,
and
(ii) The tax liability of a corporation whose income is included in
such return must be computed on the basis of a separate return (or on
the basis of a consolidated return with another group), then for the
purpose of computing any period of limitation with respect to such
separate return (or such other consolidated return), the filing of such
consolidated return by the group shall be considered as the making of a
return by such corporation.
(2) Income incorrectly included in separate returns. If a
consolidated return is required for the taxable year under the
provisions of paragraph (a)(2) of this section, the filing of separate
returns by the members of the group for such year shall not be
considered as the making of a return for the purpose of computing any
period of limitation with respect to such consolidated return unless
there is attached to each such separate return a statement setting
forth:
(i) The most recent taxable year of the member for which its income
was included in a consolidated return, and
(ii) The reasons for the group's belief that a consolidated return
is not required for the taxable year.
(h) Method of filing return and forms--(1) Consolidated return made
by common parent corporation. The consolidated return shall be made on
Form 1120 for the group by the common parent corporation. The
consolidated return, with Form 851 (affiliations schedule) attached,
shall be filed with the district director with whom the common parent
would have filed a separate return.
[[Page 555]]
(2) Filing of Form 1122 for first year. If, under the provisions of
paragraph (a)(1) of this section, a group wishes to file a consolidated
return for a taxable year, then a Form 1122 (``Authorization and Consent
of Subsidiary Corporation To Be Included in a Consolidated Income Tax
Return'') must be executed by each subsidiary. For taxable years
beginning before January 1, 2003, the executed Forms 1122 must be
attached to the consolidated return for the taxable year. For taxable
years beginning after December 31, 2002, the group must attach either
executed Forms 1122 or unsigned copies of the completed Forms 1122 to
the consolidated return. If the group submits unsigned Forms 1122 with
its return, it must retain the signed originals in its records in the
manner required by Sec. 1.6001-1(e). Form 1122 is not required for a
taxable year if a consolidated return was filed (or was required to be
filed) by the group for the immediately preceding taxable year.
(3) Persons qualified to execute returns and forms. Each return or
form required to be made or prepared by a corporation must be executed
by the person authorized under section 6062 to execute returns of
separate corporations.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Statements and schedules for subsidiaries. The statement of
gross income and deductions and the schedules required by the
instructions on the return shall be prepared and filed in columnar form
so that the details of the items of gross income, deductions, and
credits for each member may be readily audited. Such statements and
schedules shall include in columnar form a reconciliation of surplus for
each corporation, and a reconciliation of consolidated surplus.
Consolidated balance sheets as of the beginning and close of the taxable
year of the group, taken from the books of the members, shall accompany
the consolidated return and shall be prepared in a form similar to that
required for reconciliation of surplus.
(k) Cross-reference. See Sec. 1.338(h)(10)-1(d)(7) for special
rules regarding filing consolidated returns when a section 338(h)(10)
election is made for a target acquired from a selling consolidated
group.
(l) Effective/applicability dates. Paragraph (d)(1) of this section
applies to taxable years for which the due date of the original return
(without regard to extensions) is on or after September 17, 2008.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1502-75, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Sec. 1.1502-76 Taxable year of members of group.
(a) Taxable year of members of group. The consolidated return of a
group must be filed on the basis of the common parent's taxable year,
and each subsidiary must adopt the common parent's annual accounting
period for the first consolidated return year for which the subsidiary's
income is includible in the consolidated return. If any member is on a
52-53-week taxable year, the rule of the preceding sentence shall, with
the advance consent of the Commissioner, be deemed satisfied if the
taxable years of all members of the group end within the same 7-day
period. Any request for such consent shall be filed with the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Washington, DC 20224, not later than
the 30th day before the due date (not including extensions of time) for
the filing of the consolidated return.
(b) Items included in the consolidated return--(1) General rules--
(i) In general. A consolidated return must include the common parent's
items of income, gain, deduction, loss, and credit for the entire
consolidated return year, and each subsidiary's items for the portion of
the year for which it is a member. If the consolidated return includes
the items of a corporation for only a portion of its tax year determined
without taking this section into account, items for the portion of the
year not included in the consolidated return must be included in a
separate return (including the consolidated return of another group).
The rules of this paragraph (b) must be applied to prevent the
duplication or elimination of the corporation's items.
(ii) The day a corporation becomes or ceases to be a member--(A) End
of the day
[[Page 556]]
rule. (1) In general. If a corporation (S), other than one described in
paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A)(2) of this section, becomes or ceases to be a
member during a consolidated return year, it becomes or ceases to be a
member at the end of the day on which its status as a member changes,
and its tax year ends for all Federal income tax purposes at the end of
that day. Appropriate adjustments must be made if another provision of
the Internal Revenue Code or the regulations thereunder contemplates the
event occurring before or after S's change in status. For example, S's
items restored under Sec. 1.1502-13 immediately before it becomes a
nonmember are taken into account in determining the basis of S's stock
under Sec. 1.1502-32. On the other hand, if a section 338(g) election
is made in connection with S becoming a member, the deemed asset sale
under that section takes place before S becomes a member. See Sec.
1.338-10(a)(5) (deemed sale excluded from purchasing corporation's
consolidated return.)
(2) Special rule for former S corporations. If S becomes a member in
a transaction other than in a qualified stock purchase for which an
election under section 338(g) is made, and immediately before becoming a
member an election under section 1362(a) was in effect, then S will
become a member at the beginning of the day the termination of its S
corporation election is effective. S's tax year ends for all Federal
income tax purposes at the end of the preceding day. This paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A)(2) applies to transactions occurring after November 10,
1999.
(B) Next day rule. If, on the day of S's change in status as a
member, a transaction occurs that is properly allocable to the portion
of S's day after the event resulting in the change, S and all persons
related to S under section 267(b) immediately after the event must treat
the transaction for all Federal income tax purposes as occurring at the
beginning of the following day. A determination as to whether a
transaction is properly allocable to the portion of S's day after the
event will be respected if it is reasonable and consistently applied by
all affected persons. In determining whether an allocation is
reasonable, the following factors are among those to be considered--
(1) Whether income, gain, deduction, loss, and credit are allocated
inconsistently (e.g., to maximize a seller's stock basis adjustments
under Sec. 1.1502-32);
(2) If the item is from a transaction with respect to S stock,
whether it reflects ownership of the stock before or after the event
(e.g., if a member transfers encumbered land to nonmember S in exchange
for additional S stock in a transaction to which section 351 applies and
the exchange results in S becoming a member of the consolidated group,
the applicability of section 357(c) to the exchange must be determined
under Sec. 1.1502-80(d) by treating the exchange as occurring after the
event; on the other hand, if S is a member but has a minority
shareholder and becomes a nonmember as a result of its redemption of
stock with appreciated property, S's gain under section 311 is treated
as from a transaction occurring before the event);
(3) Whether the allocation is inconsistent with other requirements
under the Internal Revenue Code and regulations promulgated thereunder
(e.g., if a section 338(g) election is made in connection with a group's
acquisition of S, the deemed asset sale must take place before S becomes
a member and S's gain or loss with respect to its assets must be taken
into account by S as a nonmember (but see Sec. 1.338-1(d)), or if S
realizes discharge of indebtedness income that is excluded from gross
income under section 108(a) on the day it becomes a nonmember, the
discharge of indebtedness income must be treated as realized by S as a
member (see Sec. 1.1502-28(b)(11))); and
(4) Whether other facts exist, such as a prearranged transaction or
multiple changes in S's status, indicating that the transaction is not
properly allocable to the portion of S's day after the event resulting
in S's change.
(C) Successor corporations. For purposes of this paragraph
(b)(1)(ii), any reference to a corporation includes a reference to a
successor or predecessor as the context may require. A corporation is a
successor if the basis of its assets is determined, directly or
indirectly, in whole or in part, by reference to the basis of the assets
of another
[[Page 557]]
corporation (the predecessor). For example, if a member forms S, S is
treated as a member from the beginning of its existence.
(iii) Group structure changes. If the common parent ceases to be the
common parent but the group remains in existence, adjustments must be
made in accordance with the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2) and (3).
(2) Determination of items included in separate and consolidated
returns--(i) In general. The returns for the years that end and begin
with S becoming (or ceasing to be) a member are separate tax years for
all Federal income tax purposes. The returns are subject to the rules of
the Internal Revenue Code applicable to short periods, as if S ceased to
exist on becoming a member (or first existed on becoming a nonmember).
For example, cost recovery deductions under section 168 must be
allocated for short periods. On the other hand, annualization under
section 443 is not required of S solely because it has a short year as a
result of becoming a member. (Similarly, section 443 applies with
respect to a consolidated return only to the extent that the group's
return is for a short period and section 443 applies without taking this
paragraph (b) into account.)
(ii) Ratable allocation of a year's items--(A) Application. Although
the periods ending and beginning with S's change in status are different
tax years, items (other than extraordinary items) may be ratably
allocated between the periods if--
(1) S is not required to change its annual accounting period or its
method of accounting as a result of its change in status (e.g., because
its stock is sold between consolidated groups that have the same annual
accounting periods); and
(2) An irrevocable ratable allocation election is made under
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D) of this section.
(B) General rule--(1) Allocation within original year. Under a
ratable allocation election, paragraph (b)(2) of this section applies by
allocating to each day of S's original year (S's tax year determined
without taking this section into account) an equal portion of S's items
taken into account in the original year, except that extraordinary items
must be allocated to the day that they are taken into account. All
persons affected by the election must take into account S's
extraordinary items and the ratable allocation of S's remaining items in
a manner consistent with the election.
(2) Items to be allocated. Under ratable allocation, the items to be
allocated and their timing, location, character, and source are
generally determined by treating the original year as a single tax year,
and the items are not subject to the rules of the Internal Revenue Code
applicable to short periods (unless the original year is a short
period). However, the years ending and beginning with S's change in
status are treated as different tax years (and as short periods) with
respect to any item carried to or from these years (e.g., a net
operating loss carried under section 172) and with respect to the
application of section 481.
(3) Multiple applications. If this paragraph (b) applies more than
once with respect to an original year, adjustments must be made in
accordance with the principles of this paragraph (b). For example, if S
becomes a member of two different consolidated groups during the same
original year and ratable allocation is elected with respect to both
groups, ratable allocation is generally determined for both groups by
treating the original year as a single tax year; however, if ratable
allocation is elected only with respect to the first group, the ratable
allocation is determined by treating the original year as a short period
that does not include the period that S is a member of the second group.
Ratable allocation is not a method of accounting, and ratable allocation
with respect to one application of this paragraph (b) to S does not
require ratable allocation to be subsequently applied with respect to S.
(C) Extraordinary items. An extraordinary item is--
(1) Any item from the disposition or abandonment of a capital asset
as defined in section 1221 (determined without the application of any
other rules of law);
(2) Any item from the disposition or abandonment of property used in
a
[[Page 558]]
trade or business as defined in section 1231(b) (determined without the
application of any holding period requirement);
(3) Any item from the disposition or abandonment of an asset
described in section 1221(1), (3), (4), or (5), if substantially all the
assets in the same category from the same trade or business are disposed
of or abandoned in one transaction (or series of related transactions);
(4) Any item from assets disposed of in an applicable asset
acquisition under section 1060(c);
(5) Any item carried to or from any portion of the original year
(e.g., a net operating loss carried under section 172), and any section
481(a) adjustment;
(6) The effects of any change in accounting method initiated by the
filing of the appropriate form after S's change in status;
(7) Any item from the discharge or retirement of indebtedness (e.g.,
cancellation of indebtedness income or a deduction for retirement at a
premium);
(8) Any item from the settlement of a tort or similar third-party
liability;
(9) Any compensation-related deduction in connection with S's change
in status (including, for example, deductions from bonus, severance, and
option cancellation payments made in connection with S's change in
status);
(10) Any dividend income from a nonmember that S controls within the
meaning of section 304 at the time the dividend is taken into account;
(11) Any deemed income inclusion from a foreign corporation, or any
deferred tax amount on an excess distribution from a passive foreign
investment company under section 1291;
(12) Any interest expense allocable under section 172(h) to a
corporate equity reduction transaction causing this paragraph (b) to
apply;
(13) Any credit, to the extent it arises from activities or items
that are not ratably allocated (e.g., the rehabilitation credit under
section 47, which is based on placement in service); and
(14) Any item which, in the opinion of the Commissioner, would, if
ratably allocated, result in a substantial distortion of income in any
consolidated return or separate return in which the item is included.
(D) Election--(1) Statement. The election to ratably allocate items
under this paragraph (b)(2)(ii) must be made in a separate statement
entitled, ``THIS IS AN ELECTION UNDER Sec. 1.1502-76(b)(2)(ii) TO
RATABLY ALLOCATE THE YEAR'S ITEMS OF [INSERT NAME AND EMPLOYER
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER OF THE MEMBER].'' The election must be filed by
including a statement on or with the returns including the items for the
years ending and beginning with S's change in status. If two or more
members of the same consolidated group, as a consequence of the same
plan or arrangement, cease to be members of that group and remain
affiliated as members of another consolidated group, an election under
this paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D)(1) may be made only if it is made by each
such member. Each statement must also indicate that an agreement, as
described in paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D)(2) of this section, has been
entered into. Each party signing the agreement must retain either the
original or a copy of the agreement as part of its records. See Sec.
1.6001-1(e).
(2) Agreement. For each election under this paragraph (b)(2)(ii),
the member and the common parent of each affected group must sign and
date an agreement. The agreement must--
(i) Identify the extraordinary items, their amounts, and the
separate or consolidated returns in which they are included;
(ii) Identify the aggregate amount to be ratably allocated, and the
portion of the amount included in the separate and consolidated returns;
and
(iii) Include the name and employer identification number of the
common parent (if any) of each group that must take the items into
account.
(iii) Ratable allocation of a month's items. If ratable allocation
under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section is not elected (e.g., because
S is required to change its annual accounting period), this paragraph
(b)(2)(iii) may be applied to ratably allocate only S's items taken into
account in the month of its change in status, but only if the allocation
is consistently applied by all affected persons. The ratable allocation
[[Page 559]]
is made by applying the principles of paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this
section under any reasonable method. For example, S may close its books
both at the end of the preceding month and at the end of the month of
the change, and allocate only its items (other than extraordinary items)
from the month of the change. See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(B) of this
section for factors to be considered in determining whether the method
is reasonable.
(iv) Taxes. To the extent properly taken into account during the
member's tax year (determined without the application of this paragraph
(b)), Federal, state, local, and foreign taxes are allocated under
paragraph (b)(2) of this section on the basis of the items or activities
to which the taxes relate. Thus, income tax is allocated based on the
inclusion of the income (determined under the principles of this
paragraph (b)) to which the tax relates. For example, if a calendar-year
domestic corporation has $100 of foreign source dividend income
(determined in accordance with United States tax accounting principles
but without taking this paragraph (b) into account) that is passive
income for purposes of section 904, and $60 of the income is allocated
under this paragraph (b) to the period of the calendar year after it
becomes a member of a consolidated group, then 60% of the corporation's
deemed paid foreign tax credit associated with its dividend income for
the calendar year is taken into account in computing the group's passive
basket consolidated foreign tax credit. Similarly, property taxes relate
to the ownership of property and are allocated over the period that the
property is owned. This paragraph (b)(2)(iv) applies without regard to
any determination or allocation by another taxing jurisdiction.
(v) Acquisition of S corporation. If a corporation is acquired in a
transaction to which paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A)(2) of this section applies,
then paragraphs (b)(2)(ii) and (iii) of this section do not apply and
items of income, gain, loss, deduction, and credit are assigned to each
short taxable year on the basis of the corporation's normal method of
accounting as determined under section 446. This paragraph (b)(2)(v)
applies to transactions occurring after November 10, 1999.
(vi) Passthrough entities--(A) In general. If S is a partner in a
partnership or an owner of a similar interest with respect to which
items of the entity are taken into account by S, S is treated, solely
for purposes of determining the year to which the entity's items are
allocated under paragraph (b)(2) of this section, as selling or
exchanging its entire interest in the entity immediately before S's
change in status.
(B) Treatment as a conduit. For purposes of this paragraph (b)(2),
if a member (together with other members) would be treated under section
318(a)(2) as owning an aggregate of at least 50% of any stock owned by
the passthrough entity, the method that is used to determine the
inclusion of the entity's items in the consolidated or separate return
must be the same method that is used to determine the inclusion of the
member's items in the consolidated or separate return.
(C) Exception for certain foreign entities. This paragraph (b)(2)(v)
does not apply to any foreign corporation generating the deemed
inclusion of income, or to any passive foreign investment company
generating a deferred tax amount on an excess distribution under section
1291.
(3) Anti-avoidance rule. If any person acts with a principal purpose
contrary to the purposes of this paragraph (b), to substantially reduce
the Federal income tax liability of any person, adjustments must be made
as necessary to carry out the purposes of this section.
(4) Determination of due date for separate return. Paragraph (c) of
this section contains rules for the filing of the separate return
referred to in this paragraph (b). In applying paragraph (c) of this
section, the due date for the filing of S's separate return shall also
be determined without regard to the ending of the tax year under
paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section or the deemed cessation of its
existence under paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section.
(5) Examples. For purposes of the examples in this paragraph (b),
unless otherwise stated, P and X are common parents of calendar-year
consolidated groups, P owns all of the only class of
[[Page 560]]
T's stock, T owns no stock of lower-tier members, all persons use the
accrual method of accounting, the facts set forth the only corporate
activity, all transactions are between unrelated persons, tax
liabilities are disregarded, and any election required under paragraph
(b)(2) of this section is properly made. The principles of this
paragraph (b) are illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1. Items allocated between consolidated and separate
returns. (a) Facts. P and S are the only members of the P group. P sells
all of S's stock to individual A on June 30, and therefore S becomes a
nonmember on July 1 of Year 2.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the P group's
consolidated return for Year 2 includes P's income for the entire tax
year and S's income for the period from January 1 to June 30, and S must
file a separate return for the period from July 1 to December 31.
(c) Acquisition of another subsidiary before end of tax year. The
facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 1, except that on
July 31 P acquires all the stock of T (which filed a separate return for
its year ending on November 30 of Year 1) and T therefore becomes a
member on August 1 of Year 2. Under Sec. 1.1502-75(d) and paragraph
(b)(1) of this section, the P group's consolidated return for Year 2
includes P's income for the entire year, S's income from January 1 to
June 30, and T's income from August 1 to December 31. S must file a
separate return that includes its income from July 1 to December 31, and
T must file a separate return that includes its income from December 1
of Year 1 to July 31 of Year 2. (If P had acquired T after December 31,
the P group that included S is a different group from the P group that
includes T, and, for example, the P group that includes T must make a
separate election under section 1501 and Sec. 1.1502-75 if consolidated
returns are to be filed.)
Example 2. Group structure change. (a) Facts. P owns all of the
stock of S and T. Shortly after the beginning of Year 1, P merges into T
in a reorganization described in section 368(a)(1)(A) (and in section
368(a)(1)(D)), and P's shareholders receive T's stock in exchange for
all of P's stock. The P group is treated under Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(2)(ii)
as remaining in existence with T as its common parent.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the P group's
return must include the common parent's items for the entire
consolidated return year and, if the common parent ceases to be the
common parent but the group remains in existence, appropriate
adjustments must be made. Consequently, although P did not exist for all
of Year 1, P's items for the portion of Year 1 ending with the merger
are treated as the items of the common parent that must be included in
the P group's return for Year 1.
(c) Reverse acquisition. Assume instead that X acquires all of P's
assets in exchange for more than 50% of X's stock in a reorganization
described in section 368(a)(1)(D). The reorganization constitutes a
reverse acquisition under Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3), with the X group
terminating and the P group surviving with X as its common parent.
Consequently, P's items for the portion of Year 1 ending with the
acquisition are treated as the items of the common parent that must be
included in the P group's return for Year 1, and X's items are treated
for purposes of paragraph (b)(1) of this section as the items of a
subsidiary included in the P group's return for the portion of Year 1
for which X is a member.
Example 3. Ratable allocation. (a) Facts. P sells all of T's stock
to X, and T becomes a nonmember on July 1 of Year 1. T engages in the
production and sale of merchandise throughout Year 1 and is required to
use inventories. The sale is treated as causing T's tax year to end on
June 30, and the periods beginning and ending with the sale are treated
as two tax years for Federal income tax purposes.
(b) Analysis. If ratable allocation under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of
this section is not elected, T must perform an inventory valuation as of
the acquisition and also as of the end of Year 1. If ratable allocation
is elected, T must perform an inventory valuation only as of the close
of Year 1, and T's income from inventory is ratably allocated, along
with T's other items that are not extraordinary items, between the P and
X consolidated returns.
(c) Merger into nonmember. Assume instead that T merges into a
wholly owned subsidiary of X in a reorganization described in section
368(a)(2)(D), and P receives 10% of X's stock in exchange for all of T's
stock. Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section, because T's tax
year ends on June 30 under section 381(b)(1), T's original year
determined without taking paragraph (b) of this section into account
also ends on June 30. Consequently, a ratable allocation under paragraph
(b)(2)(ii) of this section is the same as an allocation based on closing
the books.
Example 4. Net operating loss. P sells all of T's stock to X, T
becomes a nonmember on June 30 of Year 1, and ratable allocation under
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section is elected. Under ratable
allocation, the X group has a $100 consolidated net operating loss for
Year 1, all of which is attributable to T. However, because of
extraordinary items, T has $100 of income for the portion of Year 1 that
T is a member of the P group. Under paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B)(2) of this
section, T's loss may be carried back from the X group to the portion of
Year 1 that T was a member of
[[Page 561]]
the P group. See also section 172 and Sec. 1.1502-21(b). Under
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(C)(5) of this section, any item carried to or from
any portion of the original year is an extraordinary item, and the loss
therefore is not taken into account again in determining the ratable
allocation under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section.
Example 5. Employee benefit plans. (a) Facts. P sells all of T's
stock to X, and T becomes a nonmember on June 30 of Year 1. On March 15
of Year 2, T contributes $100 to its retirement plan, which is a
qualified plan under section 401(a). T is not required to make quarterly
contributions to the plan for Year 1 under section 412(m). The
contribution is made on account of T's taxable period beginning on July
1 of Year 1, and is deemed in accordance with section 404(a)(6) to have
been made on the last day of T's taxable period beginning on July 1 of
Year 1. Ratable allocation under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section is
not elected.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (b) of this section, the sale is
treated as causing T's tax year to end on June 30, and the period
beginning on July 1 is treated as a separate annual accounting period
for all Federal income tax purposes. T's income from January 1 to June
30 is included in the P group's Year 1 return, and T's income from July
1 to December 31 is included in the X group's Year 1 return. Thus, the
$100 contribution is deductible by T for the period of Year 1 that it is
a member of the X group, subject to the applicable limitations of
section 404, if a contribution on the last day of that period would
otherwise be deductible.
(c) The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 5,
except that, in accordance with section 404(a)(6), $40 of the $100
contribution is made on account of T's taxable period beginning on
January 1 of Year 1 and is deemed to be made on the last day of T's
taxable period beginning on January 1 of Year 1. The remaining $60 is
made on account of T's taxable period beginning on July 1 of Year 1 and
is deemed to be made on the last day of T's taxable period beginning on
July 1 of Year 1. As in paragraph (b) of this Example 5, under paragraph
(b) of this section, the sale is treated as causing T's tax year to end
on June 30, and the period beginning on July 1 is treated as a separate
annual accounting period for all Federal income tax purposes. The $40
portion of the contribution is deductible by T for the period of Year 1
that it is a member of the P group, subject to the applicable
limitations of section 404 and provided that a $40 contribution on the
last day of that period would otherwise be deductible for that period,
and the $60 portion is deductible by T for the period of Year 1 that it
is a member of the X group, subject to the same conditions.
(d) Ratable allocation. The facts are the same as in paragraph (a)
of this Example 5, except that P, T, and X elect ratable allocation
under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section and T's deduction for the
retirement plan contribution is not an extraordinary item. T's deduction
may be ratably allocated, subject to the applicable limitations of
section 404, and is allowable only if a contribution on the last day of
Year 1 otherwise would be deductible for any period in the year. (The
results would be the same if S were an unaffiliated corporation when
acquired by X, and the due date of its last separate return (including
extensions) were before the pension contribution was made on March 15 of
Year 2.)
Example 6. Allocation of partnership items. (a) Facts. P sells all
of T's stock to X, and T becomes a nonmember on June 30 of Year 1. T has
a 10% interest in the capital and profits of a calendar-year
partnership.
(b) Analysis. Under paragraph (b)(2)(vi)(A) of this section, T is
treated, solely for purposes of determining T's tax year in which the
partnership's items are included, as selling or exchanging its entire
interest in the partnership as of P's sale of T's stock. Thus, the
deemed disposition is not taken into account under section 708, it does
not result in gain or loss being recognized by T, and T's holding period
is unaffected. However, under section 706(a), in determining T's income,
T is required to include its distributive share of partnership items for
the partnership's year ending within or with T's tax year. Under section
706(c)(2), the partnership's tax year is treated as closing with respect
to T for this purpose as of P's sale of T's stock. The allocation of T's
distributive share of partnership items must be made under Sec. 1.706-
1(c)(2)(ii).
(c) Controlled partnership. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(a) of this Example 6, except that T has a 75% interest in the capital
and profits of the partnership. Under paragraph (b)(2)(vi)(B) of this
section, T's distributive share of the partnership items is treated as
T's items for purposes of paragraph (b)(2) of this section. Thus, if
ratable allocation under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section is not
elected, T's distributive share of the partnership's items must be
determined under Sec. 1.706-1(c)(2)(ii) by an interim closing of the
partnership's books. Similarly, if ratable allocation is elected for T's
items that are not extraordinary items, T's distributive share of the
partnership's nonextraordinary items must also be ratably allocated
under Sec. 1.706-1(c)(2)(ii).
Example 7. Acquisition of S corporation. (a) Facts. Z is a small
business corporation for which an election under section 1362(a) was in
effect at all times since Year 1. At all times, Z had only 100 shares of
stock outstanding, all of which were owned by individual A. On July 1 of
Year 3, P acquired all of the Z stock. P does not make an election
[[Page 562]]
under section 338(g) with respect to its purchase of the Z stock.
(b) Analysis. As a result of P's acquisition of the Z stock, Z's
election under section 1362(a) terminates. See sections 1361(b)(1)(B)
and 1362(d)(2). Z is required to join in the filing of the P
consolidated return. See Sec. 1.1502-75. Z's tax year ends for all
Federal income tax purposes on June 30 of Year 3. If no extension of
time is sought, Z must file a separate return for the period from
January 1 through June 30 of Year 3 on or before March 15 of Year 4. See
paragraph (b)(4) of this section. Z will become a member of the P
consolidated group as of July 1 of Year 3. See paragraph
(b)(1)(ii)(A)(2) of this section. P group's Year 3 consolidated return
will include Z's items from July 1 to December 31 of Year 3.
(6) Effective date--(i) General rule. Except as provided in
paragraphs (b)(1)(ii) (A)(2) and (b)(2)(v) of this section, this
paragraph (b) applies to corporations becoming or ceasing to be members
of consolidated groups on or after January 1, 1995.
(ii) Prior law. For prior transactions, see prior regulations under
section 1502 as in effect with respect to the transaction. See, e.g.,
Sec. 1.1502-76(b) and (d) as contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition
revised as of April 1, 1994. However, Sec. 1.1502-76(b)(5) and (6) as
contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 1994 do
not apply with respect to corporations becoming or ceasing to be members
of consolidated groups on or after January 1, 1995. If both this
paragraph (b) and prior law may apply to determine the inclusion of any
amount in a return, appropriate adjustments must be made to prevent the
omission or duplication of the amount.
(c) Time for making separate returns for periods not included in
consolidated return--(1) Consolidated return filed by due date for
separate return. If the group has filed a consolidated return on or
before the due date for the filing of a subsidiary's separate return
(including extensions of time and determined without regard to any
change of its taxable year required under paragraph (a) of this
section), then the separate return for any portion of the subsidiary's
taxable year for which its income is not included in the consolidated
return of the group must be filed no later than the due date of such
consolidated return (including extensions of time).
(2) Consolidated return not filed by due date for separate return.
If the group has not filed a consolidated return on or before the due
date for the filing of a subsidiary corporation's separate return
(including extensions of time and determined without regard to any
change of its taxable year required under paragraph (a) of this
section), then on or before such due date such subsidiary shall file a
separate return either for the portion of its taxable year for which its
income would not be included in a consolidated return if such a return
were filed, or for its complete taxable year. However, if a separate
return is filed for such portion of its taxable year and the group
subsequently does not file a consolidated return, such subsidiary
corporation shall file a substituted return for its complete taxable
year not later than the due date (including extensions of time)
prescribed for the filing of the common parent's return. On the other
hand, if the return is filed for the subsidiary's complete taxable year
and the group later files a consolidated return, such subsidiary must
file an amended return not later than the due date (including extensions
of time) for the filing of the consolidated return of the group. Such
amended return shall be for that portion of such subsidiary's taxable
year which is not included in the consolidated return. If, under this
subparagraph, a substituted return must be filed, then the return
previously filed shall not be considered a return within the meaning of
section 6011. If, under this subparagraph, a substituted or amended
return must be filed, then, for purposes of sections 6513(a) and
6601(a), the last date prescribed for payment of tax shall be the due
date (not including extensions of time) for the filing of the
subsidiary's separate return (determined without regard to this
subparagraph and without regard to any change of its taxable year
required under paragraph (a) of this section).
(3) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. Corporation P, which filed a separate return for the
calendar year 1966, acquires all of the stock of corporation S as of the
close of December 31, 1966. Corporation S reports its income on the
basis of a fiscal
[[Page 563]]
year ending March 31. On June 15, 1967, the due date for the filing of a
separate return by S (assuming no extensions of time), a consolidated
return has not been filed for the group (P and S). On such date S may
either file a return for the period April 1, 1966, through December 31,
1966, or it may file a return for the complete fiscal year ending March
31, 1967. If S files a return for the short period ending December 31,
1966, and if the group elects not to file a consolidated return for the
calendar year 1967, S, on or before March 15, 1968 (the due date of P's
return, assuming no extensions of time), must file a substituted return
for the complete fiscal year ending March 31, 1967, in lieu of the
return previously filed for the short period. Interest is computed from
June 15, 1967. If, however, S files a return for the complete fiscal
year ending March 31, 1967, and the group elects to file a consolidated
return for the calendar year 1967, then S must file an amended return
covering the period from April 1, 1966, through December 31, 1966, in
lieu of the return previously filed for the complete fiscal year.
Interest is computed from June 15, 1967.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in example (1) except that
corporation P acquires all of the stock of corporation S at the close of
September 30, 1967, and that P files a consolidated return for the group
for 1967 on March 15, 1968 (not having obtained any extensions of time).
Since a consolidated return has been filed on or before the due date
(June 15, 1968) for the filing of the separate return for the taxable
year ending March 31, 1968, the return of S for the short taxable year
beginning April 1, 1967, and ending September 30, 1967, should be filed
no later than March 15, 1968.
(d) Effective/applicability date--(1) Taxable years of members of
group effective date. (i) In general. Paragraph (a) of this section
applies to any original consolidated Federal income tax return due
(without extensions) after July 20, 2007.
(ii) Prior law. For original consolidated Federal income tax returns
due (without extensions) after April 25, 2006, and on or before July 20,
2007, see Sec. 1.1502-76T as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on
April 1, 2007. For original consolidated Federal income tax returns due
(without extensions) on or before April 25, 2006, see Sec. 1.1502-76 as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2006.
(2) Election to ratably allocate items effective date--(i) In
general. Paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(D) of this section applies to any original
consolidated Federal income tax return due (without extensions) after
July 20, 2007.
(ii) Prior law. For original consolidated Federal income tax returns
due (without extensions) after May 30, 2006, and on or before July 20,
2007, see Sec. 1.1502-76T as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on
April 1, 2007. For original consolidated Federal income tax returns due
(without extensions) on or before May 30, 2006, see Sec. 1.1502-76 as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2006.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1502-76, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Sec. 1.1502-77 Agent for the group.
(a) Scope of agency--(1) In general--(i) Common parent. Except as
provided in paragraphs (a)(3) and (6) of this section, the common parent
(or a substitute agent described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this
section) for a consolidated return year is the sole agent (agent for the
group) that is authorized to act in its own name with respect to all
matters relating to the tax liability for that consolidated return year,
for--
(A) Each member in the group; and
(B) Any successor (see paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section) of a
member.
(ii) Substitute agents. For purposes of this section, any
corporation designated as a substitute agent pursuant to paragraph (d)
of this section to replace the common parent or a previously designated
substitute agent acts as agent for the group to the same extent and
subject to the same limitations as are applicable to the common parent,
and any reference in this section to the common parent includes any such
substitute agent.
(iii) Successor. For purposes of this section only, the term
successor means an individual or entity (including a disregarded entity)
that is primarily liable, pursuant to applicable law (including, for
example, by operation of a state or Federal merger statute), for the tax
liability of a member of the group. Such determination is made without
regard to Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(4) or 1.1502-6(a). (For inclusion of a
successor
[[Page 564]]
in references to a subsidiary or member, see paragraph (c)(2) of this
section.)
(iv) Disregarded entity. If a subsidiary of a group becomes, or its
successor is or becomes, a disregarded entity for Federal tax purposes,
the common parent continues to serve as the agent with respect to that
subsidiary's tax liability under Sec. 1.1502-6 for consolidated return
years during which it was included in the group, even though the entity
generally is not treated as a person separate from its owner for Federal
tax purposes.
(v) Transferee liability. For purposes of assessing, paying and
collecting transferee liability, any exercise of or reliance on the
common parent's agency authority pursuant to this section is binding on
a transferee (or subsequent transferees) of a member, regardless of
whether the member's existence terminates prior to such exercise or
reliance.
(vi) Purported common parent. If any corporation files a
consolidated return purporting to be the common parent of a consolidated
group but is subsequently determined not to have been the common parent
of the claimed group, that corporation is treated, to the extent
necessary to avoid prejudice to the Commissioner, as if it were the
common parent.
(2) Examples of matters subject to agency. With respect to any
consolidated return year for which it is the common parent--
(i) The common parent makes any election (or similar choice of a
permissible option) that is available to a subsidiary in the computation
of its separate taxable income, and any change in an election (or
similar choice of a permissible option) previously made by or for a
subsidiary, including, for example, a request to change a subsidiary's
method or period of accounting;
(ii) All correspondence concerning the income tax liability for the
consolidated return year is carried on directly with the common parent;
(iii) The common parent files for all extensions of time, including
extensions of time for payment of tax under section 6164, and any
extension so filed is considered as having been filed by each member;
(iv) The common parent gives waivers, gives bonds, and executes
closing agreements, offers in compromise, and all other documents, and
any waiver or bond so given, or agreement, offer in compromise, or any
other document so executed, is considered as having also been given or
executed by each member;
(v) The common parent files claims for refund, and any refund is
made directly to and in the name of the common parent and discharges any
liability of the Government to any member with respect to such refund;
(vi) The common parent takes any action on behalf of a member of the
group with respect to a foreign corporation, for example, elections by,
and changes to the method of accounting of, a controlled foreign
corporation in accordance with Sec. 1.964-1(c)(3);
(vii) Notices of claim disallowance are mailed only to the common
parent, and the mailing to the common parent is considered as a mailing
to each member;
(viii) Notices of deficiencies are mailed only to the common parent
(except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section), and the mailing
to the common parent is considered as a mailing to each member;
(ix) Notices of final partnership administrative adjustment under
section 6223 with respect to any partnership in which a member of the
group is a partner may be mailed to the common parent, and, if so, the
mailing to the common parent is considered as a mailing to each member
that is a partner entitled to receive such notice (for other rules
regarding partnership proceedings, see paragraphs (a)(3)(v) and
(a)(6)(iii) of this section);
(x) The common parent files petitions and conducts proceedings
before the United States Tax Court, and any such petition is considered
as also having been filed by each member;
(xi) Any assessment of tax may be made in the name of the common
parent, and an assessment naming the common parent is considered as an
assessment with respect to each member; and
(xii) Notice and demand for payment of taxes is given only to the
common parent, and such notice and demand is
[[Page 565]]
considered as a notice and demand to each member.
(3) Matters reserved to subsidiaries. Except as provided in this
paragraph (a)(3) and paragraph (a)(6) of this section, no subsidiary has
authority to act for or to represent itself in any matter related to the
tax liability for the consolidated return year. The following matters,
however, are reserved exclusively to each subsidiary--
(i) The making of the consent required by Sec. 1.1502-75(a)(1);
(ii) Any action with respect to the subsidiary's liability for a
federal tax other than the income tax imposed by chapter 1 of the
Internal Revenue Code (including, for example, employment taxes under
chapters 21 through 25 of the Internal Revenue Code, and miscellaneous
excise taxes under chapters 31 through 47 of the Internal Revenue Code);
(iii) The making of an election under section 936(e);
(iv) The making of an election to be treated as a DISC under Sec.
1.992-2; and
(v) Any actions by a subsidiary acting as tax matters partner under
sections 6221 through 6234 and the accompanying regulations (but see
paragraph (a)(2)(ix) of this section regarding the mailing of a final
partnership administrative adjustment to the common parent).
(4) Term of agency--(i) In general. Except as provided in paragraph
(a)(4)(iii) of this section, the common parent for the consolidated
return year remains the agent for the group with respect to that year
until the common parent's existence terminates, regardless of whether
one or more subsidiaries in that year cease to be members of the group,
whether the group files a consolidated return for any subsequent year,
whether the common parent ceases to be the common parent or a member of
the group in any subsequent year, or whether the group continues
pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-75(d) with a new common parent in any
subsequent year.
(ii) Replacement of substitute agent designated by Commissioner. If
the Commissioner replaces a previously designated substitute agent
pursuant to paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section, the replaced
substitute agent ceases to be the agent after the Commissioner
designates another substitute agent.
(iii) New common parent after a group structure change. If the group
continues in existence with a new common parent pursuant to Sec.
1.1502-75(d) during a consolidated return year, the common parent at the
beginning of the year is the agent for the group through the date of the
Sec. 1.1502-75(d) transaction, and the new common parent becomes the
agent for the group beginning the day after the transaction, at which
time it becomes the agent for the group with respect to the entire
consolidated return year (including the period through the date of the
transaction) and the former common parent is no longer the agent for
that year.
(5) Identifying members in notice of a lien. Notwithstanding any
other provisions of this paragraph (a), any notice of a lien, any levy
or any other proceeding to collect the amount of any assessment, after
the assessment has been made, must name the entity from which such
collection is to be made.
(6) Direct dealing with a member--(i) Several liability. The
Commissioner may, upon issuing to the common parent written notice that
expressly invokes the authority of this provision, deal directly with
any member of the group with respect to its liability under Sec.
1.1502-6 for the consolidated tax of the group, in which event such
member has sole authority to act for itself with respect to that
liability. However, if the Commissioner believes or has reason to
believe that the existence of the common parent has terminated, he may,
if he deems it advisable, deal directly with any member with respect to
that member's liability under Sec. 1.1502-6 without giving the notice
required by this provision.
(ii) Information requests. The Commissioner may, upon informing the
common parent, request information relevant to the consolidated tax
liability from any member of the group. However, if the Commissioner
believes or has reason to believe that the existence of the common
parent has terminated, he may request such information from any member
of the group without informing the common parent.
(iii) Members as partners in partnerships. The Commissioner
generally will
[[Page 566]]
deal directly with any member in its capacity as a partner of a
partnership that is subject to the provisions of sections 6221 through
6234 and the accompanying regulations (but see paragraph (a)(2)(ix) of
this section regarding the mailing of a final partnership administrative
adjustment to the common parent). However, if requested to do so in
accordance with the provisions of Sec. 301.6223(c)-1(b) of this
chapter, the Commissioner may deal with the common parent as agent for
such member on any matter related to the partnership, except in regards
to a settlement under section 6224(c) and except to the extent the
member acts as tax matters partner of the partnership.
(b) Copy of notice of deficiency to entity that has ceased to be a
member of the group. An entity that ceases to be a member of the group
during or after a consolidated return year may file a written notice of
that fact with the Commissioner and request a copy of any notice of
deficiency with respect to the tax for a consolidated return year during
which the entity was a member, or a copy of any notice and demand for
payment of such deficiency, or both. Such filing does not limit the
scope of the agency of the common parent provided for in paragraph (a)
of this section. Any failure by the Commissioner to comply with such
request does not limit an entity's tax liability under Sec. 1.1502-6.
For purposes of this paragraph (b), references to an entity include a
successor of such entity.
(c) References to member or subsidiary. For purposes of this
section, all references to a member or subsidiary for a consolidated
return year include--
(1) Each corporation that was a member of the group during any part
of such year (except that any reference to a subsidiary does not include
the common parent);
(2) Except as indicated otherwise, a successor (as defined in
paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section) of any corporation described in
paragraph (c)(1) of this section; and
(3) Each corporation whose income was included in the consolidated
return for such year, notwithstanding that the tax liability of such
corporation should have been computed on the basis of a separate return,
or as a member of another consolidated group, under the provisions of
Sec. 1.1502-75.
(d) Termination of common parent--(1) Designation of substitute
agent by common parent. (i) If the common parent's existence terminates,
it may designate a substitute agent for the group and notify the
Commissioner, as provided in this paragraph (d)(1).
(A) Subject to the Commissioner's approval under paragraph
(d)(1)(ii) of this section, before the common parent's existence
terminates, the common parent may designate, for each consolidated
return year for which it is the common parent and for which the period
of limitations either for assessment, for collection after assessment,
or for claiming a credit or refund has not expired, one of the following
to act as substitute agent in its place--
(1) Any corporation that was a member of the group during any part
of the consolidated return year and, except as provided in paragraph
(e)(3)(ii) of this section, has not subsequently been disregarded as an
entity separate from its owner or reclassified as a partnership for
Federal tax purposes; or
(2) Any successor (as defined in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this
section) of such a corporation or of the common parent that is a
domestic corporation (and, except as provided in paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of
this section, is not disregarded as an entity separate from its owner or
classified as a partnership for Federal tax purposes), including a
corporation that will become a successor at the time that the common
parent's existence terminates.
(B) The common parent must notify the Commissioner in writing (under
procedures prescribed by the Commissioner) of the designation and
provide the following--
(1) An agreement executed by the designated corporation agreeing to
serve as the group's substitute agent; and
(2) If the designated corporation was not itself a member of the
group during the consolidated return year (because the designated
corporation is a successor of a member of the group for the consolidated
return year), a statement by the designated corporation acknowledging
that it is or will be primarily
[[Page 567]]
liable for the consolidated tax as a successor of a member.
(ii) A designation under paragraph (d)(1)(i)(A) of this section does
not apply unless and until it is approved by the Commissioner. The
Commissioner's approval of such a designation is not effective before
the existence of the common parent terminates.
(2) Default substitute agent. If the common parent fails to
designate a substitute agent for the group before its existence
terminates and if the common parent has a single successor that is a
domestic corporation, such successor becomes the substitute agent for
the group upon termination of the common parent's existence. However,
see paragraph (d)(4) of this section regarding the consequences of the
successor's failure to notify the Commissioner of its status as default
substitute agent in accordance with procedures established by the
Commissioner.
(3) Designation by the Commissioner. (i) In the event the common
parent's existence terminates and no designation is made and approved
under paragraph (d)(1) of this section and the Commissioner believes or
has reason to believe that there is no successor of the common parent
that satisfies the requirements of paragraph (d)(2) of this section (or
the Commissioner believes or has reason to believe there is such a
successor but has no last known address on file for such successor), the
Commissioner may, at any time, with or without a request from any member
of the group, designate a corporation described in paragraph
(d)(1)(i)(A) of this section to act as the substitute agent. The
Commissioner will notify the designated substitute agent in writing of
its designation, and the designation is effective upon receipt by the
designated substitute agent of such notice. The designated substitute
agent must give notice of the designation to each corporation that was a
member of the group during any part of the consolidated return year, but
a failure by the designated substitute agent to notify any such member
of the group does not invalidate the designation.
(ii) At the request of any member, the Commissioner may, but is not
required to, replace a substitute agent previously designated under
paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section with another corporation described
in paragraph (d)(1)(i)(A) of this section.
(4) Absence of designation or notification of default substitute
agent. Until a designation of a substitute agent for the group under
paragraph (d)(1) of this section has become effective, the Commissioner
has received notification in accordance with procedures established by
the Commissioner that a successor qualifying under paragraph (d)(2) of
this section has become the substitute agent by default, or the
Commissioner has designated a substitute agent under paragraph (d)(3) of
this section--
(i) Any notice of deficiency or other communication mailed to the
common parent, even if no longer in existence, is considered as having
been properly mailed to the agent for the group; and
(ii) The Commissioner is not required to act on any communication
(including, for example, a claim for refund) submitted on behalf of the
group by any person other than the common parent (including a successor
of the common parent qualifying as a default substitute agent under
paragraph (d)(2) of this section).
(e) Termination of a corporation's existence--(1) In general. For
purposes of paragraphs (a)(1)(v), (a)(4)(i), (d), and (j) of this
section, the existence of a corporation is deemed to terminate if--
(i) Its existence terminates under applicable law; or
(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (e)(3) of this section, it
becomes, for Federal tax purposes, either--
(A) An entity that is disregarded as an entity separate from its
owner; or
(B) An entity that is reclassified as a partnership.
(2) Purported agency. If the existence of the agent for the group
terminates under circumstances described in paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this
section, until the Commissioner has approved the designation of a
substitute agent for the group pursuant to paragraph (d)(1) of this
section or the Commissioner designates a substitute agent and notifies
the designated substitute agent pursuant to paragraph (d)(3) of this
section, any post-termination action by that purported agent on behalf
of the group
[[Page 568]]
has the same effect, to the extent necessary to avoid prejudice to the
Commissioner, as if the agent's corporate existence had not terminated.
(3) Exceptions where no eligible corporation exists. (i) For
purposes of the common parent's term as agent under paragraph (a)(4)(i)
of this section and the term as agent of the substitute agent designated
under paragraph (d) of this section, if a corporation either becomes
disregarded as an entity separate from its owner or is reclassified as a
partnership for Federal tax purposes, its existence is not deemed to
terminate if the effect of such termination would be that no corporation
remains eligible to serve as the substitute agent for the group's
consolidated return year.
(ii) Similarly, for purposes of paragraph (d) of this section, an
entity that is either disregarded as an entity separate from its owner
or reclassified as a partnership for Federal tax purposes is not
precluded from designation as a substitute agent merely because of such
classification if the effect of the inability to make such designation
would be that no corporation remains eligible to serve as the substitute
agent for the group's consolidated return year.
(iii) Any entity described in paragraphs (e)(3)(i) or (ii) of this
section that remains or becomes the agent for the group is treated as a
corporation for purposes of this section.
(4) Exception for section 338 transactions. Notwithstanding section
338(a)(2), a target corporation for which an election is made under
section 338 is not deemed to terminate for purposes of this section.
(f) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this section. Unless otherwise indicated, each example addresses the
question of which corporation is the proper party to execute a consent
to waive the statute of limitations for Years 1 and 2 or the more
general question of which corporation may be designated as a substitute
agent for the group for Years 1 and 2. In each example, as of January 1
of Year 1, the P group consists of P and its two subsidiaries, S and S-
1. P, as the common parent of the P group, files consolidated returns
for the P group in Years 1 and 2. On January 1 of Year 1, domestic
corporations S-2, U, V, W, W-1, X, Y, Z and Z-1 are not related to P or
the members of the P group. All corporations are calendar year
taxpayers. For none of the tax years at issue does the Commissioner
exercise the authority under paragraph (a)(6) of this section to deal
with any member separately. Any surviving corporation in a merger is a
successor as described in paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this section. Any
notification to the Commissioner of the designation of the P group's
substitute agent also contains a statement signed on behalf of the
designated agent that it agrees to act as the group's substitute agent
and, in the case of a successor, that it is primarily liable as a
successor of a member. The examples are as follows:
Example 1. Disposition of all group members. On December 31 of Year
1, P sells all the stock of S-1 to X. On December 31 of Year 2, P
distributes all the stock of S to P's shareholders. P files a separate
return for Year 3. Although P is no longer a common parent after Year 2,
P remains the agent for the P group for Years 1 and 2. For as long as P
remains in existence, only P may execute a waiver of the period of
limitations on assessment on behalf of the group for Years 1 and 2.
Example 2. Acquisition of common parent by another group. The facts
are the same as in Example 1, except on January 1 of Year 3, all of the
outstanding stock of P is acquired by Y. P thereafter joins in the Y
group consolidated return as a member of Y group. Although P is a member
of Y group in Year 3, P remains the agent for the P group for Years 1
and 2. For as long as P remains in existence, only P may execute a
waiver of the period of limitations on assessment on behalf of the P
group for Years 1 and 2.
Example 3. Merger of common parent--designation of remaining member
as substitute agent. On December 31 of Year 1, P sells all the stock of
S-1 to X. On July 1 of Year 2, P acquires all the stock of S-2. On
November 30 of Year 2, P distributes all the stock of S to P's
shareholders. On January 1 of Year 3, P merges into Y corporation. Just
before the merger, P notifies the Commissioner in writing of the planned
merger and of its designation of S as the substitute agent for the P
group for Years 1 and 2. S is the only member that P can designate as
the substitute agent for both Years 1 and 2 because it is the only
subsidiary that was a member of the P group during part of both years.
Although S-2 is the only remaining subsidiary of the P group when P
merges into Y, S-2 was a member of
[[Page 569]]
the P group only in Year 2. For that reason, S-2 cannot be the
substitute agent for the P group for Year 1. Alternatively, P could
designate a different substitute agent for each year, selecting S or S-1
as the substitute agent for Year 1, and S or S-2 as the substitute agent
for Year 2. P could also designate its successor Y as the substitute
agent for both Years 1 and 2.
Example 4. Forward triangular merger of common parent. On January 1
of Year 3, P merges with and into Z-1, a subsidiary of Z, in a forward
triangular merger described in section 368(a)(1)(A) and (a)(2)(D). The
transaction constitutes a reverse acquisition under Sec. 1.1502-
75(d)(3)(i) because P's shareholders receive more than 50% of Z's stock
in exchange for all of P's stock. Just before the merger, P notifies the
Commissioner in writing of the planned merger and its designation of Z-
1, the corporation that will survive the planned merger, as the
substitute agent of the P group for Years 1 and 2. Because Z-1 will be
P's successor (within the meaning of paragraph (a)(1) of this section)
after the planned merger, P may designate Z-1 as the substitute agent
for the P group for Years 1 and 2, pursuant to paragraph (d)(1) of this
section. Alternatively, P could have designated S or S-1 as the
substitute agent for the P group for Years 1 and 2. Although Z is the
new common parent of the P group, which continues pursuant to Sec.
1.1502-75(d)(3)(i), P may not designate Z as the substitute agent for
Years 1 and 2 because Z was not a member of the group during any part of
Years 1 or 2 and is not a successor of P or any other member of P group.
Example 5. Reverse triangular merger of common parent. On March 1 of
Year 3, W-1, a subsidiary of W, merges into P, in a reverse triangular
merger described in section 368(a)(1)(A) and (a)(2)(E). P survives the
merger with W-1. The transaction constitutes a reverse acquisition under
Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3)(i) because P's shareholders receive more than 50%
of W's stock in exchange for all of P's stock. Under paragraph (a) of
this section, P remains the agent for the P group for Years 1 and 2,
even though the P group continues with W as its new common parent
pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3)(i). Because the transaction
constitutes a reverse acquisition, the P group is treated as remaining
in existence with W as its common parent. Before March 2 of Year 3, P is
the agent for the P group for Year 3. Beginning on March 2 of Year 3, W
becomes the agent for the P group with respect to all of Year 3
(including the period through March 1) and subsequent consolidated
return years. For as long as P remains in existence, P remains the agent
of the P group under paragraph (a) of this section for Years 1 and 2,
and therefore only P may execute a waiver of the period of limitations
on assessment on behalf of the P group for Years 1 and 2.
Example 6. Reverse triangular merger of common parent-subsequent
spinoff of common parent. The facts are the same as in Example 5, except
that on April 1 of Year 4, in a transaction unrelated to the Year 3
reverse acquisition, P distributes the stock of its subsidiaries S and
S-1 to W, and W then distributes the stock of P to the W shareholders.
Beginning on March 2 of Year 3, W becomes the agent for the P group with
respect to Year 3 (including the period through March 1) and subsequent
consolidated return years. Although P is no longer a member of the P
group after the Year 4 spinoff, P remains the agent for the P group
under paragraph (a) of this section for Years 1 and 2. Thus, for as long
as P remains in existence, only P may execute a waiver of the period of
limitations on assessment on behalf of the P group for Years 1 and 2.
Example 7. Qualified stock purchase and section 338 election. On
March 31 of Year 2, V purchases the stock of P in a qualified stock
purchase (within the meaning of section 338(d)(3)), and V makes a timely
election pursuant to section 338(g) with respect to P. Although section
338(a)(2) provides that P is treated as a new corporation as of the
beginning of the day after the acquisition date for purposes of subtitle
A, paragraph (e)(4) of this section provides that P's existence is not
deemed to terminate for purposes of this section notwithstanding the
general rule of section 338(a)(2). Therefore, the election under section
338(g) does not result in a termination of P under paragraph (e) of this
section, and new P remains the agent of the P group for Year 1 and the
period ending March 31 of Year 2 (short Year 2). For as long as new P
remains in existence, only new P may execute a waiver of the period of
limitations on assessment on behalf of the P group for Year 1 and short
Year 2.
Example 8. Fraudulent conveyance of assets. On March 15 of Year 2, P
files a consolidated return that includes the income of S and S-1 for
Year 1. On December 1 of Year 2, S-1 transfers assets having a fair
market value of $100x to U in exchange for $10x. This transfer of assets
for less than fair market value constitutes a fraudulent conveyance
under applicable state law. On March 1 of Year 5, P executes a waiver
extending to December 31 of Year 6 the period of limitations on
assessment with respect to the group's Year 1 consolidated return. On
February 1 of Year 6, the Commissioner issues a notice of deficiency to
P asserting a deficiency of $30x for the P group's Year 1 consolidated
tax liability. P does not file a petition for redetermination in the Tax
Court, and the Commissioner makes a timely assessment against the P
group. P, S and S-1 are all insolvent and are unable to pay the
deficiency. On February 1 of Year 8, the Commissioner sends a notice of
transferee liability to U, which does not file a petition in the Tax
Court. On
[[Page 570]]
August 1 of Year 8, the Commissioner assesses the amount of the P
group's deficiency against U. Under section 6901(c), the Commissioner
may assess U's transferee liability within one year after the expiration
of the period of limitations against the transferor S-1. By operation of
section 6213(a) and 6503(a), the issuance of the notice of deficiency to
P and the expiration of the 90-day period for filing a petition in the
Tax Court have the effect of further extending by 150 days the P group's
limitations period on assessment from the previously extended date of
December 31 of Year 6 to May 30 of Year 7. Pursuant to paragraph
(a)(1)(v) of this section, the waiver executed by P on March 1 of Year 5
to extend the period of limitations on assessment to December 31 of Year
6 and the further extension of the P group's limitations period to May
30 of Year 7 (by operation of sections 6213(a) and 6503(a)) have the
derivative effect of extending the period of limitations on assessment
of U's transferee liability to May 30 of Year 8. By operation of section
6901(f), the issuance of the notice of transferee liability to U and the
expiration of the 90-day period for filing a petition in the Tax Court
have the effect of further extending the limitations period on
assessment of U's liability as a transferee by 150 days, from May 30 of
Year 8 to October 27 of Year 8. Accordingly, the Commissioner may send a
notice of transferee liability to U at any time on or before May 30 of
Year 8 and assess the unpaid liability against U at any time on or
before October 27 of Year 8. The result would be the same even if S-1
ceased to exist before March 1 of Year 5, the date P executed the
waiver.
(g) Cross-reference. For further rules applicable to groups that
include insolvent financial institutions, see Sec. 301.6402-7 of this
chapter.
(h) Effective date--(1) Application--(i) In general. This section
applies with respect to taxable years beginning on or after June 28,
2002.
(ii) Election to apply for prior taxable years. Notwithstanding
paragraphs (h)(1)(i) and (h)(2) of this section, the common parent may
elect to apply paragraph (d)(1) of this section in lieu of Sec. 1.1502-
77A(d) in designating a substitute agent for taxable years beginning
before June 28, 2002. The common parent makes such an election by
expressly referring to the election under this paragraph (h)(1)(ii) in
notifying the Commissioner of the designation of the substitute agent.
Once made, such election applies to any subsequent designation of a
substitute agent for the consolidated return year(s) subject to the
election.
(2) Prior law. For taxable years beginning before June 28, 2002, see
Sec. 1.1502-77A.
(3) Designation of a domestic substitute agent--(i) In general. The
provisions of paragraphs (e)(1) and (j) of this section apply to taxable
years for which the consolidated Federal income tax return is due
(without extensions) after July 23, 2007.
(ii) Prior law. For taxable years for which the consolidated Federal
income tax return is due (without extensions) on or before July 23,
2007, see Sec. 1.1502-77(e)(1) as contained in the 26 CFR part 1
edition revised as of April 1, 2007. For taxable years for which the
consolidated Federal income tax return is due (without extensions) after
March 14, 2006, and on or before July 23, 2007, see Sec. 1.1502-77T as
contained in the 26 CFR part 1 edition revised as of April 1, 2007.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Designation by Commissioner if common parent is treated as a
domestic corporation under section 7874 or section 953(d)--(1) In
general. If the common parent is an entity created or organized under
the law of a foreign country and is treated as a domestic corporation by
reason of section 7874 (or regulations under that section) or a section
953(d) election (a foreign common parent), the Commissioner may at any
time, with or without a request from any member of the group, designate
another member of the group to act as the agent for the group (a
domestic substitute agent) for any taxable year for which the
consolidated Federal income tax return is due (without extensions) after
July 23, 2007, and the foreign common parent would otherwise be the
agent for the group. For each such year, the domestic substitute agent
will be the sole agent for the group even though the foreign common
parent remains in existence. The foreign common parent ceases to be the
agent for the group when the Commissioner's designation of a domestic
substitute agent becomes effective. The Commissioner may designate a
domestic substitute agent for the term of a single taxable year,
multiple years, or on a continuing basis.
[[Page 571]]
(2) Domestic substitute agent. The domestic substitute agent, by
designation or by succession, shall be a domestic corporation described
in paragraph (d)(1)(i)(A) of this section (determined without regard to
section 7874, a section 953(d) election or section 1504(d)).
(3) Designation by the Commissioner. The Commissioner will notify
the domestic substitute agent in writing by mail or faxed transmission
of the designation. The domestic substitute agent's designation is
effective on the earliest of the 14th day following the date of a
mailing, the 4th day following a faxed transmission, or the date the
Commissioner receives written confirmation of the designation by a duly
authorized officer of the domestic substitute agent (within the meaning
of section 6062). The domestic substitute agent must give notice of its
designation to the foreign common parent and each corporation that was a
member of the group during any part of any consolidated return year for
which the domestic substitute agent will be the agent. A failure of the
domestic substitute agent to notify the foreign common parent or any
member of the group does not invalidate the designation. The
Commissioner will send a copy of the notification to the foreign common
parent, and if applicable, to any domestic substitute agent the
designation replaces; a failure to send a copy of the notification does
not invalidate the designation.
(4) Term of agency--(i) Taxable years for which domestic substitute
agent is the agent. If the Commissioner designates a domestic substitute
agent for one or more taxable years, unless the designation is expressly
limited to such term, such domestic substitute agent will continue as
the group's sole agent for subsequent taxable years until the domestic
substitute agent ceases to be a member of the continuing group, is
replaced by a new domestic common parent (as provided in paragraph
(j)(4)(iv)(A) of this section), is replaced by the Commissioner, or is
replaced by a default substitute agent (as provided in paragraph
(j)(5)(ii) of this section). If during the course of a consolidated
return year the domestic substitute agent ceases to be a member of the
continuing group or is replaced, it shall no longer act as agent for
such taxable year or subsequent taxable years in any matter.
(ii) Continuing agency for prior taxable years. Unless replaced by a
default substitute agent (as provided in paragraph (j)(5)(ii) of this
section) or by the Commissioner, the domestic substitute agent at the
end of a taxable year of the group will remain the agent for such year
until its existence terminates, even if the group subsequently ceases to
exist or the domestic substitute agent subsequently ceases to be a
member of the group.
(iii) Replacement of a Sec. 1.1502-77(d)(1) agent. If, pursuant to
paragraph (d)(1) of this section, the common parent of the group
designates a foreign common parent as the agent for the group for any
taxable year, the Commissioner may, at any time, designate a domestic
substitute agent to replace the foreign common parent, even if the
Commissioner approved the terminating common parent's designation.
(iv) Group continues with a new common parent--(A) Year the new
common parent becomes the common parent. If the group has a domestic
substitute agent and the group continues in existence with a new common
parent during a consolidated return year, and such new common parent is
a domestic corporation (determined without regard to section 7874 or a
section 953(d) election), the domestic substitute agent at the beginning
of the year is the agent for the group through the date of the
transaction in which the new common parent becomes the common parent,
and the new common parent becomes the agent for the group beginning the
day after the transaction, at which time it becomes the agent for the
group with respect to the entire consolidated return year (including the
period through the date of the transaction) and the former domestic
substitute agent will no longer be the agent for the group for that
year.
(B) Years preceding the year the new common parent becomes the
common parent. If after the Commissioner's designation of a domestic
substitute agent the group remains in existence with a new common
parent, and such new
[[Page 572]]
common parent is a domestic corporation (determined without regard to
section 7874 or a section 953(d) election), the Commissioner may
designate the new common parent as the sole agent for the group for any
of the group's prior taxable years (for which the consolidated Federal
income tax return is due (without extensions) after July 23, 2007) in
which the new common parent was a member of the group. For this purpose,
the new common parent is treated as having been a member of the group
for any taxable year it is primarily liable for the group's income tax
liability.
(v) Replacement of domestic substitute agent by the Commissioner.
The Commissioner may at any time, with or without a request from any
member of the group, designate a replacement for a domestic substitute
agent (or a successor to such agent).
(5) Deemed Sec. 1.1502-77(d) designation--(i) In general. If the
Commissioner designates a domestic substitute agent under this paragraph
(j), it will be treated as a designation of a substitute agent under
paragraph (d) of this section.
(ii) Default substitute agent. If the domestic substitute agent's
existence terminates and it has a single successor that is a domestic
corporation (without regard to section 269B) that is eligible to be a
domestic substitute agent, such successor becomes the domestic
substitute agent and is treated as a default substitute agent under
paragraph (d)(2) of this section. See paragraph (d)(4) of this section
regarding the consequences of the successor's failure to notify the
Commissioner of its status as a default substitute agent. The default
substitute agent shall use procedures in section 9 of Rev. Proc. 2002-43
(2002-2 CB 99) or a corresponding provision of a successor revenue
procedure for notification. (See Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this
chapter.)
(6) Request that IRS designate a domestic substitute agent--(i)
Original designation. If the common parent of the group is a foreign
common parent, and the IRS has not designated a domestic substitute
agent, one or more members of the group may request the IRS to make a
designation for taxable years for which the consolidated Federal income
tax return is due (without extensions) after July 23, 2007. Such request
is deemed to be a request under paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section.
Members of the group shall use the procedures in section 10 of Rev.
Proc. 2002-43 (2002-2 CB 99) or a corresponding provision of a successor
revenue procedure for this purpose. (See Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of
this chapter.)
(ii) Request that IRS replace a previously designated substitute
agent. If the IRS designates a domestic substitute agent pursuant to
this paragraph (j), one or more members of the group may request that
the IRS replace the designated domestic substitute agent with another
member (or successor to another member). Such a request is deemed to be
a request pursuant to paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this section. Members of
the group shall use the procedures in section 11 of Rev. Proc. 2002-43
(2002-2 CB 99) or a corresponding provision of a successor revenue
procedure for this purpose. (See Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this
chapter.)
[T.D. 9002, 67 FR 43540, June 28, 2002, as amended by T.D. 9255, 71 FR
13002, Mar. 14, 2006; T.D. 9343, 72 FR 40067, July 23, 2007]
Sec. 1.1502-78 Tentative carryback adjustments.
(a) General rule. If a group has a consolidated net operating loss,
a consolidated net capital loss, or a consolidated unused business
credit for any taxable year, then any application under section 6411 for
a tentative carryback adjustment of the taxes for a consolidated return
year or years preceding such year shall be made by the common parent
corporation for the carryback year (or substitute agent designated under
Sec. 1.1502-77(d) for the carryback year) to the extent such loss or
unused business credit is not apportioned to a corporation for a
separate return year pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-21(b), 1.1502-22(b), or
1.1502-79(c). In the case of the portion of a consolidated net operating
loss or consolidated net capital loss or consolidated unused business
credit to which the preceding sentence does not apply and that is to be
carried back to a corporation that was not a member of a consolidated
group in the carryback year, the corporation to
[[Page 573]]
which such loss or credit is attributable shall make any application
under section 6411. In the case of a net capital loss or net operating
loss or unused business credit arising in a separate return year that
may be carried back to a consolidated return year, after taking into
account the application of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(3)(ii)(B) with respect to
any net operating loss arising in another consolidated group, the common
parent for the carryback year (or substitute agent designated under
Sec. 1.1502-77(d) for the carryback year) shall make any application
under section 6411.
(b) Special rules--(1) Payment of refund. Any refund allowable under
an application referred to in paragraph (a) of this section shall be
made directly to and in the name of the corporation filing the
application, except that in all cases where a loss is deducted from the
consolidated taxable income or a credit is allowed in computing the
consolidated tax liability for a consolidated return year, any refund
shall be made directly to and in the name of the common parent
corporation for the carryback year (or substitute agent designated under
Sec. 1.1502-77(d) for the carryback year). The payment of any such
refund shall discharge any liability of the Government with respect to
such refund.
(2) Several liability. If a group filed a consolidated return for a
taxable year for which there was an adjustment by reason of an
application under section 6411, and if a deficiency is assessed against
such group under section 6213(b)(3), then each member of such group
shall be severally liable for such deficiency including any interest or
penalty assessed in connection with such deficiency.
(3) Groups that include insolvent financial institutions. For
further rules applicable to groups that include insolvent financial
institutions, see Sec. 301.6402-7 of this chapter.
(c) Examples. The provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section may be illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Corporations P, S, and S-1 filed a consolidated return
for the calendar year 1966. P, S, and S-1 also filed a consolidated
return for the calendar year 1969. The group incurred a consolidated net
operating loss in 1969 attributable to S-1 which may be carried back to
1966 as a consolidated net operating loss carryback. If a tentative
carryback adjustment is desired, P, the common parent for the carryback
year, must file an application under section 6411 and any refund will be
made to P.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in example (1) except that P, S,
and S-1 filed separate returns for the calendar year 1969, even though
they were members of the same group for such year. P incurred a net
operating loss in 1969 which may be carried back to 1966. If a tentative
carryback adjustment is desired, P must file an application under
section 6411 and any refund from such application will be made to P.
Example 3. Corporations X, Y, and Z filed a consolidated return for
the calendar year 1966. Z ceased to be a member of the group in 1967. Z
filed a separate return for 1968 while X and Y filed a consolidated
return for such year. The group incurred a consolidated net operating
loss in 1968 attributable to Y, which may be carried back to 1966. Z
also incurred a net operating loss for 1968 which may be carried back to
1966. If a tentative carryback adjustment is claimed with respect to the
consolidated net operating loss, X, the common parent, must file an
application under section 6411. If a tentative carryback adjustment is
desired with respect to Z's loss, X must file an application. Any
refunds attributable to either application will be made to X. If an
assessment is made under section 6213(b)(3) to recover an excessive
tentative allowance made with respect to calendar year 1966, X, Y, and Z
are severally liable for such assessment.
Example 4. Corporations L and M filed a consolidated return for the
calendar year 1966. Corporation N filed a separate return for such year.
Later, N became a member of the group and filed a consolidated return
with the group for the calendar year 1968. The group incurred a
consolidated net operating loss in 1968 attributable to N which may be
carried back to N's separate return for 1966. If a tentative carryback
adjustment is desired, N must file an application under section 6411 and
any refund will be made directly to N.
(d) Adjustments of overpayments of estimated income tax. If a group
paid its estimated income tax on a consolidated basis, then any
application under section 6425 for an adjustment of overpayment of
estimated income tax shall be made by the common parent corporation. If
the members of a group paid estimated income taxes on a separate basis,
then any application under section 6425 shall be made by the member
[[Page 574]]
of the group which claims an overpayment on a separate basis. Any refund
allowable under an application under section 6425 shall be made directly
to and in the name of the corporation filing the application.
(e) Time for filing application--(1) General rule. The provisions of
section 6411(a) apply to the filing of an application for a tentative
carryback adjustment by a consolidated group.
(2) Special rule for new members--(i) New member. A new member is a
corporation that, in the preceding taxable year, did not qualify as a
member, as defined in Sec. 1.1502-1(b), of the consolidated group that
it now joins.
(ii) End of taxable year. Solely for the purpose of complying with
the twelve-month requirement for making an application for a tentative
carryback adjustment under section 6411(a), the separate return year of
a qualified new member shall be treated as ending on the same date as
the end of the current taxable year of the consolidated group that the
qualified new member joins.
(iii) Qualified new member. A new member of a consolidated group
qualifies for purposes of the provisions of this paragraph (e)(2) if,
immediately prior to becoming a new member, either--
(A) It was the common parent of a consolidated group; or
(B) It was not required to join in the filing of a consolidated
return.
(iv) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph (e)(2) may be
illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. Individual A owns 100 percent of the stock of X, a
corporation that is not a member of a consolidated group and files
separate tax returns on a calendar year basis. On January 31 of year 1,
X becomes a member of the Y consolidated group, which also files returns
on a calendar year basis. X is a qualified new member as defined in
paragraph (e)(2)(iii)(B) of this section because, immediately prior to
becoming a new member of the Y consolidated group, X was not required to
join in the filing of a consolidated return. As a result of its becoming
a new member of Group Y, X's separate return for the short taxable year
(January 1 of year 1 through January 31 of year 1) is due September 15
of year 2 (with extensions). See Sec. 1.1502-76(c). Group Y's
consolidated return is also due September 15 of year 2 (with
extensions). See Sec. 1.1502-76(c). Solely for the purpose of complying
with the twelve-month requirement for making an application for a
tentative carryback adjustment under section 6411(a), X's taxable year
for the separate return year is treated as ending on December 31 of year
1. X's application for a tentative carryback adjustment is therefore due
on or before December 31 of year 2.
Example 2. Assume the same facts as in Example 1 except that
immediately prior to becoming a new member of Group Y, X was a member of
the Z consolidated group. Because X was required to join in the filing
of the consolidated return for Group Z, X is not a qualified new member
as defined in paragraph (e)(2)(iii) of this section. X's items for the
one-month period will be included in the consolidated return for Group
Z. Group Z's application for a tentative carryback adjustment, if any,
continues to be due within 12 months of the end of its taxable year,
which is not affected by X's change in status as a new member of Group
Y.
(f) Effective date--(1) In general. This section applies to taxable
years to which a loss or credit may be carried back and for which the
due date (without extensions) of the original return is after June 28,
2002, except that the provisions of paragraph (e)(2) apply for
applications by new members of consolidated groups for tentative
carryback adjustments resulting from net operating losses, net capital
losses, or unused business credits arising in separate return years of
new members that begin on or after January 1, 2001.
(2) Prior law. For taxable years to which a loss or credit may be
carried back and for which the due date (without extensions) of the
original return is on or before June 28, 2002, see Sec. 1.1502-78 in
effect prior to June 28, 2002, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised
April 1, 2002.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 3, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7059, 35 FR
14546, Sept. 17, 1970; T.D. 7246, 38 FR 767, Jan. 4, 1973; T.D. 8387, 56
FR 67489, Dec. 31, 1991; T.D. 8446, 57 FR 53034, Nov. 6, 1992; T.D.
8677, 61 FR 33324, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36100, July 2, 1999;
T.D. 8950, 66 FR 33463, June 22, 2001; T.D. 9002, 67 FR 43544, June 28,
2002; 67 FR 77678, Dec. 19, 2002]
Sec. 1.1502-79 Separate return years.
(a) Carryover and carryback of consolidated net operating losses to
separate return years. For losses arising in consolidated return years
beginning before January 1, 1997, see Sec. 1.1502-79A(a). For later
years, see Sec. 1.1502-21(b).
[[Page 575]]
(b) Carryover and carryback of consolidated net capital loss to
separate return years. For losses arising in consolidated return years
beginning before January 1, 1997, see Sec. 1.1502-79A(b). For later
years, see Sec. 1.1502-22(b).
(c) Carryover and carryback of consolidated unused investment credit
to separate return years--(1) In general. If a consolidated unused
investment credit can be carried under the principles of section 46(b)
and paragraph (b) of Sec. 1.1502-3 to a separate return year of a
corporation (or could have been so carried if such corporation were in
existence) which was a member of the group in the year in which such
unused credit arose, then the portion of such consolidated unused credit
attributable to such corporation (as determined under subparagraph (2)
of this paragraph) shall be apportioned to such corporation (and any
successor to such corporation in a transaction to which section 381(a)
applies) under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b) (or Sec. Sec.
1.1502-79A(a)(1) and (2), as appropriate) and shall be an investment
credit carryover or carryback to such separate return year.
(2) Portion of consolidated unused investment credit attributable to
a member--(i) Investment credit carryback. In the case of a consolidated
unused credit which is an investment credit carryback, the portion of
such consolidated unused credit attributable to a member of the group is
an amount equal to such consolidated unused credit multiplied by a
fraction, the numerator of which is the credit earned of such member for
the consolidated unused credit year, and the denominator of which is the
consolidated credit earned for such unused credit year.
(ii) Investment credit carryover. In the case of a consolidated
unused credit which is an investment credit carryover, the portion of
such consolidated unused credit attributable to a member of the group is
an amount equal to such consolidated unused credit multiplied by a
fraction, the numerator of which is the credit earned with respect to
any section 38 property placed in service in the consolidated unused
credit year and owned by such member (whether or not placed in service
by such member) at the close of the last day as of which the taxable
income of such member is included in a consolidated return filed by the
group, and the denominator of which is the consolidated credit earned
for such unused credit year.
(d) Carryover and carryback of consolidated unused foreign tax--(1)
In general. If a consolidated unused foreign tax can be carried under
the principles of section 904(d) and paragraph (e) of Sec. 1.1502-4 to
a separate return year of a corporation (or could have been so carried
if such corporation were in existence) which was a member of the group
in the year in which such unused foreign tax arose, then the portion of
such consolidated unused foreign tax attributable to such corporation
(as determined under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph) shall be
apportioned to such corporation (and any successor to such corporation
in a transaction to which section 381(a) applies) under the principles
of Sec. 1.1502-21(b) (or Sec. Sec. 1.1502-79A(a)(1) and (2), as
appropriate) and shall be deemed paid or accrued in such separate return
year to the extent provided in section 904(d).
(2) Portion of consolidated unused foreign tax attributable to a
member. The portion of a consolidated unused foreign tax for any year
attributable to a member of a group is an amount equal to such
consolidated unused foreign tax multipled by a fraction, the numerator
of which is the foreign taxes paid or accrued for such year (including
those taxes deemed paid or accrued, other than by reason of section
904(d)) to each foreign country or possession (or to all foreign
countries or possessions if the overall limitation is effective) by such
member, and the denominator of which is the aggregate of all such taxes
paid or accrued for such year (including those taxes deemed paid or
accrued, other than by reason of section 904(d)) to each such foreign
country or possession (or to all foreign countries or possessions if the
overall limitation is effective) by all the members of the group.
(e) Carryover of consolidated excess charitable contributions to
separate return years--(1) In general. If the consolidated excess
charitable contributions for any taxable year can be carried under the
principles of section 170(b)(2)
[[Page 576]]
and paragraph (b) of Sec. 1.1502-24 to a separate return year of a
corporation (or could have been so carried if such corporation were in
existence) which was a member of the group in the year in which such
excess contributions arose, then the portion of such consolidated excess
charitable contributions attributable to such corporation (as determined
under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph) shall be apportioned to such
corporation (and any successor to such corporation in a transaction to
which section 381(a) applies) under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)
(or Sec. Sec. 1.1502-79A(a)(1) and (2), as appropriate) and shall be a
charitable contribution carryover to such separate return year.
(2) Portion of consolidated excess charitable contributions
attributable to a member. The portion of the consolidated excess
charitable contributions attributable to a member of a group is an
amount equal to such consolidated excess contributions multiplied by a
fraction, the numerator of which is the charitable contributions paid by
such member for the taxable year, and the denominator of which is the
aggregate of all such charitable contributions paid for such year by all
the members of the group.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7728, 45 FR
72650, Nov. 3, 1980; T.D. 8294, 55 FR 9438, Mar. 14, 1990; T.D. 8319, 55
FR 49038, Nov. 26, 1990; T.D. 8364, 56 FR 47402, Sept. 19, 1991; T.D.
8597, 60 FR 36710, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33324, 33325, 33334,
June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36100, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-80 Applicability of other provisions of law.
(a) In general--(1) Application of other provisions. The Internal
Revenue Code (Code), or other law, shall be applicable to the group to
the extent the regulations do not exclude its application. To the extent
not excluded, other rules operate in addition to, and may be modified
by, these regulations. Thus, for example, in a transaction to which
section 381(a) applies, the acquiring corporation will succeed to the
tax attributes described in section 381(c). Furthermore, sections 269
and 482 apply for any consolidated return year. However, in a
recognition transaction otherwise subject to section 1001, for example,
the rules of section 1001 continue to apply, but may be modified by the
intercompany transaction regulations under Sec. 1.1502-13.
(2) No duplicative adjustments. Nothing in these regulations shall
be interpreted or applied to require an adjustment, inclusion, or other
item to the extent it would have the effect of duplicating any other
adjustment, inclusion, or other item required under the Code or other
rule of law, including other provisions of these regulations.
(3) Application of single-entity principles. If two or more
adjustments, inclusions, or other items are subject to paragraph (a)(2)
of this section, the determination of which adjustment, inclusion, or
other item is treated as applied or taken into account is made by taking
into account the purposes of the provisions and applying single-entity
principles as appropriate.
(4) Effective/applicability dates. This paragraph (a) is applicable
with respect to transactions and determinations on or after September
17, 2008.
(b) Non-applicability of section 304. Section 304 does not apply to
any acquisition of stock of a corporation in an intercompany transaction
or to any intercompany item from such transaction occurring on or after
July 24, 1991.
(c) Deferral of section 165--(1) General rule. Subsidiary stock is
not treated as worthless under section 165 until immediately before the
earlier of the time--
(i) The stock is worthless within the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-
19(c)(1)(iii); or
(ii) The subsidiary for any reason ceases to be a member of the
group.
(2) Cross reference. See Sec. 1.1502-36 for additional rules
relating to worthlessness of subsidiary stock on or after September 17,
2008.
(3) Effective/applicability date. This paragraph (c) applies to
taxable years for which the original consolidated Federal income tax
return is due (without extensions) after July 18, 2007. However,
taxpayers may apply this paragraph (c) to taxable years beginning on or
after January 1, 1995.
(d) Non-applicability of section 357(c)--(1) In general. Section
357(c) does not apply to any transaction to which Sec. 1.1502-13, Sec.
1.1502-13T, Sec. 1.1502-14, or Sec. 1.1502-14T applies, if it occurs
in a
[[Page 577]]
consolidated return year beginning on or after January 1, 1995. For
example, P, S, and T are members of a consolidated group, P owns all of
the stock of S and T with bases of $30 and $20, respectively, S has a
$30 basis in its assets and $40 of liabilities, and S merges into T in a
transaction described in section 368(a)(1)(A) (and in section
368(a)(1)(D)); section 357(c) does not apply to the merger, P's basis in
T's stock increases to $50 ($30 plus $20), and T succeeds to S's $30
basis in the assets transferred subject to the $40 liability. Similarly,
if S instead transferred its assets and liabilities to a newly formed
subsidiary in a transaction to which section 351 applies, section 357(c)
does not apply and S's basis in the subsidiary's stock is a $10 excess
loss account. This paragraph (d) does not apply to a transaction if the
transferor or transferee becomes a nonmember as part of the same plan or
arrangement. The transferor (or transferee) is treated as becoming a
nonmember once it is no longer a member of a consolidated group that
includes the transferee (or transferor). For purposes of this paragraph
(d), any reference to a transferor or transferee includes, as the
context may require, a reference to a successor or predecessor.
(2) Prior period transactions. If, in a tax year beginning before
January 1, 1995, a member's stock with an excess loss account is
transferred in a transaction to which Sec. 1.1502-13, Sec. 1.1502-13T,
Sec. 1.1502-14, or Sec. 1.1502-14T applies, paragraph (d)(1) of this
section applies to the stock transfer to the extent that the income,
gain, deduction, or loss (if any) is not taken into account in a tax
year beginning before January 1, 1995. For example, if P, S, and T, are
members of a consolidated group, T's stock has an excess loss account,
and P transfers the T stock to S in 1993 in a transaction to which
section 351 and Sec. 1.1502-13 apply, section 357(c) applies to the
transfer only to the extent P's gain is taken into account in tax years
beginning before January 1, 1995.
(e) Non-applicability of section 163(e)(5). Section 163(e)(5) does
not apply to any intercompany obligation (within the meaning of Sec.
1.1502-13(g)) issued in a consolidated return year beginning on or after
July 12, 1995.
(f) Non-applicability of section 1031. Section 1031 does not apply
to any intercompany transaction occurring in consolidated return years
beginning on or after July 12, 1995.
(g) Special rules for liquidations to which section 332 applies.
Notwithstanding the general rule of section 381, if multiple members
(distributee members) acquire assets of a corporation in a liquidation
to which section 332 applies (regardless of whether any single member
owns stock in the liquidating corporation meeting the requirements of
section 1504(a)(2)), such members succeed to and take into account the
items of the liquidating corporation (including items described in
section 381(c), but excluding intercompany items under Sec. 1.1502-13)
as provided in this paragraph (g) to the extent not otherwise prohibited
by any applicable provision of law. This paragraph (g) does not apply to
the intercompany items of the liquidating corporation. See Sec. 1.1502-
13(j)(2)(ii).
(1) Income offset items and deferred income. Except as otherwise
provided in this paragraph (g)(1), each distributee member succeeds to
and takes into account the items of the liquidating corporation that
could be used to offset the income of the group or any member (including
deferred deductions, net operating loss carryovers, and capital loss
carryovers) (income offset items) to the extent that such items would
have been reflected in investment adjustments to the stock of the
liquidating corporation owned by such distributee member under Sec.
1.1502-32(c) if, immediately prior to the liquidation, any stock of the
liquidating corporation owned by nonmembers had been redeemed and then
such items had been taken into account. However, each distributee member
succeeds to the full amount of any deferred deduction or deferred income
item attributable to the particular property or business operations
distributed to such distributee in the liquidation to the extent that
such item is not taken into account in the determination of the income
or loss of the liquidating corporation with regard to the liquidation
under chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code (Code). If the liquidating
corporation is not a member of the group at the time of the
[[Page 578]]
liquidation, the rules of this paragraph (g)(1) are applied as if the
liquidating corporation had been a member of the group.
(2) Accounting for deferred income items. Solely for the purpose of
determining whether deferred income items of a liquidating corporation
are taken into account under applicable principles of law as a result of
a liquidation to which section 332 applies, the transfer of property to,
and the assumption of liabilities by, a distributee member that does not
own stock in the liquidating corporation meeting the requirements of
section 1504(a)(2) without regard to the application of Sec. 1.1502-34
immediately prior to the liquidation is not treated as part of a
transaction to which section 381(a) applies. In addition, section 332(a)
does not apply in determining the recognition or nonrecognition of any
income realized by the distributee member under applicable principles of
law on account of consideration received (or deemed received) on the
assumption of the liquidating corporation's obligation or liability
attributable to any deferred income item.
(3) Credits and earnings and profits. Each distributee member
succeeds to and takes into account a percentage of each credit of the
liquidating corporation equal to the value of the stock of the
liquidating corporation owned by such distributee at the time of the
liquidation divided by the total value of all the stock of the
liquidating corporation owned by members of the group at the time of the
liquidation. Except to the extent that the distributee member's earnings
and profits already reflect the liquidating corporation's earnings and
profits, each distributee member succeeds to and takes into account
under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-32(c) the earnings and profits, or
deficit in earnings and profits, of the liquidating corporation
(determined after taking into account the amount of earnings and profits
properly applicable to distributions to non-member shareholders under
Sec. 1.381(c)(2)-1(c)(2)). If the liquidating corporation is not a
member of the group at the time of the liquidation, the rules of this
paragraph (g)(3) are applied as if the liquidating corporation had been
a member of the group.
(4) Other items. With regard to items to which neither paragraph
(g)(1) nor (g)(3) of this section applies, a distributee member that,
immediately prior to the liquidation, owns stock in the liquidating
corporation meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2) without
regard to the application of Sec. 1.1502-34 succeeds to the items of
the liquidating corporation in accordance with section 381 and other
applicable principles. A distributee member that, immediately prior to
the liquidation, does not own stock in the liquidating corporation
meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2) without regard to the
application of Sec. 1.1502-34 succeeds to the items of the liquidating
corporation to the extent that it would have succeeded to those items if
it had purchased, in a taxable transaction, the assets or businesses of
the liquidating corporation that it received in the liquidation and had
assumed the liabilities that it assumed in the liquidation.
(5) Determination of the items of a liquidating subsidiary. For
purposes of this section, the items of a liquidating subsidiary include
the amount of any consolidated tax attribute attributable to the
liquidating subsidiary that is determined pursuant to the principles of
Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv). In addition, if the liquidating subsidiary is
a member of a separate return limitation year subgroup, the amount of a
tax attribute that arose in a separate return limitation year that is
attributable to that member shall also be determined pursuant to the
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv).
(6) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of
this paragraph (g):
Example 1. Liquidation--80 percent distributee. (i) Facts. X has
only common stock outstanding. On January 1 of year 1, X acquired
equipment with a 10-year recovery period and elected to depreciate the
equipment using the straight-line method of depreciation. On January 1
of year 7, M1 and M2 own 80 percent and 20 percent, respectively, of X's
stock. X is a domestic corporation but is not a member of the group that
includes M1 and M2. On that date, X distributes all of its assets to M1
and M2 in complete liquidation. The equipment is distributed to M1.
Under section 334(b), M1's basis in the equipment is
[[Page 579]]
the same as it would be in X's hands. After computing its tax liability
for the taxable year that includes the liquidation, X has net operating
losses of $100, business credits of $40, and earnings and profits of
$80.
(ii) Succession to items described in section 381(c). (A) Losses.
Under paragraph (g)(1) of this section, each distributee member succeeds
to X's items that could be used to offset the income of the group or any
member to the extent that such items would have been reflected in
investment adjustments to the stock of X it owned under Sec. 1.1502-
32(c) if, immediately prior to the liquidation, such items had been
taken into account. Accordingly, M1 and M2 succeed to $80 and $20,
respectively, of X's net operating loss.
(B) Credits and earnings and profits. Under paragraph (g)(3) of this
section, because, immediately prior to the liquidation, M1 and M2 hold
80 percent and 20 percent, respectively, of the value of the stock of X,
M1 and M2 succeed to $32 and $8, respectively, of X's $40 of business
credits. In addition, because M1's and M2's earnings and profits do not
reflect X's earnings and profits, X's earnings and profits are allocated
to M1 and M2 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-32(c). Therefore, M1
and M2 succeed to $64 and $16, respectively, of X's earnings and
profits.
(C) Depreciation of equipment's basis. Under paragraph (g)(4) of
this section, because M1 owns stock in X meeting the requirements of
section 1504(a)(2) without regard to the application of Sec. 1.1502-34,
M1 is required to continue to depreciate the equipment using the
straight-line method of depreciation over the remaining recovery period
of 4.5 years (assuming X used a half-year convention).
Example 2. Liquidation-no 80 percent distributee. (i) Facts. The
facts are the same as in Example 1 except that M1 and M2 own 60 percent
and 40 percent, respectively, of X's stock. In addition, on January 1 of
year 6, X entered into a long-term contract with Y, an unrelated party.
The total contract price is $1000, and X estimates the total allocable
contract costs to be $500. At the time of the liquidation, X had
received $250 in progress payments under the contract and incurred costs
of $125. X accounted for the contract under the percentage of completion
method described in section 460(b). In the liquidation, M1 assumes X's
contract obligations and rights.
(ii) Succession to items described in section 381(c). (A) Losses.
Under paragraph (g)(1) of this section, each distributee member succeeds
to X's items that could be used to offset the income of the group or any
member to the extent that such items would have been reflected in
investment adjustments to the stock of X it owned under Sec. 1.1502-
32(c) if, immediately prior to the liquidation, such items had been
taken into account. Accordingly, M1 and M2 succeed to $60 and $40,
respectively, of X's net operating loss.
(B) Credits and earnings and profits. Under paragraph (g)(3) of this
section, because, immediately prior to the liquidation, M1 and M2 hold
60 percent and 40 percent, respectively, of the value of the stock of X,
M1 and M2 succeed to $24 and $16, respectively, of X's $40 of business
credits. In addition, because M1's and M2's earnings and profits do not
reflect X's earnings and profits, X's earnings and profits are allocated
to M1 and M2 under the principles of Sec. 1.1502-32(c). Therefore, M1
and M2 succeed to $48 and $32, respectively, of X's earnings and
profits.
(C) Depreciation of equipment's basis. Under section 334(a), M1's
basis in the equipment is its fair market value at the time of the
distribution. Pursuant to section 168(i)(7), to the extent that M1's
basis in the equipment does not exceed X's adjusted basis in the
equipment at the time of the transfer, M1 is required to continue to
depreciate the equipment using the straight-line method of depreciation
over the remaining recovery period of 4.5 years (assuming X used a half-
year convention). Any portion of M1's basis in the equipment that
exceeds X's adjusted basis in the equipment at the time of the transfer
is treated as being placed in service by M1 in the year of the transfer.
Thus, M1 may choose any applicable depreciation method, recovery period,
and convention under section 168 for such excess basis.
(D) Method of accounting for long-term contract. Under paragraph
(g)(4) of this section, M1 does not succeed to X's method of accounting
for the contract. Rather, under Sec. 1.460-4(k)(2), M1 is treated as
having entered into a new contract on the date of the liquidation. Under
Sec. 1.460-4(k)(2)(iii), M1 must evaluate whether the new contract
should be classified as a long-term contract within the meaning of Sec.
1.460-1(b) and account for the contract under a permissible method of
accounting.
Example 3. Liquidation--deferred items. (i) Facts. X has only common
stock outstanding, and M1 and M2 (who are members of the same group) own
80 percent and 20 percent, respectively, of X's stock. X operates two
divisions, each of which defers prepaid subscription income pursuant to
an election under section 455. X distributes all of its assets in
complete liquidation. M1 receives all of the assets of Division 1,
including prepaid subscription income, and assumes X's liability to
furnish or deliver the newspaper, magazine, or other periodical to which
the prepaid subscription income received by M1 relates. M2 receives all
of the assets of Division 2, including prepaid subscription income, and
assumes X's liability to furnish or deliver the newspaper, magazine, or
other periodical to which the prepaid subscription income received by M2
relates.
(ii) Acceleration of deferred income items and succession to other
deferred items. Under paragraph (g)(1) of this section, M1 succeeds to
[[Page 580]]
the full amount of the deferred prepaid subscription income of X
attributable to Division 1. Under applicable law, X does not recognize
the deferred prepaid subscription income attributable to Division 1
because X's liability to furnish or deliver the newspaper, magazine, or
other periodical ends as a result of a transaction to which section
381(a) applies. Under paragraph (g)(2) of this section, solely for
purposes of determining whether the deferred income items of X
attributable to Division 2 are taken into account as a result of the
liquidation, the distribution of property to M2 is not treated as a
transaction to which section 381(a) applies. Therefore, under applicable
law, X's deferred prepaid subscription income attributable to Division 2
is taken into account in the determination of X's income or loss with
regard to the liquidation. Further, under paragraph (g)(2) of this
section, section 332(a) does not apply in determining the recognition or
nonrecognition of any income that M2 realizes on account of
consideration received (or deemed received) on its assumption of X's
liability to furnish or deliver the newspaper, magazine, or other
periodical to which the prepaid subscription income relates.
(7) Effective/applicability date. This paragraph (g) applies to
transactions occurring after April 14, 2008.
(h) Non-applicability of section 362(e)(2)--(1) General rule.
Section 362(e)(2) does not apply to any intercompany transaction
occurring on or after September 17, 2008. Taxpayers may apply this
paragraph (h) to intercompany transactions occurring on or after October
22, 2004, and in such case, any election made under section 362(e)(2)(C)
will have no effect. The purpose of this paragraph (h) is to facilitate
the application of the consolidated return provisions addressing the
duplication of loss between members of a consolidated group.
(2) Anti-abuse rule--(i) General rule. If a taxpayer engages in a
transaction to which section 362(e)(2) would apply but for the
application of paragraph (h)(1) of this section, and acts with a view to
prevent the consolidated return provisions from properly addressing loss
duplication, appropriate adjustments will be made to clearly reflect the
income of the group.
(ii) Example. The following example illustrates the principle of the
anti-abuse rule in this paragraph (h)(2).
Example. (A) Facts. P, the common parent of a consolidated group,
owns the four outstanding shares of S stock (Share 1 through Share 4)
with an aggregate basis of $0 and value of $80. S owns Asset 1 with a
basis of $0 and a value of $80. With a view to prevent the consolidated
return provisions from addressing the duplication of loss, P transfers
Asset 2 with a basis of $100 and a value of $20 to S in exchange for an
additional share of S stock (Share 5) in a transaction to which section
351 applies. P later sells Share 5 to X, an unrelated person, for $20 at
a time when S's basis in Asset 2 was still $100. The sale is a transfer
of a loss share and therefore subject to Sec. 1.1502-36.
(B) Analysis. Although the sale would be subject to Sec. 1.1502-36,
that section would not prevent the stock loss or reduce S's attributes
(to prevent duplication of the stock loss) because neither Sec. 1.1502-
36(b) nor Sec. 1.1502-36(c) would adjust the basis of the transferred
share (because there are no investment adjustments) and Sec. 1.1502-
36(d) would not reduce S's attributes (because S's aggregate inside loss
is $0). However, because P acted with a view to prevent the consolidated
return provisions from addressing the duplication of the loss on Asset
2, P's transfer of Asset 2 to S is subject to the anti-abuse rule in
this paragraph (h)(2). Accordingly, effective immediately before the
transfer of Share 5 to X, either P's basis in Share 5 or S's basis in
Asset 2 must be adjusted to reflect what it would have been had section
362(e)(2) been applied at the time P transferred Asset 2 to S (taking
into account the interim facts and circumstances). Accordingly, S must
either reduce its basis in Asset 2 by $80 to $20 (eliminating the
duplicated loss) or P must reduce its basis in Share 5 by $80 to $20
(eliminating the duplicated loss).
(C) Transfer of all S shares. Assume the same facts as those in
paragraph (A) of this Example, except that P sells all five S shares to
X. Although P's transfer of Asset 2 to S results in the duplication of
an $80 loss, because all the shares are transferred, the transaction
does not prevent the consolidated return provisions from properly
addressing loss duplication. P's $80 duplicated loss is offset by an $80
duplicated gain, and the group recognizes the offsetting stock gain and
loss. Accordingly, this paragraph (h)(2) does not apply to P's transfer
of Asset 2 to S.
[T.D. 8402, 57 FR 9385, Mar. 18, 1992]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
1.1502-80, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Sec. 1.1502-81T Alaska Native Corporations.
(a) General Rule. The application of section 60(b)(5) of the Tax
Reform Act
[[Page 581]]
of 1984 and section 1804(e)(4) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (relating
to Native Corporations established under the Alaska Native Claims
Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.)) is limited to the use on a
consolidated return of losses and credits of a Native Corporation, and
of a corporation all of whose stock is owned directly by a Native
Corporation, during any taxable year (beginning after the effective date
of such sections and before 1992), or any part thereof, against the
income and tax liability of a corporation affiliated with the Native
Corporation. Thus, no other tax saving, tax benefit, or tax loss is
intended to result from the application of section 60(b)(5) of the Tax
Reform Act of 1984 and section 1804(e)(4) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986
to any person (whether or not such person is a member of an affiliated
group of which a Native Corporation is the common parent). In
particular, except as approved by the Secretary, no positive adjustment
under Sec. 1.1502-32(b) will be made with respect to the basis of stock
of a corporation that is affiliated with a Native Corporation through
application of section 60(b)(5) of the Tax Reform Act of 1984 and
section 1804(e)(4) of the Tax Reform Act of 1986.
(b) Effective Dates. This section applies to taxable years beginning
after December 31, 1984.
[T.D. 8130, 52 FR 8448, Mar. 18, 1987, as amended by T.D. 8560, 59 FR
41675, Aug. 15, 1994]
Sec. 1.1502-90 Table of contents.
The following list contains the major headings in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-
91 through 1.1502-99:
Sec. 1.1502-91 Application of section 382 with respect to a
consolidated group.
(a) Determination and effect of an ownership change.
(1) In general.
(2) Special rule for post-change year that includes the change date.
(3) Cross-reference.
(b) Definitions and nomenclature.
(c) Loss group.
(1) Defined.
(2) Coordination with rule that ends separate tracking.
(3) Example.
(d) Loss subgroup.
(1) Net operating loss carryovers.
(2) Net unrealized built-in loss.
(3) Loss subgroup parent.
(4) Election to treat loss subgroup parent requirement as satisfied.
(5) Principal purpose of avoiding a limitation.
(6) Special rules.
(7) Examples.
(e) Pre-change consolidated attribute.
(1) Defined.
(2) Example.
(f) Pre-change subgroup attribute.
(1) Defined.
(2) Example.
(g) Net unrealized built-in gain and loss.
(1) In general.
(2) Members included.
(i) Consolidated group with a net operating loss.
(ii) Determination whether a consolidated group has a net unrealized
built-in loss.
(iii) Loss subgroup with net operating loss carryovers.
(iv) Determination whether subgroup has a net unrealized built-in
loss.
(v) Separate determination of section 382 limitation for recognized
built-in losses and net operating losses.
(3) Coordination with rule that ends separate tracking.
(4) Acquisitions of built-in gain or loss assets.
(5) Indirect ownership.
(6) Common parent not common parent for five years.
(h) Recognized built-in gain or loss.
(1) In general. [Reserved]
(2) Disposition of stock or an intercompany obligation of a member.
(3) Intercompany transactions.
(4) Exchanged basis property.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Predecessor and successor corporations.
Sec. 1.1502-92 Ownership change of a loss group or a loss subgroup.
(a) Scope.
(b) Determination of an ownership change.
(1) Parent change method.
(i) Loss group.
(ii) Loss subgroup.
(iii) Special rule if election regarding section 1504(a)(1)
relationship is made.
(2) Examples.
(3) Special adjustments.
(i) Common parent succeeded by a new common parent.
(ii) Newly created loss subgroup parent.
(iii) Examples.
(4) End of separate tracking of certain losses.
(c) Supplemental rules for determining ownership change.
(1) Scope.
(2) Cause for applying supplemental rule.
(3) Operating rules.
(4) Supplemental ownership change rules.
[[Page 582]]
(i) Additional testing dates for the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent).
(ii) Treatment of subsidiary stock as stock of the common parent (or
loss subgroup parent).
(iii) Different testing periods.
(iv) Disaffiliation of a subsidiary.
(v) Subsidiary stock acquired first.
(vi) Anti-duplication rule.
(5) Examples.
(d) Testing period following ownership change under this section.
(e) Information statements.
(1) Common parent of a loss group.
(2) Abbreviated statement with respect to loss subgroups.
Sec. 1.1502-93 Consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section
382 limitation).
(a) Determination of the consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation).
(1) In general.
(2) Coordination with apportionment rule.
(b) Value of the loss group (or loss subgroup).
(1) Stock value immediately before ownership change.
(2) Adjustment to value.
(i) In general.
(ii) Anti-duplication.
(3) Examples.
(c) Recognized built-in gain of a loss group or loss subgroup.
(1) In general.
(2) Adjustments.
(d) Continuity of business.
(1) In general.
(2) Example.
(e) Limitations of losses under other rules.
Sec. 1.1502-94 Coordination with section 382 and the regulations
thereunder when a corporation becomes a member of a consolidated group.
(a) Scope.
(1) In general.
(2) Successor corporation as new loss member.
(3) Coordination in the case of a loss subgroup.
(4) End of separate tracking of certain losses.
(5) Cross-reference.
(b) Application of section 382 to a new loss member.
(1) In general.
(2) Adjustment to value.
(3) Pre-change separate attribute defined.
(4) Examples.
(c) Built-in gains and losses.
(d) Information statements.
Sec. 1.1502-95 Rules on ceasing to be a member of a consolidated group
(or loss subgroup).
(a) In general.
(1) Consolidated group.
(2) Election by common parent.
(3) Coordination with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-93.
(b) Separate application of section 382 when a member leaves a
consolidated group.
(1) In general.
(2) Effect of a prior ownership change of the group.
(3) Application in the case of a loss subgroup.
(4) Examples.
(c) Apportionment of a consolidated section 382 limitation.
(1) In general.
(2) Amount which may be apportioned.
(i) Consolidated section 382 limitation.
(ii) Net unrealized built-in gain.
(3) Effect of apportionment on the consolidated group.
(i) Consolidated section 382 limitation.
(ii) Net unrealized built-in gain.
(4) Effect on corporations to which an apportionment is made.
(i) Consolidated section 382 limitation.
(ii) Net unrealized built-in gain.
(5) Deemed apportionment when loss group terminates.
(6) Appropriate adjustments when former member leaves during the
year.
(7) Examples.
(d) Rules pertaining to ceasing to be a member of a loss subgroup.
(1) In general.
(2) Exceptions.
(3) Examples.
(e) Allocation of net unrealized built-in loss.
(1) In general.
(2) Amount of allocation.
(i) In general.
(ii) Transferred basis property and deferred gain or loss.
(iii) Assets for which gain or loss has been recognized.
(iv) Exchanged basis property.
(v) Two or more members depart during the same year.
(vi) Anti-abuse rule.
(3) Effect of the allocation on the consolidated group.
(4) Effect on corporations to which the allocation is made.
(5) Subgroup principles.
(6) Apportionment of consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation).
(i) In general.
(ii) Special rule for former members that become members of the same
consolidated group.
(7) Examples.
(8) Reporting requirements.
(i) Common parent.
(ii) Former member.
(iii) Exception.
[[Page 583]]
(f) Filing the election to apportion the section 382 limitation and
net unrealized built-in gain.
(1) Form of the election to apportion.
(i) Statement.
(ii) Agreement.
(2) Signing the agreement.
(3) Filing the election.
(i) Filing by the common parent.
(ii) Filing by the former member.
(4) Revocation of election.
(g) Effective/applicability date.
Sec. 1.1502-96 Miscellaneous rules.
(a) End of separate tracking of losses.
(1) Application.
(2) Effect of end of separate tracking.
(i) Net operating loss carryovers.
(ii) Net unrealized built-in losses.
(iii) Common parent not common parent for five years.
(3) Continuing effect of end of separate tracking.
(i) In general.
(ii) Example.
(4) Special rule for testing period.
(5) Limits on effects of end of separate tracking.
(b) Ownership change of subsidiary.
(1) Ownership change of a subsidiary because of options or plan or
arrangement.
(2) Effect of the ownership change.
(i) In general.
(ii) Pre-change losses.
(3) Coordination with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91, 1.1502-92, and 1.1502-
94.
(4) Example.
(c) Continuing effect of an ownership change.
(d) Losses reattributed under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6).
(1) In general.
(2) Deemed section 381(a) transaction.
(3) Rules relating to owner shifts.
(i) In general.
(ii) Examples.
(4) Rules relating to the section 382 limitation.
(i) Reattributed loss is a pre-change separate attribute of a new
loss member.
(ii) Reattributed loss is a pre-change subgroup attribute.
(iii) Potential application of section 382(l)(1).
(iv) Duplication or omission of value.
(v) Special rule for continuity of business requirement.
(5) Election to reattribute section 382 limitation.
(i) Effect of election.
(ii) Examples.
(e) Time and manner of making election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4).
(1) In general.
(2) Election statement.
Sec. 1.1502-97 Special rules under section 382 for members under the
jurisdiction of a court in a title 11 or similar case. [Reserved]
Sec. 1.1502-98 Coordination with section 383.
Sec. 1.1502-99 Effective dates.
(a) Effective date.
(b) Special rules.
(1) Election to treat subgroup parent requirement as satisfied.
(2) Principal purpose of avoiding a limitation.
(3) Ceasing to be a member of a loss subgroup.
(i) Ownership change of a loss subgroup.
(ii) Expiration of 5-year period.
(4) Reattribution of net operating loss carryovers under Sec.
1.1502-36(d)(6).
(5) Election to apportion net unrealized built-in gain.
(c) Testing period may include a period beginning before June 25,
1999.
(1) In general.
(2) Transition rule for net unrealized built-in losses.
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36128, July 2, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9304, 71 FR
76907, Dec. 22, 2006; T.D. 9329, 72 FR 32805, June 14, 2007; T.D. 9424,
73 FR 53986, Sept. 17, 2008]
Sec. 1.1502-91 Application of section 382 with respect to a
consolidated group.
(a) Determination and effect of an ownership change--(1) In general.
This section and Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92 and 1.1502-93 set forth the rules
for determining an ownership change under section 382 for members of
consolidated groups and the section 382 limitations with respect to
attributes described in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section. These
rules generally provide that an ownership change and the section 382
limitation are determined with respect to these attributes for the group
(or loss subgroup) on a single entity basis and not for its members
separately. Following an ownership change of a loss group (or a loss
subgroup) under Sec. 1.1502-92, the amount of consolidated taxable
income for any post-change year which may be offset by pre-change
consolidated attributes (or pre-change subgroup attributes) shall not
exceed the consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382
limitation) for such year as determined under Sec. 1.1502-93.
(2) Special rule for post-change year that includes the change date.
If the post-change year includes the change
[[Page 584]]
date, section 382(b)(3)(A) is applied so that the consolidated section
382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation) does not apply to
the portion of consolidated taxable income that is allocable to the
period in the year on or before the change date. See generally Sec.
1.382-6 (relating to the allocation of income and loss). The allocation
of consolidated taxable income for the post-change year that includes
the change date must be made before taking into account any consolidated
net operating loss deduction (as defined in Sec. 1.1502-21(a)).
(3) Cross-reference. See Sec. Sec. 1.1502-94 and 1.1502-95 for
rules that apply section 382 to a corporation that becomes or ceases to
be a member of a group or loss subgroup.
(b) Definitions and nomenclature. For purposes of this section and
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92 through 1.1502-99, unless otherwise stated:
(1) The definitions and nomenclature contained in section 382 and
the regulations thereunder (including the nomenclature and assumptions
relating to the examples in Sec. 1.382-2T(b)) and this section and
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92 through 1.1502-99 apply.
(2) In all examples, all groups file consolidated returns, all
corporations file their income tax returns on a calendar year basis, the
only 5-percent shareholder of a corporation is a public group, the facts
set forth the only owner shifts during the testing period, no election
is made under paragraph (d)(4) of this section, and each asset of a
corporation has a value equal to its adjusted basis.
(3) As the context requires, references to Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91
through 1.1502-96 include references to corresponding provisions of
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-A through 1.1502-96A. For example, a reference to an
ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-92 in Sec. 1.1502-95(b) can include
a reference to an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-92A.
(c) Loss group--(1) Defined. A loss group is a consolidated group
that--
(i) Is entitled to use a net operating loss carryover to the taxable
year that did not arise (and is not treated under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) as
arising) in a SRLY;
(ii) Has a consolidated net operating loss for the taxable year in
which a testing date of the common parent occurs (determined by treating
the common parent as a loss corporation); or
(iii) Has a net unrealized built-in loss (determined under paragraph
(g) of this section by treating the date on which the determination is
made as though it were a change date).
(2) Coordination with rule that ends separate tracking. A
consolidated group may be a loss group because a member's losses that
arose in (or are treated as arising in) a SRLY are treated as described
in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. See Sec. 1.1502-96(a).
(3) Example. The following example illustrates the principles of
this paragraph (c):
Example. Loss group. (i) L and L1 file separate returns and each has
a net operating loss carryover arising in Year 1 that is carried over to
Year 2. A owns 40 shares and L owns 60 shares of the 100 outstanding
shares of L1 stock. At the close of Year 1, L buys the 40 shares of L1
stock from A. For Year 2, L and L1 file a consolidated return. The
following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 585]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.000
(ii) L and L1 become a loss group at the beginning of Year 2 because
the group is entitled to use the Year 1 net operating loss carryover of
L, the common parent, which did not arise (and is not treated under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c) as arising) in a SRLY. See Sec. 1.1502-94 for rules
relating to the application of section 382 with respect to L1's net
operating loss
[[Page 586]]
carryover from Year 1 which did arise in a SRLY.
(d) Loss subgroup--(1) Net operating loss carryovers. Two or more
corporations that become members of a consolidated group (the current
group) compose a loss subgroup if--
(i) They were affiliated with each other in another group (the
former group), whether or not the group was a consolidated group;
(ii) They bear the relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to
each other through a loss subgroup parent immediately after they become
members of the current group (or are deemed to bear that relationship as
a result of an election described in paragraph (d)(4) of this section);
and
(iii) At least one of the members carries over a net operating loss
that did not arise (and is not treated under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) as
arising) in a SRLY with respect to the former group.
(2) Net unrealized built-in loss. Two or more corporations that
become members of a consolidated group compose a loss subgroup if they--
(i) Have been continuously affiliated with each other for the 5
consecutive year period ending immediately before they become members of
the group;
(ii) Bear the relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to each
other through a loss subgroup parent immediately after they become
members of the current group (or are deemed to bear that relationship as
a result of an election described in paragraph (d)(4) of this section);
and
(iii) Have a net unrealized built-in loss (determined under
paragraph (g) of this section on the day they become members of the
group by treating that day as though it were a change date).
(3) Loss subgroup parent. A loss subgroup parent is the corporation
that bears the same relationship to the other members of the loss
subgroup as a common parent bears to the members of a group.
(4) Election to treat loss subgroup parent requirement as
satisfied--(i) In general. Solely for purposes of paragraphs (d)(1)(i)
and (2)(ii) of this section, two or more corporations that become
members of a consolidated group at the same time and that were
affiliated with each other immediately before becoming members of the
group are deemed to bear a section 1504(a)(1) relationship to each other
immediately after they become members of the group if the common parent
of that group makes an election under this paragraph (d)(4) with respect
to those members. See Sec. 1.1502-96(e) for the time and manner of
making the election.
(ii) Members included. An election under this paragraph (d)(4)
includes all corporations that become members of the current group at
the same time and that were affiliated with each other immediately
before they become members of the current group.
(iii) Each member included treated as loss subgroup parent. If the
members to which this election applies are a loss subgroup described in
paragraph (d)(1) or (2) of this section, then each member is treated as
a loss subgroup parent. See Sec. 1.1502-92(b)(1)(iii) for special rules
relating to an ownership change of a loss subgroup if the election under
this paragraph (d)(4) is made.
(5) Principal purpose of avoiding a limitation. The corporations
described in paragraphs (d)(1) or (2) of this section do not compose a
loss subgroup if any one of them is formed, acquired, or availed of with
a principal purpose of avoiding the application of, or increasing any
limitation under, section 382. Instead, Sec. 1.1502-94 applies with
respect to the attributes of each such corporation. Any member excluded
from a loss subgroup, if excluded with a principal purpose of so
avoiding or increasing any section 382 limitation, is treated as
included in the loss subgroup. This paragraph (d)(5) does not apply
solely because, in connection with becoming members of the group, the
members of a group (or loss subgroup) are rearranged (or, in the case of
the preceding sentence, are not rearranged) to bear a relationship to
the other members described in section 1504(a)(1).
(6) Special rules. See Sec. 1.1502-95(d) for rules concerning when
a corporation ceases to be a member of a loss subgroup, and for certain
exceptions that may apply if a member does not continue to satisfy the
loss subgroup parent requirement within the current group. See also
Sec. 1.1502-96(a) for a special rule regarding the end of separate
tracking of SRLY losses of a member
[[Page 587]]
that has an ownership change or that has been a member of a group for at
least 5 consecutive years.
(7) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (d):
Example 1. Loss subgroup. (i) P owns all the L stock and L owns all
the L1 stock. The P group has a consolidated net operating loss arising
in Year 1 that is carried to Year 2. On May 2, Year 2, P sells all the
stock of L to A, and L and L1 thereafter file consolidated returns. A
portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss is apportioned
under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) to each of L and L1, which they carry over to
Year 2. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 588]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.001
(ii) (a) L and L1 compose a loss subgroup within the meaning of
paragraph (d)(1) of this section because--
(A) They were affiliated with each other in the P group (the former
group);
(B) They bear a relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to each
other through a
[[Page 589]]
loss subgroup parent (L) immediately after they became members of the L
group; and
(C) At least one of the members (here, both L and L1) carries over a
net operating loss to the L group (the current group) that did not arise
in a SRLY with respect to the P group.
(b) Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, L is the loss subgroup
parent of the L loss subgroup.
Example 2. Loss subgroup--section 1504(a)(1) relationship. (i) P
owns all the stock of L and L1. L owns all the stock of L2. L1 and L2
own 40 percent and 60 percent of the stock of L3, respectively. The P
group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is
carried over to Year 2. On May 22, Year 2, P sells all the stock of L
and L1 to P1, the common parent of another consolidated group. The Year
1 consolidated net operating loss is apportioned under Sec. 1.1502-
21(b), and each of L, L1, L2, and L3 carries over a portion of such loss
to the first consolidated return year of the P1 group ending after the
acquisition. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 590]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.002
(ii) L and L2 compose a loss subgroup within the meaning of
paragraph (d)(1) of this section. Neither L1 nor L3 is included in a
loss subgroup because neither bears a relationship described in section
1504(a)(1) through a loss subgroup parent to any other member of the
former group immediately after becoming members of the P1 group.
[[Page 591]]
Example 3. Loss subgroup--section 1504(a)(1) relationship. The facts
are the same as in Example 2, except that the stock of L1 is transferred
to L in connection with the sale of the L stock to P1. L, L1, L2, and L3
compose a loss subgroup within the meaning of paragraph (d)(1) of this
section because--
(i) They were affiliated with each other in the P group (the former
group);
(ii) They bear a relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to
each other through a loss subgroup parent (L) immediately after they
become members of the P1 group; and
(iii) At least one of the members (here, each of L, L1, L2, and L3)
carries over a net operating loss to the P1 group (the current group).
Example 4. Loss subgroup--elective section 1504(a)(1) relationship.
The facts are the same as in Example 2, except that P1 makes the
election under paragraph (d)(4) of this section. The election includes
L, L1, L2, and L3 (even though L and L2 would compose a loss subgroup
without regard to the election) because they become members of the
current group (the P1 group) at the same time and were affiliated with
each other in the P group immediately before they became members of the
P1 group. As a result of the election, L, L1, L2, and L3 are treated as
satisfying the requirement that they bear the relationship described in
section 1504(a)(1) to each other through a loss subgroup parent
immediately after they become members of the P1 group. L, L1, L2, and L3
compose a loss subgroup within the meaning of paragraph (d)(1) of this
section.
(e) Pre-change consolidated attribute--(1) Defined. A pre-change
consolidated attribute of a loss group is--
(i) Any loss described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this
section (relating to the definition of loss group) that is allocable to
the period ending on or before the change date; and
(ii) Any recognized built-in loss of the loss group.
(2) Example. The following example illustrates the principle of this
paragraph (e):
Example. Pre-change consolidated attribute. (i) The L group has a
consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over
to Year 2. The L loss group has an ownership change at the beginning of
Year 2.
(ii) The net operating loss carryover of the L loss group from Year
1 is a pre-change consolidated attribute because the L group was
entitled to use the loss in Year 2 and therefore the loss was described
in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. Under paragraph (a)(2)(i) of
this section, the amount of consolidated taxable income of the L group
for Year 2 that may be offset by this loss carryover may not exceed the
consolidated section 382 limitation of the L group for that year. See
Sec. 1.1502-93 for rules relating to the computation of the
consolidated section 382 limitation.
(f) Pre-change subgroup attribute--(1) Defined. A pre-change
subgroup attribute of a loss subgroup is--
(i) Any net operating loss carryover described in paragraph
(d)(1)(iii) of this section (relating to the definition of loss
subgroup); and
(ii) Any recognized built-in loss of the loss subgroup.
(2) Example. The following example illustrates the principle of this
paragraph (f):
Pre-change subgroup attribute. (i) P is the common parent of a
consolidated group. P owns all the stock of L, and L owns all the stock
of L1. L2 is not a member of an affiliated group, and has a net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. On
December 11, Year 2, L1 acquires all the stock of L2, causing an
ownership change of L2. During Year 2, the P group has a consolidated
net operating loss that is carried over to Year 3. On November 2, Year
3, M acquires all the L stock from P. M, L, L1, and L2 thereafter file
consolidated returns. All of the P group Year 2 consolidated net
operating loss is apportioned under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) to L and L2,
which they carry over to the M group.
(ii)(a) L, L1, and L2 compose a loss subgroup because--
(1) They were affiliated with each other in the P group (the former
group);
(2) They bear a relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to each
other through a loss subgroup parent (L) immediately after they became
members of the L group; and
(3) At least one of the members (here, both L and L2) carries over a
net operating loss to the M group (the current group) that is described
in paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section.
(b) For this purpose, L2's loss from Year 1 that was a SRLY loss
with respect to the P group (the former group) is described in paragraph
(d)(1)(iii) of this section because L2 had an ownership change on
becoming a member of the P group (see Sec. 1.1502-96(a)) on December
11, Year 2. Starting on December 12, Year 2, the P group no longer
separately tracked owner shifts of the stock of L1 with respect to the
Year 1 loss. M's acquisition results in an ownership change of L, and
therefore the L loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-92(a)(2). See Sec.
1.1502-93 for rules governing the computation of the subgroup section
382 limitation.
[[Page 592]]
(iii) In the M group, L2's Year 1 loss continues to be subject to a
section 382 limitation resulting from the ownership change that occurred
on December 11, Year 2. See Sec. 1.1502-96(c).
(g) Net unrealized built-in gain and loss--(1) In general. The
determination whether a consolidated group (or loss subgroup) has a net
unrealized built-in gain or loss under section 382(h)(3) is based on the
aggregate amount of the separately computed net unrealized built-in
gains or losses of each member that is included in the group (or loss
subgroup) under paragraph (g)(2) of this section, including items of
built-in income and deduction described in section 382(h)(6). Thus, for
example, amounts deferred under section 267, or under Sec. 1.1502-13
(other than amounts deferred with respect to the stock of a member (or
an intercompany obligation) included in the group (or loss subgroup)
under paragraph (g)(2) of this section) are built-in items. The
threshold requirement under section 382(h)(3)(B) applies on an aggregate
basis and not on a member-by-member basis. The separately computed
amount of a member included in a group or loss subgroup does not include
any unrealized built-in gain or loss on stock (including stock described
in section 1504(a)(4) and Sec. 1.382-2T(f)(18)(ii) and (iii)) of
another member included in the group or loss subgroup (or an
intercompany obligation). However, a member of a group or loss subgroup
includes in its separately computed amount the unrealized built-in gain
or loss on stock (but not on an intercompany obligation) of another
member not included in the group or loss subgroup. If a member is not
included in the determination whether a group (or subgroup) has a net
unrealized built-in loss under paragraph (g)(2)(ii) or (iv) of this
section, that member is not included in the loss group or loss subgroup.
See Sec. 1.1502-94(c) (relating to built-in gain or loss of a new loss
member) and Sec. 1.1502-96(a) (relating to the end of separate tracking
of certain losses).
(2) Members included--(i) Consolidated group with a net operating
loss. The members included in the determination whether a consolidated
group described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section (relating
to loss groups with net operating losses) has a net unrealized built-in
gain are all members of the consolidated group on the day that the
determination is made.
(ii) Determination whether a consolidated group has a net unrealized
built-in loss. The members included in the determination whether a
consolidated group is a loss group described in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of
this section are--
(A) The common parent and all other members that have been
affiliated with the common parent for the 5 consecutive year period
ending on the day that the determination is made;
(B) Any other member that has a net unrealized built-in loss
determined under paragraph (g)(1) of this section on the date that the
determination is made, and that is neither a new loss member described
in Sec. 1.1502-94(a)(1)(ii) nor a member of a loss subgroup described
in paragraph (d)(2) of this section;
(C) Any new loss member described in Sec. 1.1502-94(a)(1)(ii) that
has a net unrealized built-in gain determined under paragraph (g)(1) of
this section on the day that the determination is made; and
(D) The members of a loss subgroup described in paragraph (d)(2) of
this section if the members of the subgroup have, in the aggregate, a
net unrealized built-in gain on the day that the determination is made.
(iii) Loss subgroup with net operating loss carryovers. The members
included in the determination whether a loss subgroup described in
paragraph (d)(1) of this section (relating to loss subgroups with net
operating loss carryovers) has a net unrealized built-in gain are all
members of the loss subgroup on the day that the determination is made.
(iv) Determination whether subgroup has a net unrealized built-in
loss. The members included in the determination whether a subgroup has a
net unrealized built-in loss are those members described in paragraphs
(d)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section.
(v) Separate determination of section 382 limitation for recognized
built-in losses and net operating losses. In determining
[[Page 593]]
whether a loss group described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) or (ii) of this
section (relating to loss groups that have net operating loss
carryovers) has a net unrealized built-in gain which, if recognized,
increases the consolidated section 382 limitation, the group includes,
under paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section, all of its members on the day
the determination is made. Under paragraph (g)(2)(ii) of this section,
however, for purposes of determining whether a group has a net
unrealized built-in loss described in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this
section, not all members of the consolidated group may be included.
Thus, a consolidated group may have recognized built-in gains that
increase the amount of consolidated taxable income that may be offset by
its pre-change net operating loss carryovers that did not arise (and are
not treated as arising) in a SRLY, and also may have recognized built-in
losses the absorption of which is limited. Similar results may obtain
for loss subgroups under paragraphs (g)(2)(iii) and (iv) of this
section. See Sec. 1.1502-93(c)(2) for rules prohibiting the use of
recognized built-in gains to increase the amount of consolidated taxable
income that can be offset by recognized built-in losses.
(3) Coordination with rule that ends separate tracking. See Sec.
1.1502-96(a) for special rules relating to members (or loss subgroups)
that have an ownership change within six months before, on, or after
becoming a member of the group.
(4) Acquisitions of built-in gain or loss assets. A member of a
consolidated group (or loss subgroup) may not, in determining its
separately computed net unrealized built-in gain or loss, include any
gain or loss with respect to assets acquired with a principal purpose to
affect the amount of its net unrealized built-in gain or loss. A group
(or loss subgroup) may not, in determining its net unrealized built-in
gain or loss, include any gain or loss of a member acquired with a
principal purpose to affect the amount of its net unrealized built-in
gain or loss.
(5) Indirect ownership. A member's separately computed net
unrealized built-in gain or loss is adjusted to the extent necessary to
prevent any duplication of unrealized gain or loss attributable to the
member's indirect ownership interest in another member through a
nonmember if the member has a 5-percent or greater ownership interest in
the nonmember.
(6) Common parent not common parent for five years. If the common
parent has become the common parent of an existing group within the
previous 5 year period in a transaction described in Sec. 1.1502-
75(d)(2)(ii) or (3), appropriate adjustments must be made in applying
paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A) of this section so that corporations that have
not been members of the group for five years are not included. In such a
case, references to the common parent in paragraph (g)(2)(ii)(A) of this
section are to the former common parent. Thus, members of the group
remaining in existence (including the new common parent) that have not
been affiliated with the former common parent (or that have not been
members of that group) for the five consecutive year period ending on
the day that the determination is made are not included under paragraph
(g)(2)(ii)(A) of this section. See, however, Sec. 1.1502-96(a)(2) for
special rules relating to members (or loss subgroups) that have an
ownership change within six months before, on, or after the time that
the member becomes a member of the group.
(h) Recognized built-in gain or loss--(1) In general. [Reserved]
(2) Disposition of stock or an intercompany obligation of a member.
Gain or loss recognized by a member on the disposition of stock
(including stock described in section 1504(a)(4) and Sec. 1.382-
2T(f)(18)(ii) and (iii)) of another member is treated as a recognized
gain or loss for purposes of section 382(h)(2) (unless disallowed) even
though gain or loss on such stock was not included in the determination
of a net unrealized built-in gain or loss under paragraph (g)(1) of this
section. Gain or loss recognized by a member with respect to an
intercompany obligation is treated as recognized gain or loss only to
the extent (if any) the transaction gives rise to aggregate income or
loss within the consolidated group. The first sentence of this paragraph
(h)(2) is applicable on or after September 17, 2008.
(3) Intercompany transactions. Gain or loss that is deferred under
provisions such as section 267 and Sec. 1.1502-13 is
[[Page 594]]
treated as recognized built-in gain or loss only to the extent taken
into account by the group during the recognition period. See also Sec.
1.1502-13(c)(7) Example 10.
(4) Exchanged basis property. If the adjusted basis of any asset is
determined, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, by reference to
the adjusted basis of another asset held by the member at the beginning
of the recognition period, the asset is treated, with appropriate
adjustments, as held by the member at the beginning of the recognition
period.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Predecessor and successor corporations. A reference in this
section and Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92 through 1.1502-99 to a corporation,
member, common parent, loss subgroup parent, or subsidiary includes, as
the context may require, a reference to a predecessor or successor
corporation as defined in Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(4). For example, the
determination whether a successor satisfies the continuous affiliation
requirement of paragraph (d)(2)(i) or (g)(2)(ii) of this section is made
by reference to its predecessor.
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36129, July 2, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9048, 68 FR
12291, Mar. 14, 2003; T.D. 9187, 70 FR 10326, Mar. 3, 2005; T.D. 9254,
71 FR 13018, Mar. 14, 2006; T.D. 9424, 73 FR 53984, Sept. 17, 2008]
Sec. 1.1502-92 Ownership change of a loss group or a loss subgroup.
(a) Scope. This section provides rules for determining if there is
an ownership change for purposes of section 382 with respect to a loss
group or a loss subgroup. See Sec. 1.1502-94 for special rules for
determining if there is an ownership change with respect to a new loss
member and Sec. 1.1502-96(b) for special rules for determining if there
is an ownership change of a subsidiary.
(b) Determination of an ownership change--(1) Parent change method--
(i) Loss group. A loss group has an ownership change if the loss group's
common parent has an ownership change under section 382 and the
regulations thereunder. Solely for purposes of determining whether the
common parent has an ownership change--
(A) The losses described in Sec. 1.1502-91(c) are treated as net
operating losses (or a net unrealized built-in loss) of the common
parent; and
(B) The common parent determines the earliest day that its testing
period can begin by reference to only the attributes that make the group
a loss group under Sec. 1.1502-91(c).
(ii) Loss subgroup. A loss subgroup has an ownership change if the
loss subgroup parent has an ownership change under section 382 and the
regulations thereunder. The principles of Sec. 1.1502-95(b) (relating
to ceasing to be a member of a consolidated group) apply in determining
whether the loss subgroup parent has an ownership change. Solely for
purposes of determining whether the loss subgroup parent has an
ownership change--
(A) The losses described in Sec. 1.1502-91(d) are treated as net
operating losses (or a net unrealized built-in loss) of the loss
subgroup parent;
(B) The day that the members of the loss subgroup become members of
the group (or a loss subgroup) is treated as a testing date within the
meaning of Sec. 1.382-2(a)(4); and
(C) The loss subgroup parent determines the earliest day that its
testing period can begin under Sec. 1.382-2T(d)(3) by reference to only
the attributes that make the members a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-
91(d).
(iii) Special rule if election regarding section 1504(a)(1)
relationship is made--(A) Ownership change of deemed loss subgroup
parent is an ownership change of loss subgroup. If the common parent
makes an election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4), each of the members in
the loss subgroup is treated as the loss subgroup parent for purposes of
determining whether the loss subgroup has an ownership change under
section 382 and the regulations thereunder on or after the day the
members become members of the group.
(B) Exception. Paragraph (b)(1)(iii)(A) of this section does not
apply to cause an ownership change of a loss subgroup if a deemed loss
subgroup parent has an ownership change upon (or after) ceasing to be a
member of the current group.
(2) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b):
[[Page 595]]
Example 1. Loss group--ownership change of the common parent. (i) A
owns all the L stock. L owns 80 percent and B owns 20 percent of the L1
stock. For Year 1, the L group has a consolidated net operating loss
that resulted from the operations of L1 and that is carried over to Year
2. The value of the L stock is $1000. The total value of the L1 stock is
$600 and the value of the L1 stock held by B is $120. The L group is a
loss group under Sec. 1.1502-91(c)(1) because it is entitled to use its
net operating loss carryover from Year 1. On August 15, Year 2, A sells
51 percent of the L stock to C. The following is a graphic illustration
of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.003
(ii) Under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, section 382 and the
regulations thereunder are applied to L to determine whether it (and
therefore the L loss group) has an ownership change with respect to its
net operating loss carryover from Year 1 attributable to L1 on August
15, Year 2. The sale of the L stock to C causes an ownership change of L
under Sec. 1.382-2T and of the L loss group under paragraph (b)(1)(i)
of this section. The amount of consolidated taxable income of the L loss
group for any post-change
[[Page 596]]
taxable year that may be offset by its pre-change consolidated
attributes (that is, the net operating loss carryover from Year 1
attributable to L1) may not exceed the consolidated section 382
limitation for the L loss group for the taxable year.
Example 2. Loss group--owner shifts of subsidiaries disregarded. (i)
The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that on August 15, Year
2, A sells only 49 percent of the L stock to C and, on December 12, Year
3, in an unrelated transaction, B sells the 20 percent of the L1 stock
to D. A's sale of the L stock to C does not cause an ownership change of
L under Sec. 1.382-2T nor of the L loss group under paragraph (b)(1)(i)
of this section. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.004
(ii) B's subsequent sale of L1 stock is not taken into account for
purposes of determining whether the L loss group has an ownership change
under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, and, accordingly, there is no
ownership change of the L loss group. See paragraph (c) of this section,
however, for a supplemental ownership change method that would apply to
cause an ownership change if the purchases by C and D were pursuant to a
plan or arrangement and certain other conditions are satisfied.
Example 3. Loss subgroup--ownership change of loss subgroup parent
controls. (i) P owns all the L stock. L owns 80 percent and A owns 20
percent of the L1 stock. The P group has a consolidated net operating
loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. On September 9,
Year 2, P sells 51 percent of the L stock to B, and L1 is apportioned a
portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss under Sec.
1.1502-21(b), which it carries over to its next taxable year. L and L1
file a consolidated return for their first taxable year ending after the
sale to B. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 597]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.005
(ii) Under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1), L and L1 compose a loss subgroup
on September 9, Year 2, the day that they become members of the L group.
Under paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, section 382 and the
regulations thereunder are applied to L to determine whether it (and
therefore the L loss subgroup) has an ownership change with respect to
the portion
[[Page 598]]
of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss that is apportioned to L1
on September 9, Year 2. L has an ownership change resulting from P's
sale of 51 percent of the L stock to A. Therefore, the L loss subgroup
has an ownership change with respect to that loss.
Example 4. Loss group and loss subgroup--contemporaneous ownership
changes. (i) A owns all the stock of corporation M, M owns 35 percent
and B owns 65 percent of the L stock, and L owns all the L1 stock. The L
group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is
carried over to Year 2. On May 19, Year 2, B sells 45 percent of the L
stock to M for cash. M, L, and L1 thereafter file consolidated returns.
L and L1 are each apportioned a portion of the Year 1 consolidated net
operating loss, which they carry over to the M group's Year 2 and Year 3
consolidated return years. The M group has a consolidated net operating
loss arising in Year 2 that is carried over to Year 3. On June 9, Year
3, A sells 70 percent of the M stock to C. The following is a graphic
illustration of these facts:
[[Page 599]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.006
(ii) Under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1), L and L1 compose a loss subgroup
on May 19, Year 2, the day they become members of the M group. Under
paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, section 382 and the regulations
thereunder are applied to L to determine whether L (and therefore the L
loss subgroup) has an ownership change with respect to the loss
[[Page 600]]
carryovers from Year 1 on May 19, Year 2, a testing date because of B's
sale of L stock to M. The sale of L stock to M results in only a 45
percentage point increase in A's ownership of L stock. Thus, there is no
ownership change of L (or the L loss subgroup) with respect to those
loss carryovers under paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section on that day.
(iii) June 9, Year 3, is also a testing date with respect to the L
loss subgroup because of A's sale of M stock to C. The sale results in a
56 percentage point increase in C's ownership of L stock, and L has an
ownership change. Therefore, the L loss subgroup has an ownership change
on that day with respect to the loss carryovers from Year 1.
(iv) Paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section requires that section 382
and the regulations thereunder be applied to M to determine whether M
(and therefore the M loss group) has an ownership change with respect to
the net operating loss carryover from Year 2 on June 9, Year 3, a
testing date because of A's sale of M stock to C. The sale results in a
70 percentage point increase in C's ownership of M stock, and M has an
ownership change. Therefore, the M loss group has an ownership change on
that day with respect to that loss carryover.
Example 5. Deemed subgroup parent. (i) P owns all the stock of L and
L1 and 80 percent of the stock of T. A owns the remaining 20 percent of
the stock of T. L1 owns all the stock of L2. P1, which owns 60 percent
of the stock of P, acquires, at the beginning of Year 2, the T, L, and
L1 stock owned by P, and T, L, L1, and L2 become members of the P1
group. The P group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in Year
1 that is carried over to Year 2. L, L1, and L2 are each apportioned a
portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss under Sec.
1.1502-21(b), which they carry over to the P1 group's Year 2 and Year 3
consolidated return years. P1 makes the election described in Sec.
1.1502-91(d)(4) to treat T, L, L1 and L2 as meeting the section
1504(a)(1) requirement of Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1)(ii). As a result of the
election, T, L, L1 and L2 compose a loss subgroup and T, L, L1, and L2
are each treated as the loss subgroup parent for purposes of this
paragraph (b). Because of P1's indirect ownership of T, L, L1, and L2
prior to P1's acquisition of the T, L, and L1 stock, P1's acquisition
does not cause an ownership change of the loss subgroup.
(ii) On February 2, Year 3, L1 sells all of the stock of L2 to B.
Although L2 is treated as a loss subgroup parent, the determination
whether the loss subgroup comprised of T, L, and L1 has an ownership
change under this paragraph (b) is made without regard to the sale of L2
because L2's ownership change occurred upon ceasing to be a member of
the P1 group. See Sec. 1.1502-95(b) to determine the application of
section 382 to L2 when L2 ceases to be a member of the P1 group and the
T, L, L1 and L2 loss subgroup.
(iii) On March 26, Year 3, A sells her 20 percent minority stock
interest in T to C . C's purchase, together with the 32 percentage point
owner shift effected by P1's acquisition of the T stock at the beginning
of Year 2, causes an ownership change of T, and therefore of the loss
subgroup comprised of T, L, and L1.
(3) Special adjustments--(i) Common parent succeeded by a new common
parent. For purposes of determining if a loss group has an ownership
change, if the common parent of a loss group is succeeded or acquired by
a new common parent and the loss group remains in existence, the new
common parent is treated as a continuation of the former common parent
with appropriate adjustments to take into account shifts in ownership of
the former common parent during the testing period (including shifts
that occur incident to the common parent's becoming the former common
parent). A new common parent may be a continuation of the former common
parent even if, under Sec. 1.1502-91(g)(2)(ii), the new common parent
is not included in determining whether the group has a net unrealized
built-in loss.
(ii) Newly created loss subgroup parent. For purposes of determining
if a loss subgroup has an ownership change, if the member that is the
loss subgroup parent has not been the loss subgroup parent for at least
3 years as of a testing date, appropriate adjustments must be made to
take into account owner shifts of members of the loss subgroup so that
the structure of the loss subgroup does not have the effect of avoiding
an ownership change under section 382. (See paragraph (b)(3)(iii),
Example 3 of this section.)
(iii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b)(3):
Example 1. New common parent acquires old common parent. (i) A, who
owns all the L stock, sells 30 percent of the L stock to B on August 26,
Year 1. L owns all the L1 stock. The L group has a consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 3. On July
16, Year 2, A and B transfer their L stock to a newly created holding
company, HC, in exchange for 70 percent and 30 percent, respectively, of
the HC stock. HC, L, and L1 thereafter file consolidated returns. Under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d),
[[Page 601]]
the L loss group is treated as remaining in existence, with HC taking
the place of L as the new common parent of the loss group. The following
is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.007
[[Page 602]]
(ii) On November 11, Year 3, A sells 25 percent of the HC stock to
B. For purposes of determining if the L loss group has an ownership
change under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section on November 11, Year 3,
HC is treated as a continuation of L under paragraph (b)(4)(i) of this
section because it acquired L and became the common parent without
terminating the L loss group. Accordingly, HC's testing period commences
on January 1, Year 1, the first day of the taxable year of the L loss
group in which the consolidated net operating loss that is carried over
to Year 3 arose (see Sec. 1.382-2T(d)(3)(i)). Immediately after the
close of November 11, Year 3, B's percentage ownership interest in the
common parent of the loss group (HC) has increased by 55 percentage
points over its lowest percentage ownership during the testing period
(zero percent). Accordingly, HC and the L loss group have an ownership
change on that day.
Example 2. New common parent in case in which common parent ceases
to exist. (i) A, B, and C each own one-third of the L stock. L owns all
the L1 stock. The L group has a consolidated net operating loss arising
in Year 2 that is carried over to Year 3. On November 22, Year 3, L is
merged into P, a corporation owned by D, and L1 thereafter files
consolidated returns with P. A, B, and C, as a result of owning stock of
L, own 90 percent of P's stock after the merger. D owns the remaining 10
percent of P's stock. The merger of L into P qualifies as a reverse
acquisition of the L group under Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3)(i), and the L
loss group is treated as remaining in existence, with P taking the place
of L as the new common parent of the L group. The following is a graphic
illustration of these facts:
[[Page 603]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.008
(ii) For purposes of determining if the L loss group has an
ownership change on November 22, Year 3, the day of the merger, P is
treated as a continuation of L so that the testing period for P begins
on January 1, Year 2, the first day of the taxable year of the L loss
group in which the consolidated net operating loss that is carried over
to
[[Page 604]]
Year 3 arose. Immediately after the close of November 22, Year 3, D is
the only 5-percent shareholder that has increased his ownership interest
in P during the testing period (from zero to 10 percentage points).
(iii) The facts are the same as in paragraph (i) of this Example 2,
except that A has held 23\1/3\ shares (23\1/3\ percent) of L's stock for
five years, and A purchased an additional 10 shares of L stock from E
two years before the merger. Immediately after the close of the day of
the merger (a testing date), A's ownership interest in P, the common
parent of the L loss group, has increased by 6\2/3\ percentage points
over A's lowest percentage ownership during the testing period (23\1/3\
percent to 30 percent).
(iv) The facts are the same as in (i) of this Example 2, except that
P has a net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried to the
first consolidated return year ending after the day of the merger.
Solely for purposes of determining whether the L loss group has an
ownership change under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, the testing
period for P commences on January 1, Year 2. P does not determine the
earliest day for its testing period by reference to its net operating
loss carryover from Year 1, which Sec. Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(3) and 1.1502-
75(d)(3)(i) treat as arising in a SRLY. See Sec. 1.1502-94 to determine
the application of section 382 with respect to P's net operating loss
carryover.
Example 3. Newly acquired loss subgroup parent. (i) P owns all the L
stock and L owns all the L1 stock. The P group has a consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 3. On
January 19, Year 2, L issues a 20 percent stock interest to B. On
February 5, Year 3, P contributes its L stock to a newly formed
subsidiary, HC, in exchange for all the HC stock, and distributes the HC
stock to its sole shareholder A. HC, L, and L1 thereafter file
consolidated returns. A portion of the P group's Year 1 consolidated net
operating loss is apportioned to L and L1 under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) and
is carried over to the HC group's year ending after February 5, Year 3.
HC, L, and L1 compose a loss subgroup within the meaning of Sec.
1.1502-91(d) with respect to the net operating loss carryovers from Year
1. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 605]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.009
(ii) February 5, Year 3, is a testing date for HC as the loss
subgroup parent with respect to the net operating loss carryovers of L
and L1 from Year 1. See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(B) of this section. For
purposes of determining whether HC has an ownership change on the
testing date, appropriate adjustments must be made with respect to the
changes in the
[[Page 606]]
percentage ownership of the stock of HC because HC was not the loss
subgroup parent for at least 3 years prior to the day on which it became
a member of the HC loss subgroup (a testing date). The appropriate
adjustments include adjustments so that HC succeeds to the owner shifts
of other members of the former group. Thus, HC succeeds to the owner
shift of L that resulted from the sale of the 20 percent interest to B
in determining whether the HC loss subgroup has an ownership change on
February 5, Year 3, and on any subsequent testing date that includes
January 19, Year 2.
(4) End of separate tracking of certain losses. If Sec. 1.1502-
96(a) (relating to the end of separate tracking of attributes) applies
to a loss subgroup, then, while one or more members that were included
in the loss subgroup remain members of the consolidated group, there is
an ownership change with respect to their attributes described in Sec.
1.1502-96(a)(2) only if the consolidated group is a loss group and has
an ownership change under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section (or such a
member has an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-96(b) (relating to
ownership changes of subsidiaries)). If, however, the loss subgroup has
had an ownership change before Sec. 1.1502-96(a) applies, see Sec.
1.1502-96(c) for the continuing application of the subgroup's section
382 limitation with respect to its pre-change subgroup attributes.
(c) Supplemental rules for determining ownership change--
(1) Scope. This paragraph (c) contains a supplemental rule for
determining whether there is an ownership change of a loss group (or
loss subgroup). It applies in addition to, and not instead of, the rules
of paragraph (b) of this section. Thus, for example, if the common
parent of the loss group has an ownership change under paragraph (b) of
this section, the loss group has an ownership change even if, by
applying this paragraph (c), the common parent would not have an
ownership change. This paragraph (c) does not apply in determining an
ownership change of a loss subgroup for which an election under Sec.
1.1502-91(d)(4) is made.
(2) Cause for applying supplemental rule. This paragraph (c) applies
to a loss group (or loss subgroup) if--
(i) Any 5-percent shareholder of the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent) increases its percentage ownership interest in the stock of
both--
(A) A subsidiary of the loss group (or loss subgroup) other than by
a direct or indirect acquisition of stock of the common parent (or loss
subgroup parent); and
(B) The common parent (or loss subgroup parent);
(ii) Those increases occur within a 3 year period ending on any day
of a consolidated return year or, if shorter, the period beginning on
the first day following the most recent ownership change of the loss
group (or loss subgroup); and
(iii) Either--
(A) The common parent (or loss subgroup parent) has actual knowledge
of the increase in the 5-percent shareholder's ownership interest in the
stock of the subsidiary (or has actual knowledge of the plan or
arrangement described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section) before the
date that the group's income tax return is filed for the taxable year
that includes the date of that increase; or
(B) At any time during the period described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)
of this section, the 5-percent shareholder of the common parent is also
a 5-percent shareholder of the subsidiary (determined without regard to
paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section) whose percentage increase in the
ownership of the stock of the subsidiary would be taken into account in
determining if the subsidiary has an ownership change (determined as if
the subsidiary was a loss corporation and applying the principles of
Sec. 1.382-2T(k), including the principles relating to duty to
inquire).
(3) Operating rules. Solely for purposes of this paragraph (c)--
(i) A 5-percent shareholder of the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent) is treated as increasing its ownership interest in the stock of
a subsidiary to the extent, if any, that another person or persons
increases its percentage ownership interest in the stock of a subsidiary
pursuant to a plan or arrangement under which the 5-percent shareholder
increases its percentage ownership interest in the common parent (or
loss subgroup parent);
(ii) The rules in section 382(l)(3) and Sec. Sec. 1.382-2T(h) and
1.382-4(d) (relating to
[[Page 607]]
constructive ownership) apply with respect to the stock of the
subsidiary by treating such stock as stock of a loss corporation; and
(iii) In the case of a loss subgroup, a subsidiary includes any
member of the loss subgroup other than the loss subgroup parent. (A loss
subgroup parent is, however, a subsidiary of the loss group of which it
is a member.)
(4) Supplemental ownership change rules. The determination whether
the common parent (or loss subgroup parent) has an ownership change is
made by applying paragraph (b)(1) of this section as modified by the
following additional rules:
(i) Additional testing dates for the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent). A testing date for the common parent (or loss subgroup parent)
also includes--
(A) Each day on which there is an increase in the percentage
ownership of stock of a subsidiary as described in paragraph (c)(2) of
this section; and
(B) The first day of the first consolidated return year for which
the group is a loss group (or the members compose a loss subgroup).
(ii) Treatment of subsidiary stock as stock of the common parent (or
loss subgroup parent). The common parent (or loss subgroup parent) is
treated as though it had issued to the person acquiring (or deemed to
acquire) the subsidiary stock an amount of its own stock (by value) that
equals the value of the subsidiary stock represented by the percentage
increase in that person's ownership of the subsidiary (determined on a
separate entity basis). Similar principles apply if the increase in
percentage ownership interest is effected by a redemption or similar
transaction.
(iii) Different testing periods. Stock treated as issued under
paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section on a testing date is not treated as
so issued for purposes of applying the ownership change rules of this
paragraph (c) and paragraph (b)(1) of this section in a testing period
that does not include that testing date.
(iv) Disaffiliation of a subsidiary. If a deemed issuance of stock
under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section would not cause the loss
group (or loss subgroup) to have an ownership change before the day (if
any) on which the subsidiary ceases to be a member of the loss group (or
subgroup), then paragraph (c)(4) of this section shall not apply.
(v) Subsidiary stock acquired first. If an increase of subsidiary
stock described in paragraph (c)(2)(i)(A) of this section occurs before
the date that the 5-percent shareholder increases its percentage
ownership interest in the stock of the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent), then the deemed issuance of stock is treated as occurring on
that later date, but in an amount equal to the value of the subsidiary
stock on the date it was acquired.
(vi) Anti-duplication rule. If two or more 5-percent shareholders
are treated as increasing their percentage ownership interests pursuant
to the same plan or arrangement described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this
section, appropriate adjustments must be made so that the amount of
stock treated as issued is not taken into account more than once.
(5) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (c):
Example 1. Stock of the common parent under supplemental rules. (i)
A owns all the L stock. L is not a member of an affiliated group and has
a net operating loss carryover arising in Year 1 that is carried over to
Year 6. On September 20, Year 6, L transfers all of its assets and
liabilities to a newly created subsidiary, S, in exchange for S stock. L
and S thereafter file consolidated returns. On November 23, Year 6, B
contributes cash to L in exchange for a 45 percent ownership interest in
L and contributes cash to S for a 20 percent ownership interest in S.
(ii) During the 3 year period ending on November 23, Year 6, B is a
5% shareholder of L and of S that increases its ownership interest in L
and S during that period. Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section,
the determination whether L (the common parent of a loss group) has an
ownership change on November 23, Year 6 (or, subject to paragraph
(c)(4)(iv) of this section, on any testing date in the testing period
which includes November 23, Year 6), is made by applying paragraph
(b)(1)(i) of this section and by treating the value of B's 20 percent
ownership interest in S as if it were L stock issued to B. Because B is
a 5% shareholder of both L and S during the 3 year period ending on
November 23, Year 6, and B's increase in its percentage ownership in the
stock of S would be taken into account in determining if S (if it were a
loss corporation) had an ownership change,
[[Page 608]]
it is not relevant whether L has actual knowledge of B's acquisition of
S stock.
Example 2. Plan or arrangement--public offering of subsidiary stock.
(i) A owns all the stock of L and L owns all the stock of L1. The L
group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that
resulted from the operations of L1 and that is carried over to Year 2.
On October 7, Year 2, A sells 49 percent of the L stock to B. As part of
a plan that includes the sale of L stock, A causes a public offering of
L1 stock on November 6, Year 2. L has actual knowledge of the plan. The
following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 609]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.010
(ii) A's sale of the L stock to B does not cause an ownership change
of the L loss group on October 7, Year 2, under the rules of Sec.
1.382-2T and paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section.
(iii) Because the issuance of L1 stock to the public occurs as part
of the same plan as
[[Page 610]]
B's acquisition of L stock, and L has knowledge of the plan, paragraph
(c)(4) of this section applies to determine whether the L loss group has
an ownership change on November 6, Year 2 (or, subject to paragraph
(c)(4)(iv) of this section, on any testing date for which the testing
period includes November 6, Year 2).
(d) Testing period following ownership change under this section. If
a loss group (or a loss subgroup) has had an ownership change under this
section, the testing period for determining a subsequent ownership
change with respect to pre-change consolidated attributes (or pre-change
subgroup attributes) begins no earlier than the first day following the
loss group's (or loss subgroup's) most recent change date.
(e) Information statements--(1) Common parent of a loss group. The
common parent of a loss group must file the information statement
required by Sec. 1.382-11(a) for a consolidated return year because of
any owner shift, equity structure shift, or other transaction described
in Sec. 1.382-2T(a)(2)(i)--
(i) With respect to the common parent and with respect to any
subsidiary stock subject to paragraph (c) of this section; and
(ii) With respect to an ownership change described in Sec. 1.1502-
96(b) (relating to ownership changes of subsidiaries).
(2) Abbreviated statement with respect to loss subgroups. The common
parent of a consolidated group that has a loss subgroup during a
consolidated return year must file the information statement required by
Sec. 1.382-11(a) because of any owner shift, equity structure shift, or
other transaction described in Sec. 1.382-2T(a)(2)(i) with respect to
the loss subgroup parent and with respect to any subsidiary stock
subject to paragraph (c) of this section. Instead of filing a separate
statement for each loss subgroup parent, the common parent (which is
treated as a loss corporation) may file the single statement described
in paragraph (e)(1) of this section. In addition to the information
concerning stock ownership of the common parent, the single statement
must identify each loss subgroup parent and state which loss subgroups,
if any, have had ownership changes during the consolidated return year.
The loss subgroup parent is, however, still required to maintain the
records necessary to determine if the loss subgroup has an ownership
change. This paragraph (e)(2) applies with respect to the attributes of
a loss subgroup until, under Sec. 1.1502-96(a), the attributes are no
longer treated as described in Sec. 1.1502-91(d) (relating to the
definition of loss subgroup). After that time, the information statement
described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section must be filed with respect
to those attributes.
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36137, July 2, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9264, 71 FR
30608, May 30, 2006; T.D. 9329, 72 FR 32807, June 14, 2007]
Sec. 1.1502-93 Consolidated section 382 limitation
(or subgroup section 382 limitation).
(a) Determination of the consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation)--(1) In general. Following an ownership
change, the consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382
limitation) for any post-change year is an amount equal to the value of
the loss group (or loss subgroup), as defined in paragraph (b) of this
section, multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate that applies with
respect to the ownership change, and adjusted as required by section 382
and the regulations thereunder. See, for example, section 382(b)(2)
(relating to the carryforward of unused section 382 limitation), section
382(b)(3)(B) (relating to the section 382 limitation for the post-change
year that includes the change date), section 382(h) (relating to
recognized built-in gains and section 338 gains), and section 382(m)(2)
(relating to short taxable years). For special rules relating to the
recognized built-in gains of a loss group (or loss subgroup), see
paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(2) Coordination with apportionment rule. For special rules relating
to apportionment of a consolidated section 382 limitation (or a subgroup
section 382 limitation) or net unrealized built-in gain when one or more
corporations cease to be members of a loss group (or a loss subgroup)
and to aggregation of amounts so apportioned, see Sec. 1.1502-95(c).
(b) Value of the loss group (or loss subgroup)--(1) Stock value
immediately before ownership change. Subject to any adjustment under
paragraph (b)(2) of
[[Page 611]]
this section, the value of the loss group (or loss subgroup) is the
value, immediately before the ownership change, of the stock of each
member, other than stock that is owned directly or indirectly by another
member. For this purpose--
(i) Ownership is determined under Sec. 1.382-2T;
(ii) A member is considered to indirectly own stock of another
member through a nonmember only if the member has a 5-percent or greater
ownership interest in the nonmember; and
(iii) Stock includes stock described in section 1504(a)(4) and Sec.
1.382-2T(f)(18)(ii) and (iii).
(2) Adjustment to value--(i) In general. The value of the loss group
(or loss subgroup), as determined under paragraph (b)(1) of this
section, is adjusted under any rule in section 382 or the regulations
thereunder requiring an adjustment to such value for purposes of
computing the amount of the section 382 limitation. See, for example,
section 382(e)(2) (redemptions and corporate contractions), section
382(l)(1) (certain capital contributions) and section 382(l)(4)
(ownership of substantial nonbusiness assets). For purposes of section
382(e)(2), redemptions and corporate contractions that do not effect a
transfer of value outside of the loss group (or loss subgroup) are
disregarded. For purposes of section 382(l)(1), capital contributions
between members of the loss group (or loss subgroup) (or a contribution
of stock to a member made solely to satisfy the loss subgroup parent
requirement of paragraph (d)(1)(ii) or (2)(ii) of this section), are not
taken into account. Also, the substantial nonbusiness asset test of
section 382(l)(4) is applied on a group (or subgroup) basis, and is not
applied separately to its members.
(ii) Anti-duplication. Appropriate adjustments must be made to the
extent necessary to prevent any duplication of the value of the stock of
a member, even though corporations that do not file consolidated returns
may not be required to make such an adjustment. In making these
adjustments, the group (or loss subgroup) may apply the principles of
Sec. 1.382-8 (relating to controlled groups of corporations) in
determining the value of a loss group (or loss subgroup) even if that
section would not apply if separate returns were filed. Also, the
principles of Sec. 1.382-5(d) (relating to successive ownership changes
and absorption of a section 382 limitation) may apply to adjust the
consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation)
of a loss group (or loss subgroup) to avoid a duplication of value if
there are simultaneous (rather than successive) ownership changes.
(3) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b):
Example 1. Basic case. (i) L, L1, and L2 compose a loss group. L has
outstanding common stock, the value of which is $100. L1 has outstanding
common stock and preferred stock that is described in section
1504(a)(4). L owns 90 percent of the L1 common stock, and A owns the
remaining 10 percent of the L1 common stock plus all the preferred
stock. The value of the L1 common stock is $40, and the value of the L1
preferred stock is $30. L2 has outstanding common stock, 50 percent of
which is owned by L and 50 percent by L1. The L group has an ownership
change. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 612]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.011
(ii) Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the L group does not
include the value of the stock of any member that is owned directly or
indirectly by another member in computing its consolidated section 382
limitation. Accordingly, the value of the stock of the loss group is
$134, the sum of the value of--
(a) The common stock of L ($100);
(b) The 10 percent of the L1 common stock ($4) owned by A; and
(c) The L1 preferred stock ($30) owned by A.
Example 2. Indirect ownership. (i) L and L1 compose a consolidated
group. L's stock has a value of $100. L owns 80 shares (worth $80) and
corporation M owns 20 shares (worth $20) of the L1 stock. L also owns 79
percent of the stock of corporation M. The L group has an ownership
change. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 613]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.012
(ii) Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, because of L's more
than 5 percent ownership interest in M, a nonmember, L is considered to
indirectly own 15.8 shares of the L1 stock held by M (79% x 20 shares).
The value of the L loss group is $104.20, the sum of the values of--
(a) The L stock ($100); and
(b) The L1 stock not owned directly or indirectly by L (21% x $20,
or $4.20).
(c) Recognized built-in gain of a loss group or loss subgroup--(1)
In general. If a loss group (or loss subgroup) has a net unrealized
built-in gain, any recognized built-in gain of the loss group (or loss
subgroup) is taken into account under section 382(h) in determining the
consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382
limitation).
(2) Adjustments. Appropriate adjustments must be made so that any
recognized built-in gain of a member that increases more than one
section 382 limitation (whether consolidated, subgroup, or separate)
does not effect a duplication in the amount of consolidated taxable
income that can be offset by pre-change net operating losses. For
example, a consolidated section 382 limitation that is increased by
recognized built-in gains is reduced to the extent that pre-change net
operating losses of a loss subgroup absorb additional consolidated
taxable income because the same recognized built-in gains caused an
increase in that loss subgroup's section 382 limitation. In addition,
recognized built-in gain may not increase the amount of consolidated
taxable income that can be offset by recognized built-in losses.
(d) Continuity of business--(1) In general. A loss group (or a loss
subgroup) is treated as a single entity for purposes of determining
whether it satisfies the continuity of business enterprise requirement
of section 382(c)(1).
(2) Example. The following example illustrates the principle of this
paragraph (d):
Example. Continuity of business enterprise. L owns all the stock of
two subsidiaries, L1 and L2. The L group has an ownership change. It has
pre-change consolidated attributes attributable to L2. Each of the
members has historically conducted a separate line of business. Each
line of business is approximately equal in value. One year after the
ownership change, L discontinues its separate business and the business
of L2. The separate business of L1 is continued for the remainder of the
2 year period following the ownership change. The continuity of business
enterprise requirement of section 382(c)(1) is met even though the
separate businesses of L and L2 are discontinued.
(e) Limitations of losses under other rules. If a section 382
limitation for a
[[Page 614]]
post-change year exceeds the consolidated taxable income that may be
offset by pre-change attributes for any reason, including the
application of the limitation of Sec. 1.1502-21(c), the amount of the
excess is carried forward under section 382(b)(2) (relating to the
carryforward of unused section 382 limitation).
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36153, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-94 Coordination with section 382 and the regulations
thereunder when a corporation becomes a member of a consolidated group.
(a) Scope--(1) In general. This section applies section 382 and the
regulations thereunder to a corporation that is a new loss member of a
consolidated group. A corporation is a new loss member if it--
(i) Carries over a net operating loss that arose (or is treated
under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) as arising) in a SRLY with respect to the
current group, and that is not described in Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1); or
(ii) Has a net unrealized built-in loss (determined under paragraph
(c) of this section immediately before it becomes a member of the
current group by treating that day as a change date) that is not taken
into account under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(2) in determining whether two or
more corporations compose a loss subgroup.
(2) Successor corporation as new loss member. A new loss member also
includes any successor to a corporation that has a net operating loss
carryover arising in a SRLY and that is treated as remaining in
existence under Sec. 1.382-2(a)(1)(ii) following a transaction
described in section 381(a).
(3) Coordination in the case of a loss subgroup. For rules regarding
the determination of whether there is an ownership change of a loss
subgroup with respect to a net operating loss or a net unrealized built-
in loss described in Sec. 1.1502-91(d) (relating to the definition of
loss subgroup) and the computation of a subgroup section 382 limitation
following such an ownership change, see Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92 and 1.1502-
93.
(4) End of separate tracking of certain losses. If Sec. 1.1502-
96(a) (relating to the end of separate tracking of attributes) applies
to a new loss member, then, while that member remains a member of the
consolidated group, there is an ownership change with respect to its
attributes described in Sec. 1.1502-96(a)(2) only if the consolidated
group is a loss group and has an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-
92(b)(1)(i) (or that member has an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-
96(b) (relating to ownership changes of subsidiaries)). If, however, the
new loss member has had an ownership change before Sec. 1.1502-96(a)
applies, see Sec. 1.1502-96(c) for the continuing application of the
section 382 limitation with respect to the member's pre-change losses.
(5) Cross-reference. See section 382(a) and Sec. 1.1502-96(c) for
the continuing effect of an ownership change after a corporation becomes
or ceases to be a member.
(b) Application of section 382 to a new loss member--(1) In general.
Section 382 and the regulations thereunder apply to a new loss member to
determine, on a separate entity basis, whether and to what extent a
section 382 limitation applies to limit the amount of consolidated
taxable income that may be offset by the new loss member's pre-change
separate attributes. For example, if an ownership change with respect to
the new loss member occurs under section 382 and the regulations
thereunder, the amount of consolidated taxable income for any post-
change year that may be offset by the new loss member's pre-change
separate attributes shall not exceed the section 382 limitation as
determined separately under section 382(b) with respect to that member
for such year. If the post-change year includes the change date, section
382(b)(3)(A) is applied so that the section 382 limitation of the new
loss member does not apply to the portion of the taxable income for such
year that is allocable to the period in such year on or before the
change date. See generally Sec. 1.382-6 (relating to the allocation of
income and loss).
(2) Adjustment to value. Appropriate adjustments must be made to the
extent necessary to prevent any duplication of the value of the stock of
a member, even though corporations that do not file consolidated returns
may not be required to make such an adjustment. For example, the
principles of
[[Page 615]]
Sec. 1.1502-93(b)(2)(ii) (relating to adjustments to value) apply in
determining the value of a new loss member.
(3) Pre-change separate attribute defined. A pre-change separate
attribute of a new loss member is--
(i) Any net operating loss carryover of the new loss member
described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section; and
(ii) Any recognized built-in loss of the new loss member.
(4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b):
Example 1. Basic case. (i) A and P each own 50 percent of the L
stock. On December 19, Year 6, P purchases 30 percent of the L stock
from A for cash. L has net operating losses arising in Year 1 and Year 2
that it carries over to Year 6 and Year 7. The following is a graphic
illustration of these facts:
[[Page 616]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.013
(ii) L is a new loss member because it has net operating loss
carryovers that arose in a SRLY with respect to the P group and L is not
a member of a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91(d). Under section 382
and the regulations thereunder, L is a loss corporation on December 19,
Year 6, that day is a testing
[[Page 617]]
date for L, and the testing period for L commences on December 20, Year
3.
(iii) P's purchase of L stock does not cause an ownership change of
L on December 19, Year 6, with respect to the net operating loss
carryovers from Year 1 and Year 2 under section 382 and Sec. 1.382-2T.
The use of the loss carryovers, however, is subject to limitation under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c).
Example 2. Multiple new loss members. (i) The facts are the same as
in Example 1, and, on December 31, Year 6, L purchases all the stock of
L1 from B for cash. L1 has a net operating loss of $40 arising in Year 3
that it carries over to Year 7. The following is a graphic illustration
of these facts:
[[Page 618]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.014
(ii) L1 is a new loss member because it has a net operating loss
carryover from Year 3 that arose in a SRLY with respect to the P group
and L1 is not a member of a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1).
[[Page 619]]
(iii) L's purchase of all the stock of L1 causes an ownership change
of L1 on December 31, Year 6, under section 382 and Sec. 1.382-2T.
Accordingly, a section 382 limitation based on the value of the L1 stock
immediately before the ownership change limits the amount of
consolidated taxable income of the P group for any post-change year that
may be offset by L1's loss from Year 3.
(iv) L1's ownership change upon becoming a member of the P group is
an ownership change described in Sec. 1.1502-96(a). Thus, starting on
January 1, Year 7, the P group no longer separately tracks owner shifts
of the stock of L1 with respect to L1's loss from Year 3, and the P
group is a loss group because L1's Year 3 loss is treated as a loss
described in Sec. 1.1502-91(c).
Example 3. Ownership changes of new loss members. (i) The facts are
the same as in Example 2, and, on July 30, Year 7, C purchases all the
stock of P for cash.
(ii) L is a new loss member on July 30, Year 7, because its Year 1
and Year 2 losses arose in SRLYs with respect to the P group and it is
not a member of a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1). The testing
period for L commences on August 1, Year 4. C's purchase of all the P
stock causes an ownership change of L on July 30, Year 7, under section
382 and Sec. 1.382-2T with respect to its Year 1 and Year 2 losses.
Accordingly, a section 382 limitation based on the value of the L stock
immediately before the ownership change limits the amount of
consolidated taxable income of the P group for any post-change year that
may be offset by L's Year 1 and Year 2 losses. See Sec. 1.1502-21(c)
for rules relating to an additional limitation.
(iii) The P group is a loss group on July 30, Year 7, because it is
entitled to use L1's loss from Year 3, and such loss is no longer
treated as a loss of a new loss member starting the day after L1's
ownership change on December 31, Year 6. See Sec. Sec. 1.1502-96(a) and
1.1502-91(c)(2). C's purchase of all the P stock causes an ownership
change of P, and therefore the P loss group, on July 30, Year 7, with
respect to L1's Year 3 loss. Accordingly, a consolidated section 382
limitation based on the value of the P stock immediately before the
ownership change limits the amount of consolidated taxable income of the
P group for any post-change year that may be offset by L1's Year 3 loss.
(c) Built-in gains and losses. As the context may require, the
principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91(g) and (h) and 1.1502-93(c) (relating
to built-in gains and losses) apply to a new loss member on a separate
entity basis. See Sec. 1.1502-91(g)(4). See Sec. 1.1502-13 (including
Example 10 of Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(7)) for rules relating to the treatment
of intercompany transactions.
(d) Information statements. The common parent of a consolidated
group that has a new loss member subject to paragraph (b)(1) of this
section during a consolidated return year must file the information
statement required by Sec. 1.382-11(a) because of any owner shift,
equity structure shift, or other transaction described in Sec. 1.382-
2T(a)(2)(i). Instead of filing a separate statement for each new loss
member, the common parent may file a single statement described in Sec.
1.382-11(a) with respect to the stock ownership of the common parent
(which is treated as a loss corporation). In addition to the information
concerning stock ownership of the common parent, the single statement
must identify each new loss member and state which new loss members, if
any, have had ownership changes during the consolidated return year. The
new loss member is, however, required to maintain the records necessary
to determine if it has an ownership change. This paragraph (d) applies
with respect to the attributes of a new loss member until an event
occurs which ends separate tracking under Sec. 1.1502-96(a). After that
time, the information statement described in Sec. 1.1502-92(e)(1) must
be filed with respect to these attributes.
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36155, July 2, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9264, 71 FR
30608, May 30, 2006; T.D. 9329, 72 FR 32807, June 14, 2007]
Sec. 1.1502-95 Rules on ceasing to be a member of a consolidated group
(or loss subgroup).
(a) In general--(1) Consolidated group. This section provides rules
for applying section 382 on or after the day that a member ceases to be
a member of a consolidated group (or loss subgroup). The rules concern
how to determine whether an ownership change occurs with respect to
losses of the member, and how a consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation) and a loss group's (or loss subgroup's)
net unrealized built-in gain or loss is apportioned to the member. As
the context requires, a reference in this section to a loss group, a
member, or a corporation also includes a reference to a loss subgroup,
and a reference to a consolidated section 382 limitation also
[[Page 620]]
includes a reference to a subgroup section 382 limitation.
(2) Election by common parent. Only the common parent (not the loss
subgroup parent) may make the election under paragraph (c) of this
section to apportion a consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup
section 382 limitation) or a loss group's (or loss subgroup's) net
unrealized built-in gain.
(3) Coordination with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-93. For
rules regarding the determination of whether there is an ownership
change of a loss subgroup and the computation of a subgroup section 382
limitation following such an ownership change, see Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91
through 1.1502-93.
(b) Separate application of section 382 when a member leaves a
consolidated group--(1) In general. Except as provided in Sec. Sec.
1.1502-91 through 1.1502-93 (relating to rules applicable to loss groups
and loss subgroups), section 382 and the regulations thereunder apply to
a corporation on a separate entity basis after it ceases to be a member
of a consolidated group (or loss subgroup). Solely for purposes of
determining whether a corporation has an ownership change--
(i) Any portion of a consolidated net operating loss that is
apportioned to the corporation under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) is treated as a
net operating loss of the corporation beginning on the first day of the
taxable year in which the loss arose;
(ii) The testing period may include the period during which (or
before which) the corporation was a member of the group (or loss
subgroup); and
(iii) Except to the extent provided in Sec. 1.1502-96(d) (relating
to reattributed losses), the day it ceases to be a member of a
consolidated group is treated as a testing date of the corporation
within the meaning of Sec. 1.382-2(a)(4).
(2) Effect of a prior ownership change of the group. If a loss group
has had an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-92 before a corporation
ceases to be a member of a consolidated group (the former member)--
(i) Any pre-change consolidated attribute that is subject to a
consolidated section 382 limitation continues to be treated as a pre-
change loss with respect to the former member after it is apportioned to
the former member and, if any net unrealized built-in loss is allocated
to the former member under paragraph (e) of this section, any recognized
built-in loss of the former member is a pre-change loss of the member;
(ii) The section 382 limitation with respect to such pre-change
attribute is zero unless the common parent, under paragraph (c) of this
section, apportions to the former member all or part of the consolidated
section 382 limitation applicable to such attribute. The limitation
applicable to a pre-change attribute other than a recognized built-in
loss may be increased to the extent that the common parent has
apportioned all or part of the loss group's net unrealized built-in gain
to the former member, and the former member recognizes built-in gain
during the recognition period;
(iii) The testing period for determining a subsequent ownership
change with respect to such pre-change attribute (or such net unrealized
built-in loss, if any) begins no earlier than the first day following
the loss group's most recent change date; and
(iv) As generally provided under section 382, an ownership change of
the former member that occurs on or after the day it ceases to be a
member of a loss group may result in an additional, lesser limitation
amount with respect to such losses.
(3) Application in the case of a loss subgroup. If two or more
former members are included in the same loss subgroup immediately after
they cease to be members of a consolidated group, the principles of
paragraphs (b), (c) and (e) of this section apply to the loss subgroup.
Therefore, for example, an apportionment by the common parent under
paragraph (c) of this section is made to the loss subgroup rather than
separately to its members. If the common parent of the consolidated
group apportions all or part of a limitation (or net unrealized built-in
gain) separately to one or more former members that are included in a
loss subgroup because the common parent of the acquiring group makes an
election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4) with respect to those members, the
aggregate of those separate amounts is treated as the amount
[[Page 621]]
apportioned to the loss subgroup. Such separate apportionment may occur,
for example, because the election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4) has not
been filed at the time that the election of apportionment is made under
paragraph (f) of this section.
(4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b):
Example 1. Treatment of departing member as a separate corporation
throughout the testing period. (i) A owns all the L stock. L owns all
the stock of L1 and L2. The L group has a consolidated net operating
loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 3. On January 12,
Year 2, A sells 30 percent of the L stock to B. On February 7, Year 3, L
sells 40 percent of the L2 stock to C, and L2 ceases to be a member of
the group. A portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss is
apportioned to L2 under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) and is carried to L2's first
separate return year, which ends December 31, Year 3. The following is a
graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 622]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.015
(ii) Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, L2 is a loss
corporation on February 7, Year 3. Under paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this
section, February 7, Year 3, is a testing date. Under paragraph
(b)(1)(ii) of this section, the testing period for L2 with respect to
this testing date commences on January 1, Year 1, the first day of the
taxable year in which the
[[Page 623]]
portion of the consolidated net operating loss apportioned to L2 arose.
Therefore, in determining whether L2 has an ownership change on February
7, Year 3, B's purchase of 30 percent of the L stock and C's purchase of
40 percent of the L2 stock are each owner shifts. L2 has an ownership
change under section 382(g) and Sec. 1.382-2T because B and C have
increased their ownership interests in L2 by 18 and 40 percentage
points, respectively, during the testing period.
Example 2. Effect of prior ownership change of loss group. (i) L
owns all the L1 stock and L1 owns all the L2 stock. The L loss group had
an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-92 in Year 2 with respect to a
consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 and carried over to
Year 2 and Year 3. The consolidated section 382 limitation computed
solely on the basis of the value of the stock of L is $100. On December
31, Year 2, L1 sells 25 percent of the stock of L2 to B. L2 is
apportioned a portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss
which it carries over to its first separate return year ending after
December 31, Year 2. L2's separate section 382 limitation with respect
to this loss is zero unless L elects to apportion all or a part of the
consolidated section 382 limitation to L2. (See paragraph (c) of this
section for rules regarding the apportionment of a consolidated section
382 limitation.) L apportions $50 of the consolidated section 382
limitation to L2, and the remaining $50 of the consolidated section 382
limitation stays with the loss group composed of L and L1.
(ii) On December 31, Year 3, L1 sells its remaining 75 percent stock
interest in L2 to C, resulting in an ownership change of L2. L2's
section 382 limitation computed on the change date with respect to the
value of its stock is $30. Accordingly, L2's section 382 limitation for
post-change years ending after December 31, Year 3, with respect to its
pre-change losses, including the consolidated net operating losses
apportioned to it from the L group, is $30, adjusted for a short taxable
year, carryforward of unused limitation, or any other adjustment
required under section 382.
(c) Apportionment of a consolidated section 382 limitation--(1) In
general. The common parent may elect to apportion all or any part of a
consolidated section 382 limitation to a former member (or loss
subgroup). The common parent also may elect to apportion all or any part
of the loss group's net unrealized built-in gain to a former member (or
loss subgroup).
(2) Amount which may be apportioned--(i) Consolidated section 382
limitation. The common parent may apportion all or part of each element
of the consolidated section 382 limitation determined under Sec.
1.1502-93. For this purpose, the consolidated section 382 limitation
consists of two elements--
(A) The value element, which is the element of the limitation
determined under section 382(b)(1) (relating to value multiplied by the
long-term tax-exempt rate) without regard to such adjustments as those
described in section 382(b)(2) (relating to the carryforward of unused
section 382 limitation), section 382(b)(3)(B)(relating to the section
382 limitation for the post-change year that includes the change date),
section 382(h)(relating to built-in gains and section 338 gains), and
section 382(m)(2)(relating to short taxable years); and
(B) The adjustment element, which is so much (if any) of the
limitation for the taxable year during which the former member ceases to
be a member of the consolidated group that is attributable to a
carryover of unused limitation under section 382(b)(2) or to recognized
built-in gains under 382(h).
(ii) Net unrealized built-in gain. The aggregate amount of the loss
group's net unrealized built-in gain that may be apportioned to one or
more former members that cease to be members during the same
consolidated return year cannot exceed the loss group's excess,
immediately after the close of that year, of net unrealized built-in
gain over recognized built-in gain, determined under section
382(h)(1)(A)(ii) (relating to a limitation on recognized built-in gain).
For this purpose, net unrealized built-in gain apportioned to former
members in prior consolidated return years is treated as recognized
built-in gain in those years.
(3) Effect of apportionment on the consolidated group--(i)
Consolidated section 382 limitation. The value element of the
consolidated section 382 limitation for any post-change year ending
after the day that a former member (or loss subgroup) ceases to be a
member(s) is reduced to the extent that it is apportioned under this
paragraph (c). The consolidated section 382 limitation for the post-
change year in which the former member (or loss subgroup) ceases to be a
member(s) is also
[[Page 624]]
reduced to the extent that the adjustment element for that year is
apportioned under this paragraph (c).
(ii) Net unrealized built-in gain. The amount of the loss group's
net unrealized built-in gain that is apportioned to the former member
(or loss subgroup) is treated as recognized built-in gain for a prior
taxable year ending in the recognition period for purposes of applying
the limitation of section 382(h)(1)(A)(ii) to the loss group's
recognition period taxable years beginning after the consolidated return
year in which the former member (or loss subgroup) ceases to be a
member.
(4) Effect on corporations to which an apportionment is made--(i)
Consolidated section 382 limitation. The amount of the value element
that is apportioned to a former member (or loss subgroup) is treated as
the amount determined under section 382(b)(1) for purposes of
determining the amount of that corporation's (or loss subgroup's)
section 382 limitation for any taxable year ending after the former
member (or loss subgroup) ceases to be a member(s). Appropriate
adjustments must be made to the limitation based on the value element so
apportioned for a short taxable year, carryforward of unused limitation,
or any other adjustment required under section 382. The adjustment
element apportioned to a former member (or loss subgroup) is treated as
an adjustment under section 382(b)(2) or section 382(h), as appropriate,
for the first taxable year after the member (or members) ceases to be a
member (or members).
(ii) Net unrealized built-in gain. For purposes of determining the
amount by which the former member's (or loss subgroup's) section 382
limitation for any taxable year beginning after the former member (or
loss subgroup) ceases to be a member(s) is increased by its recognized
built-in gain--
(A) The amount of net unrealized built-in gain apportioned to a
former member (or loss subgroup) is treated as if it were an amount of
net unrealized built-in gain determined under section
382(h)(1)(A)(i)(without regard to the threshold of section 382(h)(3)(B))
with respect to such member or loss subgroup, and that amount is not
reduced under section 382(h)(1)(A)(ii) by the loss group's recognized
built-in gain;
(B) The former member's (or loss subgroup's) 5 year recognition
period begins on the loss group's change date;
(C) In applying section 382(h)(1)(A)(ii), the former member (or loss
subgroup) takes into account only its prior taxable years that begin
after it ceases to be a member of the loss group; and
(D) The former member's (or loss subgroup's) recognized built-in
gain on the disposition of an asset is determined under section
382(h)(2)(A), treating references to the change date in that section as
references to the loss group's change date.
(5) Deemed apportionment when loss group terminates. If a loss group
terminates, to the extent the consolidated section 382 limitation or net
unrealized built-in gain is not apportioned under paragraph (c)(1) of
this section, the consolidated section 382 limitation or net unrealized
built-in gain is deemed to be apportioned to the loss subgroup that
includes the common parent, or, if there is no loss subgroup that
includes the common parent immediately after the loss group terminates,
to the common parent. A loss group terminates on the first day of the
first taxable year that is a separate return year with respect to each
member of the former loss group.
(6) Appropriate adjustments when former member leaves during the
year. Appropriate adjustments are made to the consolidated section 382
limitation for the consolidated return year during which the former
member (or loss subgroup) ceases to be a member(s) to reflect the
inclusion of the former member in the loss group for a portion of that
year.
(7) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (c):
Example 1. Consequence of apportionment. (i) L owns all the L1 stock
and L1 owns all the L2 stock. The L group has a $200 consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. At the
close of December 31, Year 1, the group has an ownership change under
Sec. 1.1502-92. The ownership change results in a consolidated section
382 limitation of $10 based on the value of the stock of the group. On
August 29, Year 2, L1 sells 30 percent of the stock of L2 to A. L2 is
[[Page 625]]
apportioned $90 of the group's $200 consolidated net operating loss
under Sec. 1.1502-21(b). L, the common parent, elects to apportion $6
of the consolidated section 382 limitation to L2. The following is a
graphic illustration of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.016
(ii) For its separate return years ending after December 31, Year 2,
L2's section 382 limitation with respect to the $90 of the group's net
operating loss apportioned to it is $6, adjusted, as appropriate, for
any short taxable year, unused section 382 limitation, or other
adjustment. For its consolidated return year ending December 31, Year 2
the L group's consolidated section 382 limitation with respect to the
remaining $110 of pre-change consolidated attribute is $4 ($10 minus the
$6 value element apportioned to L2), adjusted, as appropriate, for any
short taxable year, unused section 382 limitation, or other adjustment.
(iii) For the L group's consolidated return year ending December 31,
Year 2, the value element of its consolidated section 382 limitation is
increased by $4 (rounded to the nearest dollar), to account for the
period during which L2 was a member of the L group ($6, the consolidated
section 382 limitation apportioned to L2, times 241/365, the ratio of
the number of days during Year 2 that L2 is a member of the group to the
number of days in the group's consolidated return year). See paragraph
(c)(6) of this section. Therefore, the value element of the consolidated
section 382 limitation for Year 2 of the L group is $8 (rounded to the
nearest dollar).
(iv) The section 382 limitation for L2's short taxable year ending
December 31, Year 2, is $2 (rounded to the nearest dollar), which is the
amount that bears the same relationship to $6, the value element of the
consolidated section 382 limitation apportioned to L2, as the number of
days during that short taxable year, 124 days, bears to 365. See Sec.
1.382-5(c).
Example 2. Consequence of no apportionment. The facts are the same
as in Example 1, except that L does not elect to apportion any portion
of the consolidated section 382 limitation to L2. For its separate
return years ending after August 29, Year 2, L2's section 382 limitation
with respect to the $90 of the group's pre-change consolidated attribute
apportioned to L2 is zero under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section.
Thus, the $90 consolidated net operating loss apportioned to L2 cannot
offset L2's taxable income in any of its separate return years ending
after August 29, Year 2. For its consolidated return
[[Page 626]]
years ending after August 29, Year 2, the L group's consolidated section
382 limitation with respect to the remaining $110 of pre-change
consolidated attribute is $10, adjusted, as appropriate, for any short
taxable year, unused section 382 limitation, or other adjustment.
Example 3. Apportionment of adjustment element. The facts are the
same as in Example 1, except that L2 ceases to be a member of the L
group on August 29, Year 3, and the L group has a $4 carryforward of an
unused consolidated section 382 limitation (under section 382(b)(2)) to
the Year 3 consolidated return year. The carryover of unused limitation
increases the consolidated section 382 limitation for the Year 3
consolidated return year from $10 to $14. L may elect to apportion all
or any portion of the $10 value element and all or any portion of the $4
adjustment element to L2.
(d) Rules pertaining to ceasing to be a member of a loss subgroup--
(1) In general. A corporation ceases to be a member of a loss subgroup
on the earlier of--
(i) The first day of the first taxable year for which it files a
separate return; or
(ii) The first day that it ceases to bear a relationship described
in section 1504(a)(1) to the loss subgroup parent (treating for this
purpose the loss subgroup parent as the common parent described in
section 1504(a)(1)(A)).
(2) Exceptions. Paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section does not apply
to a member of a loss subgroup while that member remains a member of the
current group--
(i) If an election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4)(relating to treating
the subgroup parent requirement as satisfied) applies to the members of
the loss subgroup;
(ii) Starting on the day after the change date (but not earlier than
the date the loss subgroup becomes a member of the group), if there is
an ownership change of the loss subgroup within six months before, on,
or after becoming members of the group; or
(iii) Starting the day after the period of 5 consecutive years
following the day that the loss subgroup become members of the group
during which the loss subgroup has not had an ownership change.
(3) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (d) are illustrated
by the following examples:
Example 1. Basic case. (i) P owns all the L stock, L owns all the L1
stock and L1 owns all the L2 stock. The P group has a consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. On
December 11, Year 2, P sells all the stock of L to corporation M. Each
of L, L1, and L2 is apportioned a portion of the Year 1 consolidated net
operating loss, and thereafter each joins with M in filing consolidated
returns. Under Sec. 1.1502-92, the L loss subgroup has an ownership
change on December 11, Year 2. The L loss subgroup has a subgroup
section 382 limitation of $100. The following is a graphic illustration
of these facts:
[[Page 627]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.017
(ii) On May 22, Year 3, L1 sells 40 percent of the L2 stock to A. L2
carries over a portion of the P group's net operating loss from Year 1
to its separate return year ending December 31, Year 3. Under paragraph
(d)(1) of this section, L2 ceases to be a member of the L loss subgroup
on May 22, Year 3, which is both (1) the first day of the first taxable
year
[[Page 628]]
for which it files a separate return and (2) the day it ceases to bear a
relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to the loss subgroup
parent, L. The net operating loss of L2 that is carried over from the P
group is treated as a pre-change loss of L2 for its separate return
years ending after May 22, Year 3. Under paragraphs (a)(2) and (b)(2) of
this section, the separate section 382 limitation with respect to this
loss is zero unless M elects to apportion all or a part of the subgroup
section 382 limitation of the L loss subgroup to L2.
Example 2. Formation of a new loss subgroup. The facts are the same
as in Example 1, except that A purchases 40 percent of the L1 stock from
L rather than purchasing L2 stock from L1. L1 and L2 file a consolidated
return for their first taxable year ending after May 22, Year 3, and
each of L1 and L2 carries over a part of the net operating loss of the P
group that arose in Year 1. Under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, L1
and L2 cease to be members of the L loss subgroup on May 22, Year 3. The
net operating losses carried over from the P group are treated as pre-
change subgroup attributes of the loss subgroup composed of L1 and L2.
The subgroup section 382 limitation with respect to those losses is zero
unless M elects to apportion all or part of the subgroup section 382
limitation of the L loss subgroup to the L1 loss subgroup. The following
is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 629]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR02JY99.018
Example 3. Ownership change upon becoming members of the group. (i)
A owns all the stock of P, and P owns all the stock of L1 and L2. The P
group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is
carried over to Year 3 and Year 4. Corporation M acquires all the stock
of P on November 11, Year 3, and P, L1, and L2 thereafter file
consolidated
[[Page 630]]
returns with M. M's acquisition results in an ownership change of the P
loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-92(b)(1)(ii).
(ii) P distributes the L2 stock to M on October 7, Year 4, and L2
ceases to bear the relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to P,
the P loss subgroup parent. However, under paragraph (d)(2) of this
section, L2 does not cease to be a member of the P loss subgroup because
the P loss subgroup had an ownership change upon becoming members of the
M group and L2 remains in the M group.
Example 4. Ceasing to bear a section 1504 (a)(1) to the loss
subgroup parent. (i) A owns all the stock of P, and P owns all the stock
of L1 and L2. The P group has a consolidated net operating loss arising
in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 7. At the close of Year 2, X
acquires all of the stock of P, causing an ownership change of the loss
subgroup composed of P, L1 and L2 under Sec. 1.1502-92(b)(1)(ii). In
Year 4, M, which is owned by the same person that owns X, acquires all
of the stock of P, and the M acquisition does not cause a second
ownership change of the P loss subgroup.
(ii) P distributes the L2 stock to M on February 3, Year 6 (less
than 5 years after the P loss subgroup became members of the M group)
and L2 ceases to bear the relationship described in section 1504(a)(1)
to P, the loss subgroup parent. Thus, the section 382 limitation from
the Year 2 ownership change that applies with respect to the pre-change
attributes attributable to L2 is zero except to the extent M elects to
apportion all or part of the P loss subgroup section 382 limitation to
L2.
Example 5. Relationship through a successor. The facts are the same
as in Example 3, except that M's acquisition of the P stock does not
result in an ownership change of the P loss subgroup, and, instead of
P's distributing the stock of L2, L2 merges into L1 on October 7, Year
4. L1 (as successor to L2 in the merger within the meaning of Sec.
1.1502-1(f)(4)) continues to bear a relationship described in section
1504(a)(1) to P, the loss subgroup parent. Thus, L2 does not cease to be
a member of the P loss subgroup as a result of the merger.
Example 6. Reattribution of net operating loss carryover under Sec.
1.1502-36(d)(6). The facts are the same as in Example 3, except that,
instead of distributing the L2 stock to M, P sells that stock to B, and,
under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6), M reattributes $10 of L2's net operating
loss carryover to itself. Under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6)(iv)(A), M succeeds
to the reattributed loss as if the loss were succeeded to in a
transaction to which section 381(a) applies. M, as successor to L2, does
not cease to be a member of the P loss subgroup.
(e) Allocation of net unrealized built-in loss--(1) In general. This
paragraph (e) provides rules for the allocation of a loss group's (or
loss subgroup's) net unrealized built-in loss if a member ceases to be a
member of a loss group (or loss subgroup). This paragraph (e) applies
if--
(i) A loss group (or loss subgroup) has a net unrealized built-in
loss on a change date; and
(ii) Immediately after the close of the consolidated return year in
which the departing member ceases to be a member, the amount of the loss
group's (or loss subgroup's) excess of net unrealized built-in loss over
recognized built-in loss, determined under section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii)
(relating to a limitation on recognized built-in loss), is greater than
zero. (The amount of such excess is referred to as the remaining NUBIL
balance.) In applying section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii) for this purpose, net
unrealized built-in loss allocated to departing members in prior
consolidated return years is treated as recognized built-in loss in
those years.
(2) Amount of allocation--(i) In general. The amount of net
unrealized built-in loss allocated to a departing member is equal to the
remaining NUBIL balance, multiplied by a fraction. The numerator of the
fraction is the amount of the built-in loss, taken into account on the
change date under Sec. 1.1502-91(g), in the assets held by the
departing member immediately after the member ceases to be a member of
the loss group (or loss subgroup). The denominator of the fraction is
the sum of the numerator, plus the amount of the built-in loss, taken
into account under Sec. 1.1502-91(g) on the change date, in the assets
held by the loss group (or loss subgroup) immediately after the close of
the taxable year in which the departing member ceases to be a member.
(Fluctuations in value of the assets between the change date and the
date that the member ceases to be a member of the group (or loss
subgroup), or the close of the taxable year in which the member ceases
to be a member of the loss group, are disregarded.) Because the amount
of built-in loss on the change date with respect to a departing member's
assets is taken into account (rather than that member's separately
computed net unrealized built-in loss
[[Page 631]]
on the change date), a departing member can be apportioned all or part
of the loss group's net unrealized built-in loss, even if the departing
member had a separately computed net unrealized built-in gain on the
change date. Amounts taken into account under section 382(h)(6)(C)
(relating to certain deduction items) are treated as if they were assets
in determining the numerator and denominator of the fraction.
(ii) Transferred basis property and deferred gain or loss. For
purposes of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, assets held by the
departing member immediately after it ceases to be a member of the group
(or by other members immediately after the close of the taxable year)
include--
(A) Assets held at that time that are transferred basis property
that was held by any member of the group (or loss subgroup) on the
change date; and
(B) Assets held at that time by any member of the consolidated group
with respect to which gain or loss of the group member or loss subgroup
member at issue has been deferred in an intercompany transaction and has
not been taken into account.
(iii) Assets for which gain or loss has been recognized. For
purposes of paragraph (b)(2)(i) of this section, assets held by the
departing member immediately after it ceases to be a member of the group
(or by other members immediately after the close of the taxable year) do
not include assets with respect to which gain or loss has previously
been recognized and taken into account during the recognition period
(including gain or loss recognized in an intercompany transaction and
taken into account immediately before the member leaves the group).
Appropriate adjustments must be made if gain or loss on an asset has
been only partially recognized and taken into account.
(iv) Exchanged basis property. The rules of Sec. 1.1502-91(h) apply
for purposes of this paragraph (e) (disregarding stock received from the
departing member or another member that is a member immediately after
the close of the taxable year).
(v) Two or more members depart during the same year. If two or more
members cease to be members during the same consolidated return year,
appropriate adjustments must be made to the denominator of the fraction
for each departing member by treating the other departing members as if
they had not ceased to be members during that year and as if the assets
held by those other departing members immediately after they cease to be
members of the group (or loss subgroup) are assets held by the group
immediately after the close of the taxable year.
(vi) Anti-abuse rule. If assets are transferred between members or a
member ceases to be a member with a principal purpose of causing or
affecting the allocation of amounts under this paragraph (e),
appropriate adjustments must be made to eliminate any benefit of such
acquisition, disposition, or allocation.
(3) Effect of allocation on the consolidated group. The amount of
the net unrealized built-in loss that is allocated to the former member
is treated as recognized built-in loss for a prior taxable year ending
in the recognition period for purposes applying the limitation of
section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii) to a loss group's (or loss subgroup's)
recognition period taxable years beginning after the consolidated return
year in which the former member ceases to be a member.
(4) Effect on corporations to which the allocation is made. For
purposes of determining the amount of the former member's recognized
built-in losses in any taxable year beginning after the former member
ceases to be a member--
(i) The amount of the loss group's (or loss subgroup's) net
unrealized built-in loss that is allocated to the former member is
treated as if it were an amount of net unrealized built-in loss
determined under section 382(h)(1)(B)(i)(without regard to the threshold
of section 382(h)(3)(B)) with respect to such member or loss subgroup,
and that amount is not reduced under section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii) by the
loss group's (or loss subgroup's) recognized built-in losses;
(ii) The former member's 5 year recognition period begins on the
loss group's (or loss subgroup's) change date;
(iii) In applying section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii), the former member
[[Page 632]]
takes into account only its prior taxable years that begin after it
ceases to be a member of the loss group (or loss subgroup); and
(iv) The former member's recognized built-in loss on the disposition
of an asset is determined under section 382(h)(2)(B), treating
references to the change date in that section as references to the loss
group's (or loss subgroup's) change date.
(5) Subgroup principles. If two or more former members are members
of the same consolidated group (the second group) immediately after they
cease to be members of the current group, the principles of paragraphs
(e)(1), (2) and (4) of this section apply to those former members on an
aggregate basis. Thus, for example, the amount of net unrealized built-
in loss allocated to those members is based on the assets held by those
members immediately after they cease to be members of the current group
and the limitation of section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii) on recognized built-in
losses is applied by taking into account the aggregate amount of net
unrealized built-in loss allocated to the former members and the
aggregate recognized losses of those members in taxable years beginning
after they cease to be members of the current group. If one or more of
such members cease to be members of the second group, the principles of
this paragraph (e) are applied with respect to those members to allocate
to them all or part of any remaining unrecognized amount of net
unrealized built-in loss allocated to the members that became members of
the second group.
(6) Apportionment of consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation)--(i) In general. For rules relating to
the apportionment of a consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup
section 382 limitation) to a former member, see paragraph (c) of this
section.
(ii) Special rule for former members that become members of the same
consolidated group. If recognized built-in losses of one or more former
members would be subject to a consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation) if recognized immediately before the
member (or members) cease to be members of the group, an apportionment
of that limitation may be made, under paragraph (c) of this section, to
a loss subgroup that includes such member (or members), and the
recognized built-in losses (if any) of that member (or members) will be
subject to that apportioned limitation. If two or more of such former
members are not included in a loss subgroup immediately after they cease
to be members of the group (for example, because they do not have net
operating loss carryovers or, in the aggregate, a net unrealized built-
in loss), but are members of the same consolidated group, an
apportionment of the consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup
section 382 limitation) may be made to them as if they were a loss
subgroup.
(7) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (e):
Example 1. Basic allocation case. (i) P owns all of the stock of L1
and L2. On September 4, Year 1, A purchases all of the P stock, causing
an ownership change of the P group. On that date P has two assets (other
than the L1 and L2 stock), asset 1 with an adjusted basis of $40 and a
fair market value of $15 and asset 2 with an adjusted basis of $50 and a
fair market value of $100. L1 has two assets, asset 3 , with a fair
market value of $50 and an adjusted basis of $100, and asset 4, with an
adjusted basis of $125 and a fair market value of $75. L2 has two
assets, asset 5, with a fair market value of $150 and an adjusted basis
of $100, and asset 6, with an adjusted basis of $90 and a fair market
value of $40. Thus, the P loss group has a net unrealized built-in loss
of $75.
(ii) On March 19, Year 3, P sells all of the L2 stock to M. At that
time, asset 5, which has appreciated in value, has a fair market value
of $250 and an adjusted basis of $100. Asset 6, which has declined in
value, has an adjusted basis of $90 and a fair market value of $10.
(iii) On April 8, Year 3, P sells asset 1, and has a recognized
built-in loss of $25 that is subject to the P group's section 382
limitation. On November 11, Year 4, L2 sells asset 6 for its then fair
market value, $10, recognizing a loss of $80. On June 3, Year 5, L1
sells asset 4, recognizing a loss of $50.
(iv) Immediately after the close of Year 3, the P loss group's
remaining NUBIL balance is $50 ($75 net unrealized built-in loss reduced
by the $25 recognized built-in loss of P). The portion of the remaining
NUBIL balance that is allocated to L2 is $17 (rounded to the nearest
dollar). Seventeen dollars is the
[[Page 633]]
product obtained by multiplying $50 (the remaining NUBIL balance) by
$50/$150. The numerator of the fraction ($50) is the amount of built-in
loss in asset 6, taken into account on the change date under Sec.
1.1502-91(g). The denominator ($150) is the sum of the numerator ($50)
and the amount of built-in loss in assets 3 and 4, taken into account on
the change date under Sec. 1.1502-91(g) ($100). The built-in loss in
asset 1 is not included in the denominator of the fraction because it is
not held by the P group immediately after the close of Year 3.
(v) Seventeen dollars of L2's $80 loss on the sale of asset 6 is a
recognized built-in loss and subject to a section 382 limitation of
zero, unless P apportions some or all of the P group's consolidated
section 382 limitation to L2 (adjusted for a short taxable year,
carryover of unused limitation, or any other adjustment required under
section 382).
(vi) Thirty-three dollars of L1's $50 loss on the sale of asset 4 is
subject to the P group's consolidated section 382 limitation, reduced by
the amount of such limitation apportioned to L2, and adjusted for any
short taxable year, a carryforward of unused limitation, or other
adjustment. (In applying section 382(h)(1)(B)(ii) with respect to Year
5, the P group's net unrealized built-in loss is reduced by P's $25
recognized built-in loss in Year 3 and the $17 of net unrealized built-
in loss allocated to L2, thus limiting the P group's recognized built-in
loss in Year 5 to $33.)
Example 2. Two members depart in the same year. The facts are the
same as in Example 1, except that P sells all of the stock of L1 to C on
November 1, Year 3. The amount of net unrealized built-in loss
apportioned to L2 (rounded to the nearest dollar) is $17 ($50 remaining
NUBIL balance x $50/$150). The amount of net unrealized built-in loss
apportioned to L1 (rounded to the nearest dollar) is $33 ($50 remaining
NUBIL balance x $100/$150).
(8) Reporting requirements--(i) Common Parent. Except as provided in
paragraph (e)(8)(iii) of this section, if a net unrealized built-in loss
is allocated under paragraph (e) of this section, the common parent must
include a statement entitled, ``STATEMENT OF NET UNREALIZED BUILT-IN
LOSS ALLOCATION PURSUANT TO Sec. 1.1502-95(e),'' on or with its income
tax return for the taxable year in which the former member(s) (or a new
loss subgroup that includes that member) ceases to be a member. The
statement must include--
(A) The name and employer identification number of the departing
member;
(B) The amount of the remaining NUBIL balance for the taxable year
in which the member departs;
(C) The amount of the net unrealized built-in loss allocated to the
departing member; and
(D) A representation that the common parent has delivered a copy of
the statement to the former member (or the common parent of the group of
which the former member is a member) on or before the day the group
files its income tax return for the consolidated return year that the
former member ceases to be a member.
(ii) Former member. Except as provided in paragraph (e)(8)(iii) of
this section, the former member must include a statement on or with its
first income tax return (or the first return in which the former member
joins) that is filed after the close of the consolidated return year of
the group of which the former member (or a new loss subgroup that
includes that member) ceases to be a member. The statement will be
identical to the statement filed by the common parent under paragraph
(e)(8)(i) of this section except that instead of including the
information described in paragraph (e)(8)(i)(A) of this section the
former member must provide the name, employer identification number and
tax year of the former common parent, and instead of the representation
described in paragraph (e)(8)(i)(D) of this section the former member
must represent that it has received and retained the copy of the
statement delivered by the common parent as part of its records. See
Sec. 1.6001-1(e).
(iii) Exception. This paragraph (e)(8) does not apply if the
required information (other than the amount of the remaining NUBIL
balance) is included in a statement of election under paragraph (f) of
this section (relating to apportioning a section 382 limitation).
(f) Filing the election to apportion the section 382 limitation and
net unrealized built-in gain--(1) Form of the election to apportion--(i)
Statement. An election under paragraph (c) of this section must be made
in the form set forth in this paragraph (f)(1)(i). The election must be
made by the common parent and the party described in paragraph (f)(2) of
this section. It must be filed in
[[Page 634]]
accordance with paragraph (f)(3) of this section and be entitled, ``THIS
IS AN ELECTION UNDER Sec. 1.1502-95 TO APPORTION ALL OR PART OF THE
[INSERT THE CONSOLIDATED SECTION 382 LIMITATION, THE SUBGROUP SECTION
382 LIMITATION, THE LOSS GROUP'S NET UNREALIZED BUILT-IN GAIN, OR THE
LOSS SUBGROUP'S NET UNREALIZED BUILT-IN GAIN, AS APPROPRIATE] IN THE
AMOUNT OF [INSERT THE AMOUNT OF THE LOSS LIMITATION OR NET UNREALIZED
BUILT-IN GAIN] TO [INSERT NAME(S) AND EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER(S)
OF THE CORPORATION (OR THE CORPORATIONS THAT COMPOSE A NEW LOSS
SUBGROUP) TO WHICH ALLOCATION IS MADE].'' The statement must also
indicate that an agreement, as described in paragraph (f)(1)(ii) of this
section, has been entered into.
(ii) Agreement. Both the common parent and the party described in
paragraph (f)(2) of this section must sign and date the agreement. The
agreement must include, as appropriate--
(A) The date of the ownership change that resulted in the
consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation)
or the loss group's (or loss subgroup's) net unrealized built-in gain;
(B) The amount of the departing member's (or loss subgroup's) pre-
change net operating loss carryovers and the taxable years in which they
arose that will be subject to the limitation that is being apportioned
to that member (or loss subgroup);
(C) The amount of any net unrealized built-in loss allocated to the
departing member (or loss subgroup) under paragraph (e) of this section,
which, if recognized, can be a pre-change attribute subject to the
limitation that is being apportioned;
(D) If a consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section
382 limitation) is being apportioned, the amount of the consolidated
section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation) for the
taxable year during which the former member (or new loss subgroup)
ceases to be a member of the consolidated group (determined without
regard to any apportionment under this section);
(E) If any net unrealized built-in gain is being apportioned, the
amount of the loss group's (or loss subgroup's) net unrealized built-in
gain (as determined under paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section) that may
be apportioned to members that ceased to be members during the
consolidated return year;
(F) The amount of the value element and adjustment element of the
consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation)
that is apportioned to the former member (or new loss subgroup) pursuant
to paragraph (c) of this section;
(G) The amount of the loss group's (or loss subgroup's) net
unrealized built-in gain that is apportioned to the former member (or
new loss subgroup) pursuant to paragraph (c) of this section;
(H) If the former member is allocated any net unrealized built-in
loss under paragraph (e) of this section, the amount of any adjustment
element apportioned to the former member that is attributable to
recognized built-in gains (determined in a manner that will enable both
the group and the former member to apply the principles of Sec. 1.1502-
93(c)); and
(1) The name and employer identification number of the common parent
making the apportionment.
(2) Signing the agreement. The agreement must be signed by both the
common parent and the former member (or, in the case of a loss subgroup,
the common parent and the loss subgroup parent) by persons authorized to
sign their respective income tax returns. If the allocation is made to a
loss subgroup for which an election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4) is made,
and not separately to its members, the agreement under this paragraph
(f) must be signed by the common parent and any member of the new loss
subgroup by persons authorized to sign their respective income tax
returns. Each party signing the agreement must retain either the
original or a copy of the agreement as part of its records. See Sec.
1.6001-1(e).
(3) Filing of the election--(i) Filing by the common parent. The
election must be filed by the common parent of the group that is
apportioning the consolidated section 382 limitation (or the subgroup
section 382 limitation) or the
[[Page 635]]
loss group's net unrealized built-in gain (or loss subgroup's net
unrealized built-in gain) by including the statement on or with its
income tax return for the taxable year in which the former member (or
new loss subgroup) ceases to be a member.
(ii) Filing by the former member. An identical statement must be
included on or with the first return of the former member (or the first
return in which the former member, or the members of a new loss
subgroup, join) that is filed after the close of the consolidated return
year of the group of which the former member (or the members of a new
loss subgroup) ceases to be a member.
(4) Revocation of election. An election statement made under
paragraph (c) of this section is revocable only with the consent of the
Commissioner.
(g) Effective/applicability date. Paragraphs (e)(8) and (f) of this
section apply to any original consolidated Federal income tax return due
(without extensions) after June 14, 2007. For original consolidated
Federal income tax returns due (without extensions) after May 30, 2006,
and on or before June 14, 2007, see Sec. 1.1502-95T as contained in 26
CFR part 1 in effect on April 1, 2007. For original consolidated Federal
income tax returns due (without extensions) on or before May 30, 2006,
see Sec. 1.1502-95 as contained in 26 CFR part 1 in effect on April 1,
2006.
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36159, July 2, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9264, 71 FR
30604, 30608, May 30, 2006; T.D. 9329, 72 FR 32805, 32807, June 14,
2007; T.D. 9424, 73 FR 53985, Sept. 17, 2008]
Sec. 1.1502-96 Miscellaneous rules.
(a) End of separate tracking of losses--(1) Application. This
paragraph (a) applies to a member (or a loss subgroup) with a net
operating loss carryover that arose (or is treated under Sec. 1.1502-
21(c) as arising) in a SRLY, or a member (or loss subgroup) with a net
unrealized built-in loss determined at the time that the member (or loss
subgroup) becomes a member of the consolidated group if there is--
(i) An ownership change of the member (or loss subgroup) within six
months before, on, or after becoming a member of the group; or
(ii) A period of 5 consecutive years following the day that the
member (or loss subgroup) becomes a member of a group during which the
member (or loss subgroup) has not had an ownership change.
(2) Effect of end of separate tracking--(i) Net operating loss
carryovers. If this paragraph (a) applies with respect to a member (or
loss subgroup) with a net operating loss carryover, then, starting on
the day after the earlier of the change date (but not earlier than the
day the member (or loss subgroup) becomes a member of the consolidated
group) or the last day of the 5 consecutive year period described in
paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section, such loss carryover is treated as
described in Sec. 1.1502-91(c)(1)(i). The preceding sentence also
applies for purposes of determining whether there is an ownership change
with respect to such loss carryover following such change date or 5
consecutive year period. Thus, for example, starting the day after the
change date (but not earlier than the day the member (or loss subgroup)
becomes a member of the consolidated group) or the end of the 5
consecutive year period--
(A) The consolidated group which includes the new loss member or
loss subgroup is no longer required to separately track owner shifts of
the stock of the new loss member or subgroup parent to determine if an
ownership change occurs with respect to the loss carryover of the new
loss member or members included in the loss subgroup;
(B) The group is a loss group because the member's loss carryover is
treated as a loss described in Sec. 1.1502-91(c)(1)(i);
(C) There is an ownership change with respect to such loss carryover
only if the group has an ownership change; and
(D) If the group has an ownership change, such loss carryover is a
pre-change consolidated attribute subject to the loss group's
consolidated section 382 limitation.
(ii) Net unrealized built-in losses. If this paragraph (a) applies
with respect to a new loss member described in Sec. 1.1502-94(a)(1)(ii)
(or a loss subgroup described in Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(2)) then, starting
on the day after the earlier of the change date (but not earlier than
[[Page 636]]
the day the member (or loss subgroup) becomes a member of the group) or
the last day of the 5 consecutive year period described in paragraph
(a)(1)(ii) of this section, the member (or members of the loss subgroup)
are treated, for purposes of applying Sec. 1.1502-91(g)(2)(ii), as if
they have been affiliated with the common parent for 5 consecutive
years. Starting on that day, the member's (or the members of the loss
subgroup's) separately computed net unrealized built-in loss is included
in the determination whether the group has a net unrealized built-in
loss, and there is an ownership change with respect to the member's
separately computed net unrealized built-in loss only if the group
(including the member) has a net unrealized built-in loss and has an
ownership change. Thus, for example, starting the day after the change
date (but not earlier than the day the member (or loss subgroup) becomes
a member of the consolidated group), or the end of the 5 consecutive
period
(A) The consolidated group which includes the new loss member or
loss subgroup is no longer required to separately track owner shifts of
the stock of the new loss member or subgroup parent to determine if an
ownership change occurs with respect to the net unrealized built-in loss
of the new loss member or members of the loss subgroup;
(B) The group includes the member's (or the loss subgroup members')
separately computed net unrealized built-in loss in determining whether
it is a loss group under Sec. 1.1502-91(c)(1)(iii);
(C) There is an ownership change with respect to such net unrealized
built-in loss only if the group is a loss group and has an ownership
change; and
(D) If the group has an ownership change, the member's separately
computed net unrealized built-in loss and its assets are taken into
account in determining the group's pre-change consolidated attributes
described in Sec. 1.1502-91(e)(1) (relating to recognized built-in
losses) that are subject to the group's consolidated section 382
limitation.
(iii) Common parent not common parent for five years. If the common
parent has become the common parent of an existing group within the
previous 5-year period in a transaction described in Sec. 1.1502-
75(d)(2)(ii) or (3), appropriate adjustments must be made in applying
paragraphs (a)(2)(ii) and (3) of this section. In such a case, as the
context requires, references to the common parent are to the former
common parent.
(3) Continuing effect of end of separate tracking--(i) In general.
As the context may require, a current group determines which of its
members are included in a loss subgroup on any testing date by taking
into account the application of this section in the former group. See
the example in Sec. 1.1502-91(f)(2). For this purpose, corporations
that are treated under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section as having
been affiliated with the common parent of the former group for 5
consecutive years are also treated as having been affiliated with any
other members that have been (or are treated as having been) affiliated
with the common parent. The corporations are treated as having been
affiliated with such other members for the same period of time that
those members have been (or are treated as having been) affiliated with
the common parent. If two or more corporations become members of the
group at the same time, but paragraph (a)(1) of this section does not
apply to every such corporation, then immediately after the corporations
become members of the group, the corporations to which paragraph (a)(1)
of this section applied are treated as not having been previously
affiliated, for purposes of applying this paragraph (a)(3), with the
corporations to which paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section did not
apply.
(ii) Example. The following example illustrates the principles of
this paragraph (a)(3):
Example. (i) L has owned all the stock of L1 for three years. At the
close of December 31, Year 1, the M group purchases all the L stock, and
L and L1 become members of the M group. Other than the stock of L1, L
has one asset (the L loss asset) with a net unrealized built-in loss of
$200 on this date. L1 has one asset with a net unrealized built-in gain
of $50 (the L1 gain asset). L and L1 do not compose a loss subgroup
because they do not meet the five year affiliation requirement of Sec.
1.1502-91(d)(2)(i). L is a new loss member, and M's purchase of L causes
an
[[Page 637]]
ownership change of L. At the close of December 31, Year 4, at a time
when L1 has been affiliated with the M group for three years and has
been affiliated with L for six years, the S group purchases all the M
stock. On this date, the L loss asset has a net unrealized built-in loss
of $300, the L1 gain asset has a net unrealized built-in gain of $80,
and M, the common parent of the M group, has one asset with a net
unrealized built-in gain of $200.
(ii) Paragraph (a)(1) of this section applies to L because L is a
new loss member described in Sec. 1.1502-94(a)(1)(ii) that has an
ownership change upon becoming a member of the M group on December 31,
Year 1. Accordingly, L is treated as having been affiliated with M for 5
consecutive years, and the L loss asset with a net unrealized built-in
loss of $300 is included in the determination whether the M group has a
net unrealized built-in loss.
(iii) The S group determines which of its members are included in a
loss subgroup by taking into account application of paragraph (a) of
this section in the M group. For this purpose, application of paragraph
(a) of this section causes L to be treated as having been affiliated
with M (or as having been a member of the M group) for 5 consecutive
years as of January 1, Year 2. Therefore, the S group includes L in the
determination whether the M subgroup acquired by S on December 31, Year
4, has a net unrealized built-in loss.
(iv) Because paragraph (a)(1) of this section applied to L when L
became a member of the M group, but did not apply to L1, L is treated as
not having been affiliated with L1 before L and L1 joined the M group.
Also, L1 is not included in the determination whether the M subgroup has
a net unrealized built-in loss because L1 has not been continuously
affiliated with members of the M group for the five consecutive year
period ending immediately before they become members of the S group. See
Sec. 1.1502-91(g)(2).
(4) Special rule for testing period. For purposes of determining the
beginning of the testing period for a loss group, the member's (or loss
subgroup's) net operating loss carryovers (or net unrealized built-in
loss) described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section are considered to
arise--
(i) In a case described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section, in a
taxable year that begins not earlier than the later of the day following
the change date or the day that the member becomes a member of the
group; and
(ii) In a case described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section, in
a taxable year that begins 3 years before the end of the 5 consecutive
year period.
(5) Limits on effects of end of separate tracking. The rule
contained in this paragraph (a) applies solely for purposes of
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-95 and this section (other than
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section (relating to the definition of
pre-change attributes of a subsidiary)) and Sec. 1.1502-98, and not for
purposes of other provisions of the consolidated return regulations.
However, the rule contained in this paragraph (a) does apply in
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-15(g), 1.1502-21(g) and 1.1502-22(g) for purposes of
determining the composition of loss subgroups defined in Sec. 1.1502-
91(d). See also paragraph (c) of this section for the continuing effect
of an ownership change with respect to pre-change attributes.
(b) Ownership change of subsidiary--(1) Ownership change of a
subsidiary because of options or plan or arrangement. Notwithstanding
Sec. 1.1502-92, a subsidiary may have an ownership change for purposes
of section 382 with respect to its attributes which a group or loss
subgroup includes in making a determination under Sec. 1.1502-91(c)(1)
(relating to the definition of loss group) or Sec. 1.1502-91(d)
(relating to the definition of loss subgroup). The subsidiary has such
an ownership change if it has an ownership change under the principles
of Sec. 1.1502-95(b) and section 382 and the regulations thereunder
(determined on a separate entity basis by treating the subsidiary as not
being a member of a consolidated group) in the event of--
(i) The deemed exercise under Sec. 1.382-4(d) of an option or
options (other than an option with respect to stock of the common
parent) held by a person (or persons acting pursuant to a plan or
arrangement) to acquire more than 20 percent of the stock of the
subsidiary; or
(ii) An increase by 1 or more 5-percent shareholders, acting
pursuant to a plan or arrangement to avoid an ownership change of a
subsidiary, in their percentage ownership interest in the subsidiary by
more than 50 percentage points during the testing period of the
subsidiary through the acquisition (or deemed acquisition pursuant to
Sec. 1.382-4(d)) of ownership interests in the subsidiary and in
higher-tier members with respect to the subsidiary.
[[Page 638]]
(2) Effect of the ownership change--(i) In general. If a subsidiary
has an ownership change under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the
amount of consolidated taxable income for any post-change year that may
be offset by the pre-change losses of the subsidiary shall not exceed
the section 382 limitation for the subsidiary. For purposes of this
limitation, the value of the subsidiary is determined solely by
reference to the value of the subsidiary's stock.
(ii) Pre-change losses. The pre-change losses of a subsidiary are--
(A) Its allocable part of any consolidated net operating loss which
is attributable to it under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) (determined on the last
day of the consolidated return year that includes the change date) that
is not carried back and absorbed in a taxable year prior to the year
including the change date;
(B) Its net operating loss carryovers that arose (or are treated
under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) as having arisen) in a SRLY; and
(C) Its recognized built-in loss with respect to its separately
computed net unrealized built-in loss, if any, determined on the change
date.
(3) Coordination with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91, 1.1502-92, and 1.1502-
94. If an increase in percentage ownership interest causes an ownership
change with respect to an attribute under this paragraph (b) and under
Sec. 1.1502-92 on the same day, the ownership change is considered to
occur only under Sec. 1.1502-92 and not under this paragraph (b). See
Sec. 1.1502-94 for anti-duplication rules relating to value.
(4) Example. The following example illustrates paragraph (b)(1)(ii)
of this section:
Example. Plan to avoid an ownership change of a subsidiary. (i) L
owns all the stock of L1, L1 owns all the stock of L2, L2 owns all the
stock of L3, and L3 owns all the stock of L4. The L group has a
consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over
to Year 2. L has assets other than its L1 stock with a value of $900.
L1, L2, and L3 own no assets other than their L2, L3, and L4 stock. L4
has assets with a value of $100. During Year 2, A, B, C, and D, acting
pursuant to a plan to avoid an ownership change of L4, acquire the
following ownership interests in the members of the L loss group: (A) on
September 11, Year 2, A acquires 20 percent of the L1 stock from L and B
acquires 20 percent of the L2 stock from L1; and (B) on September 20,
Year 2, C acquires 20 percent of the stock of L3 from L2 and D acquires
20 percent of the stock of L4 from L3.
(ii) The acquisitions by A, B, C, and D pursuant to the plan have
increased their respective percentage ownership interests in L4 by
approximately 10, 13, 16, and 20 percentage points, for a total of
approximately 59 percentage points during the testing period. This more
than 50 percentage point increase in the percentage ownership interest
in L4 causes an ownership change of L4 under paragraph (b)(2) of this
section.
(c) Continuing effect of an ownership change. A loss corporation (or
loss subgroup) that is subject to a limitation under section 382 with
respect to its pre-change losses continues to be subject to the
limitation regardless of whether it becomes a member or ceases to be a
member of a consolidated group. See Sec. 1.382-5(d) (relating to
successive ownership changes and absorption of a section 382
limitation).
(d) Losses reattributed under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6)--(1) In general.
This paragraph (d) contains rules relating to net operating carryovers,
capital loss carryovers, and deferred deductions (collectively, loss or
losses) that are reattributed to the common parent under Sec. 1.1502-
36(d)(6). References in this paragraph (d) to a subsidiary are
references to the subsidiary (or lower-tier subsidiary) whose loss is
reattributed to the common parent.
(2) Deemed section 381(a) transaction. Under Sec. 1.1502-
36(d)(6)(iv)(A), the common parent succeeds to the reattributed losses
as if the losses were succeeded to in a transaction to which section
381(a) applies. In general, Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-95, this
section, and Sec. 1.1502-98 are applied to the reattributed losses in
accordance with that characterization. See generally, Sec. 1.382-
2(a)(1)(ii) (relating to distributor or transferor loss corporations in
transactions under section 381), Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(4) (relating to the
definition of predecessor and successor) and Sec. 1.1502-91(j)
(relating to predecessor and successor corporations). For example, if
the reattributed loss is a pre-change attribute subject to a section 382
limitation, it remains subject to that limitation following the
reattribution. In certain cases, the limitation applicable
[[Page 639]]
to the reattributed loss is zero unless the common parent apportions all
or part of the limitation to itself. (See paragraph (d)(4) of this
section.)
(3) Rules relating to owner shifts--(i) In general. Any owner shift
of the subsidiary (including any deemed owner shift resulting from
section 382(g)(4)(D) or 382(l)(3)) in connection with the disposition of
the stock of the subsidiary is not taken into account in determining
whether there is an ownership change with respect to the reattributed
loss. However, any owner shift with respect to the successor corporation
that is treated as continuing in existence under Sec. 1.382-2(a)(1)(ii)
must be taken into account for such purpose if such owner shift is
effected by the reattribution and an owner shift of the stock of the
subsidiary not held directly or indirectly by the common parent would
have been taken into account if such shift had occurred immediately
before the reattribution. See paragraph (d)(3)(ii) Example 2 of this
section.
(ii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (d)(3):
Example 1. No owner shift for reattributed loss. (i) Facts. P, the
common parent of a consolidated group, owns 60% of the stock of L, and B
owns the remaining 40%. L has a net operating loss carryover of $100
from year 1 that it carries over to years 2, 3, and 4. At the beginning
of year 2, P purchases 40% of the L stock from B, which does not cause
an ownership change of L. On December 31, year 3, P sells all of the L
stock to M. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6), P reattributes $10 of L's
$100 net operating loss carryover to itself, and L carries $90 of its
net operating loss carryover to its year 4.
(ii) Analysis. The sale of the L stock to M does not cause an owner
shift that is taken into account in determining if there is an ownership
change with respect to the $10 reattributed loss. Following the
reattribution, Sec. 1.1502-94(b) continues to apply to determine if
there is an ownership change with respect to the $10 reattributed loss,
until, under paragraph (a) of this section, the loss is treated as
described in Sec. 1.1502-91(c)(1)(i). In applying Sec. 1.1502-94(b),
the 40 percentage point increase by the P shareholders prior to the
reattribution is taken into account. The sale of the L stock to M does
cause an ownership change of L with respect to the $90 of its net
operating loss that it carries over to year 4.
Example 2. Owner shift for reattributed loss. The facts are the same
as in Example 1, except that P only purchases 20% of the L stock from B
and sells 80% of the L stock to M. L is a new loss member, and, under
Sec. 1.1502-94(b)(1), an owner shift of the stock of L not held
directly or indirectly by the common parent (the 20% of L stock still
held by B) would have been taken into account if such shift had occurred
immediately before the reattribution. Following the reattribution, Sec.
1.1502-94(b) continues to apply to determine if there is an ownership
change with respect to the $10 reattributed loss, until, under paragraph
(a) of this section, the loss is treated as described in Sec. 1.1502-
91(c)(1)(i). With respect to the $10 reattributed loss, the P
shareholders have increased their percentage ownership interest by 40
percentage points. The P shareholders have increased their ownership
interests by 20 percentage points as a result of P's purchase of stock
from B, and, under Sec. 1.382-2(a)(1)(ii), are treated as increasing
their interests by an additional 20 percentage points as a result of the
reattribution. (The acquisition of the L stock by M does not, however,
effect an owner shift for the $10 of reattributed loss.) The sale of the
L stock to M causes an ownership change of L with respect to the $90 of
net operating loss that L carries over to Year 4.
(4) Rules relating to the section 382 limitation--(i) Reattributed
loss is a pre-change separate attribute of a new loss member. If the
reattributed loss is a pre-change separate attribute of a new loss
member that is subject to a separate section 382 limitation prior to the
disposition of subsidiary stock, the common parent's limitation with
respect to that loss is zero, except to the extent that the common
parent apportions to itself, under paragraph (d)(5) of this section, all
or part of such limitation. A separate section 382 limitation is the
limitation described in Sec. 1.1502-94(b) that applies to a pre-change
separate attribute.
(ii) Reattributed loss is a pre-change subgroup attribute. If the
reattributed loss is a pre-change subgroup attribute subject to a
subgroup section 382 limitation prior to the disposition of subsidiary
stock, and, immediately after the reattribution, the common parent is
not a member of the loss subgroup, the section 382 limitation with
respect to that loss is zero, except to the extent that the common
parent apportions to itself, under paragraph (d)(5) of this section, all
or part of the subgroup section 382 limitation. See, however,
[[Page 640]]
Sec. 1.1502-95(d)(3) Example 6, for an illustration of a case where the
common parent, as successor to the subsidiary, is a member of the loss
subgroup immediately after the reattribution.
(iii) Potential application of section 382(l)(1). In general, the
value of the stock of the common parent is used to determine the section
382 limitation for an ownership change with respect to the reattributed
loss that occurs at the time of, or after, the reattribution. For
example, if the loss is a pre-change consolidated attribute, the value
of the stock of the common parent is used to determine the section 382
limitation, and no adjustment to that value is required because of the
deemed section 381(a) transaction. However, if the loss is a pre-change
separate attribute of a new loss member (or is a pre-change attribute of
a loss subgroup member and the common parent was not the loss subgroup
parent immediately before the reattribution), the deemed section 381(a)
transaction is considered to constitute a capital contribution with
respect to the new loss member (or loss subgroup member) for purposes of
section 382(l)(1). Accordingly, if that section applies because the
deemed capital contribution is (or is considered under section
382(l)(1)(B) to be) part of a plan described in section 382(l)(1)(A),
the value of the stock of the common parent after the deemed section
381(a) transaction must be adjusted to reflect the capital contribution.
Ordinarily, this will require the value of the stock of the common
parent to be reduced to an amount that represents the value of the stock
of the subsidiary (or loss subgroup of which the subsidiary was a
member) when the reattribution occurred.
(iv) Duplication or omission of value. In determining any section
382 limitation with respect to the reattributed loss and with respect to
other pre-change losses, appropriate adjustments must be made so that
value is not improperly omitted or duplicated as a result of the
reattribution. For example, if the subsidiary has an ownership change
upon its departure, and the common parent (as successor) has an
ownership change with respect to the reattributed pre-change separate
attribute upon its reattribution under paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this
section, proper adjustments must be made so that the value of the
subsidiary is not taken into account more than once in determining the
section 382 limitation for the reattributed loss and the loss that is
not reattributed.
(v) Special rule for continuity of business requirement. If the
reattributed loss is a pre-change attribute of new loss member and the
reattribution occurs within the two-year period beginning on the change
date, then, starting immediately after the reattribution, the continuity
of business requirement of section 382(c)(1) is applied with respect to
the business enterprise of the common parent. Similar principles apply
if the reattributed loss is a pre-change subgroup attribute and, on the
day after the reattribution, the common parent is not a member of the
loss subgroup.
(5) Election to reattribute section 382 limitation--(i) Effect of
election. The common parent may elect to apportion to itself all or part
of any separate section 382 limitation or subgroup section 382
limitation to which the loss is subject immediately before the
reattribution. However, no net unrealized built-in gain of the member
(or loss subgroup) whose loss is reattributed can be apportioned to the
common parent. The principles of Sec. 1.1502-95(c) apply to the
apportionment, treating, as the context requires, references to the
former member as references to the common parent, and references to the
consolidated section 382 limitation as references to the separate
section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation) that is
being apportioned. Thus, for example, the common parent can reattribute
to itself all or part of the value element or adjustment element of the
limitation, and any part of such element that is apportioned requires a
corresponding reduction in such element of the separate section 382
limitation of the subsidiary whose loss is reattributed (or in the
subgroup section 382 limitation if the reattributed loss is a pre-change
subgroup attribute). Appropriate adjustments must be made to the
separate section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation) for
the consolidated return year in which the reattribution is made
[[Page 641]]
to reflect that the reattributed loss is an attribute acquired by the
common parent during the year in a transaction to which section 381(a)
applies. The election is made by the common parent as part of the
election to reattribute the loss. See Sec. 1.1502-36(e)(5)(x) for the
time and manner of making the election.
(ii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (d)(5):
Example 1. Consequence of apportionment. (i) Facts. P, the common
parent of a consolidated group, purchases all of the stock of L on
December 31, year 1. L carries over a net operating loss arising in year
1 to each of the next 5 taxable years. The purchase of the L stock
causes an ownership change of L, and results in a separate section 382
limitation of $10 for L's net operating loss carryover based on the
value of the L stock. On July 2, year 3, P sells 30% of the L stock to
A. Under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6), P elects to reattribute to itself $110
of L's $200 net operating loss carryover. P also elects to apportion to
itself $6 of the $10 value element of the separate section 382
limitation.
(ii) Analysis. (A) P's separate section 382 limitation. For the
consolidated return years ending after December 31, year 3, P's separate
section 382 limitation with respect to the reattributed net operating
loss carryover is $6, adjusted as appropriate for any short taxable
year, unused section 382 limitation, or other adjustment. For the P
group's consolidated return year ending December 31, year 3, the
separate section 382 limitation for L's net operating loss carryover is
$8, the sum of $5 and $3. Five dollars of the limitation is the amount
that bears the same relationship to $10 as the number of days in the
period ending with the deemed section 381(a) transaction, 183 days,
bears to 365. Three dollars of the limitation is the amount that bears
the same relationship to $6 as the number of days in the period between
July 3 and December 31, 182, bears to 365.
(B) L's separate section 382 limitation. For L's taxable years
ending after December 31, year 3, L's separate section 382 limitation
for its $90 of net operating loss carryover that was not reattributed to
P is $4, adjusted as appropriate for any short taxable year, unused
section 382 limitation, or other adjustment. For L's short taxable year
ending December 31, year 3, the section 382 limitation for its $90 of
net operating loss carryover is $2, the amount that bears the same
relationship to $4 (the portion of the value element that was not
apportioned to P), as the number of days during the short taxable year,
182 days, bears to 365. See Sec. 1.382-5(c).
Example 2. No apportionment required for consolidated pre-change
attribute. (i) Facts. P, the common parent of a consolidated group,
forms L. For year 1, L has an operating loss of $70 that is not absorbed
and is included in the group's consolidated net operating loss that is
carried over to subsequent years. On January 1 of year 3, A buys all of
the P stock and the P group has an ownership change. The consolidated
section 382 limitation based on the value of the P stock is $10.
(ii) Analysis. On April 13 of year 4, P sells all of the stock of L
to B and, under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6), elects to reattribute to itself
$45 of L's net operating loss carryover. Following the reattribution,
the $45 portion of the year 1 net operating loss carryover retains its
character as a pre-change consolidated attribute, and remains subject to
so much of the $10 consolidated section 382 limitation as P does not
elect to apportion to L under Sec. 1.1502-95(c).
(e) Time and manner of making election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4)--
(1) In general. This paragraph (e) prescribes the time and manner of
making the election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4), relating to treating
two or more corporations as treating the section 1504(a)(1) requirement
of Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1)(ii) and (d)(2)(ii) as satisfied.
(2) Election statement. An election under Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(4) must
be made by the common parent. The election must be made in the form of
the following statement: ``THIS IS AN ELECTION UNDER Sec. 1.1502-
91(d)(4) TO TREAT THE FOLLOWING CORPORATIONS AS MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS
OF Sec. 1.1502-91 (d)(1)(ii) AND (d)(2)(ii) IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEY
BECAME MEMBERS OF THE GROUP.'' [List separately the name of each
corporation, its E.I.N., and the date that it became a member of the
group]. If separate elections are being made for corporations that
became members at different times or that were acquired from different
affiliated groups, provide a separate statement and list for each
election.
(3) The election statement must be filed by the common parent with
its income tax return for the consolidated return year in which the
members with respect to which the election is made become members of the
group. Such election must be filed on or before the due date for such
income tax return, including extensions.
[[Page 642]]
(4) An election made under this paragraph (e) is irrevocable.
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36170, July 2, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9424, 73 FR
53985, Sept. 17, 2008]
Sec. 1.1502-97 Special rules under section 382 for members under
the jurisdiction of a court in a title 11 or similar case. [Reserved]
Sec. 1.1502-98 Coordination with section 383.
The rules contained in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-96 also
apply for purposes of section 383, with appropriate adjustments to
reflect that section 383 applies to credits and net capital losses. For
example, subgroups with respect to the carryover of general business
credits, minimum tax credits, unused foreign tax, and net capital loss
are determined by applying the principles of Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(1).
Similarly, in the case of net capital losses, general business credits,
and excess foreign taxes that are pre-change attributes, Sec. 1.383-1
applies the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-96. For
example, if a loss group has an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-92
and has a carryover of unused general business credits from a pre-change
consolidated return year to a post-change consolidated return year, the
amount of the group's regular tax liability for the post-change year
that can be offset by the carryover cannot exceed the consolidated
section 383 credit limitation for that post-change year, determined by
applying the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.383-1(c)(6) and 1.1502-93
(relating to the computation of the consolidated section 382
limitation).
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36174, July 2, 1999, as amended by T.D. 8884, 65 FR
33760, May 25, 2000]
Sec. 1.1502-99 Effective/applicability dates.
(a) In general. Except as provided in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this
section, Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91 through 1.1502-96 and Sec. 1.1502-98
apply to any testing date on or after June 25, 1999. Sections 1.1502-94
through 1.1502-96 also apply to a corporation that becomes a member of a
group or ceases to be a member of a group (or loss subgroup) on any date
on or after June 25, 1999.
(b) Special rules--(1) Election to treat subgroup parent requirement
as satisfied. Section 1.1502-91(d)(4), Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(7), Example 4,
Sec. 1.1502-92(b)(1)(iii), Sec. 1.1502-92(b)(2), Example 5, the last
two sentences of Sec. 1.1502-95(b)(3), Sec. 1.1502-95(d)(2)(i), and
Sec. 1.1502-96(e)(all of which relate to the election under Sec.
1.1502-91(d)(4) to treat the loss subgroup parent requirement as
satisfied) apply to corporations that become members of a consolidated
group in taxable years for which the due date of the income tax return
(without extensions) is after June 25, 1999.
(2) Principal purpose of avoiding a limitation. The third sentence
of Sec. 1.1502-91(d)(5) (relating to members excluded from a loss
subgroup) applies to corporations that become members of a consolidated
group on or after June 25, 1999.
(3) Ceasing to be a member of a loss subgroup--(i) Ownership change
of a loss subgroup. Section 1.1502-95(d)(2)(ii) and Sec. 1.1502-
95(d)(3), Example 3 apply to corporations that cease to bear a
relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to a loss subgroup parent
in taxable years for which the due date of the income tax return
(without extensions) is after June 25, 1999.
(ii) Expiration of 5-year period. Section 1.1502-95(d)(2)(iii)
applies with respect to the day after the last day of any 5 consecutive
year period described in that section that ends in a taxable year for
which the due date of the income tax return (without extensions) is
after June 25, 1999.
(4) Reattribution of losses under Sec. 1.1502-36(d)(6). Section
1.1502-96(d) applies to reattributions of net operating loss carryovers,
capital loss carryovers, and deferred deductions in connection with a
transfer of stock to which Sec. 1.1502-36 applies, and the election
under Sec. 1.1502-96(d)(5) (relating to an election to reattribute
section 382 limitation) can be made with an election under Sec. 1.1502-
36(d)(6) to reattribute a loss to the common parent that is filed at the
time and in the manner provided in Sec. 1.1502-36(e)(5)(x).
(5) Election to apportion net unrealized built-in gain. In the case
of corporations that cease to be members of a loss group (or loss
subgroup) before June 25, 1999 in a taxable year for which the due
[[Page 643]]
date of the income tax return (without extensions) is after June 25,
1999, Sec. 1.1502-95(a), (b), (c), and (f) apply to those corporations
if the common parent makes the election described in the second sentence
of paragraph (c)(1) of Sec. 1.1502-95 in the time and manner prescribed
in paragraph (f) of Sec. 1.1502-95.
(c) Testing period may include a period beginning before June 25,
1999--
(1) In general. A testing period for purposes of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-
91 through 1.1502-96 and 1.1502-98 may include a period beginning before
June 25, 1999. Thus, for example, in applying Sec. 1.1502-
92(b)(1)(i)(relating to the determination of an ownership change of a
loss group), the determination of the lowest percentage of ownership
interest of any 5-percent shareholder of the common parent during a
testing period ending on a testing date occurring on or after June 25,
1999 takes into account the period beginning before June 25, 1999,
except to the extent that the period is more than 3 years before the
testing date or is otherwise before the beginning of the testing period.
See Sec. 1.1502-92(b)(1).
(2) Transition rule for net unrealized built-in loss. A loss group
(or loss subgroup) that has a net unrealized built-in loss on a testing
date on or after June 25, 1999 may apply Sec. 1.1502-91A(g) (and Sec.
1.1502-96A(a) as it relates to Sec. 1.1502-91A(g)) for the period
ending on the day before June 25, 1999 to determine under Sec. 1.382-
2T(d)(ii)(A) the earliest date that its testing period begins (treating
the day before June 25, 1999 as the end of a taxable year.) Thus, for
example, if a consolidated group with no net operating losses has a net
unrealized built-in loss determined under Sec. 1.1502-91(g) on a
testing date after June 25, 1999, but, under Sec. 1.1502-91A(g), does
not have a net unrealized built-in loss for the period ending on the day
before June 25, 1999, the group's testing period begins no earlier than
June 25, 1999.
[T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36174, July 2, 1999, as amended by T.D. 9424, 73 FR
53986, Sept. 17, 2008]
Sec. 1.1502-100 Corporations exempt from tax.
(a) In general--(1) Computation of tax liability. The tax liability
for a consolidated return year of a group of two or more corporations
described in section 1504(e) which are exempt from taxation under
section 501 (hereinafter referred to in this section as ``exempt
group'') shall be determined on a consolidated basis by applying the
provisions of subchapter F of chapter 1 of the code in the manner
provided in this section. See section 1504(e) for tax-exempt
corporations eligible to file a consolidated return.
(2) Applicability of other consolidated return provisions. The
provisions of Sec. 1.1502-1 through Sec. 1.1502-80 shall be applicable
to an exempt group to the extent they are not inconsistent with the
provisions of this section or the provisions of subchapter F of chapter
1 of the Code. For purposes of applying the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-1
through Sec. 1.1502-80 to an exempt group, the following substitutions
shall be made:
(i) The term ``exempt group'' shall be substituted for the term
``group'',
(ii) The terms ``unrelated business taxable income'', ``separate
unrelated business taxable income'', and ``consolidated unrelated
business taxable income'' shall be substituted for the terms ``taxable
income'', ``separate taxable income'', and ``consolidated taxable
income'', and
(iii) The term ``consolidated liability for tax determined under
Sec. 1.1502-2'' (or an equivalent term) shall mean the consolidated
liability for tax of an exempt group determined under paragraph (b) of
this section.
(b) Consolidated liability for tax. The tax liability for a
consolidated return year of an exempt group is the tax imposed by
section 511(a) or section 1201(a) on the consolidated unrelated business
taxable income for the year (determined under paragraph (c) of this
section), and by allowing the credits and surtax exemption provided in
Sec. 1.1502-2.
(c) Consolidated unrelated business taxable income. The consolidated
unrelated business taxable income for a consolidated return year shall
be determined by taking into account:
(1) The separate unrelated business taxable income of each member of
the exempt group (determined under paragraph (d) of this section);
(2) Any consolidated net operating loss deduction (determined under
[[Page 644]]
Sec. 1.1502-21A or 1.1502-21 (as appropriate) subject to the
limitations provided in section 512(b)(6);
(3) Any consolidated charitable contribution deduction (determined
under Sec. 1.1502-24) subject to the limitations provided in section
512(b)(10); and
(4) Any consolidated net gain or net loss from the disposition of
debt-financed property (as defined in section 514(b)) taken into account
as provided by section 514(a), or from the cutting of timber to which
section 631 applies.
(d) Separate unrelated business taxable income. The separate
unrelated business taxable income of a member of an exempt group shall
be computed in accordance with the provisions of section 512 covering
the determination of unrelated business taxable income of separate
corporations, except that:
(1) The provisions of paragraphs (a) through (k) and (o) of Sec.
1.1502-12 shall apply; and
(2) No charitable contributions deduction shall be taken into
account under section 512(b)(10).
See sections 511(c) and 512(a)(3)(C) for special rules applicable to
organizations described in section 501(c)(2).
[T.D. 7595, 44 FR 10382, Feb. 20, 1979, as amended by T.D. 8677, 61 FR
33325, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36101, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1503-1 Computation and payment of tax.
(a) General rule. In any case in which a consolidated return is
filed or required to be filed, the tax shall be determined, computed,
assessed, collected, and adjusted in accordance with the regulations
prescribed under section 1502 promulgated prior to the last date
prescribed by law for the filing of such return.
(b) Limitation. If the affiliated group includes one or more Western
Hemisphere trade corporations (as defined in section 921) or one or more
regulated public utilities (as defined in section 1503 (c)), the
increase in tax described in section 1503 (a) shall be applied in a
manner provided in the regulations under section 1502.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12105, Nov. 26, 1960, as amended by T.D. 7244, 37 FR
28897, Dec. 30, 1972]
Sec. 1.1503-2 Dual consolidated loss.
(a) Purpose and scope. This section provides rules for the
application of section 1503(d), concerning the determination and use of
dual consolidated losses. Paragraph (b) of this section provides a
general rule prohibiting a dual consolidated loss from offsetting the
taxable income of a domestic affiliate. Paragraph (c) of this section
provides definitions of the terms used in this section. Paragraph (d) of
this section provides rules for calculating the amount of a dual
consolidated loss and for adjusting the basis of stock of a dual
resident corporation. Paragraph (e) of this section contains an anti-
avoidance provision. Paragraph (f) of this section applies the rules of
paragraph (d) of this section to the computation of foreign tax credit
limitations. Paragraph (g) of this section provides certain exceptions
to the limitation rule of paragraph (b) of this section. Finally,
paragraph (h) of this section provides the effective date of the
regulations and a provision for the retroactive application of the
regulations to qualifying taxpayers.
(b) In general--(1) Limitation on the use of a dual consolidated
loss to offset income of a domestic affiliate. Except as otherwise
provided in this section, a dual consolidated loss of a dual resident
corporation cannot offset the taxable income of any domestic affiliate
in the taxable year in which the loss is recognized or in any other
taxable year, regardless of whether the loss offsets income of another
person under the income tax laws of a foreign country and regardless of
whether the income that the loss may offset in the foreign country is,
has been, or will be subject to tax in the United States. Pursuant to
paragraph (c) (1) and (2) of this section, the same limitation shall
apply to a dual consolidated loss of a separate unit of a domestic
corporation as if the separate unit were a wholly owned subsidiary of
such corporation.
(2) Limitation on the use of a dual consolidated loss to offset
income of a successor-in-interest. A dual consolidated loss of a dual
resident corporation also cannot be used to offset the taxable income of
another corporation by means of a transaction in which the other
corporation succeeds to the tax attributes
[[Page 645]]
of the dual resident corporation under section 381 of the Code.
Similarly, a dual consolidated loss of a separate unit of a domestic
corporation cannot be used to offset income of the domestic corporation
following the termination, liquidation, sale, or other disposition of
the separate unit. However, if a dual resident corporation transfers its
assets to another corporation in a transaction subject to section 381,
and the acquiring corporation is a dual resident corporation of the same
foreign country of which the transferor dual resident corporation is a
resident, or a domestic corporation that carries on the business
activities of the transferor dual resident corporation as a separate
unit, then income generated by the transferee dual resident corporation,
or separate unit, may be offset by the carryover losses of the
transferor dual resident corporation. In addition, if a domestic
corporation transfers a separate unit to another domestic corporation in
a transaction subject to section 381, the income generated by the
separate unit following the transfer may be offset by the carryover
losses of the separate unit.
(3) Application of rules to multiple tiers of separate units. If a
separate unit of a domestic corporation is owned indirectly through
another separate unit, the principles of paragraph (b) (1) and (2) of
this section shall apply as if the upper-tier separate unit were a
subsidiary of the domestic corporation and the lower-tier separate unit
were a lower-tier subsidiary.
(4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of
this paragraph (b).
Example 1. P, a domestic corporation, owns all of the outstanding
stock of DRC, a domestic corporation. P and DRC file a consolidated U.S.
income tax return. DRC is managed and controlled in Country W, a country
that determines the tax residence of corporations according to their
place of management and control. Therefore, DRC is a dual resident
corporation and any net operating loss it incurs is a dual consolidated
loss. In Years 1 through 3, DRC incurs dual consolidated losses. Under
this paragraph (b), the dual consolidated losses may not be used to
offset P's income on the group's consolidated U.S. income tax return. At
the end of Year 3, DRC sells all of its assets and discontinues its
business operations. DRC is then liquidated into P, pursuant to the
provisions of section 332. Normally, under section 381, P would succeed
to, and be permitted to utilize, DRC's net operating loss carryovers.
However, this paragraph (b) prohibits the dual consolidated losses of
DRC from reducing P's income for U.S. tax purposes. Therefore, DRC's net
operating loss carryovers will not be available to offset P's income.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that DRC
does not sell its assets and, following the liquidation of DRC, P
continues to operate DRC's business as a separate unit (e.g., a branch).
DRC's loss carryovers are available to offset P's income generated by
the assets previously owned by DRC and now held by the separate unit.
(c) Definitions. The following definitions shall apply for purposes
of this section.
(1) Domestic corporation. The term ``domestic corporation'' has the
meaning assigned to it by section 7701(a) (3) and (4). The term also
includes any corporation otherwise treated as a domestic corporation by
the Code, including, but not limited to, sections 269B, 953(d), and 1504
(d). For purposes of this section, any separate unit of a domestic
corporation, as defined in paragraph (c) (3) and (4) of this section,
shall be treated as a separate domestic corporation.
(2) Dual resident corporation. A dual resident corporation is a
domestic corporation that is subject to the income tax of a foreign
country on its worldwide income or on a residence basis. A corporation
is taxed on a residence basis if it is taxed as a resident under the
laws of the foreign country. An S corporation, as defined in section
1361, is not a dual resident corporation. For purposes of this section,
any separate unit of a domestic corporation, as defined in paragraph (c)
(3) and (4) of this section, shall be treated as a dual resident
corporation. Unless otherwise indicated, any reference in this section
to a dual resident corporation refers also to a separate unit.
(3) Separate unit--(i) The term ``separate unit'' shall mean any of
the following:
(A) A foreign branch, as defined in Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g) (or a
successor regulation), that is owned either directly by a domestic
corporation or indirectly by a domestic corporation through ownership of
a partnership or trust interest (regardless of whether the partnership
or trust is a United States person);
[[Page 646]]
(B) an interest in a partnership; or
(C) an interest in a trust.
(ii) If two or more foreign branches located in the same foreign
country are owned by a single domestic corporation and the losses of
each branch are made available to offset the income of the other
branches under the tax laws of the foreign country, within the meaning
of paragraph (c)(15)(ii) of this section, then the branches shall be
treated as one separate unit.
(4) Hybrid entity separate unit. The term ``separate unit'' includes
an interest in an entity that is not taxable as an association for U.S.
income tax purposes but is subject to income tax in a foreign country as
a corporation (or otherwise at the entity level) either on its worldwide
income or on a residence basis.
(5) Dual consolidated loss--(i) In general. The term ``dual
consolidated loss'' means the net operating loss (as defined in section
172(c) and the regulations thereunder) of a domestic corporation
incurred in a year in which the corporation is dual resident
corporation. The dual consolidated loss shall be computed under
paragraph (d)(1) of this section. The fact that a particular item taken
into account in computing a dual resident corporation's net operating
loss is not taken into account in computing income subject to a foreign
country's income tax shall not cause such item to be excluded from the
calculation of the dual consolidated loss.
(ii) Exceptions. A dual consolidated loss shall not include the
following--
(A) A net operating loss incurred by a dual resident corporation in
a foreign country whose income tax laws--
(1) Do not permit the dual resident corporation to use its losses,
expenses or deductions to offset the income of any other person that is
recognized in the same taxable year in which the losses, expenses or
deductions are incurred; and
(2) Do not permit the losses, expenses or deductions of the dual
resident corporation to be carried over or back to be used, by any
means, to offset the income of any other person in other taxable years;
or
(B) A net operating loss incurred during that portion of the taxable
year prior to the date on which the domestic corporation becomes a dual
resident corporation or subsequent to the date on which the domestic
corporation ceases to be a dual resident corporation. For purposes of
determining the amount of the net operating loss incurred in that
portion of the taxable year prior to the date on which the domestic
corporation becomes a dual resident corporation or subsequent to the
date on which the domestic corporation ceases to be a dual resident
corporation, in no event shall more than the aggregate of the equal
daily portion of the net operating loss commensurate with the portion of
the taxable year during which the domestic corporation was not a dual
resident corporation be allocated to that portion of the taxable year in
which the domestic corporation was not a dual resident corporation.
(iii) Dual consolidated losses of separate units that are
partnership interests, including interests in hybrid entities.
[Reserved]
(6) Subject to tax. For purposes of determining whether a domestic
corporation is subject to the income tax of a foreign country on its
income, the fact that the corporation has no actual income tax liability
to the foreign country for a particular taxable year shall not be taken
into account.
(7) Foreign country. For purposes of this section, possessions of
the United States shall be considered foreign countries.
(8) Consolidated group. The term ``consolidated group'' means an
affiliated group, as defined in section 1504(a), with which a dual
resident corporation or domestic owner files a consolidated U.S. income
tax return.
(9) Domestic owner. The term ``domestic owner'' means a domestic
corporation that owns one or more separate units.
(10) Affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated domestic
owner. The term ``affiliated dual resident corporation'' or ``affiliated
domestic owner'' means a dual resident corporation or domestic owner
that is a member of a consolidated group.
(11) Unaffiliated dual resident corporation or unaffiliated domestic
owner. The
[[Page 647]]
term ``unaffiliated dual resident corporation'' or ``unaffiliated
domestic owner'' means a dual resident corporation or domestic owner
that is an unaffiliated domestic corporation.
(12) Successor-in-interest. The term ``successor-in-interest'' means
an acquiring corporation that succeeds to the tax attributes of an
acquired corporation by means of a transaction subject to section 381.
(13) Domestic affiliate. The term ``domestic affiliate'' means any
member of an affiliated group, without regard to the exceptions
contained in section 1504(b) (other than section 1504(b)(3)) relating to
includible corporations.
(14) Unaffiliated domestic corporation. The term ``unaffiliated
domestic corporation'' means a domestic corporation that is not a member
of an affiliated group.
(15) Use of loss to offset income of a domestic affiliate or another
person--(i) A dual consolidated loss shall be deemed to offset income of
a domestic affiliate in the year it is included in the computation of
the consolidated taxable income of a consolidated group. The fact that
no tax benefit results from the inclusion of the dual consolidated loss
in the computation of the group's consolidated taxable income in the
taxable year shall not be taken into account.
(ii) Except as provided in paragraph (c)(15)(iii) of this section, a
loss, expense, or deduction taken into account in computing a dual
consolidated loss shall be deemed to offset income of another person
under the income tax laws of a foreign country in the year it is made
available for such offset. The fact that the other person does not have
sufficient income in that year to benefit from such an offset shall not
be taken into account. However, where the laws of a foreign country
provide an election that would enable a dual resident corporation or
separate unit to use its losses, expenses, or deductions to offset
income of another person, the losses, expenses, or deductions shall be
considered to offset such income only if the election is made.
(iii) The losses, expenses, or deductions taken into account in
computing a dual resident corporation's or separate unit's dual
consolidated loss shall not be deemed to offset income of another person
under the income tax laws of a foreign country for purposes of this
section, if under the laws of the foreign country the losses, expenses,
or deductions of the dual resident corporation or separate unit are used
to offset the income of another dual resident corporation or separate
unit within the same consolidated group (or income of another separate
unit that is owned by the unaffiliated domestic owner of the first
separate unit). If the losses, expenses, or deductions of a dual
resident corporation or separate unit are made available under the laws
of a foreign country to offset the income of other dual resident
corporations or separate units within the same consolidated group (or
other separate units owned by the unaffiliated domestic owner of the
first separate unit), as well as the income of another person, and the
laws of the foreign country do not provide applicable rules for
determining which person's income is offset by the losses, expenses, or
deductions, then for purposes of this section, the losses, expenses or
deductions shall be deemed to offset the income of the other dual
resident corporations or separate units, to the extent of such income,
before being considered to offset the income of the other person.
(iv) Except to the extent paragraph (g)(1) of this section applies,
where the income tax laws of a foreign country deny the use of losses,
expenses, or deductions of a dual resident corporation to offset the
income of another person because the dual resident corporation is also
subject to income taxation by another country on its worldwide income or
on a residence basis, the dual resident corporation shall be treated as
if it actually had offset its dual consolidated loss against the income
of another person in such foreign country.
(16) Examples. The following examples illustrate this paragraph (c).
Example 1. X, a member of a consolidated group, conducts business
through a branch in Country Y. Under Country Y's income tax laws, the
branch is taxed as a permanent establishment and its losses may be used
under the Country Y form of consolidation to offset the income of Z, a
Country Y affiliate of X. In Year 1, the branch of X incurs an overall
loss that would be treated as a net operating loss if the branch were a
separate domestic corporation. Under paragraph (c)(3) of this
[[Page 648]]
section, the branch of X is treated as a separate domestic corporation
and a dual resident corporation. Thus, under paragraph (c)(5), its loss
constitutes a dual consolidated loss. Unless X qualifies for an
exception under paragraph (g) of this section, paragraph (b) of this
section precludes the use of the branch's loss to offset any income of X
not derived from the branch operations or any income of a domestic
affiliate of X.
Example 2. A and B are members of a consolidated group. FC is a
Country X corporation that is wholly owned by B. A and B organize a
partnership, P, under the laws of Country X. P conducts business in
Country X and its business activity constitutes a foreign branch within
the meaning of paragraph (c)(3)(i)(A) of this section. P also earns U.S.
source income that is unconnected with the branch operations and,
therefore, is not subject to tax by Country X. Under the laws of Country
X, the branch can consolidate with FC. The interests in P held by A and
B are each treated as a dual resident corporation. The branch is also
treated as a separate dual resident corporation. Unless an exception
under paragraph (g) of this section applies, any dual consolidated loss
incurred by P's branch cannot offset the U.S. source income earned by P
or any other income of A or B.
Example 3. X is classified as a partnership for U.S. income tax
purposes. A, B, and C are the sole partners of X. A and B are domestic
corporations and C is a Country Y corporation. For U.S. income tax
purposes, each partner has an equal interest in each item of partnership
profit or loss. Under Country Y's law, X is classified as a corporation
and its income and losses may be used under the Country Y form of
consolidation to offset the income of companies that are affiliates of
X. Under paragraph (c)(3) and (4) of this section, the partnership
interests held by A and B are treated as separate domestic corporations
and as dual resident corporations. Unless an exception under paragraph
(g) of this section applies, losses allocated to A and B can only be
used to offset profits of X allocated to A and B, respectively.
Example 4. P, a domestic corporation, files a consolidated U.S.
income tax return with its two wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries, DRC1
and DRC2. Each subsidiary is also treated as a Country Y resident for
Country Y tax purposes. Thus, DRC1 and DRC2 are dual resident
corporations. DRC1 owns FC, a Country Y corporation. Country Y's tax
laws permit affiliated resident corporations to file a form of
consolidated return. In Year 1, DRC1 incurs a $200 net operating loss
for both U.S. and Country Y tax purposes, while DRC2 recognizes $200 of
income under the tax laws of each country. FC also earns $200 of income
for Country Y tax purposes. DRC1, DRC2, and FC file a Country Y
consolidated return. However, Country Y has no applicable rules for
determining which income is offset by DRC1's $200 loss. Under paragraph
(c)(15)(iii) of this section, the loss shall be treated as offsetting
DRC2's $200 of income. Because DRC1 and DRC2 are members of the same
consolidated group, for purposes of this section, the offset of DRC1's
loss against the income of DRC2 is not considered a use of the loss
against the income of another person under the laws of a foreign
country.
Example 5. DRC, a domestic corporation, files a consolidated U.S.
income tax return with its parent, P. DRC is also subject to tax in
Country Y on its worldwide income. Therefore, DRC is a dual resident
corporation and any net operating loss incurred by DRC is a dual
consolidated loss. Country Y's tax laws permit corporations that are
subject to tax on their worldwide income to use the Country Y form of
consolidation, thus enabling eligible corporations to use their losses
to offset income of affiliates. However, to prevent corporations like
DRC from offsetting losses against income of affiliates in Country Y and
then again offsetting the losses against income of foreign affiliates
under the tax laws of another country, Country Y prevents a corporation
that is also subject to the income tax of another country on its
worldwide income or on a residence basis from using the Country Y form
of consolidation. There is no agreement, as described in paragraph
(g)(1) of this section, between the United States and Country Y. Because
of Country Y's statute, DRC will be treated as having actually offset
its losses against the income of affiliates in Country Y under paragraph
(c)(15)(iv) of this section. Therefore, DRC will not be able to file an
agreement described in paragraph (g)(2) of this section and offset its
losses against the income of P or any other domestic affiliate.
(d) Special rules for accounting for dual consolidated losses--(1)
Determination of amount of dual consolidated loss--(i) Dual resident
corporation that is a member of a consolidated group. For purposes of
determining whether a dual resident corporation that is a member of a
consolidated group has a dual consolidated loss for the taxable year,
the dual resident corporation shall compute its taxable income (or loss)
in accordance with the rules set forth in the regulations under section
1502 governing the computation of consolidated taxable income, taking
into account only the dual resident corporation's items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss for the year. However, for purposes of this
computation, the following items shall not be taken into account:
(A) Any net capital loss of the dual resident corporation; and
[[Page 649]]
(B) Any carryover or carryback losses.
(ii) Dual resident corporation that is a separate unit of a domestic
corporation. For purposes of determining whether a separate unit has a
dual consolidated loss for the taxable year, the separate unit shall
compute its taxable income (or loss) as if it were a separate domestic
corporation and a dual resident corporation in accordance with the
provisions of paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, using only those
items of income, expense, deduction, and loss that are otherwise
attributable to such separate unit.
(2) Effect of a dual consolidated loss. For any taxable year in
which a dual resident corporation or separate unit has a dual
consolidated loss to which paragraph (b) of this section applies, the
following rules shall apply.
(i) If the dual resident corporation is a member of a consolidated
group, the group shall compute its consolidated taxable income without
taking into account the items of income, loss, or deduction taken into
account in computing the dual consolidated loss. The dual consolidated
loss may be carried over or back for use in other taxable years as a
separate net operating loss carryover or carryback of the dual resident
corporation arising in the year incurred. It shall be treated as a loss
incurred by the dual resident corporation in a separate return
limitation year and (without regard to whether the dual resident
corporation is a common parent) shall be subject to all of the
limitations of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(c) or 1.1502-21(c), as appropriate
(relating to limitations on net operating loss carryovers and carrybacks
from separate return limitation years).
(ii) The unaffiliated domestic owner of a separate unit, or the
consolidated group of an affiliated domestic owner, shall compute its
taxable income without taking into account the items of income, loss or
deduction taken into account in computing the separate unit's dual
consolidated loss. The dual consolidated loss shall be treated as a loss
incurred by a separate corporation and its use shall be subject to all
of the limitations of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(c) or 1.1502-21(c), as
appropriate, as if the separate unit were filing a consolidated return
with the unaffiliated domestic owner or with the consolidated group of
the affiliated domestic owner.
(3) Basis adjustments for dual consolidated losses--(i) Dual
resident corporation that is a member of an affiliated group. When a
dual resident corporation is a member of a consolidated group, each
other member owning stock in the dual resident corporation shall adjust
the basis of the stock in the following manner.
(A) Positive adjustments. Positive adjustments shall be made in
accordance with the principles of Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(1), except that
there shall be no positive adjustment under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(1)(ii)
for any amount of the dual consolidated loss that is not absorbed as a
result of the application of paragraph (b) of this section. In addition,
there shall be no positive adjustment for any amount included in income
pursuant to paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section.
(B) Negative adjustments. Negative adjustments shall be made in
accordance with the principles of Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2), except that
there shall be no negative adjustment under Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(ii)
for the amount of the dual consolidated loss subject to paragraph (b) of
this section that is absorbed in a carryover year.
(ii) Dual resident corporation that is a separate unit arising from
an interest in a partnership. Where a separate unit is an interest in a
partnership, the domestic owner shall adjust its basis in the separate
unit in accordance with section 705, except that no increase in basis
shall be permitted for any amount included as income pursuant to
paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section.
(4) Examples. The following examples illustrate this paragraph (d).
Example 1. (i) P, S1, S2, and T are domestic corporations. P owns
all of the stock of S1 and S2. S2 owns all of the stock of T. T is a
resident of Country FC for Country FC income tax purposes. Therefore, T
is a dual resident corporation. P, S1, S2, and T file a consolidated
U.S. income tax return. X and Y are corporations that are not members of
the consolidated group.
(ii) At the beginning of Year 1, P has a basis of $1000 in the stock
of S2. S2 has a $500 basis in the stock of T.
(iii) In Year 1, T incurs interest expense in the amount of $100. In
addition, T sells a noncapital asset, u, in which it has a basis of
[[Page 650]]
$10, to S1 for $50. T also sells a noncapital asset, v, in which it has
a basis of $200, to S1 for $100. The sales of u and v are intercompany
transactions described in Sec. 1.1502-13. T also sells a capital asset,
z, in which it has a basis of $180, to Y for $90. In Year 1, S1 earns
$200 of separate taxable income, calculated in accordance with Sec.
1.1502-12, as well as $90 of capital gain from a sale of an asset to X.
P and S2 have no items of income, loss, or deduction for Year 1.
(iv) In Year 1, T has a dual consolidated loss of $100 (attributable
to its interest expense). T's $90 capital loss is not included in the
computation of the dual consolidated loss. Instead, T's capital loss is
included in the computation of the consolidated group's capital gain net
income under Sec. 1.1502-22(c) and is used to offset S1's $90 capital
gain.
(v) No elective agreement, as described in paragraph (g)(1) of this
section, exists between the United States and Country FC. For Country FC
tax purposes, T's $100 loss is offset against the income of a Country FC
affiliate. Therefore, T is not eligible for the exception provided in
paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
(vi) Because T has a dual consolidated loss for the year, the
consolidated taxable income of the consolidated group is calculated
without regard to T's items of income, loss or deduction taken into
account in computing the dual consolidated loss. Therefore, the
consolidated taxable income of the consolidated group is $200 (the sum
of $200 of separate taxable income earned by S1 plus $90 of capital gain
earned by S1 minus $90 of capital loss incurred by T). The $40 gain
recognized by T upon the sale of item u to S1 and the $100 loss
recognized by T upon the sale of item v to S1 are deferred pursuant to
Sec. 1.1502-13(c)(1).
(vii) S2 may not make the positive adjustment provided for in Sec.
1.1502-32(b)(1)(ii) to its basis in the stock of T for the $100 dual
consolidated loss incurred by T. In addition, no positive adjustment in
the basis of the stock is required for T's $90 capital loss because the
loss has been absorbed by the consolidated group. S2, however, must make
the negative adjustment provided for in Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(i) for its
allocable part of T's deficit in earnings and profits for the taxable
year attributable to both T's $100 dual consolidated loss and T's $90
capital loss. Thus, as provided in Sec. 1.1502-32(e)(1), S2 must make a
$190 net negative adjustment to its basis in the stock of T, reducing
its basis to $310. As provided in Sec. 1.1502-33(c)(4)(ii)(a), S2's
earnings and profits for Year 1 will reflect S2's decrease in its basis
in T stock for the taxable year. Since S2 has no other earnings and
profits for the taxable year, S2 has a $190 deficit in earnings and
profits for the year. As provided in Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(i), P must
make a negative adjustment to its basis in the stock of S2 for its
allocable part of S2's deficit in earnings and profits for the taxable
year. Thus, P must make a $190 net negative adjustment to its basis in
S2 stock, reducing its basis to $810.
Example 2. (i) The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that
in Year 2, S1 sells items u and v to X for no gain or loss. The
disposition of items u and v outside of the consolidated group restores
the deferred loss and gain to T. T also incurs $100 of interest expense
in Year 2. In addition, T sells a noncapital asset, r, in which it has a
basis of $100, to Y for $300. P and S2 have no items of income, loss, or
deduction for Year 2.
(ii) T has $40 of separate taxable income in Year 2, computed as
follows:
($100) interest expense
($100) sale of item v to S1
$ 40 sale of item u to S1
$200 sale of item r to Y
--------
$ 40
Thus, T has no dual consolidated loss for the year.
(iii) Since T does not have a dual consolidated loss for the taxable
year, the group's consolidated taxable income is calculated in
accordance with the general rule of Sec. 1.1502-11 and not in
accordance with paragraph (d)(2) of this section. T is the only member
of the consolidated group that has any income or loss for the taxable
year. Thus, the consolidated taxable income of the group, computed
without regard to T's dual consolidated loss carryover, is $40.
(iv) As provided by Sec. 1.1502-21A(c), the amount of the dual
consolidated loss arising in Year 1 that is included in the group's
consolidated net operating loss deduction for Year 2 is $40 (that is,
the consolidated taxable income computed without regard to the
consolidated net operating loss deduction minus such consolidated
taxable income recomputed by excluding the items of income and deduction
of T). Thus, the group has no consolidated taxable income for the year.
(v) S2 must make the positive adjustment provided for in Sec.
1.502-32(b)(1)(i) to its basis in T stock for its allocable part of T's
undistributed earnings and profits for the taxable year. S2 cannot make
the negative adjustment provided for in Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(2)(ii) for
the dual consolidated loss of T incurred in Year 1 and absorbed in Year
2. Thus, as provided in Sec. 1.1502-32(e)(2), S2 must make a $40 net
positive adjustment to its basis in T stock, increasing its basis to
$350. As provided in Sec. 1.1502-33(c)(4)(ii)(a), S2's earnings and
profits for Year 2 will reflect S2's increase in its basis in T stock
for the taxable year. Since S2 has no other earnings and profits for the
taxable year, S2 has $40 of earnings and profits for the year. As
provided in Sec. 1.1502-32(b)(1)(i), P must make a positive adjustment
to its basis in the stock
[[Page 651]]
of S2 for its allocable part of the undistributed earnings and profits
of S2 for the taxable year. Thus, P must make a $40 net positive
adjustment to its basis in S2 stock, increasing its basis to $850.
(e) Special rule for use of dual consolidated loss to offset tainted
income--(1) In general. The dual consolidated loss of any dual resident
corporation that ceases to be a dual resident corporation shall not be
used to offset income of such corporation to the extent that such income
is tainted income, as defined in paragraph (e)(2) of this section.
(2) Tainted income defined. Tainted income is any income derived
from tainted assets, as defined in paragraph (e)(3) of this section,
beginning on the date such assets are acquired by the dual resident
corporation. In the absence of evidence establishing the actual amount
of income that is attributable to the tainted assets, the portion of a
corporation's income in a particular taxable year that is treated as
tainted income shall be an amount equal to the corporation's taxable
income for the year multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is
the fair market value of the tainted asset at the end of the taxable
year and the denominator of which is the fair market value of the total
assets owned by the corporation at the end of the taxable year.
Documentation submitted to establish the actual amount of income that is
attributable to the tainted assets must be attached to the consolidated
group's or unaffiliated dual resident corporation's timely filed tax
return for the taxable year in which the income is recognized.
(3) Tainted assets defined. Tainted assets are any asset acquired by
a dual resident corporation in a non-recognition transaction, as defined
in section 7701(a)(45), or any assets otherwise transferred to the
corporation as a contribution to capital, at any time during the three
taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year in which the
corporation ceases to be a dual resident corporation or at any time
thereafter. Tainted assets shall not include assets that were acquired
by such dual resident corporation on or before December 31, 1986.
(4) Exceptions. Income derived from assets acquired by a dual
resident corporation shall not be subject to the limitation described in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, if--
(i) For the taxable year in which the assets were acquired, the
corporation did not have a dual consolidated loss (or a carry forward of
a dual consolidated loss to such year); or
(ii) The assets were acquired as replacement property in the
ordinary course of business.
(f) Computation of foreign tax credit limitations. If a dual
resident corporation or separate unit is subject to paragraph (d)(2) of
this section, the consolidated group or unaffiliated domestic owner
shall compute its foreign tax credit limitation by applying the
limitations of paragraph (d)(2). Thus, the dual consolidated loss is not
taken into account until the year in which it is absorbed.
(g) Exception--(1) Elective agreement in place between the United
States and a foreign country. Paragraph (b) of this section shall not
apply to a dual consolidated loss to the extent the dual resident
corporation, or domestic owner of a separate unit, elects to deduct the
loss in the United States pursuant to an agreement entered into between
the United States and a foreign country that puts into place an elective
procedure through which losses offset income in only one country.
(2) Elective relief provision--(i) In general. Paragraph (b) of this
section shall not apply to a dual consolidated loss if the consolidated
group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic
owner elects to be bound by the provisions of this paragraph (g)(2). In
order to elect relief under this paragraph (g)(2), the consolidated
group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic
owner must attach to its timely filed (including extensions) U.S. income
tax return for the taxable year in which the dual consolidated loss is
incurred an agreement described in paragraph (g)(2)(i)(A) of this
section. The agreement must be signed under penalties of perjury by the
person who signs the return. For taxable years beginning after December
31, 2002, the agreement attached to the income tax return of the
consolidated group, unaffiliated dual
[[Page 652]]
resident corporation or unaffiliated domestic owner pursuant to the
preceding sentence may be an unsigned copy. If an unsigned copy is
attached to the return, the consolidated group, unaffiliated dual
resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner must retain the
original in its records in the manner specified by Sec. 1.6001-1(e).
The agreement must include the following items, in paragraphs labeled to
correspond with the items set forth in paragraph (g)(2)(i)(A) through
(F) of this section.
(A) A statement that the document submitted is an election and an
agreement under the provisions of paragraph (g)(2) of this section.
(B) The name, address, identifying number, and place and date of
incorporation of the dual resident corporation, and the country or
countries that tax the dual resident corporation on its worldwide income
or on a residence basis, or, in the case of a separate unit,
identification of the separate unit, including the name under which it
conducts business, its principal activity, and the country in which its
principal place of business is located.
(C) An agreement by the consolidated group, unaffiliated dual
resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner to comply with all
of the provisions of Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iii)-(vii).
(D) A statement of the amount of the dual consolidated loss covered
by the agreement.
(E) A certification that no portion of the dual resident
corporation's or separate unit's losses, expenses, or deductions taken
into account in computing the dual consolidated loss has been, or will
be, used to offset the income of any other person under the income tax
laws of a foreign country.
(F) A certification that arrangements have been made to ensure that
no portion of the dual consolidated loss will be used to offset the
income of another person under the laws of a foreign country and that
the consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or
unaffiliated domestic owner will be informed of any such foreign use of
any portion of the dual consolidated loss.
(ii) Consistency rule--(A) If any loss, expense, or deduction taken
into account in computing the dual consolidated loss of a dual resident
corporation or separate unit is used under the laws of a foreign country
to offset the income of another person, then the following other dual
consolidated losses (if any) shall be treated as also having been used
to offset income of another person under the laws of such foreign
country, but only if the income tax laws of the foreign country permit
any loss, expense, or deduction taken into account in computing the
other dual consolidated loss to be used to offset the income of another
person in the same taxable year;
(1) Any dual consolidated loss of a dual resident corporation that
is a member of the same consolidated group of which the first dual
resident corporation or domestic owner is a member, if any loss,
expense, or deduction taken into account in computing such dual
consolidated loss is recognized under the income tax laws of such
country in the same taxable year; and
(2) Any dual consolidated loss of a separate unit that is owned by
the same domestic owner that owns the first separate unit, or that is
owned by any member of the same consolidated group of which the first
dual resident corporation or domestic owner is a member, if any loss,
expense, or deduction taken into account in computing such dual
consolidated loss is recognized under the income tax laws of such
country in the same taxable year.
(B) The following examples illustrate the application of this
paragraph (g)(2)(ii).
Example 1. P, a domestic corporation, owns A and B, which are
domestic corporations, and C, a Country X corporation. A is subject to
the income tax laws of Country X on a residence basis and, thus, is a
dual resident corporation. B conducts business in Country X through a
branch, which is a separate unit under paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
The income tax laws of Country X permit branches of foreign corporations
to elect to file consolidated returns with Country X affiliates. In Year
1, A incurs a dual consolidated loss, which is used to offset the income
of C under the Country X form of consolidation. The branch of B also
incurs a net operating loss. However, B elects not to use the loss on a
Country X consolidated return to offset the income of foreign
affiliates. The use of A's loss to offset the income of C in Country X
[[Page 653]]
will cause the separate unit of B to be treated as if it too had used
its dual consolidated loss to offset the income of an affiliate in
Country X. Therefore, an election and agreement under this paragraph
(g)(2) cannot be made with respect to the separate unit's dual
consolidated loss.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that the
income tax laws of Country X do not permit branches of foreign
corporations to file consolidated income tax returns with Country X
affiliates. Therefore, an election and agreement described in this
paragraph (g)(2) may be made for the dual consolidated loss incurred by
the separate unit of B.
(iii) Triggering events requiring the recapture of dual consolidated
losses--(A) The consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident
corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner must agree that, if there is
a triggering event described in this paragraph (g)(2)(iii), and no
exception applies under paragraph (g)(2)(iv) of this section, the
consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or
unaffiliated domestic owner will recapture and report as income the
amount of the dual consolidated loss provided in paragraph (g)(2)(vii)
of this section on its tax return for the taxable year in which the
triggering event occurs (or, when the triggering event is a use of the
loss for foreign purposes, the taxable year that includes the last day
of the foreign tax year during which such use occurs). In addition, the
consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or
unaffiliated domestic owner must pay any applicable interest charge
required by paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section. For purposes of this
section, any of the following events shall constitute a triggering
event:
(1) In any taxable year up to and including the 15th taxable year
following the year in which the dual consolidated loss that is the
subject of the agreement filed under this paragraph (g)(2) was incurred,
any portion of the losses, expenses, or deductions taken into account in
computing the dual consolidated loss is used by any means to offset the
income of any other person under the income tax laws of a foreign
country;
(2) An affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated domestic
owner ceases to be a member of the consolidated group that filed the
election. For purposes of this paragraph (g)(2)(iii)(A)(2), a dual
resident corporation or domestic owner shall be considered to cease to
be a member of the consolidated group if it is no longer a member of the
group within the meaning of Sec. 1.1502-1(b), or if the group ceases to
exist because the common parent is no longer in existence or is no
longer a common parent or the group no longer files on the basis of a
consolidated return. Such disaffiliation, however, shall not constitute
a triggering event if the taxpayer demonstrates, to the satisfaction of
the Commissioner, that the dual resident corporation's or separate
unit's losses, expenses, or deductions cannot be used to offset income
of another person under the laws of a foreign country at any time after
the affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated domestic owner
ceases to be a member of the consolidated group;
(3) An unaffiliated dual resident corporation or unaffiliated
domestic owner becomes a member of a consolidated group. Such
affiliation of the dual resident corporation or domestic owner, however,
shall not constitute a triggering event if the taxpayer demonstrates, to
the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that the losses, expenses, or
deductions of the dual resident corporation or separate unit cannot be
used to offset the income of another person under the laws of a foreign
country at any time after the dual resident corporation or domestic
owner becomes a member of the consolidated group.
(4) A dual resident corporation transfers assets in a transaction
that results, under the laws of a foreign country, in a carryover of its
losses, expenses, or deductions. For purposes of this paragraph
(g)(2)(iii)(A)(4), a transfer, either in a single transaction or a
series of transactions within a twelve-month period, of 50% or more of
the dual resident corporation's assets (measured by the fair market
value of the assets at the time of such transfer (or for multiple
transactions, at the time of the first transfer)) shall be deemed a
triggering event, unless the taxpayer demonstrates, to the satisfaction
of the Commissioner, that the transfer of assets did not result in a
carryover under foreign law of the dual
[[Page 654]]
resident corporation's losses, expenses, or deductions to the transferee
of the assets;
(5) A domestic owner of a separate unit transfers assets of the
separate unit in a transaction that results, under the laws of a foreign
country, in a carryover of the separate unit's losses, expenses, or
deductions. For purposes of this paragraph (g)(2)(iii)(A)(5), a
transfer, either in a single transaction or a series of transactions
over a twelve-month period, of 50% or more of the separate unit's assets
(measured by the fair market value of the assets at the time of the
transfer (or for multiple transfers, at the time of the first
transfer)), shall be deemed a triggering event, unless the taxpayer
demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that the transfer
of assets did not result in a carryover under foreign law of the
separate unit's losses, expenses, or deductions to the transferee of the
assets;
(6) An unaffiliated dual resident corporation or unaffiliated
domestic owner becomes a foreign corporation by means of a transaction
(e.g., a reorganization) that, for foreign tax purposes, is not treated
as involving a transfer of assets (and carryover of losses) to a new
entity. Such a transaction, however, shall not constitute a triggering
event if the taxpayer demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the
Commissioner, that the dual resident corporation's or separate unit's
losses, expenses, or deductions cannot be used to offset income of
another person under the laws of the foreign country at any time after
the unaffiliated dual resident corporation or unaffiliated domestic
owner becomes a foreign corporation.
(7) A domestic owner of a separate unit, either in a single
transaction or a series of transactions within a twelve-month period,
sells, or otherwise disposes of, 50% or more of the interest in the
separate unit (measured by voting power or value) owned by the domestic
owner on the last day of the taxable year in which the dual consolidated
loss was incurred. For purposes of this paragraph (g)(2)(iii)(A)(7), the
domestic owner shall be deemed to have disposed of its entire interest
in a hybrid entity separate unit if such hybrid entity becomes
classified as a foreign corporation for U.S. tax purposes. The
disposition of 50% or more of the interest in a separate unit, however,
shall not constitute a triggering event if the taxpayer demonstrates, to
the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that the losses, expenses, or
deductions of the separate unit cannot be used to offset income of
another person under the laws of the foreign country at any time after
the disposition of the interest in the separate unit; or
(8) The consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation,
or unaffiliated domestic owner fails to file a certification required
under paragraph (g)(2)(vi)(B) of this section.
(B) A taxpayer wishing to rebut the presumption of a triggering
event described in paragraphs (g)(2)(iii)(A)(2) through (7) of this
section, by demonstrating that the losses, expenses, or deductions of
the dual resident corporation or separate unit cannot be carried over or
otherwise used under the laws of the foreign country, must attach
documents demonstrating such facts to its timely filed U.S. income tax
return for the year in which the presumed triggering event occurs.
(C) The following example illustrates this paragraph (g)(2)(iii).
Example. DRC, a domestic corporation, is a member of CG, a
consolidated group. DRC is a resident Country Y for Country Y income tax
purposes. Therefore, DRC is a dual resident corporation. In Year 1, DRC
incurs a dual consolidated loss of $100. CG files an agreement described
in paragraph (g)(2) of this section and, thus, the $100 dual
consolidated loss is included in the computation of CG's consolidated
taxable income. In Year 6, all of the stock of DRC is sold to P, a
domestic corporation that is a member of NG, another consolidated group.
The sale of DRC to P is a triggering event under paragraph
(g)(2)(iii)(A) of this section, requiring the recapture of the dual
consolidated loss. However, the laws of Country Y provide for a five-
year carryover period for losses. At the time of DRC's disaffiliation
from CG, the losses, expenses and deductions that were included in the
computation of the dual consolidated loss had expired for Country Y
purposes. Therefore, upon adequate documentation that the losses,
expenses, or deductions have expired for Country Y purposes, CG can
rebut the presumption that a triggering event has occurred.
[[Page 655]]
(iv) Exceptions--(A) Acquisition by a member of the consolidated
group. The following events shall not constitute triggering events,
requiring the recapture of the dual consolidated loss under paragraph
(g)(2)(vii) of this section:
(1) An affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated domestic
owner ceases to be a member of a consolidated group solely by reason of
a transaction in which a member of the same consolidated group succeeds
to the tax attributes of the dual resident corporation or domestic owner
under the provisions of section 381;
(2) Assets of an affiliated dual resident corporation or assets of a
separate unit of an affiliated domestic owner are acquired by a member
of its consolidated group in any other transaction; or
(3) An affiliated domestic owner of a separate unit transfers its
interest in the separate unit to another member of its consolidated
group.
(B) Acquisition by an unaffiliated domestic corporation or a new
consolidated group--(1) If all the requirements of paragraph
(g)(2)(iv)(B)(3) of this section are met, the following events shall not
constitute triggering events requiring the recapture of the dual
consolidated loss under paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section:
(i) An affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated domestic
owner becomes an unaffiliated domestic corporation or a member of a new
consolidated group (other than in a transaction described in paragraph
(g)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(ii) of this section);
(ii) Assets of a dual resident corporation or a separate unit are
acquired by an unaffiliated domestic corporation or a member of a new
consolidated group; or
(iii) A domestic owner of a separate unit transfers its interest in
the separate unit to an unaffiliated domestic corporation or to a member
of a new consolidated group.
(2) If the requirements of paragraph (g)(2)(iv)(B)(3)(iii) of this
section are met, the following events shall not constitute triggering
events requiring the recapture of the dual consolidated loss under
paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section--
(i) An unaffiliated dual resident corporation or unaffiliated
domestic owner becomes a member of a consolidated group;
(ii) A consolidated group that filed an agreement under this
paragraph (g)(2) ceases to exist as a result of a transaction described
in Sec. 1.1502-13(j)(5)(i) (other than a transaction in which any
member of the terminating group, or the successor-in-interest of such
member, is not a member of the surviving group immediately after the
terminating group ceases to exist).
(3) If the following requirements (as applicable) are satisfied, the
events listed in paragraphs (g)(2)(iv)(B)(1) and (2) of this section
shall not constitute triggering events requiring recapture under
paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section.
(i) The consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation,
or unaffiliated domestic owner that filed the agreement under this
paragraph (g)(2) and the unaffiliated domestic corporation or new
consolidated group must enter into a closing agreement with the Internal
Revenue Service providing that the consolidated group, unaffiliated dual
resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner and the
unaffiliated domestic corporation or new consolidated group will be
jointly and severally liable for the total amount of the recapture of
dual consolidated loss and interest charge required in paragraph
(g)(2)(vii) of this section, if there is a triggering event described in
paragraph (g)(2)(iii) of this section;
(ii) The unaffiliated domestic corporation or new consolidated group
must agree to treat any potential recapture amount under paragraph
(g)(2)(vii) of this section as unrealized built-in gain for purposes of
section 384(a), subject to any applicable exceptions thereunder;
(iii) The unaffiliated domestic corporation or new consolidated
group must file, with its timely filed (including extensions) income tax
return for the taxable year in which the event described in paragraph
(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1) or (2) of this section occurs, an agreement described
in paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section (new (g)(2)(i) agreement),
[[Page 656]]
whereby it assumes the same obligations with respect to the dual
consolidated loss as the corporation or consolidated group that filed
the original (g)(2)(i) agreement with respect to that loss. The new
(g)(2)(i) agreement must be signed under penalties of perjury by the
person who signs the return and must include a reference to this
paragraph (g)(2)(iv)(B)(3)(iii). For taxable years beginning after
December 31, 2002, the agreement attached to the return pursuant to the
preceding sentence may be an unsigned copy. If an unsigned copy is
attached to the return, the corporation or consolidated group must
retain the original in its records in the manner specified by Sec.
1.6001-1(e).
(C) Subsequent triggering events. Any triggering event described in
paragraph (g)(2)(iii) of this section that occurs subsequent to one of
the transactions described in paragraph (g)(2)(iv) (A) or (B) of this
section and does not fall within the exceptions provided in paragraph
(g)(2)(iv) (A) or (B) of this section shall require recapture under
paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section.
(D) Example. The following example illustrates the application of
paragraph (g)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(ii) of this section:
Example. (i) Facts. C is the common parent of a consolidated group
(the C Group) that includes DRC, a domestic corporation. DRC is a dual
resident corporation and incurs a dual consolidated loss in its taxable
year ending December 31, Year 1. The C Group elects to be bound by the
provisions of this paragraph (g)(2) with respect to the Year 1 dual
consolidated loss. No member of the C Group incurs a dual consolidated
loss in Year 2. On December 31, Year 2, stock of C is acquired by D in a
transaction described in Sec. 1.1502-13(j)(5)(i). As a result of the
acquisition, all the C Group members, including DRC, become members of a
consolidated group of which D is the common parent (the D Group).
(ii) Acquisition not a triggering event. Under paragraph
(g)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(ii) of this section, the acquisition by D of the C
Group is not an event requiring the recapture of the Year 1 dual
consolidated loss of DRC, or the payment of an interest charge, as
described in paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section, provided that the D
Group files the new (g)(2)(i) agreement described in paragraph
(g)(2)(iv)(B)(3)(iii) of this section.
(iii) Subsequent event. A triggering event occurs on December 31,
Year 3, that requires recapture by the D Group of the dual consolidated
loss that DRC incurred in Year 1, as well as the payment of an interest
charge, as provided in paragraph (g)(2)(vii) of this section. Each
member of the D Group, including DRC and the other former members of the
C Group, is severally liable for the additional tax (and the interest
charge) due upon the recapture of the dual consolidated loss of DRC.
(v) Ordering rules for determining the foreign use of losses. If the
laws of a foreign country provide for the use of losses of a dual
resident corporation to offset the income of another person but do not
provide applicable rules for determining the order in which such losses
are used to offset the income of another person in a taxable year, then
for purposes of this section, the following rules shall govern:
(A) If under the laws of the foreign country the dual resident
corporation has losses from different taxable years, the dual resident
corporation shall be deemed to use first the losses from the earliest
taxable year from which a loss may be carried forward or back for
foreign law purposes.
(B) Any net loss, or income, that the dual resident corporation has
in a taxable year shall first be used to offset net income, or loss,
recognized by affiliates of the dual resident corporation in the same
taxable year before any carryover of the dual resident corporation's
losses is considered to be used to offset any income from the taxable
year.
(C) Where different losses, expenses, or deductions (e.g., capital
losses and ordinary losses) of a dual resident corporation incurred in
the same taxable year are available to offset the income of another
person, the different losses shall be deemed to offset such income on a
pro rata basis.
Example. DRC, a domestic corporation, is taxed as a resident under
the tax laws of Country Y. Therefore, DRC is a dual resident
corporation. FA is a Country Y affiliate of DRC. Country Y's tax laws
permit affiliated corporations to file a form of consolidated return. In
Year 1, DRC incurs a capital loss of $80 which, for Country Y purposes,
offsets completely $30 of capital gain recognized by FA. Neither
corporation has any other taxable income or loss for the year. In Year 1
(and in other years), DRC recognizes the same amount of income for U.S.
purposes as it does for Country Y purposes. Under paragraph (d)(1)(i) of
this section, however, DRC's
[[Page 657]]
$80 capital loss is not a dual consolidated loss. In Year 2, DRC incurs
a net operating loss of $100, while FA incurs a net operating loss of
$50. DRC's $100 loss is a dual consolidated loss. Since the dual
consolidated loss is not used to offset the income of another person
under Country Y law, DRC is permitted to file an agreement described in
this paragraph (g)(2). In Year 3, DRC has a net operating loss of $10
and FA has capital gains of $60. For Country Y purposes, DRC's $10 net
operating loss is used to offset $10 of FA's $60 capital gain. DRC's $10
loss is a dual consolidated loss. Because the loss is used to offset
FA's income, DRC will not be able to file an agreement under this
paragraph (g)(2) with respect to the loss. Country Y permits FA's
remaining $50 of Year 3 income to be offset by carryover losses.
However, Country Y has no applicable rules for determining which
carryover losses from Years 1 and 2 are used to offset such income.
Under the ordering rules of paragraph (g)(2)(v)(A) of this section, none
of DRC's $100 Year 2 loss will be deemed to offset FA's remaining $50 of
Year 3 income. Instead, the $50 of capital loss carryover from Year 1
will be considered to offset the income.
(vi) Reporting requirements--(A) In general. The consolidated group,
unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner
must answer the applicable questions regarding dual consolidated losses
on its U.S. income tax return filed for the year in which the dual
consolidated loss is incurred and for each of the following fifteen
taxable years.
(B) Annual certification. Except as provided in Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(vi)(C), until and unless Form 1120 or the Schedules thereto
contain questions pertaining to dual consolidated losses, the
consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or
unaffiliated domestic owner must file with its income tax return for
each of the 15 taxable years following the taxable year in which the
dual consolidated loss is incurred a certification that the losses,
expenses, or deductions that make up the dual consolidated loss have not
been used to offset the income of another person under the tax laws of a
foreign country. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2003, the
annual certification must be signed under penalties of perjury by a
person authorized to sign the agreement described in Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(i). For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2002, the
certification is verified by signing the return with which the
certification is filed. The certification for a taxable year must
identify the dual consolidated loss to which it pertains by setting
forth the taxpayer's year in which the loss was incurred and the amount
of such loss. In addition, the certification must warrant that
arrangements have been made to ensure that the loss will not be used to
offset the income of another person under the laws of a foreign country
and that the taxpayer will be informed of any such foreign use of any
portion of the loss. If dual consolidated losses of more than one
taxable year are subject to the rules of this paragraph (g)(2)(vi)(B),
the certifications for those years may be combined in a single document
but each dual consolidated loss must be separately identified.
(C) Exception. A consolidated group or unaffiliated domestic owner
is not required to file annual certifications under paragraph
(g)(2)(vi)(B) of this section with respect to a dual consolidated loss
of any separate unit other than a hybrid entity separate unit.
(vii) Recapture of loss and interest charge--(A) Presumptive rule--
(1) Amount of recapture. Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph
(g)(2)(vii), upon the occurrence of a triggering event described in
paragraph (g)(2)(iii) of this section, the taxpayer shall recapture and
report as gross income the total amount of the dual consolidated loss to
which the triggering event applies on its income tax return for the
taxable year in which the triggering event occurs (or, when the
triggering event is a use of the loss for foreign tax purposes, the
taxable year that includes the last day of the foreign tax year during
which such use occurs).
(2) Interest charge. In connection with the recapture, the taxpayer
shall pay an interest charge. Except as otherwise provided in this
paragraph (g)(2)(vii), such interest shall be determined under the rules
of section 6601(a) as if the additional tax owed as a result of the
recapture had accrued and been due and owing for the taxable year in
which the losses, expenses, or deductions taken into account in
computing the dual consolidated loss gave rise to a tax benefit for U.S.
income tax purposes.
[[Page 658]]
For purposes of this paragraph (g)(2)(vii)(A)(2), a tax benefit shall be
considered to have arisen in a taxable year in which such losses,
expenses or deductions reduced U.S. taxable income.
(B) Rebuttal of presumptive rule--(1) Amount of recapture. The
amount of dual consolidated loss that must be recaptured under this
paragraph (g)(2)(vii) may be reduced if the taxpayer demonstrates, to
the satisfaction of the Commissioner, the offset permitted by this
paragraph (g)(2)(vii)(B). The reduction in the amount of recapture is
the amount by which the dual consolidated loss would have offset other
taxable income reported on a timely filed U.S. income tax return for any
taxable year up to and including the year of the triggering event if
such loss had been subject to the restrictions of paragraph (b) of this
section (and therefore had been subject to the separate return
limitation year restrictions of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(c) or 1.1502-21(c)
(as appropriate) commencing in the taxable year in which the loss was
incurred. A taxpayer utilizing this rebuttal rule must attach to its
timely filed U.S. income tax return a separate accounting showing that
the income for each year that offsets the dual resident corporation's or
separate unit's recapture amount is attributable only to the dual
resident corporation or separate unit.
(2) Interest charge. The interest charge imposed under this
paragraph (g)(2)(vii) may be appropriately reduced if the taxpayer
demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that the net
interest owed would have been less than that provided in paragraph
(g)(2)(vii)(A)(2) of this section if the taxpayer had filed an amended
return for the year in which the loss was incurred, and for any other
affected years up to and including the year of recapture, treating the
dual consolidated loss as a loss subject to the restrictions of
paragraph (b) of this section (and therefore subject to the separate
return limitation year restrictions of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(c) or
1.1502-21(c) (as appropriate). A taxpayer utilizing this rebuttal rule
must attach to its timely filed U.S. income tax return a computation
demonstrating the reduction in the net interest owed as a result of
treating the dual consolidated loss as a loss subject to the
restrictions of paragraph (b) of this section.
(C) Computation of taxable income in year of recapture--(1)
Presumptive rule. Except as otherwise provided in paragraph
(g)(2)(vii)(C)(2) of this section, for purposes of computing the taxable
income for the year of recapture, no current, carryover or carryback
losses of the dual resident corporation or separate unit, of other
members of the consolidated group, or of the domestic owner that are not
attributable to the separate unit, may offset and absorb the recapture
amount.
(2) Rebuttal of presumptive rule. The recapture amount included in
gross income may be offset and absorbed by that portion of the
taxpayer's (consolidated or separate) net operating loss carryover that
is attributable to the dual consolidated loss being recaptured, if the
taxpayer demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, the
amount of such portion of the carryover. A taxpayer utilizing this
rebuttal rule must attach to its timely filed U.S. income tax return a
computation demonstrating the amount of net operating loss carryover
that, under this paragraph (g)(2)(vii)(C)(2), may absorb the recapture
amount included in gross income.
(D) Character and source of recapture income. The amount recaptured
under this paragraph (g)(2)(vii) shall be treated as ordinary income in
the year of recapture. The amount recaptured shall be treated as income
having the same source and falling within the same separate category for
purposes of section 904 as the dual consolidated loss being recaptured.
(E) Reconstituted net operating loss. Commencing in the taxable year
immediately following the year in which the dual consolidated loss is
recaptured, the dual resident corporation or separate unit shall be
treated as having a net operating loss in an amount equal to the amount
actually recaptured under paragraph (g)(2)(vii) (A) or (B) of this
section. This reconstituted net operating loss shall be subject to the
restrictions of paragraph (b) of this section (and therefore, the
separate return limitation year restrictions of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-
[[Page 659]]
21A(c) or 1.1502-21T(c) (as appropriate). The net operating loss shall
be available only for carryover, under section 172(b), to taxable years
following the taxable year of recapture. For purposes of determining the
remaining carryover period, the loss shall be treated as if it had been
recognized in the taxable year in which the dual consolidated loss that
is the basis of the recapture amount was incurred.
(F) Consequences of failing to comply with recapture provisions--(1)
In general. If the taxpayer fails to comply with the recapture
provisions of this paragraph (g)(2)(vii) upon the occurrence of a
triggering event, then the dual resident corporation or separate unit
that incurred the dual consolidated loss (or a successor-in-interest)
shall not be eligible for the relief provided in paragraph (g)(2) of
this section with respect to any dual consolidated losses incurred in
the five taxable years beginning with the taxable year in which
recapture is required.
(2) Exceptions. In the case of a triggering event other than a use
of the losses, expenses, or deductions taken into account in computing
the dual consolidated loss to offset income of another person under the
income tax laws of a foreign country, this rule shall not apply in the
following circumstances:
(i) The failure to recapture is due to reasonable cause; or
(ii) A taxpayer seeking to rebut the presumption of a triggering
event satisfies the filing requirements of paragraph (g)(2)(iii)(B) of
this section.
(G) Examples. The following examples illustrate this paragraph
(g)(2)(vii).
Example 1. P, a domestic corporation, files a consolidated return
with DRC, a dual resident corporation. In Year 1, DRC incurs a dual
consolidated loss of $100 and P earns $100. P files an agreement under
this paragraph (g)(2). Therefore, the consolidated group is permitted to
offset P's $100 of income with DRC's $100 loss. In Year 2, DRC earns
$30, which is completely offset by a $30 net operating loss incurred by
P. In Year 3, DRC earns income of $25 while P recognizes no income or
loss. In addition, there is a triggering event in Year 3. Therefore,
under the presumptive rule of paragraph (g)(2)(vii)(A) of this section,
DRC must recapture $100. However, the $100 recapture amount may be
reduced by $25 (the amount by which the dual consolidated loss would
have offset other taxable income if it had been subject to the separate
return limitation year restrictions from Year 1) upon adequate
documentation of such offset under paragraph (g)(2)(vii)(B)(1) of this
section. Commencing in Year 4, the $100 (or $75) recapture amount is
treated as a loss incurred by DRC in a separate return limitation year,
subject to the restrictions of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(c) or 1.1502-21(c),
as appropriate. The carryover period of the loss, for purposes of
section 172(b), will start from Year 1, when the dual consolidated loss
was incurred.
Example 2. The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that in
Year 2, DRC earns $75 and P earns $50. In Year 3, DRC earns $25 while P
earns $30. A triggering event occurs in Year 3. The $100 presumptive
amount of recapture can be reduced to zero by the $75 and $25 earned by
DRC in Years 2 and 3, respectively, upon adequate documentation of such
offset under paragraph (g)(2)(vii)(B)(1) of this section. Nevertheless,
an interest charge will be owed. Under the presumptive rule of paragraph
(g)(2)(vii)(A)(2) of this section, interest will be charged on the
additional tax owed on the $100 of recapture income as if the tax had
accrued in Year 1 (the year in which the dual consolidated loss reduced
the income of P). However, the net interest will be reduced to the
amount that would have been owed if the consolidated group had filed
amended returns, treating the dual consolidated loss as a loss subject
to the separate return limitation year restrictions of Sec. 1.1502-
21A(c) or 1.1502-21(c), as appropriate, upon adequate documentation of
such reduction of interest under paragraph (g)(2)(vii)(B)(2) of this
section.
Example 3. P, a domestic corporation, owns DRC, a domestic
corporation that is subject to the income tax laws of Country Z on a
residence basis. DRC owns FE, a Country Z corporation. In Year 1, DRC
incurs a net operating loss for U.S. tax purposes. Under the tax laws of
Country Z, the loss is not recognized until Year 3. The Year 1 net
operating loss is a dual consolidated loss under paragraph (c)(5) of
this section. The consolidated group elects relief under paragraph
(g)(2) of this section by filing the appropriate agreement and uses the
dual consolidated loss on its U.S. income tax return. In Year 3, the
dual consolidated loss is used under the laws of Country Z to offset the
income of FE, which is a triggering event under paragraph (g)(2)(iii) of
this section. However, the consolidated group does not recapture the
dual consolidated loss. The consolidated group's failure to comply with
the recapture provisions of this paragraph (g)(2)(vii) prevents DRC from
being eligible for the relief provided under paragraph (g)(2) of this
section for any dual consolidated losses incurred in Years 3 through 7,
inclusive.
[[Page 660]]
(h) Effective date--(1) In general. These regulations are effective
for taxable years beginning on or after October 1, 1992. Section 1.1503-
2A is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986, and
before October 1, 1992. Paragraph (g)(2)(iv)(B)(2) of this section shall
apply with respect to transactions otherwise constituting triggering
events occurring on or after January 1, 2002.
(2) Taxpayers that have filed for relief under Sec. 1.1503-2A--(i)
In general. Except as provided in paragraph (h)(ii)(b) of this section,
taxpayers that have filed agreements described in Sec. 1.1503-2A(c)(3)
or certifications described in Sec. 1.1503-2A(d)(3) shall continue to
be subject to the provisions of such agreements or certifications,
including the amended return or recapture requirements applicable in the
event of a triggering event, for the remaining term of such agreements
or certifications.
(ii) Special transition rule. A taxpayer that has filed an agreement
described in Sec. 1.1503-2A(c)(3) or a certification described in Sec.
1.1503-2A(d)(3) and that is in compliance with the provisions of Sec.
1.1503-2A may elect to replace such agreement or certification with an
agreement described in paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section. However, a
taxpayer making this election must replace all agreements and
certifications filed under Sec. 1.1503-2A. If the taxpayer is a
consolidated group, the election must be made with respect to all dual
resident corporations or separate units within the group. Likewise, if
the taxpayer is an unaffiliated domestic owner, the election must be
made with respect to all separate units of the domestic owner. The
taxpayer must file the replacement agreement with its timely filed
income tax return for its first taxable year commencing on or after
October 1, 1992, stating that such agreement is a replacement for the
agreement filed under Sec. 1.1503-2A(c)(3) or the certification filed
under Sec. 1.1503-2A(d)(3) and identifying the taxable year for which
the original agreement or certification was filed. A single agreement
described in paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section may be filed to replace
more than one agreement or certification filed under Sec. 1.1503-2A;
however, each dual consolidated loss must be separately identified. A
taxpayer may also elect to apply Sec. 1.1503-2 for all open years, with
respect to agreements filed under Sec. 1.1503-2A(c)(3) or
certifications filed under Sec. 1.1503-2A(d)(3), in cases where the
agreement or certification is no longer in effect and the taxpayer has
complied with the provisions of Sec. 1.1503-2A. For example, a taxpayer
may have had a triggering event under Sec. 1.1503-2A that is not a
triggering event under Sec. 1.1503-2. If the taxpayer fully complied
with the requirements of the agreement entered into under Sec. 1.1503-
2A(c)(3) and filed amended U.S. income tax returns within the time
required under Sec. 1.1503-2A(c)(3), the taxpayer may file amended U.S.
income tax returns consistent with the position that the earlier
triggering event is no longer a triggering event.
(3) Taxpayers that are in compliance with Sec. 1.1503-2A but have
not filed for relief thereunder. A taxpayer that is in compliance with
the provisions of Sec. 1.1503-2A but has not filed an agreement
described in Sec. 1.1503-2A(c)(3) or a certification described in Sec.
1.1503-2A(d)(3) may elect to have the provisions of Sec. 1.1503-2 apply
for any open year. In particular, a taxpayer may elect to apply the
provisions of Sec. 1.1503-2 in a case where the dual consolidated loss
has been subjected to the separate return limitation year restrictions
of Sec. 1.1502-21A(c) or 1.1502-21(c) (as appropriate) but the losses,
expenses, or deductions taken into account in computing the dual
consolidated loss have not been used to offset the income of another
person for foreign tax purposes. However, if a taxpayer is a
consolidated group, the election must be made with respect to all dual
resident corporations or separate units within the group. Likewise, if
the taxpayer is an unaffiliated domestic owner, the election must be
made with respect to all separate units of the domestic owner.
[T.D. 8434, 57 FR 41084, Sept. 9, 1992; 57 FR 48722, Oct. 28, 1992; 57
FR 57280, Dec. 3, 1992; 58 FR 13413, Mar. 11, 1993, as amended by T.D.
8597, 60 FR 36680, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33325, June 27, 1996;
T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36101, July 2, 1999; T.D. 9084, 68 FR 44617, July 30,
2003; T.D. 9100, 68 FR 70707, Dec. 19, 2003; T.D. 9300, 71 FR 71044,
Dec. 8, 2006]
[[Page 661]]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-0 Table of contents.
This section lists the captions contained in Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-1
through 1.1503(d)-8.
Sec. 1.1503(d)-1 Definitions and special rules for filings under
section 1503(d).
(a) In general.
(b) Definitions.
(1) Domestic corporation.
(2) Dual resident corporation.
(3) Hybrid entity.
(4) Separate unit.
(i) In general.
(ii) Separate unit combination rule.
(iii) Business operations that do not constitute a permanent
establishment.
(iv) Foreign branch separate units held by dual resident
corporations or hybrid entities in the same foreign country.
(5) Dual consolidated loss.
(6) Subject to tax.
(7) Foreign country.
(8) Consolidated group.
(9) Domestic owner.
(10) Affiliated dual resident corporation and affiliated domestic
owner.
(11) Unaffiliated dual resident corporation, unaffiliated domestic
corporation, and unaffiliated domestic owner.
(12) Domestic affiliate.
(13) Domestic use.
(14) Foreign use.
(15) Grantor trust.
(16) Transparent entity.
(i) In general.
(ii) Example.
(17) Disregarded entity.
(18) Partnership.
(19) Indirectly.
(20) Certification period.
(c) Special rules for filings under section 1503(d).
(1) Reasonable cause exception.
(2) Requirements for reasonable cause relief.
(i) Time of submission.
(ii) Notice requirement.
(3) Signature requirement.
Sec. 1.1503(d)-2 Domestic use.
Sec. 1.1503(d)-3 Foreign use.
(a) Foreign use.
(1) In general.
(2) Indirect use.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Exception.
(iii) Examples.
(3) Deemed use.
(b) Available for use.
(c) Exceptions.
(1) In general.
(2) Election or merger required to enable foreign use.
(3) Presumed use where no foreign country rule for determining use.
(4) Certain interests in partnerships or grantor trusts.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Combined separate unit.
(iii) Reduction in interest.
(5) De minimis reduction of an interest in a separate unit.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Limitations.
(iii) Reduction in interest.
(iv) Examples and coordination with exceptions to other triggering
events.
(6) Certain asset basis carryovers.
(7) Assumption of certain liabilities.
(i) In general.
(ii) Ordinary course limitation.
(8) Multiple-party events.
(9) Additional guidance.
(d) Ordering rules for determining the foreign use of losses.
(e) Mirror legislation rule.
(1) In general.
(2) Stand-alone exception.
(i) In general.
(ii) Stand-alone domestic use agreement.
(iii) Termination of stand-alone domestic use agreement.
Sec. 1.1503(d)-4 Domestic use limitation and related operating rules.
(a) Scope.
(b) Limitation on domestic use of a dual consolidated loss.
(c) Effect of a dual consolidated loss on a consolidated group,
unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated
domestic owner.
(1) Dual resident corporation.
(2) Separate unit.
(3) SRLY limitation.
(4) Items of a dual consolidated loss used in other taxable years.
(5) Reconstituted net operating losses.
(d) Elimination of a dual consolidated loss after certain transactions.
(1) General rule.
(i) Transactions described in section 381(a).
(ii) Cessation of separate unit status.
(2) Exceptions.
(i) Certain section 368(a)(1)(F) reorganizations.
(ii) Acquisition of a dual resident corporation by another dual
resident corporation.
(iii) Acquisition of a separate unit by a domestic corporation.
(A) Acquisition by a corporation that is not a member of the same
consolidated group.
(B) Acquisition by a member of the same consolidated group.
(iv) Special rules for foreign insurance companies.
[[Page 662]]
(e) Special rule denying the use of a dual consolidated loss to offset
tainted income.
(1) In general.
(2) Tainted income.
(i) Definition.
(ii) Income presumed to be derived from holding tainted assets.
(3) Tainted assets defined.
(4) Exceptions.
(f) Computation of foreign tax credit limitation.
Sec. 1.1503(d)-5 Attribution of items and basis adjustments.
(a) In general.
(b) Determination of amount of income or dual consolidated loss of a
dual resident corporation.
(1) In general.
(2) Exceptions.
(c) Determination of amount of income or dual consolidated loss
attributable to a separate unit, and income or loss
attributable to an interest in a transparent entity.
(1) In general.
(i) Scope and purpose.
(ii) Only items of domestic owner taken into account.
(iii) Separate application.
(2) Foreign branch separate unit.
(i) In general.
(ii) Principles of Sec. 1.882-5.
(iii) Exception where foreign country attributes interest expense
solely by reference to books and records.
(3) Hybrid entity separate unit and an interest in a transparent
entity.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Interests in certain disregarded entities, partnerships, and
grantor trusts owned by a hybrid entity or transparent entity.
(4) Special rules.
(i) Allocation of items between certain tiered separate units and
interests in transparent entities.
(A) Foreign branch separate unit.
(B) Hybrid entity separate unit or interest in a transparent entity.
(ii) Combined separate unit.
(iii) Gain or loss on the direct or indirect disposition of a
separate unit or an interest in a transparent entity.
(A) In general.
(B) Multiple separate units or interests in transparent entities.
(iv) Inclusions on stock.
(v) Foreign currency gain or loss recognized under section 987.
(vi) Recapture of dual consolidated loss.
(d) Foreign tax treatment disregarded.
(e) Items generated or incurred while a dual resident corporation, a
separate unit, or a transparent entity.
(f) Assets and liabilities of a separate unit or an interest in a
transparent entity.
(g) Basis adjustments.
(1) Affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated domestic
owner.
(2) Interests in hybrid entities that are partnerships or interests
in partnerships through which a separate unit is owned indirectly.
(i) Scope.
(ii) Determination of basis of partner's interest.
(3) Combined separate units.
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6 Exceptions to the domestic use limitation rule.
(a) In general.
(1) Scope and purpose.
(2) Absence of foreign affiliate or foreign consolidation regime.
(3) Foreign insurance companies treated as domestic corporations.
(b) Elective agreement in place between the United States and a foreign
country.
(1) In general.
(2) Application to combined separate units.
(c) No possibility of foreign use.
(1) In general.
(2) Statement.
(d) Domestic use election.
(1) In general.
(2) No domestic use election available if there is a triggering
event in the year the dual consolidated loss is incurred.
(e) Triggering events requiring the recapture of a dual consolidated
loss.
(1) Events.
(i) Foreign use.
(ii) Disaffiliation.
(iii) Affiliation.
(iv) Transfer of assets.
(v) Transfer of an interest in a separate unit.
(vi) Conversion to a foreign corporation.
(vii) Conversion to a regulated investment company, a real estate
investment trust, or an S corporation.
(viii) Failure to certify.
(ix) Cessation of stand-alone status.
(2) Rebuttal.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Certain asset transfers.
(iii) Reporting.
(iv) Examples.
(f) Triggering event exceptions.
(1) Continuing ownership of assets or interests.
(i) Disaffiliation as a result of a transaction described in section
381.
(ii) Continuing ownership by consolidated group.
(iii) Continuing ownership by unaffiliated dual resident corporation
or unaffiliated domestic owner.
(2) Transactions requiring a new domestic use agreement.
(i) Multiple-party events.
[[Page 663]]
(ii) Events resulting in a single consolidated group.
(iii) Requirements.
(A) New domestic use agreement.
(B) Statement filed by original elector.
(3) Certain transfers qualifying for the de minimis exception to
foreign use.
(4) Deemed transactions as a result of certain transfers that do not
result in a foreign use.
(5) Compulsory transfers.
(6) Subsequent triggering events.
(g) Annual certification reporting requirement.
(h) Recapture of dual consolidated loss and interest charge.
(1) Presumptive rules.
(i) Amount of recapture.
(ii) Interest charge.
(2) Reduction of presumptive recapture amount and presumptive
interest charge.
(i) Amount of recapture.
(ii) Interest charge.
(3) Rules regarding multiple-party event exceptions to triggering
events.
(i) Scope.
(ii) Original elector and prior subsequent electors not subject to
recapture or interest charge.
(iii) Recapture tax amount and required statement.
(A) In general.
(B) Recapture tax amount.
(iv) Tax assessment and collection procedures.
(A) In general.
(B) Collection from original elector and prior subsequent electors;
joint and several liability.
(C) Allocation of partial payments of tax.
(D) Refund.
(v) Definition of income tax liability.
(vi) Example.
(4) Computation of taxable income in year of recapture.
(i) Presumptive rule.
(ii) Exception to presumptive rule.
(5) Character and source of recapture income.
(6) Reconstituted net operating loss.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Exception.
(iii) Special rule for recapture following multiple-party event
exception to a triggering event.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Termination of domestic use agreement and annual certifications.
(1) Rebuttals, exceptions to triggering events, and recapture.
(2) Termination of ability for foreign use.
(i) In general.
(ii) Statement.
(3) Agreements filed in connection with stand-alone exception.
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7 Examples.
(a) In general.
(b) Presumed facts for examples.
(c) Examples.
Sec. 1.1503(d)-8 Effective dates.
(a) General rule.
(b) Special rules.
(1) Reduction of term of agreements filed under Sec. Sec. 1.1503-
2A(c)(3), 1.1503-2A(d)(3), 1.1503-2(g)(2)(i), or 1.1503-2T(g)(2)(i).
(2) Reduction of term of agreements filed under Sec. Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(i) (1992), 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(3)(i), or Rev. Proc.
2000-42.
(3) Relief for untimely filings.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Closing agreements.
(iii) Pending requests for relief.
(4) Multiple-party event exception to triggering events.
(5) Basis adjustment rules.
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007; 72 FR 20424, Apr. 23, 2007]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-1 Definitions and special rules for filings under section 1503(d).
(a) In general. This section and Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-2 through
1.1503(d)-8 provide rules concerning the determination and use of dual
consolidated losses pursuant to section 1503(d). Paragraph (b) of this
section provides definitions that apply for purposes of this section and
Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-2 through 1.1503(d)-8. Paragraph (c) of this
section provides a reasonable cause exception and a signature
requirement for filings.
(b) Definitions. The following definitions apply for purposes of
this section and Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-2 through 1.1503(d)-8:
(1) Domestic corporation means an entity classified as a domestic
corporation under section 7701(a)(3) and (4) or otherwise treated as a
domestic corporation by the Internal Revenue Code, including, but not
limited to, sections 269B, 953(d), 1504(d), and 7874. However, solely
for purposes of section 1503(d), the term domestic corporation shall not
include a regulated investment company as defined in section 851, a real
estate investment trust as defined in section 856, or an S corporation
as defined in section 1361.
(2) Dual resident corporation means--
(i) A domestic corporation that is subject to an income tax of a
foreign country on its worldwide income or on a residence basis. A
corporation is
[[Page 664]]
taxed on a residence basis if it is taxed as a resident under the laws
of the foreign country; and
(ii) A foreign insurance company that makes an election to be
treated as a domestic corporation pursuant to section 953(d) and is
treated as a member of an affiliated group for purposes of chapter 6,
even if such company is not subject to an income tax of a foreign
country on its worldwide income or on a residence basis. See section
953(d)(3).
(3) Hybrid entity means an entity that is not taxable as an
association for Federal tax purposes, but is subject to an income tax of
a foreign country as a corporation (or otherwise at the entity level)
either on its worldwide income or on a residence basis.
(4) Separate unit--(i) In general. The term separate unit means
either of the following that is carried on or owned, as applicable,
directly or indirectly, by a domestic corporation (including a dual
resident corporation):
(A) Except to the extent provided in paragraph (b)(4)(iii) of this
section, a business operation outside the United States that, if carried
on by a U.S. person, would constitute a foreign branch as defined in
Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g)(1) (foreign branch separate unit).
(B) An interest in a hybrid entity (hybrid entity separate unit).
(ii) Separate unit combination rule. Except as otherwise provided in
this paragraph, if a domestic owner, or two or more domestic owners that
are members of the same consolidated group, have two or more separate
units (individual separate units), then all such individual separate
units that are located (in the case of a foreign branch separate unit)
or subject to an income tax either on their worldwide income or on a
residence basis (in the case of a hybrid entity an interest in which is
a hybrid entity separate unit) in the same foreign country shall be
treated as one separate unit (combined separate unit). See Sec.
1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 1. Separate units of a foreign insurance company
that is a dual resident corporation under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this
section, however, shall not be combined with separate units of any other
domestic corporation. Except as specifically provided in this section or
Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-2 through 1.1503(d)-8, any individual separate unit
composing a combined separate unit loses its character as an individual
separate unit.
(iii) Business operations that do not constitute a permanent
establishment. A business operation carried on by a domestic corporation
that is not a dual resident corporation shall not constitute a foreign
branch separate unit, provided the business operation:
(A) Is not carried on indirectly through a hybrid entity or a
transparent entity; and
(B) Is conducted in a country with which the United States has
entered into an income tax convention and is not treated as a permanent
establishment pursuant to that convention, or is not otherwise subject
to tax on a net basis under that convention. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c)
Example 2.
(iv) Foreign branch separate units held by dual resident
corporations or hybrid entities in the same foreign country. A foreign
branch separate unit may be owned by a dual resident corporation, or
through a hybrid entity (an interest in which is a separate unit), even
where the foreign branch is located in the same foreign country that
subjects such dual resident corporation or hybrid entity to tax on its
worldwide income or on a residence basis. But see the rule under
paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section that combines certain same-country
hybrid entity separate units and foreign branch separate units. See also
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 1.
(5) Dual consolidated loss means--
(i) In the case of a dual resident corporation, and except to the
extent provided in Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(b), the net operating loss (as
defined in section 172(c) and the related regulations) incurred in a
year in which the corporation is a dual resident corporation; and
(ii) In the case of a separate unit, the net loss attributable to
the separate unit under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c) through (e).
(6) Subject to tax. For purposes of determining whether a domestic
corporation or another entity is subject to an income tax of a foreign
country on its income, the fact that it has no actual income tax
liability to the foreign country for a particular taxable year shall not
be taken into account.
(7) Foreign country includes any possession of the United States.
[[Page 665]]
(8) Consolidated group has the meaning provided in Sec. 1.1502-
1(h).
(9) Domestic owner means--
(i) A domestic corporation (including a dual resident corporation)
that has one or more separate units or interests in a transparent
entity; and
(ii) In the case of a combined separate unit, a domestic corporation
(including a dual resident corporation) that has one or more individual
separate units that are treated as part of the combined separate unit
under paragraph (b)(4)(ii) of this section.
(10) Affiliated dual resident corporation and affiliated domestic
owner mean a dual resident corporation and a domestic owner,
respectively, that is a member of a consolidated group.
(11) Unaffiliated dual resident corporation, unaffiliated domestic
corporation, and unaffiliated domestic owner mean a dual resident
corporation, domestic corporation, and domestic owner, respectively,
that is not a member of a consolidated group.
(12) Domestic affiliate means--
(i) A member of an affiliated group, without regard to the
exceptions contained in section 1504(b) (other than section 1504(b)(3))
relating to includible corporations;
(ii) A domestic owner;
(iii) A separate unit; or
(iv) An interest in a transparent entity, as defined in paragraph
(b)(16) of this section.
(13) Domestic use. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-2.
(14) Foreign use. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-3.
(15) Grantor trust means a trust, any portion of which is treated as
being owned by the grantor or another person under subpart E of
subchapter J of this chapter.
(16) Transparent entity--(i) In general. The term transparent entity
means an entity described in this paragraph (b)(16) where all or a
portion of its interests are owned, directly or indirectly, by a
domestic corporation. An entity is described in this paragraph (b)(16)
if the entity--
(A) Is not taxable as an association for Federal tax purposes;
(B) Is not subject to income tax in a foreign country as a
corporation (or otherwise at the entity level) either on its worldwide
income or on a residence basis; and
(C) Is not a pass-through entity under the laws of the applicable
foreign country. For purposes of applying the preceding sentence, the
applicable foreign country is the foreign country in which the relevant
foreign branch separate unit is located, or the foreign country that
subjects the relevant hybrid entity (an interest in which is a separate
unit) or dual resident corporation to an income tax either on its
worldwide income or on a residence basis.
(ii) Example. A U.S. limited liability company (LLC) does not elect
to be taxed as an association for Federal tax purposes and is not
subject to income tax in a foreign country as a corporation (or
otherwise at the entity level) either on its worldwide income or on a
residence basis. The LLC is owned by a hybrid entity (an interest in
which is a separate unit) that is the relevant hybrid entity. Provided
the LLC is not treated as a pass-through entity by the applicable
foreign country that subjects the relevant hybrid entity to an income
tax either on its worldwide income or on a residence basis, the LLC
would qualify as a transparent entity. See also Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c)
Example 26.
(17) Disregarded entity means an entity that is disregarded as an
entity separate from its owner, under Sec. Sec. 301.7701-1 through
301.7701-3 of this chapter, for Federal tax purposes.
(18) Partnership means an entity that is classified as a
partnership, under Sec. Sec. 301.7701-1 through 301.7701-3 of this
chapter, for Federal tax purposes.
(19) Indirectly, when used in reference to ownership, means
ownership through a partnership, a disregarded entity, or a grantor
trust, regardless of whether the partnership, disregarded entity, or
grantor trust is a U.S. person.
(20) Certification period means the period of time up to and
including the fifth taxable year following the year in which the dual
consolidated loss that is the subject of a domestic use agreement (as
described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(d)(1)) was incurred.
(c) Special rules for filings under section 1503(d)--(1) Reasonable
cause exception. A person that is permitted or required to file an
election, agreement, statement, rebuttal, computation, or other
information pursuant to section
[[Page 666]]
1503(d) and these regulations, that fails to make such filing in a
timely manner, shall be considered to have satisfied the timeliness
requirement with respect to such filing if the person is able to
demonstrate, to the Area Director, Field Examination, Small Business/
Self Employed or the Director of Field Operations, Large and Mid-Size
Business (Director) having jurisdiction of the taxpayer's tax return for
the taxable year, that such failure was due to reasonable cause and not
willful neglect. In determining whether the taxpayer has reasonable
cause, the Director shall consider whether the taxpayer acted reasonably
and in good faith. In general, the taxpayer must demonstrate that it
exercised ordinary care and prudence in meeting its tax obligations but
nonetheless did not comply with the prescribed duty within the
prescribed time. Whether the taxpayer acted reasonably and in good faith
will be determined after considering all the facts and circumstances.
The Director shall notify the person in writing within 120 days of the
filing if it is determined that the failure to comply was not due to
reasonable cause, or if additional time will be needed to make such
determination. For this purpose, the 120-day period shall begin on the
date the taxpayer is notified in writing that the request has been
received and assigned for review. If, once such period commences, the
taxpayer is not again notified within 120 days, then the taxpayer shall
be deemed to have established reasonable cause. The reasonable cause
exception of this paragraph (c) shall only apply if, once the person
becomes aware of its failure to file the election, agreement, statement,
rebuttal, computation or other information in a timely manner, the
person complies with the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this
section.
(2) Requirements for reasonable cause relief--(i) Time of
submission. Requests for reasonable cause relief will only be considered
if once the person becomes aware of the failure to file the election,
agreement, statement, rebuttal, computation or other information, the
person attaches all the documents that should have been filed, as well
as a written statement setting forth the reasons for the failure to
timely comply, to an amended return that amends the return to which the
documents should have been attached pursuant to the rules of section
1503(d) and these regulations.
(ii) Notice requirement. In addition to the requirements of
paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section, the taxpayer must provide a copy of
the amended return and all required attachments to the Director as
follows:
(A) If the taxpayer is under examination for any taxable year when
the taxpayer requests relief, the taxpayer must provide a copy of the
amended return and attachments to the personnel conducting the
examination.
(B) If the taxpayer is not under examination for any taxable year
when the taxpayer requests relief, the taxpayer must provide a copy of
the amended return and attachments to the Director having jurisdiction
of the taxpayer's return.
(3) Signature requirement. When an election, agreement, statement,
rebuttal, computation, or other information is required pursuant to
section 1503(d) and these regulations to be attached to and filed by the
due date (including extensions) of a U.S. tax return and signed under
penalties of perjury by the person who signs the return, the attachment
and filing of an unsigned copy is considered to satisfy such
requirement, provided the taxpayer retains the original in its records
in the manner specified by Sec. 1.6001-1(e).
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-2 Domestic use.
A domestic use of a dual consolidated loss shall be deemed to occur
when the dual consolidated loss is made available to offset, directly or
indirectly, the income of a domestic affiliate (other than the dual
resident corporation or separate unit that, in each case, incurred the
dual consolidated loss) in the taxable year in which the dual
consolidated loss is recognized, or in any other taxable year,
regardless of whether the dual consolidated loss offsets income under
the income tax laws of a foreign country and regardless of whether any
income that the dual consolidated loss may offset in the foreign country
is, has been, or will be subject to tax in the United States. A domestic
[[Page 667]]
use shall be deemed to occur in the year the dual consolidated loss is
included in the computation of the taxable income of a consolidated
group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or an unaffiliated
domestic owner, as applicable, even if no tax benefit results from such
inclusion in that year. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 2 through 4.
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-3 Foreign use.
(a) Foreign use--(1) In general. Except as provided in paragraph (c)
of this section, a foreign use of a dual consolidated loss shall be
deemed to occur when any portion of a deduction or loss taken into
account in computing the dual consolidated loss is made available under
the income tax laws of a foreign country to offset or reduce, directly
or indirectly, any item that is recognized as income or gain under such
laws and that is, or would be, considered under U.S. tax principles to
be an item of--
(i) A foreign corporation as defined in section 7701(a)(3) and
(a)(5); or
(ii) A direct or indirect owner of an interest in a hybrid entity,
provided such interest is not a separate unit. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c)
Examples 5 through 10 and 37.
(2) Indirect use--(i) General rule. Except to the extent provided in
paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section, an item of deduction or loss shall
be deemed to be made available indirectly if--
(A) One or more items are taken into account as deductions or losses
for foreign tax purposes, but do not give rise to corresponding items of
income or gain for U.S. tax purposes; and
(B) The item or items described in paragraph (a)(2)(i)(A) of this
section have the effect of making an item of deduction or loss composing
the dual consolidated loss available for a foreign use as described in
paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(ii) Exception. The general rule provided in paragraph (a)(2)(i) of
this section shall not apply if the consolidated group, unaffiliated
domestic owner, or unaffiliated dual resident corporation demonstrates,
to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that the item or items
described in paragraph (a)(2)(i)(A) of this section that gave rise to
the indirect foreign use--
(A) Were not incurred, or taken into account, with a principal
purpose of avoiding the provisions of section 1503(d). For purposes of
this paragraph (a)(2)(ii), an item incurred or taken into account as
interest for foreign tax purposes, but disregarded for U.S. tax
purposes, shall be deemed to have been incurred, or taken into account,
with a principal purpose of avoiding the provisions of section 1503(d).
Similarly, for purposes of this paragraph (a)(2)(ii), an item incurred
or taken into account as the result of an instrument that is treated as
debt for foreign tax purposes and equity for U.S. tax purposes, shall be
deemed to have been incurred, or taken into account, with a principal
purpose of avoiding the provisions of section 1503(d); and
(B) Were incurred, or taken into account, in the ordinary course of
the dual resident corporation's or separate unit's trade or business.
(iii) Examples. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 6 through 8.
(3) Deemed use. See paragraph (e) of this section for a deemed
foreign use pursuant to the mirror legislation rule.
(b) Available for use. A foreign use shall be deemed to occur in the
year in which any portion of a deduction or loss taken into account in
computing the dual consolidated loss is made available for an offset
described in paragraph (a) of this section, regardless of whether it
actually offsets or reduces any items of income or gain under the income
tax laws of the foreign country in such year, and regardless of whether
any of the items that may be so offset or reduced are regarded as income
under U.S. tax principles.
(c) Exceptions--(1) In general. Paragraphs (c)(2) through (9) of
this section provide exceptions to the general definition of foreign use
set forth in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. These exceptions
only apply to a foreign use that occurs solely as a result of the
conditions or circumstances described therein, and do not apply if a
foreign use occurs in any other case or by any other means. For example,
the exception under paragraph (c)(4) of this section (regarding certain
interests in
[[Page 668]]
partnerships or grantor trusts) shall not apply where the item of
deduction or loss is made available through a foreign consolidation
regime (or similar method). In addition, these exceptions do not apply
when attempting to demonstrate that no foreign use of a dual
consolidated loss can occur in any other year by any means under Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(c), (e)(2)(i), or (j)(2). But see Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(e)(2)(ii), which takes into account the exception under paragraph
(c)(7) of this section for purposes of rebutting certain asset
transfers.
(2) Election or merger required to enable foreign use. Where the
laws of a foreign country provide an election that would enable a
foreign use, a foreign use shall be considered to occur only if the
election is made. Similarly, where the laws of a foreign country would
enable a foreign use through a sale, merger, or similar transaction, a
foreign use shall be considered to occur only if the sale, merger, or
similar transaction occurs.
(3) Presumed use where no foreign country rule for determining use.
This paragraph (c)(3) applies if the losses or deductions composing the
dual consolidated loss are made available under the laws of a foreign
country both to offset income that would constitute a foreign use and to
offset income that would not constitute a foreign use, and the laws of
the foreign country do not provide applicable rules for determining
which income is offset by the losses or deductions. In such a case, the
losses or deductions shall be deemed to be made available to offset the
income that does not constitute a foreign use, to the extent of such
income, before being considered to be made available to offset the
income that does constitute a foreign use. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c)
Example 11.
(4) Certain interests in partnerships or grantor trusts--(i) General
rule. Except to the extent provided in paragraph (c)(4)(iii) of this
section, this paragraph (c)(4)(i) applies to a dual consolidated loss
attributable to an interest in a hybrid entity partnership or a hybrid
entity grantor trust, or to a separate unit owned indirectly through a
partnership or grantor trust. In such a case, a foreign use will not be
considered to occur if the foreign use is solely the result of another
person's ownership of an interest in the partnership or grantor trust,
as applicable, and the allocation or carry forward of an item of
deduction or loss composing such dual consolidated loss as a result of
such ownership. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 13.
(ii) Combined separate unit. This paragraph applies to a dual
consolidated loss attributable to a combined separate unit that includes
an individual separate unit to which paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section
would apply, but for the application of the separate unit combination
rule provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In such a case,
paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section shall apply to the portion of the
dual consolidated loss of such combined separate unit that is
attributable, as provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c) through (e), to the
individual separate unit (otherwise described in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of
this section) that is a component of the combined separate unit. See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 14.
(iii) Reduction in interest. The exception under paragraph (c)(4)(i)
of this section shall not apply if, at any time following the year in
which the dual consolidated loss is incurred, there is more than a de
minimis reduction in the domestic owner's percentage interest in the
partnership or grantor trust, as applicable, as described in paragraph
(c)(5) of this section. In such a case, a foreign use shall be deemed to
occur at the time the reduction in interest exceeds the de minimis
amount. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 13.
(5) De minimis reduction of an interest in a separate unit--(i)
General rule. This paragraph applies to a de minimis reduction of a
domestic owner's interest in a separate unit (including an interest
described in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section). Except to the extent
provided in paragraph (c)(5)(ii) of this section, no foreign use shall
be considered to occur with respect to a dual consolidated loss as a
result of an item of deduction or loss composing such dual consolidated
loss being made available solely as a result of a reduction in the
domestic owner's interest in the separate unit, as provided under
paragraph (c)(5)(iii) of this section. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example
5.
[[Page 669]]
(ii) Limitations. The exception provided in paragraph (c)(5)(i) of
this section shall not apply if--
(A) During any 12-month period the domestic owner's percentage
interest in the separate unit is reduced by 10 percent or more, as
determined by reference to the domestic owner's interest at the
beginning of the 12-month period; or
(B) At any time the domestic owner's percentage interest in the
separate unit is reduced by 30 percent or more, as determined by
reference to the domestic owner's interest at the end of the taxable
year in which the dual consolidated loss was incurred.
(iii) Reduction in interest. The following rules apply for purposes
of paragraphs (c)(4) and (5) of this section. A reduction of a domestic
owner's interest in a separate unit shall include a reduction resulting
from another person acquiring through sale, exchange, contribution, or
other means, an interest in the foreign branch or hybrid entity, as
applicable. A reduction may occur either directly or indirectly,
including through an interest in a partnership, a disregarded entity, or
a grantor trust through which a separate unit is carried on or owned. In
the case of an interest in a hybrid entity partnership or a separate
unit all or a portion of which is carried on or owned through a
partnership, an interest in such separate unit (or portion of such
separate unit) is determined by reference to the owner's interest in the
profits or the capital in the separate unit. In the case of an interest
in a hybrid entity grantor trust or a separate unit all or a portion of
which is carried on or owned through a grantor trust, an interest in
such separate unit (or portion of such separate unit) is determined by
reference to the domestic owner's share of the assets and liabilities of
the separate unit.
(iv) Examples and coordination with exceptions to other triggering
events. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 5, 13, and 14. See also Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(f)(3) and (f)(5) for rules that coordinate the de minimis
exception to foreign use with exceptions to other triggering events
described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1), and provide an exception to
foreign use following certain compulsory transfers.
(6) Certain asset basis carryovers. No foreign use shall be
considered to occur with respect to a dual consolidated loss solely as a
result of items of deduction or loss composing such dual consolidated
loss being made available as a result of the transfer of assets of a
dual resident corporation or separate unit, provided--
(i) Such items of loss and deduction are made available solely as a
result of the basis of the transferred assets being determined, under
foreign law, in whole or in part by reference to the basis of the assets
in the hands of the dual resident corporation or separate unit;
(ii) The aggregate adjusted basis, as determined under U.S. tax
principles, of all the assets so transferred during any 12-month period
is less than 10 percent of the aggregate adjusted basis, as determined
under U.S. tax principles, of all the dual resident corporation's or
separate unit's assets, determined by reference to the assets held at
the beginning of such 12-month period; and
(iii) The aggregate adjusted basis, as determined under U.S. tax
principles, of all the assets so transferred at any time is less than 30
percent of the aggregate adjusted basis, as determined under U.S. tax
principles, of all the dual resident corporation's or separate unit's
assets, determined by reference to the assets held at the end of the
taxable year in which the dual consolidated loss was generated. See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 15.
(7) Assumption of certain liabilities--(i) In general. Except to the
extent provided in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section, no foreign use
shall be considered to occur with respect to any dual consolidated loss
solely as a result of an item of deduction or loss composing such dual
consolidated loss being made available following the assumption of
liabilities of a dual resident corporation or separate unit, provided
such availability arises solely as the result of an item of deduction or
loss incurred with respect to, or as a result of, such liabilities. See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 16.
(ii) Ordinary course limitation. Paragraph (c)(7)(i) of this section
shall apply only to the extent the liabilities assumed were incurred in
the ordinary
[[Page 670]]
course of the dual resident corporation's, or separate unit's, trade or
business. For purposes of this paragraph, liabilities incurred in the
ordinary course of a trade or business shall include debt incurred to
finance the trade or business of the dual resident corporation or
separate unit.
(8) Multiple-party events. This paragraph applies to a transaction
that qualifies for the triggering event exception described in Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(i)(B) where the acquiring unaffiliated domestic
corporation or consolidated group owns, directly or indirectly, more
than 90 percent, but less than 100 percent, of the transferred assets or
interests immediately after the transaction. In such a case, no foreign
use shall be considered to occur with respect to a dual consolidated
loss of the dual resident corporation or separate unit whose assets or
interests were acquired, solely as a result of the less than 10 percent
direct or indirect ownership of the acquired assets or interests by
persons other than the acquiring unaffiliated domestic corporation or
consolidated group, as applicable, immediately after the transaction.
See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 37.
(9) Additional guidance. The Commissioner may provide, by guidance
published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin, that certain events or
transactions do or do not result in a foreign use. Such guidance may
also modify the triggering events and rebuttals described in Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(e), and the exceptions thereto under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f),
as appropriate.
(d) Ordering rules for determining the foreign use of losses. If the
laws of a foreign country provide for the foreign use of losses of a
dual resident corporation or a separate unit, but do not provide
applicable rules for determining the order in which such losses are used
in a taxable year, the following rules shall apply:
(1) Any net loss, or net income, that the dual resident corporation
or separate unit has in a taxable year shall first be used to offset net
income, or loss, recognized by its affiliates in the same taxable year
before any carry over of its losses is considered to be used to offset
any income from the taxable year.
(2) If under the laws of the foreign country the dual resident
corporation or separate unit has losses from different taxable years, it
shall be deemed to use first the losses which would not constitute a
triggering event that would result in the recapture of a dual
consolidated loss pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h). Thereafter, it shall
be deemed to use first the losses from the most recent taxable year from
which a loss may be carried forward or back for foreign law purposes.
(3) Where different losses or deductions (for example, capital
losses and ordinary losses) of a dual resident corporation or separate
unit incurred in the same taxable year are available for foreign use,
the different losses shall be deemed to be used on a pro rata basis. See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 12.
(e) Mirror legislation rule--(1) In general. Except as provided in
paragraph (e)(2) of this section and Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(b) (relating to
agreements entered into between the United States and a foreign
country), a foreign use shall be deemed to occur if the income tax laws
of a foreign country would deny any opportunity for the foreign use of
the dual consolidated loss in the year in which the dual consolidated
loss is incurred (mirror legislation), determined by assuming that such
foreign country had recognized the dual consolidated loss in such year,
for any of the following reasons:
(i) The dual resident corporation or separate unit that incurred the
loss is subject to income taxation by another country (for example, the
United States) on its worldwide income or on a residence basis.
(ii) The loss may be available to offset income (other than income
of the dual resident corporation or separate unit) under the laws of
another country (for example, the United States).
(iii) The deductibility of any portion of a deduction or loss taken
into account in computing the dual consolidated loss depends on whether
such amount is deductible under the laws of another country (for
example, the United States). See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 17
through 19.
(2) Stand-alone exception--(i) In general. This paragraph (e)(2)
applies if, in the absence of the mirror legislation
[[Page 671]]
described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, no item of deduction or
loss composing the dual consolidated loss of such dual resident
corporation or separate unit would otherwise be available for a foreign
use in the taxable year in which such dual consolidated loss is
incurred. This determination is made without regard to whether such
availability is limited by election (or other similar procedure).
However, for purposes of this paragraph (e)(2)(i), no item of deduction
or loss composing the dual consolidated loss of a dual resident
corporation or separate unit is considered to be made available for
foreign use solely because the laws of a foreign country would enable a
foreign use through a sale, merger, or similar transaction (provided no
such sale, merger, or similar transaction actually occurs). In such a
case, no foreign use shall be considered to occur pursuant to paragraph
(e)(1) of this section with respect to the dual consolidated loss,
provided the requirements of paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section are
satisfied. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 17 through 19.
(ii) Stand-alone domestic use agreement. In order to qualify for the
exception under paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section, the consolidated
group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic
owner, as the case may be, must enter into a domestic use agreement in
accordance with the provisions of Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(d) and, in addition,
must include the following items in such domestic use agreement:
(A) A statement that the document is also being submitted under the
provisions of paragraph (e)(2) of this section.
(B) A certification that the conditions of paragraph (e)(2)(i) of
this section are satisfied during the taxable year in which the dual
consolidated loss is incurred.
(C) An agreement to include with each annual certification required
under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(g), a certification that the conditions
described in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this section are satisfied during
the taxable year of each such certification.
(iii) Termination of stand-alone domestic use agreement. This
paragraph (e)(2)(iii) applies to a consolidated group, unaffiliated dual
resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner, as the case may
be, that entered into a domestic use agreement pursuant to paragraph
(e)(2)(ii) of this section, with respect to a dual consolidated loss,
and which subsequently makes an election pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(b) (relating to agreements entered into between the United States and
a foreign country) with respect to such dual consolidated loss. In such
a case, the dual consolidated loss shall be subject to the election
under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(b) (and any related agreements, representations
and conditions), and the domestic use agreement entered into pursuant to
paragraph (e)(2)(ii) of this section shall terminate and have no further
effect.
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-4 Domestic use limitation and related operating rules.
(a) Scope. This section prescribes rules that apply when the general
limitation on the domestic use of a dual consolidated loss under
paragraph (b) of this section applies. Thus, the rules of this section
do not apply when an exception to the domestic use limitation applies
(for example, as a result of a domestic use election under Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(d)). In general, when the domestic use limitation applies,
the dual consolidated loss of a dual resident corporation or separate
unit is subject to the separate return limitation year (SRLY) provisions
of Sec. 1.1502-21(c), as modified under this section. Paragraph (c) of
this section provides rules that determine the effect of a dual
consolidated loss on a consolidated group, an unaffiliated dual resident
corporation, or an unaffiliated domestic owner. Paragraph (d) of this
section provides rules that eliminate dual consolidated losses following
certain transactions or events. Paragraph (e) of this section contains
provisions that prevent dual consolidated losses from offsetting tainted
income. Finally, paragraph (f) of this section provides rules for
computing foreign tax credits.
(b) Limitation on domestic use of a dual consolidated loss. Except
as provided in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6, the domestic use of a dual
consolidated loss is not permitted. See
[[Page 672]]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-2 for the definition of a domestic use. See also Sec.
1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 2 through 4.
(c) Effect of a dual consolidated loss on a consolidated group,
unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner.
For any taxable year in which a dual resident corporation or separate
unit has a dual consolidated loss that is subject to the domestic use
limitation of paragraph (b) of this section, the following rules shall
apply:
(1) Dual resident corporation. This paragraph (c)(1) applies to a
dual consolidated loss of a dual resident corporation. The unaffiliated
dual resident corporation, or consolidated group that includes the dual
resident corporation, shall compute its taxable income (or loss), or
consolidated taxable income (or loss), respectively, without taking into
account those items of deduction and loss that compose the dual resident
corporation's dual consolidated loss. For this purpose, the dual
consolidated loss shall be treated as composed of a pro rata portion of
each item of deduction and loss of the dual resident corporation taken
into account in calculating the dual consolidated loss. The dual
consolidated loss is subject to the limitations on its use contained in
paragraph (c)(3) of this section and, subject to such limitations, may
be carried over or back for use in other taxable years as a separate net
operating loss carryover or carryback of the dual resident corporation
arising in the year incurred. If the dual resident corporation owns a
separate unit or an interest in a transparent entity, the limitations
contained in paragraph (c)(3) of this section shall apply to the dual
resident corporation as if the separate unit or interest in a
transparent entity were a separate domestic corporation that filed a
consolidated return with the unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or
with the consolidated group of the affiliated dual resident corporation,
as applicable.
(2) Separate unit. This paragraph (c)(2) applies to a dual
consolidated loss that is attributable to a separate unit. The
unaffiliated domestic owner of a separate unit, or the consolidated
group of an affiliated domestic owner of a separate unit, shall compute
its taxable income (or loss) or consolidated taxable income (or loss),
respectively, without taking into account those items of deduction and
loss that compose the separate unit's dual consolidated loss. For this
purpose, the dual consolidated loss shall be treated as composed of a
pro rata portion of each item of deduction and loss of the separate unit
taken into account in calculating the dual consolidated loss. The dual
consolidated loss is subject to the limitations contained in paragraph
(c)(3) of this section as if the separate unit to which the dual
consolidated loss is attributable were a separate domestic corporation
that filed a consolidated return with its unaffiliated domestic owner or
with the consolidated group of its affiliated domestic owner, as
applicable. Subject to such limitations, the dual consolidated loss may
be carried over or back for use in other taxable years as a separate net
operating loss carryover or carryback of the separate unit arising in
the year incurred. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 29 and 38.
(3) SRLY limitation. The dual consolidated loss shall be treated as
a loss incurred by the dual resident corporation or separate unit in a
separate return limitation year and shall be subject to all of the
limitations of Sec. 1.1502-21(c) (SRLY limitation), subject to the
following modifications--
(i) Notwithstanding Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(2)(i), the SRLY limitation is
applied to any dual consolidated loss of a common parent that is a dual
resident corporation, or any dual consolidated loss attributable to a
separate unit of a common parent;
(ii) The SRLY limitation is applied without regard to Sec. 1.1502-
21(c)(2) (SRLY subgroup limitation) and 1.1502-21(g) (overlap with
section 382);
(iii) For purposes of calculating the general SRLY limitation under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(i), the calculation of aggregate consolidated
taxable income shall only include items of income, gain, deduction, and
loss generated--
(A) In the case of a hybrid entity separate unit, in years in which
the hybrid entity (an interest in which is a separate unit) is taxed as
a corporation (or otherwise at the entity level) either on its worldwide
income or as a resident in the same foreign country in which it was so
taxed during the year in which
[[Page 673]]
the dual consolidated loss was generated; and
(B) In the case of a foreign branch separate unit, in years in which
the foreign branch qualified as a separate unit in the same foreign
country in which it so qualified during the year in which the dual
consolidated loss was generated.
(iv) For purposes of calculating the general SRLY limitation under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c)(1)(i), the calculation of aggregate consolidated
taxable income shall not include any amount included in income pursuant
to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h) (relating to the recapture of a dual
consolidated loss).
(4) Items of a dual consolidated loss used in other taxable years. A
pro rata portion of each item of deduction or loss that composes the
dual consolidated loss shall be considered to be used when the dual
consolidated loss is used in other taxable years. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-
7(c) Examples 29 and 38.
(5) Reconstituted net operating losses. For additional rules and
limitations that apply to reconstituted net operating losses, see Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(h)(6).
(d) Elimination of a dual consolidated loss after certain
transactions--(1) General rule. In general, a dual resident corporation
has a net operating loss (and, therefore, a dual consolidated loss) only
if it sustains such loss, or succeeds to such loss as a result of
acquiring the assets of a corporation that sustained the loss in a
transaction described in section 381(a). Similarly, a net loss generally
is attributable to a separate unit of a domestic owner (and therefore is
a dual consolidated loss) only if the domestic owner incurs the
deductions or losses, or succeeds to such deductions or losses in a
transaction described in section 381(a). Except as provided in Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(h)(6)(iii), section 1503(d) and these regulations do not
alter these general rules. Thus, the provisions of Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-
1 through 1.1503(d)-8 generally do not cause a corporation to have a
dual consolidated loss if it did not sustain (or inherit) the loss.
Instead, these regulations either eliminate a dual consolidated loss
that a corporation sustained (or inherited), or prevent the carryover of
a dual consolidated loss under section 381 that would ordinarily occur,
as a result of certain transactions.
(i) Transactions described in section 381(a). This paragraph
(d)(1)(i) applies to a dual consolidated loss of a dual resident
corporation, or of a domestic owner attributable to a separate unit,
that is subject to the domestic use limitation rule of paragraph (b) of
this section. In such a case, and except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)
of this section, the dual consolidated loss shall not carry over to
another corporation in a transaction described in section 381(a) and, as
a result, shall be eliminated. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 20.
(ii) Cessation of separate unit status. This paragraph (d)(1)(ii)
applies when a separate unit of an unaffiliated domestic owner ceases to
be a separate unit of its domestic owner, or when a separate unit of an
affiliated domestic owner ceases to be a separate unit with respect to
its domestic owner and all other members of the affiliated domestic
owner's consolidated group. In such a case, and except as provided in
paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section, a dual consolidated loss of the
domestic owner attributable to such separate unit, that is subject to
the domestic use limitation of paragraph (b) of this section, shall be
eliminated. For purposes of this paragraph (d)(1)(ii), a separate unit
may cease to be a separate unit if, for example, such separate unit is
terminated, dissolved, liquidated, sold, or otherwise disposed of. See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 21.
(2) Exceptions--(i) Certain section 368(a)(1)(F) reorganizations.
Paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section (relating to transactions described
in section 381(a)) shall not apply to a dual consolidated loss of a dual
resident corporation that undergoes a reorganization described in
section 368(a)(1)(F) in which the resulting corporation is a domestic
corporation. In such a case, the dual consolidated loss of the resulting
corporation continues to be subject to the limitations of paragraphs (b)
and (c) of this section, applied as if the resulting corporation
incurred the dual consolidated loss.
(ii) Acquisition of a dual resident corporation by another dual
resident corporation. If a dual resident corporation transfers its
assets to another dual
[[Page 674]]
resident corporation in a transaction described in section 381(a), and
the transferee corporation is a resident of (or is taxed on its
worldwide income by) the same foreign country of which the transferor
was a resident (or was taxed on its worldwide income), then paragraph
(d)(1)(i) of this section shall not apply with respect to dual
consolidated losses of the dual resident corporation, and income
generated by the transferee may be offset by the carryover dual
consolidated losses of the transferor, subject to the limitations of
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section applied as if the transferee
incurred the dual consolidated loss. Dual consolidated losses of the
transferor dual resident corporation may not, however, be used to offset
income attributable to separate units or interests in transparent
entities owned by the transferee because they constitute domestic
affiliates under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(12)(iii) and (iv), respectively.
(iii) Acquisition of a separate unit by a domestic corporation. This
paragraph (d)(2)(iii) provides exceptions to the general rules in
paragraphs (d)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section that eliminate the dual
consolidated loss of a domestic owner that is attributable to a separate
unit following certain transactions or events. The exceptions set forth
in this paragraph (d)(2)(iii) shall only apply where a domestic owner
transfers its assets to a domestic corporation (transferee corporation)
in a transaction described in section 381(a).
(A) Acquisition by a corporation that is not a member of the same
consolidated group--(1) General rule. If a domestic owner transfers
either an individual separate unit or a combined separate unit to a
transferee corporation that is not a member of its consolidated group in
a transaction described in section 381(a), and the transferee
corporation, or a member of the transferee's consolidated group, is a
domestic owner of the transferred separate unit immediately after the
transaction, then paragraphs (d)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section shall
not apply to such transfer. In addition, income of the transferee, or a
member of the transferee's consolidated group, that is attributable to
the transferred separate unit may be offset by the carryover dual
consolidated losses of the transferor domestic owner that were
attributable to the transferred separate unit, subject to the
limitations of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section applied as if the
transferee incurred the dual consolidated losses and such losses were
attributable to the separate unit. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 21.
(2) Combination with separate units of the transferee. This
paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(A)(2) applies to a transaction described in
paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(A)(1) of this section where the transferred
separate unit is combined with another separate unit of the transferee,
or another member of the transferee's consolidated group, immediately
after the transfer as provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In
such a case, income generated by the transferee, or another member of
the transferee's consolidated group, that is attributable to the
combined separate unit may be offset by the carryover dual consolidated
losses that were attributable to the transferred separate unit, subject
to the limitations of paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section, applied as
if the transferee incurred the dual consolidated losses and such losses
were attributable to the combined separate unit.
(B) Acquisition by a member of the same consolidated group. If an
affiliated domestic owner transfers its assets to another member of its
consolidated group in a transaction described in section 381(a), and the
transferee corporation or another member of such consolidated group is a
domestic owner of the separate unit to which the dual consolidated loss
was attributable, then paragraphs (d)(1)(i) and (ii) of this section
shall not apply. In addition, income generated by the transferee that is
attributable to the transferred separate unit may be offset by the
carryover dual consolidated losses that were attributable to the
transferred separate unit, subject to the limitations of paragraphs (b)
and (c) of this section, applied as if the transferee incurred the dual
consolidated losses and such losses were attributable to the separate
unit. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 21.
(iv) Special rules for foreign insurance companies. See Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(a) for additional limitations that apply where the
[[Page 675]]
transferor is a foreign insurance company that is a dual resident
corporation under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(2)(ii).
(e) Special rule denying the use of a dual consolidated loss to
offset tainted income--(1) In general. Dual consolidated losses incurred
by a dual resident corporation that are subject to the domestic use
limitation rule under paragraph (b) of this section shall not be used to
offset income it earns after it ceases to be a dual resident corporation
to the extent that such income is tainted income.
(2) Tainted income--(i) Definition. For purposes of paragraph (e)(1)
of this section, the term tainted income means--
(A) Income or gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of
tainted assets; and
(B) Income derived as a result of holding tainted assets.
(ii) Income presumed to be derived from holding tainted assets. In
the absence of evidence establishing the actual amount of income that is
attributable to holding tainted assets, the portion of a corporation's
income in a particular taxable year that is treated as tainted income
derived as a result of holding tainted assets shall be an amount equal
to the corporation's taxable income for the year (other than income
described in paragraph (e)(2)(i)(A) of this section) multiplied by a
fraction, the numerator of which is the fair market value of all tainted
assets acquired by the corporation (determined at the time such assets
were so acquired) and the denominator of which is the fair market value
of the total assets owned by the corporation at the end of such taxable
year. To establish the actual amount of income that is attributable to
holding tainted assets, documentation must be attached to, and filed by
the due date (including extensions) of, the domestic corporation's tax
return or the consolidated tax return of an affiliated group of which it
is a member, as the case may be, for the taxable year in which the
income is generated. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 22.
(3) Tainted assets defined. For purposes of paragraph (e)(2) of this
section, tainted assets are any assets acquired by a domestic
corporation in a nonrecognition transaction, as defined in section
7701(a)(45), any assets otherwise transferred to the corporation as a
contribution to capital, or any assets otherwise received from a
separate unit or a transparent entity owned by such domestic
corporation, at any time during the three taxable years immediately
preceding the taxable year in which the corporation ceases to be a dual
resident corporation or at any time thereafter.
(4) Exceptions. Income derived from assets acquired by a domestic
corporation shall not be subject to the limitation described in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section, and in addition shall not be treated
as tainted assets as defined in paragraph (e)(3) of this section, if--
(i) For the taxable year in which the assets were acquired, the
corporation did not have a dual consolidated loss (or a carryforward of
a dual consolidated loss to such year); or
(ii) The assets were acquired as replacement property in the
ordinary course of business.
(f) Computation of foreign tax credit limitation. If a dual
consolidated loss is subject to the domestic use limitation rule under
paragraph (b) of this section, the consolidated group, unaffiliated dual
resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner shall compute its
foreign tax credit limitation by applying the limitations of paragraph
(c) of this section. Thus, the items constituting the dual consolidated
loss are not taken into account until the year in which such items are
absorbed.
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-5 Attribution of items and basis adjustments.
(a) In general. This section provides rules for determining the
amount of income or dual consolidated loss of a dual resident
corporation. This section also provides rules for determining the income
or dual consolidated loss attributable to a separate unit, as well as
the income or loss attributable to an interest in a transparent entity.
Paragraph (b) of this section provides rules with respect to dual
resident corporations. Paragraph (c) of this section provides rules with
respect to separate units and interests in transparent entities. These
determinations are required for various purposes under section 1503(d).
For example, it is necessary for
[[Page 676]]
purposes of applying the domestic use limitation rule under Sec.
1.1503(d)-4(b) to a dual consolidated loss, and for determining the
extent to which a dual consolidated loss is available to offset income
as provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c). These determinations are also
necessary for purposes of determining whether the amount subject to
recapture may be reduced pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(2). Paragraph
(d) of this section provides rules with respect to the foreign tax
treatment of items. Paragraph (e) of this section provides rules
regarding the treatment of items where a dual resident corporation,
separate unit, or transparent entity only qualified as such during a
portion of a taxable year. Paragraph (f) of this section provides rules
for determining the assets and liabilities of a separate unit. Finally,
paragraph (g) of this section provides rules for making basis
adjustments to stock of certain members of a consolidated group and to
certain interests in partnerships. The rules in this section apply for
purposes of Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-7.
(b) Determination of amount of income or dual consolidated loss of a
dual resident corporation--(1) In general. For purposes of determining
whether a dual resident corporation has income or a dual consolidated
loss for the taxable year, and except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of
this section, the dual resident corporation shall compute its income or
dual consolidated loss taking into account only those items of income,
gain, deduction, and loss from such year (including any items recognized
by such corporation as a result of an election under section 338). In
the case of an affiliated dual resident corporation, such calculation
shall be made in accordance with the rules set forth in the regulations
under section 1502 governing the computation of consolidated taxable
income. See also paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section.
(2) Exceptions. For purposes of determining the income or dual
consolidated loss of a dual resident corporation, the following shall
not be taken into account--
(i) Any net capital loss of the dual resident corporation;
(ii) Any carryover or carryback losses; or
(iii) Any items of income, gain, deduction, and loss that are
attributable to a separate unit or an interest in a transparent entity
of the dual resident corporation.
(c) Determination of amount of income or dual consolidated loss
attributable to a separate unit, and income or loss attributable to an
interest in a transparent entity--(1) In general--(i) Scope and purpose.
Paragraphs (c) through (e) of this section apply for purposes of
determining the income or dual consolidated loss attributable to a
separate unit, and the income or loss attributable to an interest in a
transparent entity, for the taxable year. In the case of an affiliated
domestic owner, this determination shall be made in accordance with the
rules set forth in the regulations under section 1502 governing the
computation of consolidated taxable income. These rules apply solely for
purposes of section 1503(d).
(ii) Only items of domestic owner taken into account. The
computation made under paragraphs (c) through (e) of this section shall
be made using only those existing items of income, gain, deduction, and
loss of the separate unit's or transparent entity's domestic owner (or
owners, in the case of certain combined separate units), as determined
for U.S. tax purposes. These items must be translated into U.S. dollars
(if necessary) at the appropriate exchange rate provided under section
989(b), as modified by regulations. The computation shall be made as if
the separate unit or interest in a transparent entity were a domestic
corporation, using items that are attributable to the separate unit or
interest in a transparent entity. However, for purposes of making this
computation, net capital losses, and carryover or carryback losses, of
the domestic owner shall not be taken into account. Items of income,
gain, deduction, and loss that are otherwise disregarded for U.S. tax
purposes shall not be regarded or taken into account for purposes of
this section. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 6 and 23 through 25.
(iii) Separate application. The attribution rules of this section
shall apply separately to each separate unit or interest in a
transparent entity. Thus, an item of income, gain, deduction, or loss
[[Page 677]]
shall not be considered attributable to more than one separate unit or
interest in a transparent entity. In addition, for purposes of this
section items of income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to a
separate unit or an interest in a transparent entity shall not offset
items of income, gain, deduction, and loss of another separate unit or
interest in a transparent entity. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 24.
See also the separate unit combination rule in Sec. 1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(ii).
(2) Foreign branch separate unit--(i) In general. Except to the
extent provided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, for purposes of
determining the items of income, gain, deduction (other than interest),
and loss of a domestic owner that are attributable to the domestic
owner's foreign branch separate unit, the principles of section
864(c)(2), (c)(4), and (c)(5), as set forth in Sec. 1.864-4(c), and
Sec. Sec. 1.864-5 through 1.864-7, shall apply. The principles apply
without regard to limitations imposed on the effectively connected
treatment of income, gain, or loss under the trade or business safe
harbors in section 864(b) and the limitations for treating foreign
source income as effectively connected under section 864(c)(4)(D).
Except as provided in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section, for
purposes of determining the domestic owner's interest expense that is
attributable to a foreign branch separate unit, the principles of Sec.
1.882-5, as modified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section, shall
apply. When applying the principles of section 864(c) (as modified by
this paragraph) and Sec. 1.882-5 (as modified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii)
of this section), the foreign branch separate unit's domestic owner
shall be treated as a foreign corporation, the foreign branch separate
unit shall be treated as a trade or business within the United States,
and the other assets of the domestic owner shall be treated as assets
that are not U.S. assets.
(ii) Principles of Sec. 1.882-5. For purposes of paragraph
(c)(2)(i) of this section, the principles of Sec. 1.882-5 shall be
applied, subject to the following modifications--
(A) Except as otherwise provided in this section, only the assets,
liabilities, and interest expense of the domestic owner shall be taken
into account in the Sec. 1.882-5 formula;
(B) Except as provided under paragraph (c)(2)(ii)(C) of this
section, a taxpayer may use the alternative tax book value method under
Sec. 1.861-9(i) for purposes of determining the value of its U.S.
assets pursuant to Sec. 1.882-5(b)(2) and its worldwide assets pursuant
to Sec. 1.882-5(c)(2);
(C) For purposes of determining the value of a U.S. asset pursuant
to Sec. 1.882-5(b)(2), and worldwide assets pursuant to Sec. 1.882-
5(c)(2), the taxpayer must use the same methodology under Sec. 1.861-
9T(g) (that is, tax book value, alternative tax book value, or fair
market value) that the taxpayer uses for purposes of allocating and
apportioning interest expense for the taxable year under section 864(e);
(D) Asset values shall be determined pursuant to Sec. 1.861-
9T(g)(2); and
(E) For purposes of determining the step-two U.S. connected
liabilities, the amounts of worldwide assets and liabilities under Sec.
1.882-5(c)(2)(iii) and (iv) must be determined in accordance with U.S.
tax principles, rather than substantially in accordance with U.S. tax
principles.
(iii) Exception where foreign country attributes interest expense
solely by reference to books and records. The principles of Sec. 1.882-
5 shall not apply if the foreign country in which the foreign branch
separate unit is located determines, for purposes of computing taxable
income (or loss) of a permanent establishment or branch of a nonresident
corporation under the laws of the foreign country, the interest expense
of the foreign branch separate unit by taking into account only the
items of interest expense reflected on the foreign branch separate
unit's books and records. In such a case, only those items of the
domestic owner's interest expense reflected on the foreign branch
separate unit's books and records (as provided in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of
this section), adjusted to conform to U.S. tax principles, shall be
attributable to the foreign branch separate unit. This paragraph shall
not apply where the foreign country does not use a method of attributing
interest based solely on the interest that is reflected on the books and
records. For
[[Page 678]]
example, this paragraph does not apply if the foreign country uses a
method for attributing interest expense similar to Sec. 1.882-5 or that
set forth in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Report on the Attribution of Profits to Permanent Establishments, Part
II (Banks), December 2006. See http://www.oecd.org.
(3) Hybrid entity separate unit and an interest in a transparent
entity--(i) General rule. This paragraph (c)(3) applies to determine the
items of income, gain, deduction, and loss of a domestic owner that are
attributable to a hybrid entity separate unit, or an interest in a
transparent entity, of such domestic owner. Except to the extent
provided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, the domestic owner's items
of income, gain, deduction, and loss are attributable to the extent they
are reflected on the books and records of the hybrid entity or
transparent entity, as applicable, as adjusted to conform to U.S. tax
principles. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 23 through 26. For
purposes of this paragraph (c)(3), the term ``books and records'' has
the meaning provided under Sec. 1.989(a)-1(d). The treatment of items
for foreign tax purposes, including under any type of foreign anti-
deferral regime, is not relevant for purposes of determining whether
items are reflected on the books and records of the entity, or for
purposes of making adjustments to such items to conform to U.S. tax
principles. The method described in the second sentence of this
paragraph shall not apply to the extent that the Commissioner determines
that booking practices are employed with a principal purpose of avoiding
the principles of section 1503(d), including inconsistently treating the
same or similar items of income, gain, deduction, and loss. In such a
case, the Commissioner may reallocate the items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss between or among a domestic owner, its hybrid
entities, its transparent entities (and interests therein), its separate
units, or any other entity, as applicable, in a manner consistent with
the principles of section 1503(d) and which properly reflects income (or
loss).
(ii) Interests in certain disregarded entities, partnerships, and
grantor trusts owned by a hybrid entity or transparent entity. This
paragraph (c)(3)(ii) applies if a hybrid entity or transparent entity to
which paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section applies owns, directly or
indirectly (other than through a hybrid entity or transparent entity),
an interest in an entity that is treated as a disregarded entity,
partnership, or grantor trust for U.S. tax purposes, but is not a hybrid
entity or a transparent entity. For example, the rules of this paragraph
would apply when a hybrid entity holds an interest in a limited
partnership created in the United States and, for both U.S. and foreign
tax purposes the entity is considered a partnership. In such a case, and
except to the extent provided in paragraph (c)(4) of this section, items
of income, gain, deduction, and loss that are reflected on the books and
records of such disregarded entity, partnership or grantor trust, as
determined under paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, shall be treated
as being reflected on the books and records of the hybrid entity or
transparent entity for purposes of applying paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this
section. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 26.
(4) Special rules. The following special rules shall apply for
purposes of attributing items to separate units or interests in
transparent entities under this section:
(i) Allocation of items between certain tiered separate units and
interests in transparent entities--(A) Foreign branch separate unit.
This paragraph (c)(4)(i) applies where a hybrid entity or transparent
entity owns directly or indirectly (other than through a hybrid entity
or a transparent entity), a foreign branch separate unit. For purposes
of determining items of income, gain, deduction, and loss of the
domestic owner that are attributable to the domestic owner's foreign
branch separate unit described in the preceding sentence, only items of
income, gain, deduction, and loss that are attributable to the domestic
owner's interest in the hybrid entity, or transparent entity, as
provided in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, shall be taken into
account. Further, only assets, liabilities, and activities of the
domestic owner's interest in the hybrid entity or the transparent entity
shall be taken into account under paragraph (c)(2) of this section
[[Page 679]]
when applying the principles of 864(c)(2), (c)(4), (c)(5) (as set forth
in Sec. 1.864-4(c), and Sec. Sec. 1.864-5 through 1.864-7), and Sec.
1.882-5 (as modified in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section). See Sec.
1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 25 and 26.
(B) Hybrid entity separate unit or interest in a transparent entity.
For purposes of determining items of income, gain, deduction, and loss
that are attributable to a hybrid entity separate unit or an interest in
a transparent entity described in paragraph (c)(3) of this section, such
items shall not be taken into account to the extent they are
attributable to a foreign branch separate unit pursuant to paragraph
(c)(4)(i)(A) of this section. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 25 and
26.
(ii) Combined separate unit. If two or more individual separate
units defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i) are treated as one combined
separate unit pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii), the items of
income, gain, deduction, and loss that are attributable to the combined
separate unit shall be determined as follows:
(A) Items of income, gain, deduction, and loss are first attributed
to each individual separate unit without regard to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(ii), pursuant to the rules of paragraphs (c) through (e) of this
section.
(B) The combined separate unit then takes into account all of the
items of income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to its
individual separate units pursuant to paragraph (c)(4)(ii)(A) of this
section. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 25 and 26.
(iii) Gain or loss on the direct or indirect disposition of a
separate unit or an interest in a transparent entity--(A) In general.
This paragraph (c)(4)(iii) applies for purposes of attributing items of
income, gain, deduction, and loss that are recognized on the sale,
exchange, or other disposition of a separate unit or an interest in a
transparent entity (or an interest in a disregarded entity, partnership,
or grantor trust that owns, directly or indirectly, a separate unit or
an interest in a transparent entity). For purposes of this paragraph
(c)(4)(iii), items taken into account on the sale, exchange, or other
disposition include loss recapture income or gain under section
367(a)(3)(C) or 904(f)(3), and gain or loss recognized by the domestic
owner as the result of an election under section 338. In cases where
this paragraph (c)(4)(iii)(A) applies, items taken into account on the
sale, exchange, or other disposition shall be attributable to the
separate unit or the interest in the transparent entity to the extent of
gain or loss that would have been recognized had the separate unit or
transparent entity sold all its assets (as determined in paragraph (f)
of this section) in a taxable exchange, immediately before the sale,
exchange, or other disposition (deemed sale). For purposes of a deemed
sale described in this paragraph (c)(4)(iii), the assets are treated as
being sold for an amount equal to their fair market value, plus the
assumption of the liabilities of the separate unit or interest in a
transparent entity (as determined in paragraph (f) of this section). See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 27.
(B) Multiple separate units or interests in transparent entities.
This paragraph (c)(4)(iii)(B) applies to a sale, exchange, or other
disposition described in paragraph (c)(4)(iii)(A) of this section that
results in more than one separate unit or interest in a transparent
entity being, directly or indirectly, disposed of. In such a case, items
of income, gain, deduction, and loss recognized on such sale, exchange,
or other disposition are allocated and attributed to each separate unit
or interest in a transparent entity, based on the relative gain or loss
that would have been recognized by each separate unit or interest in a
transparent entity pursuant to a deemed sale of their assets. See Sec.
1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 28.
(iv) Inclusions on stock. Any amount included in income of a
domestic owner arising from ownership of stock in a foreign corporation
(for example, under sections 78, 951, or 986(c)) through a separate
unit, or interest in a transparent entity, shall be attributable to the
separate unit or interest in a transparent entity, if an actual dividend
from such foreign corporation would have been so attributed. See Sec.
1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 24.
(v) Foreign currency gain or loss recognized under section 987.
Foreign currency gain or loss of a domestic owner
[[Page 680]]
recognized under section 987 as a result of a transfer or remittance
shall not be attributable to a separate unit or an interest in a
transparent entity.
(vi) Recapture of dual consolidated loss. If all or a portion of a
dual consolidated loss that was attributable to a separate unit is
included in the gross income of a domestic owner under the recapture
provisions of Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h), such amount shall be attributable to
the separate unit that incurred the dual consolidated loss being
recaptured. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 38 and 40.
(d) Foreign tax treatment disregarded. The fact that a particular
item taken into account in computing the income or dual consolidated
loss of a dual resident corporation or a separate unit, or the income or
loss of an interest in a transparent entity, is not taken into account
in computing income (or loss) subject to a foreign country's income tax
shall not cause such item to be excluded from being taken into account
under paragraph (b), (c), or (e) of this section.
(e) Items generated or incurred while a dual resident corporation, a
separate unit, or a transparent entity. For purposes of determining the
amount of the dual consolidated loss of a dual resident corporation for
the taxable year, only the items of income, gain, deduction, and loss
generated or incurred during the period the dual resident corporation
qualified as such shall be taken into account. For purposes of
determining the amount of income of a dual resident corporation for the
taxable year, all the items of income, gain, deduction, and loss
generated or incurred during the year shall be taken into account. For
purposes of determining the amount of the income or dual consolidated
loss attributable to a separate unit, or the income or loss attributable
to an interest in a transparent entity, for the taxable year, only the
items of income, gain, deduction, and loss generated or incurred during
the period the separate unit or the interest in the transparent entity
qualified as such shall be taken into account. For purposes of this
paragraph (e), the allocation of items to periods shall be made under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-76(b).
(f) Assets and liabilities of a separate unit or an interest in a
transparent entity. A separate unit or an interest in a transparent
entity shall be treated as owning assets to the extent items of income,
gain, deduction, and loss from such assets would be attributable to the
separate unit or interest in the transparent entity under paragraphs (c)
through (e) of this section. Similarly, liabilities shall be treated as
liabilities of a separate unit, or an interest in a transparent entity,
to the extent interest expense incurred on such liabilities would be
attributable to the separate unit, or the interest in a transparent
entity, under paragraphs (c) through (e) of this section.
(g) Basis adjustments--(1) Affiliated dual resident corporation or
affiliated domestic owner. If a member of a consolidated group owns
stock in an affiliated dual resident corporation or an affiliated
domestic owner that is a member of the same consolidated group, the
member shall adjust the basis of the stock in accordance with the
provisions of Sec. 1.1502-32. Corresponding adjustments shall be made
to the stock of other members in accordance with the provisions of Sec.
1.1502-32. In the case where two or more individual separate units are
treated as a combined separate unit pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(ii), see paragraph (g)(3) of this section.
(2) Interests in hybrid entities that are partnerships or interests
in partnerships through which a separate unit is owned indirectly--(i)
Scope. This paragraph (g)(2) applies for purposes of determining the
adjusted basis of an interest in--
(A) A hybrid entity that is a partnership; and
(B) A partnership through which a domestic owner indirectly owns a
separate unit.
(ii) Determination of basis of partner's interest. The adjusted
basis of an interest described in paragraph (g)(2)(i) of this section
shall be adjusted in accordance with section 705 and this paragraph
(g)(2). The adjusted basis shall not be decreased for any amount of a
dual consolidated loss that is attributable to the partnership interest,
or separate unit owned indirectly through the partnership interest, as
applicable,
[[Page 681]]
that is not absorbed as a result of the application of Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(b) and (c). The adjusted basis shall, however, be decreased for the
amount of such dual consolidated loss that is absorbed in a carryover or
carryback taxable year. The adjusted basis shall be increased for any
amount included in income pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h) as a result
of the recapture of a dual consolidated loss that was attributable to
the interest in the hybrid partnership, or separate unit owned
indirectly through the partnership interest, as applicable.
(3) Combined separate units. This paragraph (g)(3) applies where two
or more individual separate units of one or more affiliated domestic
owners are treated as one combined separate unit pursuant to Sec.
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In such a case, a member owning stock in an
affiliated domestic owner of the combined separate unit shall adjust the
basis in the stock of such domestic owner as provided in paragraph
(g)(1) of this section, and an affiliated domestic owner shall adjust
its basis in a partnership, as provided in paragraph (g)(2) of this
section, taking into account only those items of income, gain,
deduction, or loss attributable to each individual separate unit, prior
to combination. For purposes of this rule, if the dual consolidated loss
attributable to a combined separate unit is subject to the domestic use
limitation of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b), then for purposes of this paragraph
(g) and Sec. 1.1502-32, the dual consolidated loss shall be allocated
to an individual separate unit to the extent such individual separate
unit contributed items of deduction or loss giving rise to the dual
consolidated loss. In addition, if one or more affiliated domestic
owners are required to recapture all or a portion of a dual consolidated
loss pursuant to paragraph (h) of this section, such recapture amount
shall be allocated to the affiliated domestic owner of the individual
separate units composing the combined separate unit, to the extent such
individual separate units contributed items of deduction or loss giving
rise to the recaptured dual consolidated loss.
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007; 72 FR 20424, Apr. 25, 2007]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6 Exceptions to the domestic use limitation rule.
(a) In general--(1) Scope and purpose. This section provides certain
exceptions to the domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b).
Paragraph (b) of this section provides an exception for bilateral
elective agreements. Paragraph (c) of this section provides rules
regarding an exception that applies when there is no possibility of a
foreign use. Paragraphs (d) through (h) of this section provide rules
for an exception where a domestic use election is made. Paragraph (e) of
this section provides rules with respect to triggering events, and
paragraph (f) of this section provides rules regarding exceptions to
triggering events. Paragraph (g) of this section provides rules with
respect to the annual certification reporting requirement. Paragraph (h)
of this section provides rules regarding the recapture of dual
consolidated losses. Finally, paragraph (j) of this section provides
rules regarding the termination of domestic use agreements and the
annual certification requirement.
(2) Absence of foreign affiliate or foreign consolidation regime.
The absence of a foreign affiliate or a foreign consolidation regime
alone does not constitute an exception to the domestic use limitation
rule. This is the case because it is still possible that all or a
portion of the dual consolidated loss may be put to a foreign use. For
example, there may be a foreign use with respect to an affiliate
acquired in a year subsequent to the year in which the dual consolidated
loss was incurred. In addition, a foreign use may occur in the absence
of a foreign consolidation regime through a sale, merger, or similar
transaction. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 2.
(3) Foreign insurance companies treated as domestic corporations.
The exceptions contained in this section shall not apply to losses of a
foreign insurance company that is a dual resident corporation under
Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(2)(ii), or to losses attributable to any separate
unit of such foreign insurance company. In addition, these exceptions
shall not apply to losses described in the preceding sentence that,
subject to the rules of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(d), carry over to a domestic
corporation pursuant to
[[Page 682]]
a transaction described in section 381(a).
(b) Elective agreement in place between the United States and a
foreign country--(1) In general. The domestic use limitation rule of
Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) shall not apply to a dual consolidated loss to the
extent the consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation,
or unaffiliated domestic owner, as the case may be, elects to deduct the
loss in the United States pursuant to an agreement entered into between
the United States and a foreign country that puts into place an elective
procedure through which losses in a particular year may be used to
offset income in only one country. This exception shall apply only if
all the terms and conditions required under such agreement are
satisfied, including any reporting or filing requirements. See Sec.
1.1503(d)-3(e)(2)(iii) for the effect of an agreement described in this
paragraph on a stand-alone domestic use agreement.
(2) Application to combined separate units. This paragraph (b)(2)
applies where two or more individual separate units are treated as one
combined separate unit pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii), and an
agreement described in paragraph (b)(1) of this section would apply to
at least one of the individual separate units. In such a case, and
except to the extent provided in the agreement, the consolidated group,
unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner,
as the case may be, may apply the agreement to the individual separate
units, as applicable, provided the terms and conditions of the agreement
are otherwise satisfied. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 19.
(c) No possibility of foreign use--(1) In general. The domestic use
limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) shall not apply to a dual
consolidated loss if the consolidated group, unaffiliated dual resident
corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner, as the case may be--
(i) Demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that no
foreign use (as defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3) of the dual consolidated
loss occurred in the year in which it was incurred, and that no foreign
use can occur in any other year by any means; and
(ii) Prepares a statement described in paragraph (c)(2) of this
section that is attached to, and filed by the due date (including
extensions) of, its U.S. income tax return for the taxable year in which
the dual consolidated loss is incurred. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c)
Examples 2, 30, and 31.
(2) Statement. The statement described in this paragraph (c)(2) must
be signed under penalties of perjury by the person who signs the tax
return. The statement must be labeled ``No Possibility of Foreign Use of
Dual Consolidated Loss Statement'' at the top of the page and must
include the following items, in paragraphs labeled to correspond with
the items set forth in paragraphs (c)(2)(i) through (iv) of this
section:
(i) A statement that the document is submitted under the provisions
of paragraph (c) of this section.
(ii) The name, address, taxpayer identification number, and place
and date of incorporation of the dual resident corporation, and the
country or countries that tax the dual resident corporation on its
worldwide income or on a residence basis, or, in the case of a separate
unit, identification of the separate unit, including the name under
which it conducts business, its principal activity, and the country in
which its principal place of business is located. In the case of a
combined separate unit, such information must be provided for each
individual separate unit that is treated as part of the combined
separate unit under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii).
(iii) A statement of the amount of the dual consolidated loss at
issue.
(iv) An analysis, in reasonable detail and specificity, of the
treatment of the losses and deductions composing the dual consolidated
loss under the relevant facts. The analysis must include the reasons
supporting the conclusion that no foreign use of the dual consolidated
loss can occur as described in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. The
analysis must be supported with official or certified English
translations of the relevant provisions of foreign law. The analysis
may, for example, be based on the taxpayer's interpretation of foreign
law, on advice received from local tax advisers in an opinion, or on
[[Page 683]]
a ruling from local country tax authorities. In all cases, however, the
determination must be made to the satisfaction of the Commissioner.
(d) Domestic use election--(1) In general. The domestic use
limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) shall not apply to a dual
consolidated loss if an election to be bound by the provisions of
paragraphs (d) through (j) of this section is made by the consolidated
group, unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic
owner, as the case may be (elector). In order to elect such relief, an
agreement described in this paragraph (d)(1) (domestic use agreement)
must be attached to, and filed by the due date (including extensions)
of, the U.S. income tax return of the elector for the taxable year in
which the dual consolidated loss is incurred. The domestic use agreement
must be signed under penalties of perjury by the person who signs the
return. If dual consolidated losses of more than one dual resident
corporation or separate unit requires the filing of domestic use
agreements by the same elector, the agreements may be combined in a
single document, but the information required by paragraphs (d)(1)(ii)
and (iv) of this section must be provided separately with respect to
each dual consolidated loss. The domestic use agreement must be labeled
``Domestic Use Election and Agreement'' at the top of the page and must
include the following items, in paragraphs labeled to correspond with
the following:
(i) A statement that the document submitted is an election and an
agreement under the provisions of paragraph (d) of this section.
(ii) The information required by paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this
section.
(iii) An agreement by the elector to comply with all of the
provisions of paragraphs (d) through (j) of this section, as applicable.
(iv) A statement of the amount of the dual consolidated loss at
issue.
(v) A certification that there has not been, and will not be, a
foreign use (as defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3) during the certification
period (as defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(20)).
(vi) A certification that arrangements have been made to ensure that
there will be no foreign use of the dual consolidated loss during the
certification period, and that the elector will be informed of any such
foreign use of the dual consolidated loss during such period.
(vii) If applicable, a notification that an excepted triggering
event under paragraph (f)(2) of this section has occurred with respect
to the dual consolidated loss within the taxable year in which the loss
is incurred. See paragraph (g) of this section for notification of
excepted triggering events occurring during the certification period.
(2) No domestic use election available if there is a triggering
event in the year the dual consolidated loss is incurred. Except as
otherwise provided in this section, if a dual resident corporation or
separate unit incurs a dual consolidated loss in a taxable year and a
triggering event, as described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section,
occurs (and no exception applies) with respect to the dual consolidated
loss in such taxable year, then the consolidated group, unaffiliated
dual resident corporation, or unaffiliated domestic owner, as the case
may be, may not make a domestic use election with respect to such dual
consolidated loss and the loss will be subject to the domestic use
limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b). See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c)
Examples 5 through 7. See also Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(d) for rules that
eliminate a dual consolidated loss after certain transactions.
(e) Triggering events requiring the recapture of a dual consolidated
loss--(1) Events. Except as provided under paragraphs (e)(2) (rebuttal
of triggering events) and (f) (exceptions to triggering events) of this
section, if there is a triggering event described in this paragraph
(e)(1) with respect to a dual consolidated loss of a dual resident
corporation or a separate unit during the certification period (as
defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(20)), the elector will recapture and
report as ordinary income the amount of such dual consolidated loss as
provided in paragraph (h) of this section on its tax return for the
taxable year in which the triggering event occurs (or, when the
triggering event is a foreign use of the dual consolidated loss, the
taxable year that includes the last day of the foreign taxable year
[[Page 684]]
during which such use occurs). In addition, the elector must pay any
applicable interest charge required by paragraph (h) of this section.
For purposes of this section, any of the following events shall
constitute a triggering event:
(i) Foreign use. A foreign use (as defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3) of
the dual consolidated loss. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c) for exceptions to
foreign use.
(ii) Disaffiliation. An affiliated dual resident corporation or
affiliated domestic owner that incurred directly or through a separate
unit, respectively, a dual consolidated loss that is subject to a
domestic use election, ceases to be a member of the consolidated group
that made the domestic use election. For purposes of this paragraph
(e)(1)(ii), an affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated
domestic owner shall be considered to cease to be a member of the
consolidated group if it is no longer a member of the group within the
meaning of Sec. 1.1502-1(b), or if the group ceases to exist (for
example, when the group no longer files a consolidated return). See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 34. Any consequences resulting from this
triggering event (for example, recapture of a dual consolidated loss)
shall be taken into account on the tax return of the consolidated group
for the taxable year that includes the date on which the affiliated dual
resident corporation or affiliated domestic owner ceases to be a member
of the consolidated group. This paragraph (e)(1)(ii) shall not apply to
an acquisition described in Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3) where the consolidated
group that includes the affiliated dual resident corporation or
affiliated domestic owner, as applicable, is treated as remaining in
existence.
(iii) Affiliation. An unaffiliated dual resident corporation or
unaffiliated domestic owner becomes a member of a consolidated group.
Any consequences resulting from this triggering event (for example,
recapture of a dual consolidated loss) shall be taken into account on
the tax return of the unaffiliated dual resident corporation or
unaffiliated domestic owner for the taxable year that ends at the end of
the day on which such corporation becomes a member of the consolidated
group.
(iv) Transfer of assets. Fifty percent or more of the dual resident
corporation's or separate unit's gross assets (measured by the fair
market value of the assets at the time of such transaction or, for
multiple transactions, at the time of the first transaction) is sold or
otherwise disposed of in either a single transaction or a series of
transactions within a twelve-month period. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c)
Examples 5 and 35 through 37. In determining whether fifty percent or
more of such assets is sold or otherwise disposed of, any dispositions
occurring in the ordinary course of the dual resident corporation's or
separate unit's trade or business shall be disregarded. In addition, for
purposes of this paragraph (e)(1)(iv), an interest in another separate
unit and the shares of a dual resident corporation shall not be treated
as assets of a separate unit or a dual resident corporation.
(v) Transfer of an interest in a separate unit. Fifty percent or
more of the interest in a separate unit (measured by voting power or
value at the time of such transaction, or for multiple transactions, at
the time of the first transaction) of the domestic owner, as determined
by reference to such domestic owner's percentage interest on the last
day of the taxable year in which the dual consolidated loss was
incurred, is sold or otherwise disposed of either in a single
transaction or a series of transactions within a twelve-month period.
See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 5 and 35 through 37.
(vi) Conversion to a foreign corporation. An unaffiliated dual
resident corporation, unaffiliated domestic owner, or hybrid entity an
interest in which is a separate unit, that incurred the dual
consolidated loss, becomes a foreign corporation (for example, as a
result of a reorganization or an election to be classified as a
corporation under Sec. 301.7701-3(c) of this chapter).
(vii) Conversion to a regulated investment company, a real estate
investment trust, or an S corporation. An unaffiliated dual resident
corporation or unaffiliated domestic owner elects to be a regulated
investment company pursuant to section 851(b)(1), a real estate
investment trust pursuant to section
[[Page 685]]
856(c)(1), or an S corporation pursuant to section 1362(a).
(viii) Failure to certify. The elector fails to file a certification
with respect to a dual consolidated loss as required under paragraph (g)
of this section.
(ix) Cessation of stand-alone status. In the case of a dual
consolidated loss that is subject to the stand-alone exception described
in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e)(2), the conditions described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-
3(e)(2)(i) are no longer satisfied. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 18.
(2) Rebuttal--(i) General rule. An event described in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section shall not constitute a triggering event if the
elector demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that
there can be no foreign use (as defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3) of the
dual consolidated loss during the remaining certification period by any
means. See paragraph (j)(1) of this section for rules regarding the
termination of domestic use agreements and annual certifications
following rebuttals under this general rule.
(ii) Certain asset transfers. An event described in paragraph
(e)(1)(iv) of this section shall not constitute a triggering event if
the elector demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that
the transfer of assets did not result in a carryover under foreign law
of the dual resident corporation's, or separate unit's, losses,
expenses, or deductions to the transferee of the assets. For purposes of
this determination, the exception to foreign use in Sec. 1.1503(d)-
3(c)(7) shall be taken into account. Following rebuttal under this
paragraph (e)(2)(ii), the domestic use agreement continues in effect.
(iii) Reporting. In order to satisfy the requirements of paragraph
(e)(2)(i) or (ii) of this section, the elector must prepare a statement,
labeled ``Rebuttal of Triggering Event'' at the top of the page, that
indicates that it is submitted under the provisions of this paragraph
(e)(2). The statement must include the information described in
paragraphs (c)(2)(ii) and (iii) of this section. The statement must also
include the information described in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this
section that supports the conclusions under paragraph (e)(2)(i) or (ii)
of this section, as applicable. The statement must be attached to, and
filed by the due date (including extensions) of, the elector's income
tax return for the taxable year in which the presumed triggering event
occurs.
(iv) Examples. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 32 and 33.
(f) Triggering event exceptions--(1) Continuing ownership of assets
or interests. The following events shall not constitute triggering
events, requiring the recapture of the dual consolidated loss under
paragraph (h) of this section:
(i) Disaffiliation as a result of a transaction described in section
381. An affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated domestic
owner ceases to be a member of a consolidated group solely by reason of
a transaction in which a member of the same consolidated group succeeds
to the tax attributes of the dual resident corporation or domestic owner
under the provisions of section 381.
(ii) Continuing ownership by consolidated group. This paragraph
(f)(1)(ii) applies when assets of an affiliated dual resident
corporation, or assets of, or interests in, a separate unit of an
affiliated domestic owner are sold or otherwise disposed of. In such a
case, the sale or disposition shall not be treated as a triggering event
to the extent the assets or interests are acquired by one or more
members of the consolidated group that includes the affiliated dual
resident corporation or affiliated domestic owner, or by a partnership
or a grantor trust, but only if immediately after the acquisition more
than 90 percent of the partnership's or grantor trust's interests is
owned, directly or indirectly, by members of such consolidated group.
(iii) Continuing ownership by unaffiliated dual resident corporation
or unaffiliated domestic owner. This paragraph (f)(1)(iii) applies when
assets of an unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or assets of, or
interests in, a separate unit of an unaffiliated domestic owner, are
sold or otherwise disposed of. In such a case, the sale or disposition
shall not be a triggering event to the extent such assets or interests
are acquired by the unaffiliated dual resident corporation, or
unaffiliated domestic
[[Page 686]]
owner, as applicable, or by a partnership or grantor trust, but only if
immediately after the acquisition more than 90 percent of the
partnership's or grantor trust's interests is owned, directly or
indirectly, by the unaffiliated dual resident corporation or
unaffiliated domestic owner. For example, this paragraph (f)(1)(iii)
applies when an unaffiliated domestic owner acquires direct ownership of
the assets of a separate unit that it had immediately before owned
indirectly through a partnership.
(2) Transactions requiring a new domestic use agreement--(i)
Multiple-party events. If all the requirements of paragraph (f)(2)(iii)
of this section are satisfied, the following events shall not constitute
triggering events requiring the recapture of the dual consolidated loss
under paragraph (h) of this section:
(A) An affiliated dual resident corporation or affiliated domestic
owner becomes an unaffiliated domestic corporation or a member of a new
consolidated group (other than in a transaction described in paragraph
(f)(2)(ii)(B) of this section).
(B) Assets of a dual resident corporation or assets of, or interests
in, a separate unit, are sold or otherwise disposed of in a transaction
in which such assets or interests are acquired by an unaffiliated
domestic corporation, one or more members of a new consolidated group,
or by a partnership or grantor trust, but only if immediately after the
sale or disposition more than 90 percent of the partnership's or grantor
trust's interests is owned, directly or indirectly, by the unaffiliated
domestic owner or by members of a new consolidated group, as applicable.
See the related exception to foreign use provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
3(c)(8). See also Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 36 and 37.
(ii) Events resulting in a single consolidated group. If the
requirements of paragraph (f)(2)(iii)(A) of this section are satisfied,
the following events shall not constitute triggering events requiring
the recapture of the dual consolidated loss under paragraph (h) of this
section:
(A) An unaffiliated dual resident corporation or unaffiliated
domestic owner becomes a member of a consolidated group.
(B) A consolidated group ceases to exist as a result of a
transaction described in Sec. 1.1502-13(j)(5)(i) (relating to
acquisitions of the common parent of the consolidated group), other than
a transaction in which any member of the terminating group, or the
successor-in-interest of such member, is not a member of the surviving
group immediately after the terminating group ceases to exist. See Sec.
1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 34.
(iii) Requirements--(A) New domestic use agreement. The unaffiliated
domestic corporation or new consolidated group (subsequent elector) must
file an agreement described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section (new
domestic use agreement). The new domestic use agreement must be labeled
``New Domestic Use Agreement'' at the top of the page, and must be
attached to and filed by the due date (including extensions) of, the
subsequent elector's income tax return for the taxable year in which the
event described in paragraph (f)(2)(i) or (f)(2)(ii) of this section
occurs. The new domestic use agreement must be signed under penalties of
perjury by the person who signs the return and must include the
following items:
(1) A statement that the document submitted is an election and
agreement under the provisions of paragraph (f)(2) of this section.
(2) An agreement to assume the same obligations with respect to the
dual consolidated loss as the unaffiliated dual resident corporation,
unaffiliated domestic owner, or consolidated group, as applicable, that
filed the original domestic use agreement (original elector) with
respect to that loss. In such a case, obligations of an elector provided
under this section shall also be considered to be obligations of a
subsequent elector.
(3) In the event of a transaction described in section 384(a)
involving the subsequent elector, an agreement to treat any potential
recapture amount under paragraph (h) of this section with respect to the
dual consolidated loss as unrealized built-in gain for purposes of
section 384(a), subject to any applicable exceptions (for example, the
threshold requirements under section 382(h)(3)(B)). The potential
recapture amount treated as unrealized built-in
[[Page 687]]
gain under this paragraph (f)(2)(iii)(A)(3) may be reduced to the extent
permitted by paragraph (h)(2)(i) of this section.
(4) In the case of a multiple-party event described in paragraph
(f)(2)(i) of this section, an agreement to be subject to the rules
provided in paragraph (h)(3) of this section.
(5) The name, U.S. taxpayer identification number, and address of
the original elector and prior subsequent electors, if any, with respect
to the dual consolidated loss.
(B) Statement filed by original elector. In the case of a multiple-
party event described in paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section, the
original elector must file a statement that is attached to and filed by
the due date (including extensions) of its income tax return for the
taxable year in which the event occurs. The statement must be labeled
``Original Elector Statement'' at the top of the page, must be signed
under penalties of perjury by the person who signs the tax return, and
must include the following items:
(1) A statement that the document submitted is an election and
agreement under the provisions of paragraph (f)(2) of this section.
(2) An agreement to be subject to the rules provided in paragraph
(h)(3) of this section.
(3) The name, U.S. taxpayer identification number, and address of
the subsequent elector.
(3) Certain transfers qualifying for the de minimis exception to
foreign use. If a transaction or event qualifies for the de minimis
exception to foreign use described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(5), the
transaction or event shall not constitute a triggering event under
paragraph (e)(1)(iv) (transfers of assets) or (v) (transfers of an
interest in a separate unit) of this section. For purposes of the
preceding sentence, the transaction or event shall include deemed
transfers that occur as a result of the transaction or event. See, for
example, deemed transfers occurring pursuant to Rev. Rul. 99-5 (1999-1
CB 434), see Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b), and section 708 and the related
regulations. See also Sec. 1.1503(d)-7 Example 5. This paragraph (f)(3)
only applies if the entire transaction or event qualifies for the de
minimis exception to foreign use. For example, if a domestic owner sells
five percent of a separate unit to a foreign corporation, which would
qualify for the de minimis exception to foreign use if it were the only
transfer, but pursuant to the same transaction also sells 70 percent of
the same separate unit to another corporation in a manner that results
in a triggering event under paragraph (e)(1)(v) of this section, this
paragraph shall not apply to prevent the transaction from resulting in a
triggering event.
(4) Deemed transactions as a result of certain transfers that do not
result in a foreign use. The rules in this paragraph (f)(4) apply where
the assets of, or the interests in, a separate unit are transferred in a
transaction that would not result in a foreign use and, but for
resulting deemed transactions or events, would not result in a
triggering event described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section. For
purposes of this paragraph (f)(4), deemed transactions or events shall
include transactions or events that are deemed to occur pursuant to Rev.
Rul. 99-5 and section 708 and the related regulations. In such a case,
the deemed transactions shall not result in a triggering event under
paragraph (e)(1)(iv) (transfers of assets) or (v) (transfers of an
interest in a separate unit) of this section. See also Sec. 1.1503(d)-7
Example 35.
(5) Compulsory transfers. Transfers of the assets or stock of a dual
resident corporation, or of the assets or interests in a separate unit,
shall not constitute a triggering event (including a foreign use that
occurs as a result of, or following, the transfer) if such transfers
are--
(i) Legally required by a foreign government as a necessary
condition of doing business in a foreign country;
(ii) Compelled by a genuine threat of immediate expropriation by a
foreign government; or
(iii) The result of the expropriation of assets by the foreign
government.
(6) Subsequent triggering events. Any triggering event described in
paragraph (e) of this section that occurs subsequent to one of the
transactions described in this paragraph (f), and that itself does not
meet any of the exceptions provided in this paragraph (f),
[[Page 688]]
shall require recapture under paragraph (h) of this section by the
elector or subsequent elector, as applicable.
(g) Annual certification reporting requirement. Unless and until the
domestic use agreement is terminated pursuant to paragraph (j) of this
section, the elector must file a certification, labeled ``Certification
of Dual Consolidated Loss'' at the top of the page, that is attached to,
and filed by the due date (including extensions) of, its income tax
return for each taxable year during the certification period. The
certification must provide that there has been no foreign use of the
dual consolidated loss. The certification must identify the dual
consolidated loss to which it pertains by setting forth the elector's
year in which the loss was incurred and the amount of such loss. In
addition, the certification must warrant that arrangements have been
made to ensure that there will be no foreign use of the dual
consolidated loss and that the elector will be informed of any such
foreign use. If applicable, the certification must include a
notification that an excepted triggering event under paragraph (f)(2) of
this section has occurred with respect to the dual consolidated loss
within the taxable year being certified. If dual consolidated losses of
more than one taxable year are subject to the rules of this paragraph
(g), the certification for those years may be combined in a single
document, but each dual consolidated loss must be separately identified.
See Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e)(2)(ii) for additional certifications required
where taxpayers elect the stand-alone exception of Sec. 1.1503(d)-
3(e)(2).
(h) Recapture of dual consolidated loss and interest charge--(1)
Presumptive rules--(i) Amount of recapture. Except as otherwise provided
in this section, upon the occurrence of a triggering event described in
paragraph (e) of this section that does not meet any of the exceptions
provided in paragraph (f) of this section, the dual resident corporation
or domestic owner of the separate unit shall recapture as gross income
the total amount of the dual consolidated loss to which the triggering
event applies on its income tax return for the taxable year in which the
triggering event occurs (or, when the triggering event is a foreign use
of the dual consolidated loss, the taxable year that includes the last
day of the foreign taxable year during which such foreign use occurs).
See Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(vi) for rules with respect to the
attribution of recapture income to a separate unit. See also Sec.
1.1503(d)-7 Examples 38 through 40.
(ii) Interest charge. In connection with the recapture, the elector
shall pay an interest charge. An interest charge may be due even if the
amount of recapture income is reduced to zero pursuant to paragraph
(h)(2)(i) of this section. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 39. Except
as otherwise provided in this section, the amount of the interest shall
be computed under the rules of section 6601(a) by treating the
additional tax resulting from the recapture as though it had been due
and unpaid as of the date for payment of the tax for the taxable year in
which the taxpayer received a tax benefit from the dual consolidated
loss. For purposes of this paragraph (h)(1)(ii), a tax benefit shall be
considered to have arisen in a taxable year in which the losses or
deductions taken into account in computing the dual consolidated loss
reduced U.S. taxable income. For the purpose of computing the interest
charge, the additional tax resulting from the recapture is determined by
treating the recapture income as the last income earned in the year of
recapture. The interest shall be computed to the date for payment of the
tax for the year of recapture and the interest thus computed becomes a
part of the tax liability for that taxable year. See section 6601 for
the computation of interest on a tax liability that it is not paid
timely. The recapture interest charge shall be deductible to the same
extent as interest under section 6601.
(2) Reduction of presumptive recapture amount and presumptive
interest charge--(i) Amount of recapture. The dual resident corporation
or domestic owner may recapture an amount less than the total dual
consolidated loss if the elector demonstrates, to the satisfaction of
the Commissioner, the lesser amount described in this paragraph
(h)(2)(i). The reduction in the amount of recapture is the amount by
which the dual consolidated loss would have offset
[[Page 689]]
other taxable income reported on a timely filed U.S. income tax return
for any taxable year up to and including the taxable year of the
triggering event (or, when the triggering event is a foreign use of the
dual consolidated loss, the taxable year that includes the last day of
the foreign taxable year during which such foreign use occurs) if no
domestic use election had been made for the loss such that it was
subject to the domestic use limitation of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) (and
therefore subject to the limitation under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)). For
this purpose, the rules for attributing items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5 shall apply. An elector
using this rebuttal rule must prepare a separate accounting showing the
income for each year that would have offset the dual resident
corporation's or separate unit's recapture amount if no domestic use
election had been made for the dual consolidated loss. The separate
accounting must be signed under penalties of perjury by the person who
signs the elector's tax return, must be labeled ``Reduction of Recapture
Amount'' at the top of the page, and must indicate that it is submitted
under the provisions of this paragraph (h)(2)(i). The accounting must be
attached to, and filed by the due date (including extensions) of, the
elector's income tax return for the taxable year in which the triggering
event occurs. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 38 through 40.
(ii) Interest charge. The interest charge imposed under this section
may be reduced if the elector demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the
Commissioner, that the net interest owed would have been less than that
provided in paragraph (h)(1)(ii) of this section if the elector had
filed an amended return for the taxable year in which the recaptured
dual consolidated loss was incurred, and for any other affected taxable
years up to and including the taxable year of recapture, if no domestic
use election had been made for the dual consolidated loss such that it
had been subject to the restrictions of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) (and
therefore subject to the limitations under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)). An
elector using this rebuttal rule must prepare a computation
demonstrating the reduction in the net interest owed as a result of
treating the dual consolidated loss as a loss subject to the
restrictions of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) (and therefore subject to the
limitations under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)). The computation must be labeled
``Reduction of Interest Charge'' at the top of the page and must
indicate that it is submitted under the provisions of this paragraph
(h)(2)(ii). The computation must be signed under penalties of perjury by
the person who signs the elector's tax return, and must be attached to,
and filed by the due date (including extensions) of, the elector's
income tax return for the taxable year in which the triggering event
occurs. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 39 and 40.
(3) Rules regarding multiple-party event exceptions to triggering
events--(i) Scope. The rules of this paragraph (h)(3) apply when, after
a triggering event described in paragraph (e) of this section with
respect to which the requirements of paragraph (f)(2)(i) of this section
were met (excepted event), a triggering event under paragraph (e) of
this section occurs, and no exception applies to such triggering event
under paragraph (f) of this section (subsequent triggering event). See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 36 and 37.
(ii) Original elector and prior subsequent electors not subject to
recapture or interest charge--(A) Except to the extent otherwise
provided in this paragraph (h)(3), neither the original elector nor any
prior subsequent elector shall be subject to the rules of this paragraph
(h) with respect to dual consolidated losses subject to the original
domestic use agreement.
(B) In the case of a dual consolidated loss with respect to which
multiple excepted events have occurred, only the subsequent elector that
owns the dual resident corporation or separate unit at the time of the
subsequent triggering event shall be subject to the recapture rules of
this paragraph (h). For purposes of this paragraph (h), the term prior
subsequent elector refers to all other subsequent electors.
(iii) Recapture tax amount and required statement--(A) In general.
If a subsequent triggering event occurs, the subsequent elector shall
take into account the recapture tax amount as determined under paragraph
(h)(3)(iii)(B) of
[[Page 690]]
this section. The subsequent elector must prepare a statement that
computes the recapture tax amount, as provided under paragraph
(h)(3)(iii)(B) of this section, with respect to the dual consolidated
loss subject to the new domestic use agreement. This statement must be
attached to, and filed by the due date (including extensions) of, the
subsequent elector's income tax return for the taxable year in which the
subsequent triggering event occurs (or, when the subsequent triggering
event is a foreign use of the dual consolidated loss, the taxable year
that includes the last day of the foreign taxable year during which such
foreign use occurs). The statement must be signed under penalties of
perjury by the person who signs the return. The statement must be
labeled ``Statement Identifying Liability'' at the top and, in addition
to the calculation of the recapture tax amount, must include the
following items, in paragraphs labeled to correspond with the items set
forth in paragraphs (h)(3)(iii)(A)(1) through (3) of this section:
(1) A statement that the document is submitted under the provisions
of Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(3)(iii).
(2) A statement identifying the amount of the dual consolidated
losses at issue and the taxable years in which they were used.
(3) The name, address, and taxpayer identification number of the
original elector and all prior subsequent electors.
(B) Recapture tax amount. The recapture tax amount equals the excess
(if any) of--
(1) The income tax liability of the subsequent elector for the
taxable year that includes the amount of recapture and related interest
charge with respect to the dual consolidated losses that are recaptured
as a result of the subsequent triggering event, as provided under
paragraphs (h)(1) and (h)(2) of this section; over
(2) The income tax liability of the subsequent elector for such
taxable year, computed by excluding the amount of recapture and related
interest charge described in paragraph (h)(3)(iii)(B)(1) of this
section.
(iv) Tax assessment and collection procedures--(A) In general--(1)
Subsequent elector. An assessment identifying an income tax liability of
the subsequent elector is considered an assessment of the recapture tax
amount where the recapture tax amount is part of the income tax
liability being assessed and the recapture tax amount is reflected in a
statement attached to the subsequent elector's income tax return as
provided under paragraph (h)(3)(iii) of this section.
(2) Original elector and prior subsequent electors. The assessment
of the recapture tax amount as set forth in paragraph (h)(3)(iv)(A)(1)
of this section shall be considered as having been properly assessed as
an income tax liability of the original elector and of each prior
subsequent elector, if any. The date of such assessment shall be the
date the income tax liability of the subsequent elector was properly
assessed. The Commissioner may collect all or a portion of such
recapture tax amount from the original elector and/or the prior
subsequent electors under the circumstances set forth in paragraph
(h)(3)(iv)(B) of this section.
(B) Collection from original elector and prior subsequent electors;
joint and several liability--(1) In general. If the subsequent elector
does not pay in full the income tax liability that includes a recapture
tax amount, the Commissioner may collect that portion of the unpaid
balance of such income tax liability attributable to the recapture tax
amount in full or in part from the original elector and/or from any
prior subsequent elector, provided that the following conditions are
satisfied with respect to such elector:
(i) The Commissioner properly has assessed the recapture tax amount
pursuant to paragraph (h)(3)(iv)(A)(1) of this section.
(ii) The Commissioner has issued a notice and demand for payment of
the recapture tax amount to the subsequent elector in accordance with
Sec. 301.6303-1 of this chapter.
(iii) The subsequent elector has failed to pay all of the recapture
tax amount by the date specified in such notice and demand.
(iv) The Commissioner has issued a notice and demand for payment of
the unpaid portion of the recapture tax amount to the original elector,
or prior
[[Page 691]]
subsequent elector (as the case may be), in accordance with Sec.
301.6303-1 of this chapter.
(2) Joint and several liability. The liability imposed under this
paragraph (h)(3)(iv)(B) on the original elector and each prior
subsequent elector shall be joint and several.
(C) Allocation of partial payments of tax. If the subsequent
elector's income tax liability for a taxable period includes a recapture
tax amount, and if such income tax liability is satisfied in part by
payment, credit, or offset, such payment, credit or offset shall be
allocated first to that portion of the income tax liability that is not
attributable to the recapture tax amount, and then to that portion of
the income tax liability that is attributable to the recapture tax
amount.
(D) Refund. If the Commissioner makes a refund of any income tax
liability that includes a recapture tax amount, the Commissioner shall
allocate and pay the refund to each elector who paid a portion of such
income tax liability as follows:
(1) The Commissioner shall first determine the total amount of
recapture tax paid by and/or collected from the original elector and
from any prior subsequent electors. The Commissioner shall then allocate
and pay such refund to the original elector and prior subsequent
electors, with each such elector receiving an amount of such refund on a
pro rata basis, not to exceed the amount of recapture tax paid by and/or
collected from such elector.
(2) The Commissioner shall pay the balance of such refund, if any,
to the subsequent elector.
(v) Definition of income tax liability. Solely for purposes of
paragraph (h)(3) of this section, the term income tax liability means
the income tax liability imposed on a domestic corporation under Title
26 of the United States Code for a taxable year, including additions to
tax, additional amounts, penalties, and any interest charge related to
such income tax liability.
(vi) Example. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 36.
(4) Computation of taxable income in year of recapture--(i)
Presumptive rule. Except to the extent provided in paragraph (h)(4)(ii)
of this section, for purposes of computing the taxable income for the
year of recapture, no current, carryover or carryback losses may offset
and absorb the recapture amount.
(ii) Exception to presumptive rule. The recapture amount included in
gross income may be offset and absorbed by that portion of the elector's
net operating loss carryover that is attributable to the dual resident
corporation or separate unit that incurred the dual consolidated loss
being recaptured, if the elector demonstrates, to the satisfaction of
the Commissioner, the amount of such portion of the carryover. The
principles of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2)(iv) shall apply for purposes of
determining whether any portion of a net operating loss carryover is
attributable to the dual resident corporation or separate unit. In the
case of a separate unit, such determination shall be made by treating
the separate unit as a domestic corporation and a member of the
consolidated group composing its unaffiliated domestic owner, or members
of the consolidated group of which its affiliated domestic owner is a
member, as appropriate. An elector utilizing this rebuttal rule must
prepare a computation demonstrating the amount of net operating loss
carryover that, under this paragraph (h)(4)(ii), may absorb the
recapture amount included in gross income. Such computation must be
signed under penalties of perjury and attached to and filed by the due
date (including extensions) of, the income tax return for the taxable
year in which the triggering event occurs (or, when the triggering event
is a foreign use of the dual consolidated loss, the taxable year that
includes the last day of the foreign taxable year during which such
foreign use occurs).
(5) Character and source of recapture income. The amount recaptured
under this paragraph (h) shall be treated as ordinary income. Except as
provided in the prior sentence, such income shall be treated, as
applicable, as income from the same source, having the same character,
and falling within the same separate category, for all purposes,
including sections 904(d) and 907, to which the items of deduction or
loss composing the dual consolidated loss were allocated and
apportioned, as provided under sections 861(b), 862(b),
[[Page 692]]
863(a), 864(e), 865, and the related regulations. For this
determination, the pro rata computation of the items of deduction or
loss composing the dual consolidated loss as described in Sec.
1.1503(d)-4(c)(4) shall apply. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 38.
(6) Reconstituted net operating loss--(i) General rule. Except as
provided in paragraphs (h)(6)(ii) and (iii) of this section, commencing
in the taxable year immediately following the year in which the dual
consolidated loss is recaptured, the dual resident corporation, or the
domestic owner of the separate unit, that incurred the dual consolidated
loss that is recaptured shall be treated as having a net operating loss
(reconstituted net operating loss) in an amount equal to the amount
actually recaptured under this paragraph (h). If a domestic corporation
(transferee) acquires the assets of the dual resident corporation or
domestic owner in a transaction described in section 381(a), the
preceding sentence shall be applied by treating the transferee as the
dual resident corporation or domestic owner, as applicable. In a case to
which this paragraph (h)(6) applies, the transferee corporation shall be
treated as having a reconstituted net operating loss in an amount equal
to the amount actually recaptured under this paragraph (h). In no event,
however, shall more than one corporation be treated as having a
reconstituted net operating loss as a result of a single dual
consolidated loss being recaptured. A reconstituted net operating loss
of a domestic owner shall be attributable under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5 to the
separate unit that incurred the dual consolidated loss that was
recaptured. Moreover, a reconstituted net operating loss shall be
subject to the domestic use limitation of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) (and
therefore subject to the limitation under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)), without
regard to the exceptions contained in paragraphs (b) through (d) of this
section (relating to elective agreements in place between the United
States and a foreign country, the ability to demonstrate no possibility
of a foreign use, and a domestic use election, respectively). The
reconstituted net operating loss shall be available only for carryover,
under section 172(b), to taxable years following the taxable year of
recapture. For purposes of determining the remaining carryover period,
the reconstituted net operating loss shall be treated as if it had been
recognized in the taxable year in which the dual consolidated loss that
is the basis of the recapture amount was incurred. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-
7(c) Examples 36, 38, and 40.
(ii) Exception. Paragraph (h)(6)(i) of this section shall not apply
to the extent the dual consolidated loss that is the basis of the
recapture amount would have been eliminated pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(d) if no domestic use election had been made for such loss. See Sec.
1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 40.
(iii) Special rule for recapture following multiple-party event
exception to a triggering event. This paragraph applies to an excepted
event described in paragraph (f)(2)(i)(B) of this section that is
followed by a subsequent triggering event requiring recapture as
described in paragraph (f)(6) of this section. In such a case, the
domestic corporation that owns, directly or indirectly, the assets of
the dual resident corporation, or the assets of or the interests in a
separate unit, immediately following the excepted event shall be treated
as if it incurred the dual consolidated loss that is recaptured for
purposes of applying paragraph (h)(6)(i) of this section. See Sec.
1.1503(d)-7(c) Example 36.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Termination of domestic use agreement and annual
certifications--(1) Rebuttals, exceptions to triggering events, and
recapture. The domestic use agreement filed with respect to a dual
consolidated loss shall terminate prior to the end of the certification
period and have no further effect if--
(i) An elector is able to rebut the presumption of a triggering
event pursuant to the general rule in paragraph (e)(2)(i) of this
section;
(ii) An event described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section is not a
triggering event as a result of the application of paragraphs (f)(2)(i)
or (ii) (relating to events requiring a new domestic use agreement) of
this section; this paragraph (j)(1)(ii) does not, however, apply to
terminate the new domestic use agreement filed in connection with the
event pursuant to paragraph (f)(2)(iii)(A) of this section. See also
[[Page 693]]
paragraph (h)(3)(iv) of this section regarding collection from the
original elector and prior subsequent electors in certain cases; or
(iii) A dual consolidated loss is recaptured pursuant to paragraph
(h) of this section. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-7(c) Examples 32 through 34.
(2) Termination of ability for foreign use--(i) In general. A
domestic use agreement filed with respect to a dual consolidated loss
shall terminate and have no further effect as of the end of a taxable
year if the elector--
(A) Demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the Commissioner, that as
of the end of such taxable year no foreign use (as defined in Sec.
1.1503(d)-3) of the dual consolidated loss can occur in any other year
by any means; and
(B) Prepares a statement described in paragraph (j)(2)(ii) of this
section that is attached to, and filed by the due date (including
extensions) of, its U.S. income tax return for such taxable year.
(ii) Statement. The statement described in this paragraph (j)(2)(ii)
must be signed under penalties of perjury by the person who signs the
return. The statement must be labeled ``Termination of Ability for
Foreign Use'' at the top of the page and must include the following
information, in paragraphs labeled to correspond with the following:
(A) A statement that the document is submitted under the provisions
of paragraph (j)(2) of this section.
(B) The information required by paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this
section.
(C) A statement of the amount of the dual consolidated loss at issue
and the year in which such dual consolidated loss was incurred.
(D) The information described in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this
section that supports the conclusion that no foreign use can occur as
provided in paragraph (j)(2)(i)(A) of this section.
(3) Agreements filed in connection with stand-alone exception. See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e)(2)(iii) for the termination of domestic use
agreements filed in connection with the stand-alone exception to the
mirror legislation rule when a subsequent election is made under
paragraph (b) of this section (relating to agreements entered into
between the United States and a foreign country).
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-7 Examples.
(a) In general. This section provides examples that illustrate the
application of Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-6. This section
also provides facts that are presumed for such examples.
(b) Presumed facts for examples. For purposes of the examples in
this section, unless otherwise indicated, the following facts are
presumed:
(1) Each entity has only a single class of equity outstanding, all
of which is held by a single owner.
(2) P, a domestic corporation and the common parent of the P
consolidated group, owns S, a domestic corporation and a member of the P
consolidated group.
(3) DRCX, a domestic corporation, is subject to Country X
tax on its worldwide income or on a residence basis, and is a dual
resident corporation.
(4) DE1X and DE2X are both Country X entities,
subject to Country X tax on their worldwide income or on a residence
basis, and disregarded as entities separate from their owners for U.S.
tax purposes. DE3Y is a Country Y entity, subject to Country
Y tax on its worldwide income or on a residence basis, and disregarded
as an entity separate from its owner for U.S. tax purposes. All the
interests in DE1X, DE2X, and DE3Y
constitute hybrid entity separate units.
(5) FBX is a Country X business operation that, if
carried on by a U.S. person, would constitute a foreign branch, as
defined in Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g)(1), and is a Country X foreign branch
separate unit.
(6) Neither the assets nor the activities of an entity constitute a
foreign branch separate unit.
(7) FSX is a Country X entity that is subject to Country
X tax on its worldwide income or on a residence basis and is classified
as a foreign corporation for U.S. tax purposes.
(8) The applicable foreign country has a consolidation regime that--
(i) Includes as members of a consolidated group any commonly
controlled branches and permanent establishments in such jurisdiction,
and entities
[[Page 694]]
that are subject to tax in such jurisdiction on their worldwide income
or on a residence basis; and
(ii) Allows the losses of members of consolidated groups to offset
income of other members.
(9) There is no mirror legislation, within the meaning of Sec.
1.1503(d)-3(e)(1), in the applicable foreign country.
(10) There is no elective agreement described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(b) between the United States and the applicable foreign country.
(11) There is no income tax convention between the United States and
the applicable foreign country.
(12) If a domestic use election, within the meaning of Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(d), is made, all the necessary filings related to such
election are properly completed on a timely basis.
(13) If there is a triggering event requiring recapture of a dual
consolidated loss, the amount of recapture is not reduced pursuant to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(2).
(14) There are no other items of income, gain, deduction, and loss.
In addition, the United States and the applicable foreign country
recognize the same items of income, gain, deduction, and loss in each
taxable year.
(15) All taxpayers use the calendar year as their taxable year.
(c) Examples. The following examples illustrate the application of
Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-6:
Example 1. Separate unit combination rule. (i) Facts. P owns
DE3Y which, in turn, owns DE1X. DE1X
owns FBX. PRS, an entity treated as a partnership for both
U.S. and Country X tax purposes, is owned 50 percent by P and 50 percent
by an unrelated foreign person. PRS carries on a business operation in
Country X that, if carried on by a U.S. person, would constitute a
foreign branch within the meaning of Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g)(1). In
addition, P owns DRCX, a member of the consolidated group of
which P is the parent, which carries on business operations in Country X
that constitute a foreign branch within the meaning of Sec. 1.367(a)-
6T(g)(1). S owns DE2X.
(ii) Result. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii), the interest
in DE1X, the interest in DE2X, FBX, P's
share of the Country X business operations carried on by PRS (which is
owned by P indirectly through its interest in PRS), and
DRCX's Country X business operations are combined and treated
as a single separate unit of the consolidated group of which P is the
parent. This is the case regardless of whether the losses of each
individual separate unit are made available to offset the income of the
other individual separate units under Country X tax laws. Because
DRCX is a dual resident corporation, it is not combined and
treated as part of this combined separate unit and, as a result,
DRCX's income or dual consolidated loss is not taken into
account in determining the income or dual consolidated loss of the
combined separate unit. In addition, P's interest in DE3Y is
not combined and is another separate unit because it is subject to tax
in Country Y, rather than Country X.
Example 2. Definition of a separate unit and application of domestic
use limitation--foreign branch separate unit. (i) Facts. P carries on
business operations in Country X that constitute a permanent
establishment under the U.S.-Country X income tax convention. In year 1,
a loss is attributable to P's Country X permanent establishment, as
determined under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5.
(ii) Result. Under Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A) and 1.367(a)-
6T(g)(1), P's Country X permanent establishment constitutes a foreign
branch separate unit. Therefore, the year 1 loss attributable to the
foreign branch separate unit constitutes a dual consolidated loss
pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(5)(ii). The dual consolidated loss
rules apply to the dual consolidated loss even though there is no
affiliate of the foreign branch separate unit in Country X, because it
is still possible that all or a portion of the dual consolidated loss
can be put to a foreign use. For example, there may be a foreign use
with respect to a Country X affiliate acquired in a year subsequent to
the year in which the dual consolidated loss was incurred. See Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(a)(2). Accordingly, unless an exception under Sec.
1.1503(d)-6 applies (such as a domestic use election), the year 1 dual
consolidated loss attributable to P's Country X permanent establishment
is subject to the domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b).
As a result, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c), the year 1 dual
consolidated loss cannot offset income of P that is not attributable to
its Country X foreign branch separate unit, nor can it offset income of
any other domestic affiliate. The loss can, however, offset income of
the Country X foreign branch separate unit, subject to the application
of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c). The result would be the same even if Country X
did not have a consolidation regime that includes as members of
consolidated groups Country X branches or permanent establishments of
nonresident corporations. The dual consolidated loss rules apply even in
the absence of a consolidation regime in the foreign country because it
is possible that all or a portion of a dual consolidated loss can be put
to a foreign use by other means, such as through a sale, merger, or
similar transaction. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(a)(2).
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 2,
[[Page 695]]
except that P's Country X business operations constitute a foreign
branch as defined in Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g)(1), but do not constitute a
permanent establishment under the U.S.-Country X income tax convention.
Although the activities carried on by P in Country X would otherwise
constitute a foreign branch separate unit as described in Sec.
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A), the exception under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(iii) applies because the activities do not constitute a
permanent establishment under the U.S.-Country X income tax convention.
Thus, the Country X business operations do not constitute a foreign
branch separate unit, and the year 1 loss is not subject to the dual
consolidated loss rules. If P instead carried on its Country X business
operations through DE1X, then the exception under Sec.
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(iii) would not apply because P carries on the business
operations through a hybrid entity and, as a result, the business
operations would constitute a foreign branch separate unit. Thus, in
such a case the year 1 loss would be subject to the dual consolidated
loss rules.
Example 3. Domestic use limitation--foreign branch separate unit
owned through a partnership. (i) Facts. P and S organize a partnership,
PRSX, under the laws of Country X. PRSX is treated
as a partnership for both U.S. and Country X tax purposes.
PRSX owns FBX. PRSX earns U.S. source
income that is unconnected with its FBX branch operations,
and such income is not subject to tax by Country X. In addition, such
U.S. source income is not attributable to FBX under Sec.
1.1503(d)-5.
(ii) Result. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(A), P's and S's shares
of FBX owned indirectly through their interests in
PRSX are individual foreign branch separate units. Pursuant
to Sec. 1.1503(b)-1(b)(4)(ii), these individual separate units are
combined and treated as a single separate unit of the consolidated group
of which P is the parent. Unless an exception under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6
applies, any dual consolidated loss attributable to FBX
cannot offset income of P or S (other than income attributable to
FBX, subject to the application of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)),
including their distributive share of the U.S. source income earned
through their interests in PRSX, nor can it offset income of
any other domestic affiliates.
Example 4. Definition of a separate unit and domestic use
limitation--interest in hybrid entity partnership and indirectly owned
foreign branch separate unit. (i) Facts. HPSX is a Country X
entity that is subject to Country X tax on its worldwide income.
HPSX is classified as a partnership for Federal tax purposes.
P, S, and FSX, are the sole partners of HPSX. For
U.S. tax purposes, P, S, and FSX each has an equal interest
in each item of HPSX's profit or loss. HPSX
carries on operations in Country Y that, if carried on by a U.S. person,
would constitute a foreign branch within the meaning of Sec. 1.367(a)-
6T(g)(1).
(ii) Result. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B), the partnership
interests in HPSX held by P and S are individual hybrid
entity separate units. These individual separate units are combined into
a single separate unit under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In addition,
P's and S's share of the Country Y operations owned indirectly through
their interests in HPSX are individual foreign branch
separate units under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(i)(B). These individual
separate units are also combined into a single separate unit under Sec.
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). Unless an exception under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6
applies, dual consolidated losses attributable to P's and S's combined
interests in HPSX can only be used to offset income
attributable to their combined interests in HPSX (other than
income attributable to P's and S's combined interests in the Country Y
foreign branch separate unit), subject to the application of Sec.
1.1503(d)-4(c). Similarly, dual consolidated losses attributable to P's
and S's combined interests in the Country Y operations of
HPSX can only be used to offset income attributable to their
combined interests in such Country Y operations, subject to the
application of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c). Neither FSX's interest
in HPSX, nor its share of the Country Y operations owned by
HPSX, is a separate unit because FSX is not a
domestic corporation.
Example 5. Foreign use--general rule and de minimis reduction
exception. (i) Facts. P owns DE1X. DE1X owns
FSX. In year 1, there is a $100x loss attributable to P's
interest in DE1X that is a dual consolidated loss. Also in
year 1, FSX earns $200x of income. DE1X and
FSX file a Country X consolidated tax return. For Country X
tax purposes, the year 1 $100x loss of DE1X is used to offset
$100x of year 1 income generated by FSX. Under Country X tax
law, unused losses are carried forward and available to offset income in
subsequent taxable years.
(ii) Result. The $100x loss attributable to P's interest in
DE1X is available to, and in fact does, offset
FSX's income under the laws of Country X. In addition, under
U.S. tax principles, such income is considered to be an item of
FSX, a foreign corporation. As a result, under Sec.
1.1503(d)-3(a), there has been a foreign use of the year 1 dual
consolidated loss attributable to P's interest in DE1X.
Therefore, P cannot make a domestic use election with respect to the
loss as provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(d)(2), and such loss will be
subject to the domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b). The
result would be the same even if FSX, under Country X tax
law, had no income against which the dual consolidated loss of
DE1X could be offset (unless FSX's ability to use
the loss under Country X tax law requires an election, and no such
election is made).
[[Page 696]]
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 5, except that FSX cannot use the loss of
DE1X under Country X tax law without an election, and no such
election is made. Pursuant to the exception in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(2),
there is no foreign use of the year 1 dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's interest in DE1X. In addition, P files a
domestic use election with respect to the year 1 dual consolidated loss
attributable to its interest in DE1X and, at the beginning of
year 3, P sells its interest in DE1X to F, a Country Y entity
that is a foreign corporation. The sale of the interest in
DE1X to F results in a foreign use triggering event pursuant
to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(i) because, immediately after the sale, the
loss attributable to the interest in DE1X carries over under
Country X law and, therefore, is available under U.S. tax principles to
offset income of the owner of the interest in DE1X which, in
the hands of F, is not a separate unit. It is also a foreign use because
the loss is available under U.S. tax principles to offset the income of
F, a foreign corporation. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(a)(1). Finally, the
transfer is a triggering event pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv)
and (v).
(iv) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph
(iii), of this Example 5, except that P only sells 5 percent of its
interest in DE1X to F. Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 99-5 (1999-1 CB
434), see Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this chapter, the transaction is
treated as if P sold 5 percent of its interest in each of
DE1X's assets to F, and then immediately thereafter P and F
transferred their interests in the assets of DE1X to a
partnership in exchange for an ownership interest therein. The sale of
the 5 percent interest in DE1X generally results in a foreign
use triggering event because a portion of the dual consolidated loss
carries over under Country X tax law and is available under U.S. tax
principles to offset income of the owner of the interest in
DE1X, a hybrid entity, which in the hands of F is not a
separate unit. It is also a foreign use because the loss is available
under U.S. tax principles to offset the income of F, a foreign
corporation. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(a)(1). However, pursuant to the
exception under Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(5) (relating to a de minimis
reduction of an interest in a separate unit), such availability does not
result in a foreign use. In addition, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(f)(1) and (3), the deemed transfers pursuant to Rev. Rul. 99-5 as a
result of the sale are not treated as triggering events described in
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv) or (v).
Example 6. Foreign use and indirect foreign use--foreign reverse
hybrid structure and disregarded payments. (i) Facts. P owns
DE1X. DE1X owns 99 percent and S owns 1 percent of
FRHX, a Country X partnership that elected to be treated as a
corporation for U.S. tax purposes. FRHX conducts a trade or
business in Country X. In year 1, DE1X incurs interest
expense on a third-party loan, which constitutes a dual consolidated
loss attributable to P's interest in DE1X. In year 1, for
Country X tax purposes, DE1X takes into account its
distributive share of income generated by FRHX and offsets
such income with its interest expense.
(ii) Result. In year 1, the dual consolidated loss attributable to
P's interest in DE1X is available to, and in fact does,
offset income recognized in Country X and, under U.S. tax principles,
the income is considered to be income of FRHX, a foreign
corporation. Accordingly, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(a)(1), there is
a foreign use of the dual consolidated loss. Therefore, P cannot make a
domestic use election with respect to the year 1 dual consolidated loss
attributable to its interest in DE1X, as provided under Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(d)(2), and such loss will be subject to the domestic use
limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b).
(iii) Alternative facts. (A) The facts are the same as in paragraph
(i) of this Example 6, except as follows. Instead of owning
DE1X, P owns DE3Y which, in turn, owns
DE1X. In addition, DE3Y, rather than
DE1X, is the obligor on the third-party loan and therefore
incurs the interest expense on such loan. Finally, DE3Y on-
lends the loan proceeds from the third-party loan to DE1X,
and DE1X pays interest to DE3Y on such loan that
is generally disregarded for U.S. tax purposes.
(B) Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(1)(ii), for purposes of
calculating income or a dual consolidated loss, DE3Y and
DE1X do not take into account interest income or interest
expense, respectively, with respect to amounts paid on the disregarded
loan from DE3Y to DE1X. As a result, such items
neither create a dual consolidated loss with respect to the interest in
DE1X, nor do they reduce (or eliminate) the dual consolidated
loss attributable to the interest in DE3Y. Thus, in year 1,
there is a dual consolidated loss attributable to P's interest in
DE3Y, but not to P's indirect interest in DE1X.
(C) In year 1, interest expense paid by DE1X to
DE3Y on the disregarded loan is taken into account as a
deduction in computing DE1X's taxable income for Country X
tax purposes, but does not give rise to a corresponding item of income
or gain for U.S. tax purposes (because it is generally disregarded). In
addition, such interest has the effect of making an item of deduction or
loss composing the dual consolidated loss attributable to P's interest
in DE3Y available for a foreign use. This is the case because
it may reduce or offset items of deduction or loss composing the dual
consolidated loss for foreign tax purposes, and creates another
deduction or loss that may reduce or offset income of DE1X
for foreign tax purposes that, under U.S. tax principles, is treated as
income of FRHX, a foreign corporation. Moreover, because the
disregarded item is incurred or taken into
[[Page 697]]
account as interest for foreign tax purposes, it is deemed to have been
incurred or taken into account with a principal purpose of avoiding the
provisions of section 1503(d). Accordingly, there is an indirect foreign
use of the year 1 dual consolidated loss attributable to P's interest in
DE3Y, and P cannot make a domestic use election with respect
to such loss as provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(d)(2). Thus, the loss
will be subject to the domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(b).
Example 7. Indirect foreign use--hybrid instrument. (i) Facts. P
owns DE1X which, in turn, owns FSX.
DE1X borrows cash from an unrelated lender and transfers the
cash to FSX in exchange for an instrument (hybrid
instrument). The hybrid instrument is treated as equity for U.S. tax
purposes and debt for Country X tax purposes. Interest expense on the
loan from the unrelated lender results in a dual consolidated loss being
attributable to P's interest in DE1X in year 1.
DE1X does not elect under Country X law to consolidate with
FSX. In year 1, FSX distributes its stock as a
payment on the hybrid instrument to DE1X. For U.S. tax
purposes, such payment is excluded from P's gross income under section
305. However, for Country X tax purposes, such payment is treated as
interest and gives rise to a deduction taken into account in computing
FSX's Country X tax liability; the payment also gives rise to
interest income to DE1X for Country X tax purposes.
(ii) Result. The payment on the hybrid instrument does not give rise
to an item of income or gain for U.S. tax purposes and therefore does
not reduce (or eliminate) the dual consolidated loss attributable to P's
interest in DE1X. In addition, such payment is taken into
account as a deduction in computing FSX's taxable income for
Country X tax purposes. Moreover, such payment has the effect of making
an item of deduction or loss composing the dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's interest in DE1X available for a foreign
use. This is the case because it may reduce or offset items of deduction
or loss composing the dual consolidated loss for foreign tax purposes,
and creates a deduction that reduces or offsets income of FSX
for foreign tax purposes that, under U.S. tax principles, is income of a
foreign corporation. Further, because the item is incurred, or taken
into account, using an instrument that is treated as equity for U.S. tax
purposes and debt for foreign tax purposes, it is deemed to have been
engaged in with the principal purpose of avoiding the provisions of
section 1503(d). As a result, there has been an indirect foreign use of
the year 1 dual consolidated loss, and P cannot make a domestic use
election with respect to such loss, as provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(d)(2). Thus, the year 1 dual consolidated loss will be subject to the
domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b).
Example 8. No indirect foreign use--transaction entered into in the
ordinary course of business. (i) Facts. P owns DE1X and
FBY. FBY is a foreign branch separate unit located
in Country Y. DE1X owns FBX and FSX.
P's interest in DE1X and FBX are combined and
treated as a single separate unit (Country X separate unit) pursuant to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). Under Country X tax laws, DE1X
elects to consolidate with FSX. FBY engages in the
business of providing services and, in connection with its ordinary
course of business, provides services to unrelated third parties and to
DE1X. As compensation for services, DE1X makes a
payment to FBY. Under Country X tax law, the payment is
deductible. However, the payment is generally disregarded for U.S. tax
purposes and, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(1)(ii), is not taken into
account in calculating the income or dual consolidated loss attributable
to the Country X separate unit or FBY. In year 1, the Country
X separate unit and FBY each has a dual consolidated loss.
The dual consolidated loss attributable to the Country X separate unit
is subject to the domestic use limitation under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b)
because DE1X and FSX elect to consolidate and, as
a result, the dual consolidated loss is put to a foreign use.
(ii) Result. The payment made by DE1X to FBY
in connection with the performance of services is taken into account as
a deduction in computing DE1X's taxable income for Country X
tax purposes, but does not give rise to an item of income or gain for
U.S. tax purposes. In addition, such payment has the effect of making an
item of deduction or loss composing the dual consolidated loss
attributable to FBY available for a foreign use. This is the
case because it may reduce or offset items of deduction or loss
composing the dual consolidated loss of FBY for foreign tax
purposes, and creates another deduction that reduces or offsets income
of FSX for foreign tax purposes (because DE1X and
FSX elect to file a consolidated return) that, under U.S. tax
principles, is income of a foreign corporation. However, the transaction
between DE1X and FBY was entered into in the
ordinary course of FBY's trade or business. As a result, if P
can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that the
transaction was not entered into with a principal purpose of avoiding
the provisions of section 1503(d), FBY's year 1 dual
consolidated loss will not be treated as having been made available for
an indirect foreign use. In such a case, P would be entitled to make a
domestic use election with respect to such loss.
Example 9. Foreign use--dual resident corporation with hybrid entity
joint venture. (i) Facts. P owns DRCX, a member of the P
consolidated group. DRCX owns 80 percent of HPSX,
a Country X entity that is subject to Country X tax on its worldwide
income. HPSX is classified as a partnership for U.S.
[[Page 698]]
tax purposes. FSX owns the remaining 20 percent of
HPSX. In year 1, DRCX generates a $100x net
operating loss (without regard to items attributable to
DRCX's interest in HPSX). Also in year 1,
HPSX generates $100x of income, $80x of which is attributable
to DRCX's interest in HPSX. DRCX and
HPSX file a consolidated tax return for Country X tax
purposes, and HPSX offsets its $100x of income with the $100x
loss generated by DRCX.
(ii) Result. DRCX and its interest in HPSX are
not combined because DRCX is a dual resident corporation and
the combination rule under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii) only applies to
separate units. The $100x year 1 net operating loss incurred by
DRCX (without regard to items attributable to
DRCX's interest in HPSX) is a dual consolidated
loss. In addition, HPSX is a hybrid entity and
DRCX's interest in HPSX is a hybrid entity
separate unit; however, there is no dual consolidated loss attributable
to such separate unit in year 1 (instead, there is $80x of income
attributable to such separate unit). DRCX's year 1 dual
consolidated loss offsets $100x of income for Country X purposes, and
$20x of such income is, under U.S. tax principles, income of
FSX, which owns an interest in HPSX that is not a
separate unit (in addition, FSX is a foreign corporation). As
a result, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(a), there is a foreign use of
the year 1 dual consolidated loss of DRCX, and P cannot make
a domestic use election with respect to such loss pursuant to Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(d)(2). Therefore, such loss will be subject to the domestic
use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b). The result would be the
same even if HPSX, under Country X laws, had no income
against which the dual consolidated loss could be offset (unless the
ability to use the loss under Country X laws required an election, and
no such election is made).
Example 10. Foreign use--foreign parent corporation. (i) Facts. F1
and F2, nonresident alien individuals, each owns 50 percent of
FPX, a Country X entity that is subject to Country X tax on
its worldwide income. FPX is classified as a foreign
corporation for U.S. tax purposes. FPX owns DRCX.
DRCX is the parent of a consolidated group that includes as a
member DS, a domestic corporation. In year 1, DRCX incurs a
dual consolidated loss of $100x and, for Country X tax purposes,
FPX generates $100x of income. In year 1, FPX
elects to consolidate with DRCX for Country X tax purposes,
and the $100x year 1 loss of DRCX is used to offset the
income of FPX under the laws of Country X. For U.S. tax
purposes, the items of FPX do not constitute items of income
in year 1.
(ii) Result. The year 1 dual consolidated loss of DRCX
offsets the income of FPX under the laws of Country X.
Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(a), the offset constitutes a foreign use
because the items constituting such income are considered under U.S. tax
principles to be items of a foreign corporation. This is the case even
though the United States does not recognize such items as income in year
1. Therefore, DRCX cannot make a domestic use election with
respect to its year 1 dual consolidated loss pursuant to Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(d)(2). As a result, such loss will be subject to the
domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b).
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 10, except that FPX is classified as a
partnership for U.S. tax purposes. The result would be the same as in
paragraph (ii) of this Example 10, because the offset of the income
generated by FPX is a foreign use pursuant to Sec.
1.1503(d)-3(a). This is the case because the items constituting such
income are considered under U.S. tax principles to be items of F1 and
F2, the owners of interests in FPX (a hybrid entity), that
are not separate units. Moreover, the result would be the same if F1 and
F2 owned their interests in FPX indirectly through another
partnership.
Example 11. No foreign use--absence of foreign loss allocation
rules. (i) Facts. P owns DE1X and DRCX.
DRCX is a member of the P consolidated group and owns
FSX. DE1X owns FBX. P's interest in
DE1X and P's indirect interest in FBX are
individual separate units that are combined into a single separate unit
(Country X separate unit) pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In
year 1, DRCX incurs a $200x net operating loss and $200x of
income is attributable to P's Country X separate unit. The $200x net
operating loss incurred by DRCX is a dual consolidated loss.
FSX also earns $200x of income in year 1. DRCX,
DE1X, and FSX file a Country X consolidated tax
return. However, Country X has no applicable rules for determining which
income is offset by DRCX's year 1 $200x loss.
(ii) Result. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(3), DRCX's $200x
loss shall be treated as having been made available to offset the $200x
of income attributable to P's Country X separate unit. P's Country X
separate unit is not, under U.S. tax principles, a foreign corporation,
and there is no interest in DE1X (which is a hybrid entity)
that is not a separate unit. As a result, DRCX's loss being
made available to offset the income attributable to P's Country X
separate unit is not considered a foreign use of such loss. Therefore, P
can make a domestic use election with respect to DRCX's year
1 dual consolidated loss.
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 11, except that in year 1 only $150x of income is
attributable to P's Country X separate unit. Because only $150x of
income is attributed to P's Country X separate unit, $50x of
DRCX's year 1 dual consolidated loss is treated as being made
available to offset the income of FSX, a foreign corporation,
and therefore constitutes a foreign use. As a result, DRCX
[[Page 699]]
cannot make a domestic use election with respect to its year 1 dual
consolidated loss pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(d)(2), and such loss
will be subject to the domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(b).
Example 12. No foreign use--absence of foreign loss usage ordering
rules. (i) Facts. (A) P owns DRCX, a member of the P
consolidated group. DRCX owns FSX. Under the
Country X consolidation regime, a consolidated group may elect in any
given year to use all or a portion of the losses of one consolidated
group member to offset income of other consolidated group members. If no
such election is made in a year in which losses are generated by a
consolidated member, such losses carry forward and are available, at the
election of the consolidated group, to offset income of consolidated
group members in subsequent taxable years. Country X law does not
provide ordering rules for determining when a loss from a particular
taxable year is used because, under Country X law, losses never expire.
In addition, Country X law does not provide ordering rules for
determining when a particular type of loss (for example, capital or
ordinary) is used.
(B) In year 1, DRCX incurs a capital loss of $80x which,
under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(b)(2), is not a dual consolidated loss.
DRCX also incurs a net operating loss of $80x in year 1 which
is a dual consolidated loss. FSX generates $60x of capital
gain in year 1 which, for Country X purposes, can be offset by capital
losses and net operating losses. Under the laws of Country X,
DRCX elects to use $60x of its total year 1 loss of $160x to
offset the $60x of capital gain generated by FSX in year 1;
the remaining $100x of year 1 loss carries forward. In both year 2 and
year 3, DRCX incurs a net operating loss of $100x, while
FSX incurs no income or loss in years 2 and 3.
DRCX's $100x losses incurred in year 2 and year 3 are dual
consolidated losses. Because DRCX does not elect under the
laws of Country X to use all or a portion of its year 2 or year 3 net
operating losses of $100x to offset the income of other members of the
Country X consolidated group, P is permitted to make (and in fact does
make) a domestic use election with respect to both the year 2 and year 3
dual consolidated losses of DRCX. In year 4, DRCX
has a net operating loss of $10x and FSX generates $125x of
income. Country X law permits, upon an election, FSX's $125x
of income generated in year 4 to be offset by losses (including
carryover losses from prior years) of other group members. Accordingly,
in year 4, DRCX elects to use $125x of its accumulated losses
to offset the $125x of year 4 income generated by FSX.
(ii) Result. (A) Under the ordering rules of Sec. 1.1503(d)-
3(d)(3), a pro rata amount of DRCX's year 1 net operating
loss ($30x) and capital loss ($30x) is considered to be used to offset
FSX's year 1 $60x capital gain. As a result, P cannot make a
domestic use election with respect to DRCX's year 1 $80x dual
consolidated loss because a portion of such loss is put to a foreign
use.
(B) DRCX's $10x year 4 net operating loss is also a dual
consolidated loss. Under the ordering rules of Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(d)(1),
such loss is considered to be used to offset $10x of FSX's
year 4 $125x of income. Consequently, P cannot make a domestic use
election with respect to such loss. Under the ordering rules of Sec.
1.1503(d)-3(d)(2), $50x of capital loss carryover and $50x of ordinary
loss from year 1 will be considered to offset $100x of FSX's
year 4 income because the income is first deemed to have been offset by
losses the use of which would not constitute a triggering event that
would result in the recapture of a dual consolidated loss. The remaining
$15x of FSX's year 4 income is considered to be offset by
losses from year 3 because it is the most recent taxable year from which
a loss may be carried forward. Thus, a portion of the year 3 dual
consolidated loss has been put to a foreign use and the entire year 3
dual consolidated loss is recaptured. However, none of DRCX's
$100x year 2 net operating loss will be deemed to offset
FSX's year 4 income. As a result, DRCX's year 2
dual consolidated loss will not be recaptured.
Example 13. Exception to foreign use through partnership interest.
(i) Facts. (A) P owns 80 percent of HPSX, a Country X entity
subject to Country X tax on its worldwide income. FSZ, an
unrelated foreign corporation, owns the remaining 20 percent of
HPSX. HPSX is classified as a partnership for
Federal tax purposes and carries on operations in Country X that, if
carried on by a U.S. person, would constitute a foreign branch within
the meaning of Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g)(1). P's interest in HPSX
and P's indirect interest in the Country X branch are individual
separate units that are combined into a single separate unit (Country X
separate unit) pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii).
(B) In year 1, HPSX incurs a loss of $100x, $80x of which
is attributable to P's Country X separate unit. The $80x of loss
attributable to P's Country X separate unit constitutes a dual
consolidated loss and P makes a domestic use election with respect to
such loss. In year 2, HPSX generates $50x of income, $40x of
which is attributable to P's interest in the Country X separate unit.
Under Country X income tax laws, the $100x of year 1 loss incurred by
HPSX is carried forward and offsets the $50x of income
generated by HPSX in year 2; the remaining $50x of loss is
carried forward and is available to offset income generated by
HPSX in subsequent years. P and FSZ maintain their
ownership interests in HPSX throughout years 1 and 2.
(ii) Result. In year 2, under the laws of Country X, the $100x of
year 1 loss, which includes the $80x dual consolidated loss attributable
to P's Country X separate unit, is made available to offset income of
HPSX.
[[Page 700]]
Such income is attributable to P's interest in HPSX, which is
a separate unit. Such income also is income of FSZ, a foreign
corporation that is an owner of an interest in HPSX, which is
not a separate unit. However, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(4), there
is no foreign use of the year 1 dual consolidated loss in year 2. This
is the case because P's interest in HPSX as of the end of
year 1 has not been reduced by more than a de minimis amount, and the
portion of the $80x dual consolidated loss was made available for a
foreign use in year 2 solely as a result of FSZ's ownership
in HPSX and the allocation or carry forward of the dual
consolidated loss as a result of such ownership.
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 13, except that P also owns FSX. In addition,
FSX and HPSX elect to file a consolidated return
under Country X law. The exception to foreign use under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
3(c)(4) does not apply because there is a foreign use other than by
reason of the dual consolidated loss being made available as a result of
FSZ's ownership in HPSX and the allocation or
carry forward of the dual consolidated loss as a result of such
ownership. That is, the exception does not apply because there is also a
foreign use of the dual consolidated loss as a result of FSX
and HPSX filing a consolidated return under Country X law.
(iv) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 13, except that at the end of year 2, FSZ
contributes cash to HPSX in exchange for additional equity of
HPSX. As a result of the contribution, FSZ's
interest in HPSX increases from 20 percent to 30 percent, and
P's interest in HPSX decreases from 80 percent to 70 percent.
P's interest in HPSX is reduced within a single 12-month
period by 12.5 percent (10/80), as compared to P's interest in
HPSX as of the beginning of such 12-month period.
Accordingly, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(4)(iii), the exception to
foreign use provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(4)(i) does not apply.
Therefore, in year 2 there is a foreign use of the $80x year 1 dual
consolidated loss attributable to P's Country X separate unit. Such
foreign use constitutes a triggering event in year 2 and the $80x year 1
dual consolidated loss is recaptured. Alternatively, if FSZ
were a domestic corporation, there would not be a foreign use of the
$80x year 1 dual consolidated loss because the loss would not be
available to offset income that, under U.S. tax principles, is income of
a foreign corporation or a direct or indirect owner of an interest in a
hybrid entity that is not a separate unit.
Example 14. Exception to foreign use through partnership interest--
combination rule. (i) Facts. (A) P and FSX form
PRSX. P and FSX each own 50 percent of
PRSX throughout years 1 and 2. PRSX is treated as
a partnership for both U.S. and Country X tax purposes. PRSX
owns DEY. DEY is a Country Y entity subject to
Country Y tax on its worldwide income and disregarded as an entity
separate from its owner for U.S. tax purposes. DEY conducts
business operations in Country Y that, if carried on by a U.S. person,
would constitute a foreign branch as defined in Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g)(1).
P's interest in the Country Y operations conducted by DEY is
an individual foreign branch separate unit. P's interest in
DEY, owned indirectly through PRSX, is a hybrid
entity individual separate unit. P also owns FBY, a Country Y
foreign branch individual separate unit. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(ii), FBY and P's indirect interests in DEY
and DEY's Country Y business operations are treated as a
combined separate unit (Country Y separate unit).
(B) In year 1, there is a $100x loss attributable to the Country Y
business operations conducted by DEY. Thus, there is a $50x
loss attributable to P's interest in DEY's Country Y business
operations in year 1. Also in year 1, there is a $200x loss attributable
to FBY. No income or loss is attributable to P's interest in
DEY in year 1. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(ii), the dual
consolidated loss attributable to P's combined Country Y separate unit
is $250x ($50x loss attributable to P's indirect interest in
DEY's Country Y operations, plus $200x loss attributable to
FBY). In year 2, neither DEY nor DEY's
Country Y operations generates income or loss. Under Country Y law, the
$100x of year 1 loss incurred by DEY is carried forward and
is available to offset income of DEY in year 2.
(ii) Result. As a result of the carryover of the year 1 $100x loss
(which includes $50x of the year 1 dual consolidated loss) under Country
Y law, a portion of such loss will be available to offset income of
DEY that is attributable to P's interest in DEY
owned indirectly through PRSX. A portion of such loss will
also be available to offset income of DEY that is
attributable to FSX's indirect ownership of DEY.
Accordingly, under Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(a), there would be a foreign use of
a portion of P's $250x year 1 dual consolidated loss because it is
available to offset an item of income of the owner of an interest in a
hybrid entity, which is not a separate unit (there would also be a
foreign use in this case because FSX is a foreign
corporation). However, there has not been a reduction of P's interest in
DEY, DEY has not consolidated under the laws of
Country Y, and there has not been any other foreign use of the dual
consolidated losses. As a result, no foreign use occurs as a result of
the carryforward pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(4)(i) and (ii).
Example 15. No foreign use--asset basis carryover exception. (i)
Facts. P owns FBX and FSX. In year 1, there is a
dual consolidated loss attributable to FBX. P's items of
income, gain, deduction, and loss that are taken into account in
calculating FBX's dual consolidated loss include depreciation
deductions
[[Page 701]]
attributable to FBX's assets. P makes a domestic use election
under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(d) with respect to the year 1 dual consolidated
loss of FBX. At the end of year 2, P contributes a portion of
FBX's assets to FSX, in exchange for stock in
FSX. The aggregate adjusted basis of the assets transferred
by P to FSX is less than 10 percent of the aggregate adjusted
basis of all of FBX's assets held at the beginning of year 2.
In addition, no other assets of FBX are transferred during
the certification period. Under Country X law, FSX's basis in
the transferred assets is determined by reference to P's basis in such
assets. In addition, under Country X law, a portion of the depreciation
deductions that were taken into account in year 1 for U.S. tax purposes,
are taken into account in year 2 for Country X tax purposes.
(ii) Result. As a result of the transfer of assets from P to
FSX, a portion of the year 1 dual consolidated loss is
available for a foreign use. This is the case because a portion of the
basis in FBX's assets, which gave rise to depreciation
deductions that were taken into account in computing the year 1 dual
consolidated loss, will give rise to a depreciation deduction under
Country X laws that will be available, under U.S. tax principles, to
offset the income of FSX, a foreign corporation, in year 2.
However, the aggregate adjusted basis of all the assets transferred by P
to FSX, within the 12-month period ending at the end of year
2, is less than 10 percent of the aggregate adjusted basis of all of
FBX's assets at the beginning of such 12-month period.
Moreover, the aggregate adjusted basis of the assets transferred by P to
FSX at any time during the certification period is less than
30 percent of the aggregate adjusted basis of FBX's assets
held at the end of year 1. In addition, the item of deduction giving
rise to the foreign use is being made available solely as a result of
the adjusted basis of the transferred assets being determined in whole,
or in part, by reference to the adjusted basis of such transferred
assets in the hands of FBX. As a result, this transfer will
not result in a foreign use pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(6).
Example 16. No foreign use--liability assumption exception. (i)
Facts. P owns FBX. In year 1, there is a dual consolidated
loss attributable to FBX for which P makes a domestic use
election under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(d). The dual consolidated loss includes
a deduction for salary expense that was deductible for U.S. tax purposes
at the end of year 1, even though it was not paid until year 2. The
deduction was incurred in the ordinary course of FBX's trade
or business. During year 2, and before the accrued salary expense
liability was paid, P sells all the assets of FBX to
FSX in exchange for cash and FSX's assumption of
the liabilities of the FBX trade or business, including the
obligation to pay the accrued salary expense. Under Country X law, the
accrued salary expense of FBX is deductible, and is taken
into account for purposes of computing the taxable income of
FBX, when paid. FBX pays the accrued salary
expense after the sale of FBX to FSX.
(ii) Result. (A) As a result of FSX's assumption of the
FBX liabilities, including the accrued salary expense, a
portion of the dual consolidated loss is available for a foreign use in
year 2. This is the case because the deduction that was taken into
account in year 1 in computing the dual consolidated loss under U.S. tax
principles will, under Country X tax law, be taken into account and will
be available to offset the income of FSX, a foreign
corporation, in year 2. However, because this item of expense is made
available solely as a result of the assumption of a liability of
FBX, and such liability was incurred in the ordinary course
of FBX's trade or business, there will not be a foreign use
of the year 1 dual consolidated loss pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
3(c)(7).
(B) The transfer of all the assets of FBX to
FSX is a triggering event under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv),
unless P can rebut the triggering event under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(2).
For purposes of determining whether, under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(2)(ii),
the transfer of assets resulted in a carryover under foreign law of
FBX's losses, expenses, or deductions, the exception to
foreign use for the assumption of liabilities is taken into account.
However, the other exceptions to foreign use do not apply for this
purpose (or for purposes of demonstrating that no foreign use of a dual
consolidated loss can occur in any other year under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(c), (e)(2)(i) or (j)(2)). See Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(1). Provided the
other requirements of Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(2)(ii) and (iii) are
satisfied, P may be able to rebut the occurrence of a triggering event
upon the transfer of FBX's assets to FSX.
Example 17. Mirror legislation rule--dual resident corporation and
hybrid entity separate unit. (i) Facts. P owns DRCX, a member
of the P consolidated group. DRCX owns FSX. In
year 1, DRCX incurs a $100x net operating loss that is a dual
consolidated loss. To prevent corporations like DRCX from
offsetting losses both against income of affiliates in Country X and
against income of foreign affiliates under the tax laws of another
country, Country X mirror legislation prevents a corporation that is
subject to the income tax of another country on its worldwide income or
on a residence basis from using the Country X form of consolidation.
Accordingly, the Country X mirror legislation prevents the loss of
DRCX from being made available to offset income of
FSX.
(ii) Result. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e), because the losses of
DRCX are subject to Country X's mirror legislation, there is
a deemed foreign use of DRCX's year 1 dual consolidated loss.
The stand-alone exception to the mirror rule in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e)(2)
does not apply because,
[[Page 702]]
absent the mirror legislation, DRCX's year 1 dual
consolidated loss would be available for a foreign use (as defined in
Sec. 1.1503(d)-3), without regard to whether such availability is
limited by election or similar procedure. That is, absent the mirror
legislation, all or a portion of the dual consolidated loss would be
available to offset the income of FSX under the Country X
consolidation regime. This is the case even if Country X did not
recognize DRCX as having a loss in year 1. Therefore, P may
not make a domestic use election with respect to DRCX's year
1 dual consolidated loss pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(d)(2).
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 17, except that P owns DE1X (rather than
DRCX) and, in year 1, there is a $100 dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's interest in DE1X (rather than of
DRCX). The Country X mirror legislation only applies to
Country X dual resident corporations and, therefore, does not apply to
losses attributable to P's interest in DE1X. As a result, the
mirror legislation rule under Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e) would not deny the
opportunity of such loss from being put to a foreign use (for example,
by offsetting the income of FSX through the Country X
consolidation regime). Therefore, a domestic use election can be made
with respect to the dual consolidated loss (provided the conditions for
such an election are otherwise satisfied).
Example 18. Mirror legislation rule--standalone foreign branch
separate unit. (i) Facts. P owns FBX. In year 1, there is a
$100x dual consolidated loss attributable to FBX. Country X
enacted mirror legislation to prevent Country X branches and permanent
establishments of nonresident corporations from offsetting losses both
against income of Country X affiliates and against other income of its
owner (or foreign affiliates thereof) under the tax laws of another
country. The Country X mirror legislation prevents a Country X branch or
permanent establishment of a nonresident corporation from offsetting its
losses against the income of Country X affiliates if such losses may be
deductible against income (other than income of the Country X branch or
permanent establishment) under the laws of another country.
(ii) Result. In general, under Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e), because the
losses of FBX are subject to Country X's mirror legislation,
there is a deemed foreign use of FBX's year 1 dual
consolidated loss. However, in the absence of the Country X mirror
legislation, no item of deduction or loss composing FBX's
year 1 dual consolidated loss would be available in the year incurred
for a foreign use (as defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3), without regard to
whether such availability is limited by election or otherwise. This is
the case because there is no Country X entity through which the dual
consolidated loss could be put to a foreign use (absent a sale, merger,
or similar transaction involving FBX). As a result, the
stand-alone exception in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e)(2) may apply, provided P
complies with the requirements of Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e)(2)(ii).
Accordingly, P may make a domestic use election with respect to the year
1 dual consolidated loss of FBX pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(d). If, however, any item of the dual consolidated loss would
otherwise be available for a foreign use during the certification period
(for example, as a result of P acquiring a foreign corporation that is
organized under the laws of Country X such that losses of FBX
could be put to a foreign use through consolidation or similar means),
then such loss would be recaptured pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(e)(1)(ix).
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 18, except that the Country X mirror legislation
operates in a manner similar to the rules under section 1503(d). That
is, it allows the taxpayer to elect to use the loss to either offset
income of an affiliate in Country X, or income of an affiliate (or other
income of the owner of the Country X branch or permanent establishment)
in the other country, but not both. Because the Country X mirror
legislation permits the taxpayer to choose to put the dual consolidated
loss to a foreign use, it does not deny the opportunity to put the loss
to a foreign use. Therefore, there is no deemed foreign use of the dual
consolidated loss pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(e) and a domestic use
election can be made for such loss.
Example 19. Application of mirror legislation rule to combined
separate unit. (i) Facts. P owns FBX, FSX, and
DE1X. In year 1, there is a $50x dual consolidated loss
attributable to FBX and $10x of income attributable to P's
interest in DE1X. FSX has income of $100x.
Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii), FBX and P's interest
in DE1X are combined and treated as a single separate unit
(Country X separate unit) which has a year 1 dual consolidated loss of
$40x. Country X enacted mirror legislation to prevent Country X branches
or permanent establishments of nonresident corporations from offsetting
losses both against income of Country X affiliates and against other
income of its owner (or foreign affiliates thereof) under the tax laws
of another country. The Country X mirror legislation prevents a Country
X branch or permanent establishment of a nonresident corporation from
offsetting its losses against the income of Country X affiliates if such
losses may be deductible against income (other than income of the
Country X branch or permanent establishment) under the laws of another
country. However, the United States and Country X have entered into an
agreement described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(b) pursuant to the U.S.-Country
X income tax convention (mirror agreement). The mirror agreement applies
to Country X foreign branch separate units of domestic corporations, but
not to
[[Page 703]]
Country X hybrid entity separate units. The mirror agreement provides
that neither the Country X mirror legislation nor the mirror legislation
rule under Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e) will apply to losses attributable to
Country X foreign branch separate units, provided certain conditions and
reporting requirements are satisfied (including a domestic use election,
if the loss is to be used to offset income of a domestic affiliate).
Thus, losses attributable to Country X foreign branch separate units
can, subject to the requirements of the mirror agreement, be used to
offset income of a domestic affiliate or a Country X affiliate (but not
both).
(ii) Result. The Country X mirror legislation only applies to
Country X foreign branch separate units and does not apply to hybrid
entity separate units. In addition, if P complies with the terms and
conditions of the mirror agreement, the Country X mirror legislation
would not apply to FBX. As a result, the income tax laws of
Country X would not deny the opportunity of a loss of either individual
separate unit that composes P's combined Country X separate unit from
being put to a foreign use. Therefore, notwithstanding Sec. 1.1503(d)-
3(e), a domestic use election can be made with respect to the dual
consolidated loss attributable to P's Country X separate unit, provided
the terms and conditions of the mirror agreement are satisfied. See
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(b)(2).
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 19, except that the Country X mirror legislation also
applies to losses attributable to DE1X, but the mirror
agreement does not apply to such losses. The mirror legislation rule
would apply with respect to P's interest in DE1X and, as a
result, there is a deemed foreign use of the dual consolidated loss
attributable to the Country X separate unit and a domestic use election
cannot be made for such loss. This is the case even though, pursuant to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(ii)(A), P's interest in DE1X (which
is subject to the Country X mirror legislation) does not, as an
individual separate unit, have a dual consolidated loss in year 1.
Further, the stand-alone exception to the mirror legislation rule in
Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(e)(2) does not apply because, absent the mirror
legislation, the Country X combined separate unit's dual consolidated
loss would be available in the year incurred for a foreign use (as
defined in Sec. 1.1503(d)-3) because it could be used to offset income
of FSX under the Country X consolidation regime. This is the
case even if Country X requires an election to consolidate and no such
election is made. The result would be the same even if Country X did not
recognize DE1X as having a loss.
Example 20. Dual consolidated loss limitation after section 381
transaction. disposition of assets and subsequent liquidation of dual
resident corporation--(i) Facts. P owns DRCX, a member of the
P consolidated group. In year 1, DRCX incurs a dual
consolidated loss and P does not make a domestic use election with
respect to such loss. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b), DRCX's year
1 dual consolidated loss is subject to the limitations under Sec.
1.1503(d)-4(c) and, therefore, may not be used to offset the income of P
or S (or any other domestic affiliate) on the group's U.S. income tax
return. At the beginning of year 2, DRCX sells all of its
assets for cash and distributes the cash to P pursuant to a liquidation
that qualifies under section 332.
(ii) Result. In general, under section 381, P would succeed to, and
be permitted to use, DRCX's net operating loss carryover.
However, Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(d)(1)(i) prohibits the dual consolidated loss
of DRCX from carrying over to P. Therefore, DRCX's
year 1 net operating loss carryover is eliminated.
Example 21. Dual consolidated loss limitation applied to a separate
unit transferred in a section 381 transaction. (i) Facts. S owns
DE1X which, in turn, owns FBX. S's interest in
DE1X and its indirect interest in FBX are combined
and treated as a single separate unit (Country X separate unit) pursuant
to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In year 1, a dual consolidated loss is
attributable to the Country X separate unit, and P does not make a
domestic use election with respect to such loss. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(b), the year 1 dual consolidated loss attributable to the Country X
separate unit may not be used to offset the income of P or S (other than
income attributable to the Country X separate unit, subject to the
application of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)) on the group's consolidated U.S.
income tax return (nor may it be used to offset the income of any other
domestic affiliates). At the beginning of year 2, S transfers its entire
interest in DE1X, and thus its entire indirect interest in
FBX, to FSX in a transaction described in section
381.
(ii) Result. Section 1.1503(d)-4(d)(1)(ii) provides that the dual
consolidated loss attributable to a separate unit that is subject to the
domestic use limitation under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) is eliminated if the
separate unit ceases to be a separate unit of its affiliated domestic
owner and all other members of the affiliated domestic owner's separate
group. As a result of the transfer of the Country X separate unit to
FSX, the Country X separate unit ceases to be a separate unit
of S, and is not a separate unit of any other member of the P
consolidated group. In addition, the exceptions in Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(d)(2)(iii) do not apply because FSX is not a domestic
corporation. Thus, the year 1 dual consolidated loss attributable to the
Country X separate unit is eliminated.
(iii) Alternative facts. Assume the same facts as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 21, except S transfers its assets to DC, a domestic
corporation that is not a member of the
[[Page 704]]
P consolidated group, in a transaction described in section 381(a).
Immediately after the transaction, the Country X separate unit is a
separate unit of DC. Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(d)(1)(ii), the year 1 dual
consolidated loss of the Country X separate unit would be eliminated
because it ceases to be a separate unit of S, and is not a separate unit
of any other member of the P consolidated group. However, because the
transferee is a domestic corporation and the Country X separate unit is
a separate unit in the hands of DC immediately after the transaction,
the exception under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(d)(2)(iii)(A) applies. As a
result, the year 1 dual consolidated loss of the Country X separate unit
is not eliminated and any income generated by DC that is attributable to
the Country X separate unit following the transfer may be offset by the
carryover dual consolidated losses attributable to the Country X
separate unit, subject to the limitations of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) and
(c) applied as if DC generated the dual consolidated loss and such loss
was attributable to the Country X separate unit.
(iv) Alternative facts. Assume the same facts as in paragraph (iii)
of this Example 21, except that P owns DE2X and the interest
in DE2X is combined with and therefore included in the
Country X separate unit. In addition, a portion of the dual consolidated
loss of the Country X separate unit is attributable to P's interest in
DE2X. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(d)(2)(iii)(A), the result
would be the same as in paragraph (iii) of this Example 21, with respect
to the portion of the dual consolidated loss attributable to the
combined separate unit that is succeeded to and taken into account by DC
pursuant to section 381. The portion of the dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's interest in DE2X, however, does not carry
over to DC but is retained by P and continues to be subject to the
limitations of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) and (c) with respect to P's interest
in DE2X.
(v) Alternative facts. Assume the same facts as in paragraph (iv) of
this Example 21, except that DC is a member of the P consolidated group.
Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(d)(2)(iii)(B), the dual consolidated loss
of the Country X separate unit is not eliminated and income attributable
to the Country X separate unit may continue to be offset by the dual
consolidated loss that is succeeded to and taken into account by DC
pursuant to section 381, subject to the limitations of Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(b) and (c). The result would be the same even if the interest in
DE1X ceased to be a separate unit in the hands of DC (for
example, because it dissolved under Country X law in connection with the
transaction), provided P, or another member of the P consolidated group,
continued to own a portion of the Country X separate unit.
Example 22. Tainted income. (i) Facts. P owns 100 percent of
DRCZ, a domestic corporation that is included as a member of
the P consolidated group. DRCZ conducts a business in the
United States. During year 1, DRCZ was managed and controlled
in Country Z and therefore was subject to tax as a resident of Country Z
and was a dual resident corporation. In year 1, DRCZ incurred
a dual consolidated loss of $200x, and P did not make a domestic use
election with respect to such loss. As a result, such loss is subject to
the domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b). At the end of
year 1, DRCZ moved its management and control to the United
States and, as a result, ceased being a dual resident corporation. At
the beginning of year 2, P transferred asset A, a non-depreciable asset,
to DRCZ in exchange for common stock in a transaction that
qualified for nonrecognition under section 351. At the time of the
transfer, P's tax basis in asset A equaled $50x and the fair market
value of asset A equaled $100x. The tax basis of asset A in the hands of
DRCZ immediately after the transfer equaled $50x pursuant to
section 362. Asset A did not constitute replacement property acquired in
the ordinary course of business. DRCZ did not generate income
or gain during years 2, 3, or 4. On June 30, year 5, DRCZ
sold asset A to a third party for $100x, its fair market value at the
time of the sale, and recognized $50x of income on such sale. In
addition to the $50x income generated on the sale of asset A,
DRCZ generated $100x of operating income in year 5. At the
end of year 5, the fair market value of all the assets of
DRCZ was $400x.
(ii) Result. DRCZ ceased being a dual resident
corporation at the end of year 1. Therefore, its year 1 dual
consolidated loss cannot be offset by tainted income. Asset A is a
tainted asset because it was acquired in a nonrecognition transaction
after DRCZ ceased being a dual resident corporation (and was
not replacement property acquired in the ordinary course of business).
As a result, the $50x of income recognized by DRCZ on the
disposition of asset A is tainted income and cannot be offset by the
year 1 dual consolidated loss of DRCZ. In addition, absent
evidence establishing the actual amount of tainted income, $25x of the
$100x year 5 operating income of DRCZ (($100x/$400x) x $100x)
also is treated as tainted income and cannot be offset by the year 1
dual consolidated loss of DRCZ under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(e)(2)(ii). Therefore, $75x of the $150x year 5 income of
DRCZ constitutes tainted income and may not be offset by the
year 1 dual consolidated loss of DRCZ; however, the remaining
$75x of year 5 income of DRCZ may be offset by such dual
consolidated loss. The result would be the same if, instead of P
transferring asset A to DRCZ, such asset was received from a
separate unit or a transparent entity of DRCZ.
Example 23. Treatment of disregarded item and books and records of a
hybrid entity. (i) Facts. P owns DE1X which, in turn, owns
FSX. In year 1, P borrows from a third party and
[[Page 705]]
on-lends the proceeds to DE1X. In year 1, P incurs interest
expense attributable to the third-party loan. Also in year 1,
DE1X incurs interest expense attributable to its loan from P,
but such expense is generally disregarded for U.S. tax purposes because
DE1X is disregarded as an entity separate from P. The third-
party loan and related interest expense are reflected on the books and
records of P (and not on the books and records of DE1X). The
loan from P to DE1X and related interest expense are
reflected on the books and records of DE1X. There are no
other items of income, gain, deduction, or loss reflected on the books
and records of DE1X in year 1.
(ii) Result. Because the interest expense on P's third-party loan is
not reflected on the books and records of DE1X, no portion of
such expense is attributable to P's interest in DE1X pursuant
to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(3) for purposes of calculating the year 1 dual
consolidated loss, if any, attributable to such interest. In addition,
even though P's interest in DE1X is treated as a separate
domestic corporation for purposes of determining the amount of income or
dual consolidated loss attributable to it pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
5(c)(1)(ii), such treatment does not cause the interest expense incurred
on the loan from P to DE1X that is generally disregarded for
U.S. tax purposes to be regarded for purposes of calculating the year 1
dual consolidated loss, if any, attributable to P's interest in
DE1X. As a result, even though the disregarded interest
expense is reflected on the books and records of DE1X, it is
not taken into account for purposes of calculating income or a dual
consolidated loss. Therefore, there is no dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's interest in DE1X in year 1.
Example 24. Dividend income attributable to a separate unit. (i)
Facts. P owns DE1X which, in turn, owns FBX. P's
interest in DE1X and its indirect interest in FBX
are combined and treated as a single separate unit (Country X separate
unit) pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). DE1X owns
DE3Y. DE3Y owns the stock of FSX. P's
Country X separate unit would, without regard to year 1 dividend income
(or related section 78 gross-up) received from FSX, have a
dual consolidated loss of $75x in year 1. In year 1, FSX
distributes $50x to DE3Y that is taxable as a dividend.
DE3Y distributes the same amount to DE1X. P
computes foreign taxes deemed paid on the dividend under section 902 of
$25x and includes that amount in gross income under section 78.
(ii) Result. The $50x dividend is reflected on the books and records
of DE3Y and, therefore, is attributable to P's interest in
DE3Y pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(3)(i). In addition, the
$25x section 78 gross-up is attributable to P's interest in
DE3Y pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(iv). The
distribution of $50x from DE3Y to DE1X is
generally disregarded for U.S. tax purposes and, therefore, does not
give rise to an item that is taken into account for purposes of
calculating income or a dual consolidated loss. This is the case even
though the item would be reflected on the books and records of
DE1X. In addition, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(1)(iii),
each separate unit must calculate its own income or dual consolidated
loss, and each item of income, gain, deduction, and loss must be taken
into account only once. As a result, the dual consolidated loss of $75x
attributable to P's Country X separate unit in year 1 is not reduced by
the amount of dividend income attributable to P's indirect interest in
DE3Y.
Example 25. Items reflected on books and records of a combined
separate unit. (i) Facts. P owns DE1X which, in turn, owns
FBX. P's interest in DE1X and its indirect
interest in FBX are combined and treated as a single separate
unit (Country X separate unit) pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii).
The following items are reflected on the books and records of
DE1X in year 1: Sales, depreciation expense, a political
contribution, royalty expense paid to P, repairs and maintenance expense
paid to a third party, and Country X income tax expense. The amount of
sales under U.S. tax principles equals the amount of sales reported for
accounting purposes. The depreciation expense is calculated on a
straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset for accounting
purposes, but is subject to accelerated depreciation for U.S. tax
purposes. In addition, the repairs and maintenance expense, which is
deducted when paid for accounting purposes, is properly capitalized and
amortized over five years for U.S. tax purposes. Finally, P elects to
claim as a credit under section 901 the Country X income tax expense
that was paid in year 1.
(ii) Result. (A) For purposes of determining the income or dual
consolidated loss attributable to P's Country X separate unit, items of
income, gain, deduction, and loss must first be attributed to the
individual separate units (that is, P's interest in DE1X and
its indirect interest in FBX). For purposes of attributing
items to P's interest in DE1X, P's items that are reflected
on DE1X's books and records, as adjusted to conform to U.S.
tax principles, are taken into account. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(3)(i).
For purposes of attributing items (other than interest expense) to
FBX, the principles of section 864(c)(2), (c)(4), and (c)(5)
(as set forth in Sec. 1.864-4(c) and Sec. Sec. 1.864-5 through 1.864-
7) must be applied and, for interest expense, the principles of Sec.
1.882-5, as modified under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(2)(ii), must be applied;
however, for these purposes, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(i)(A),
FBX only takes into account items attributable to P's
interest in DE1X and the assets, liabilities, and activities
of such interest. In addition, to the extent such items are taken into
account by FBX, they are not taken into account in
determining
[[Page 706]]
the items attributable to P's interest in DE1X. Sec.
1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(i)(B). Because P's interest in DE1X has no
assets or liabilities, and conducts no activities, other than through
its ownership of FBX, all of the items that are reflected on
the books and records of DE1X, as adjusted to conform to U.S.
tax principles, are attributable to FBX; no items are
attributable to P's interest in DE1X.
(B) The items reflected on the books and records of DE1X
must be adjusted to conform to U.S. tax principles. No adjustment is
required to sales because the amount of sales under U.S. tax principles
equals the amount of sales for accounting purposes. The amount of
straight-line depreciation expense reflected on DE1X's books
and records must be adjusted to reflect the amount of depreciation on
the asset that is allowable for U.S. tax purposes. The political
contribution is not taken into account because it is not deductible for
U.S. tax purposes. Similarly, because the royalty expense is paid to P,
and therefore is generally disregarded for U.S. tax purposes, it is not
taken into account. The repair and maintenance expense that is deducted
in year 1 for accounting purposes also must be adjusted to conform to
U.S. tax principles. Thus, the repair and maintenance expense will be
taken into account in computing the income or dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's Country X separate unit over five years (even though
no item related to such expense would be reflected on the books and
records of DE1X for years 2 through 5). Finally, because P
elected to claim as a credit the Country X foreign taxes paid during
year 1, no deduction is allowed for such amount pursuant to section
275(a)(4) and, therefore, the Country X tax expense is not taken into
account.
(C) Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(ii)(B), the combined Country
X separate unit of P calculates its income or dual consolidated loss by
taking into account all the items of income, gain, deduction, and loss
that were separately attributable to P's interest in DE1X and
FBX. However, in this case, there are no items attributable
to P's interest in DE1X. Therefore, the items attributable to
the Country X separate unit are the items attributable to
FBX.
Example 26. Items attributable to a combined separate unit. (i)
Facts. P owns DE1X. DE1X owns a 50 percent
interest in PRSZ, a Country Z entity that is classified as a
partnership both for Country Z tax purposes and for U.S. tax purposes.
FSX, which is unrelated to P, owns the remaining 50 percent
interest in PRSZ. PRSZ carries on operations in
Country X that, if carried on by a U.S. person, would constitute a
foreign branch as defined in Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g)(1). Therefore, P's
share of the Country X operations carried on by PRSZ
constitutes a foreign branch separate unit. PRSZ also owns
assets that do not constitute a part of its Country X branch, including
all of the interests in TET, a disregarded entity.
TET is an entity incorporated under the laws of Country T, a
country that does not have an income tax. Under the laws of Country X,
an interest holder of TET does not take into account on a
current basis the interest holder's share of items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss of TET.
(ii) Result. (A) Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii), P's
interest in DE1X, and P's indirect ownership of a portion of
the Country X operations carried on by PRSZ, are combined and
treated as a single separate unit (Country X separate unit). Pursuant to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(ii)(A), for purposes of determining P's items of
income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to the Country X separate
unit, the items of P are first attributed to each separate unit that
composes the Country X separate unit.
(B) Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(2)(i), the principles of
section 864(c)(2), (c)(4), and (c)(5) (as set forth in Sec. 1.864-4(c)
and Sec. Sec. 1.864-5 through 1.864-7), apply for purposes of
determining P's items of income, gain, deduction (other than interest
expense), and loss that are attributable to P's indirect interest in the
Country X operations carried on by PRSZ. For purposes of
determining P's interest expense that is attributable to P's indirect
interest in the Country X operations carried on by PRSZ, the
principles of Sec. 1.882-5, as modified under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
5(c)(2)(ii), shall apply. For purposes of applying these rules, P is
treated as a foreign corporation, the Country X operations carried on by
PRSZ are treated as a trade or business within the United
States, and the assets of P (including its share of the PRSZ
assets, other than those of the Country X operations) are treated as
assets that are not U.S. assets. In addition, because P carries on its
share of the Country X operations through DE1X, a hybrid
entity, Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(i)(A) provides that only the items
attributable to P's interest in DE1X, and only the assets,
liabilities, and activities of P's interest in DE1X, are
taken into account for purposes of this determination.
(C) TET is a transparent entity as defined in Sec.
1.1503(d)-1(b)(16) because it is not taxable as an association for
Federal tax purposes, is not subject to income tax in a foreign country
as a corporation (or otherwise at the entity level) either on its
worldwide income or on a residence basis, and is not treated as a pass-
through entity under the laws of Country X (the applicable foreign
country). TET is not a pass-through entity under the laws of
Country X because a Country X holder of an interest in TET
does not take into account on a current basis the interest holder's
share of items of income, gain, deduction, and loss of TET.
For purposes of determining P's items of income, gain, deduction, and
loss that are attributable to P's interest in TET,
[[Page 707]]
only those items of P that are reflected on the books and records of
TET, as adjusted to conform to U.S. tax principles, are taken
into account. Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(3)(i). Because the interest in
TET is not a separate unit, a loss attributable to such
interest is not a dual consolidated loss and is not subject to section
1503(d) and these regulations. Items must nevertheless be attributed to
the interests in TET. For example, such attribution is
required for purposes of calculating the income or dual consolidated
loss attributable to the Country X separate unit, and for purposes of
applying the domestic use limitation under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) to a
dual consolidated loss attributable to the Country X separate unit.
(D) For purposes of determining P's items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss that are attributable to P's interest in
DE1X, only those items of P that are reflected on the books
and records of DE1X, as adjusted to conform to U.S. tax
principles, are taken into account. Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(3)(i). For this
purpose, DE1X's distributive share of the items of income,
gain, deduction, and loss that are reflected on the books and records of
PRSZ, as adjusted to conform to U.S. tax principles, are
treated as being reflected on the books and records of DE1X,
except to the extent such items are taken into account by the Country X
operations of PRSZ. See Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(3)(ii) and
(4)(i)(B). Because TET is a transparent entity, the items
reflected on its books and records are not treated as being reflected on
the books and records of DE1X.
(E) Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(ii)(B), the combined Country
X separate unit of P calculates its income or dual consolidated loss by
taking into account all the items of income, gain, deduction, and loss
that were separately attributable to P's interest in DE1X and
the Country X operations of PRSZ owned indirectly by P.
Example 27. Sale of separate unit by another separate unit. (i)
Facts. P owns DE3Y which, in turn, owns DE1X.
DE3Y also owns other assets that do not constitute a foreign
branch separate unit. DE1X owns FBX. Pursuant to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii), P's indirect interests in DE1X
and FBX are combined and treated as one Country X separate
unit (Country X separate unit). DE3Y sells its interest in
DE1X at the end of year 1 to an unrelated foreign person for
cash. The sale results in an ordinary loss of $30x. Items of income,
gain, deduction, and loss derived from the assets that gave rise to the
$30x loss would be attributable to the Country X separate unit under
Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c) through (e). Without regard to the sale of
DE1X, no items of income, gain, deduction, and loss are
attributable to P's Country X separate unit in year 1.
(ii) Result. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(iii)(A), the $30x
ordinary loss recognized on the sale is attributable to the Country X
separate unit, and not P's interest in DE3Y. This is the case
because the Country X separate unit is treated as owning the assets that
gave rise to the loss under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(f). Thus, the loss
attributable to the sale creates a year 1 dual consolidated loss
attributable to the Country X separate unit. In addition, pursuant to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(d)(2), P cannot make a domestic use election with
respect to the dual consolidated loss because the sale of the interest
in DE1X is a triggering event described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(e)(1)(iv) and (v). Further, although the year 1 dual consolidated loss
would otherwise be subject to the domestic use limitation rule of Sec.
1.1503(d)-4(b), it is eliminated pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(d)(1)(ii). Finally, if there were a dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's interest in DE3Y, the sale of the
interest in DE1X would not be taken into account for purposes
of determining whether there is an asset triggering event with respect
to such dual consolidated loss under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv).
Example 28. Gain on sale of tiered separate units. (i) Facts. P owns
75 percent of HPSX, a Country X entity subject to Country X
tax on its worldwide income. FSX owns the remaining 25
percent of HPSX. HPSX is classified as a
partnership for Federal tax purposes. HPSX carries on
operations in Country Y that, if carried on by a U.S. person, would
constitute a foreign branch within the meaning of Sec. 1.367(a)-
6T(g)(1). HPSX also owns assets that do not constitute a part
of its Country Y operations and would not themselves constitute a
foreign branch within the meaning of Sec. 1.367(a)-6T(g)(1) if owned by
a U.S. person. Neither HPSX nor the Country Y operations has
liabilities. P's indirect interest in the Country Y operations carried
on by HPSX, and P's interest in HPSX, are each
separate units. P sells its interest in HPSX and recognizes a
gain of $150x on such sale. Immediately prior to P's sale of its
interest in HPSX, P's portion of the assets of the Country Y
operations (that is, assets the income, gain, deduction and loss from
which would be attributable to P's Country Y foreign branch separate
unit) had a built-in gain of $200x, and P's portion of HPSX's
other assets (that is, assets the income, gain, deduction and loss from
which would be attributable to P's interest in HPSX) had a
built-in gain of $100x.
(ii) Result. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(iii)(B), $100x of
the total $150x of gain recognized ($200x/$300x x $150x) is attributable
to P's indirect interest in its share of the Country Y operations
carried on by HPSX. Similarly, $50x of such gain ($100x/$300x
x $150x) is attributable to P's interest in HPSX.
Example 29. Effect on domestic affiliate. (i) Facts. (A) P owns
DE1X which, in turn, owns FBX. P's interest in
DE1X and its indirect interest in FBX are combined
and treated as a
[[Page 708]]
single separate unit (Country X separate unit) pursuant to Sec.
1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In years 1 and 2, the items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss that are attributable to P's Country X separate unit
pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5 are as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Item Year 1 Year 2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sales income.......................................... $100x $160x
Salary expense........................................ ($75x) ($75x)
Research and experimental expense..................... ($50x) ($50x)
Interest expense...................................... ($25x) ($25x)
-----------------
Income/(dual consolidated loss)....................... ($50x) $10x
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(B) P does not make a domestic use election with respect to the year
1 dual consolidated loss attributable to its Country X separate unit.
Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) and (c)(2), the year 1 dual
consolidated loss of $50x is treated as a loss incurred by a separate
domestic corporation and is subject to the limitations under Sec.
1.1503(d)-4(c)(3). The P consolidated group has $100x of consolidated
taxable income in year 2.
(ii) Result. (A) P must compute its taxable income for year 1
without taking into account the $50x dual consolidated loss, pursuant to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)(2). Such amount consists of a pro rata portion of
the expenses that were taken into account in calculating the year 1 dual
consolidated loss. Thus, the items of the dual consolidated loss that
are not taken into account by P in computing its taxable income are as
follows: $25x of salary expense ($75x/$150x x $50x); $16.67x of research
and experimental expense ($50x/$150x x $50x); and $8.33x of interest
expense ($25x/$150x x $50x). The remaining amounts of each of these
items, together with the $100x of sales income, are taken into account
by P in computing its taxable income for year 1 as follows: $50x of
salary expense ($75x - $25x); $33.33x of research and experimental
expense ($50x - $16.67x); and $16.67x of interest expense ($25x -
$8.33x).
(B) Subject to the limitations provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c),
the year 1 $50x dual consolidated loss is carried forward and is
available to offset the $10x of income attributable to the Country X
separate unit in year 2. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)(4), a pro rata
portion of each item of deduction or loss included in such dual
consolidated loss is considered to be used to offset the $10x of income,
as follows: $5x of salary expense ($25x/$50x x $10x); $3.33x of research
and experimental expense ($16.67x/$50x x $10x); and $1.67x of interest
expense ($8.33x/$50x x $10x). The remaining amount of each item shall
continue to be subject to the limitations under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c).
Example 30. Exception to domestic use limitation--no possibility of
foreign use because items are not deducted or capitalized under foreign
law. (i) Facts. P owns DE1X which, in turn, owns
FSX. In year 1, the sole item of income, gain, deduction, and
loss attributable to P's interest in DE1X, as provided under
Sec. 1.1503(d)-5, is $100x of interest expense paid on a loan to an
unrelated lender. For Country X tax purposes, the $100x interest expense
attributable to P's interest in DE1X in year 1 is treated as
a repayment of principal and therefore cannot be deducted (at any time)
or capitalized.
(ii) Result. The $100x of interest expense attributable to P's
interest in DE1X constitutes a dual consolidated loss.
However, because the sole item constituting the dual consolidated loss
cannot be deducted or capitalized (at any time) for Country X tax
purposes, P can demonstrate that there can be no foreign use of the dual
consolidated loss at any time. As a result, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(c)(1), if P prepares a statement described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(c)(2)
and attaches it to its timely filed tax return, the year 1 dual
consolidated loss attributable to P's interest in DE1X will
not be subject to the domestic use limitation rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(b).
Example 31. No exception to domestic use limitation--inability to
demonstrate no possibility of foreign use. (i) Facts. P owns
DE1X which, in turn, owns FBX. P's interest in
DE1X and its indirect interest in FBX are combined
and treated as a single separate unit (Country X separate unit) pursuant
to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In year 1, the sole items of income,
gain, deduction, and loss attributable to P's Country X separate unit,
as provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-5, are $75x of sales income and $100x
of depreciation expense. For Country X tax purposes, DE1X
also generates $75x of sales income in year 1, but the $100x of
depreciation expense is not deductible until year 2.
(ii) Result. The year 1 $25x net loss attributable to P's interest
in the Country X separate unit constitutes a dual consolidated loss. In
addition, even though DE1X has positive income in year 1 for
Country X tax purposes, P cannot demonstrate that there is no
possibility of foreign use with respect to the Country X separate unit's
dual consolidated loss as provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(c)(1)(i). P
cannot make such a demonstration because the depreciation expense, an
item composing the year 1 dual consolidated loss, is deductible (in a
later year) for Country X tax purposes and, therefore, may be available
to offset or reduce income for Country X purposes that would constitute
a foreign use. For example, if DE1X elected to be classified
as a corporation pursuant to Sec. 301.7701-3(c) of this chapter
effective as of the end of year 1, and the deferred depreciation expense
were available for Country X tax purposes to offset year 2 income of
DE1X, an entity treated as a foreign corporation in year 2
for U.S. tax purposes, there would be a foreign use.
(iii) Alternative facts. (A) The facts are the same as in paragraph
(i) of this Example 31, except as follows. In year 1, the sole items of
[[Page 709]]
income, gain, deduction, and loss attributable to P's Country X separate
unit, as provided in Sec. 1.1503(d)-5, are $75x of sales income, $100x
of interest expense, and $25x of depreciation expense. For Country X tax
purposes, DE1X generates $75x of sales income in year 1; the
$100x interest expense is treated as a repayment of principal and
therefore cannot be deducted or capitalized (at any time); and the $25x
of depreciation expense is not deductible in year 1, but is deductible
in year 2.
(B) In year 1, the $50x net loss attributable to P's Country X
separate unit constitutes a dual consolidated loss. Even though the
$100x interest expense, a nondeductible and noncapital item for Country
X tax purposes, exceeds the $50x year 1 dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's Country X separate unit, P cannot demonstrate that
there is no possibility of foreign use of the dual consolidated loss as
provided under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(c)(1)(i). P cannot make such a
demonstration because the $25x depreciation expense, an item of
deduction or loss composing the year 1 dual consolidated loss, is
deductible under Country X law (in year 2) and, therefore, may be
available to offset or reduce income for Country X tax purposes that
would constitute a foreign use.
Example 32. Triggering event rebuttal--expiration of losses in
foreign country. (i) Facts. P owns DRCX, a member of the P
consolidated group. In year 1, DRCX incurs a dual
consolidated loss of $100x. P makes a domestic use election with respect
to DRCX's year 1 dual consolidated loss and such loss
therefore is included in the computation of the P group's consolidated
taxable income. DRCX has no income or loss in year 2 through
year 5. In year 5, P sells the stock of DRCX to
FSX. At the time of the sale of the stock of DRCX,
all of the losses and deductions that were included in the computation
of the year 1 dual consolidated loss of DRCX had expired for
Country X tax purposes because the laws of Country X only provide for a
three-year carryover period for such items.
(ii) Result. The sale of DRCX to FSX generally
would be a triggering event under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(ii), which
would require DRCX to recapture the year 1 dual consolidated
loss (and pay an applicable interest charge) on the P consolidated
group's tax return for the year that includes the date on which
DRCX ceases to be a member of the P consolidated group.
However, upon adequate documentation that the losses and deductions have
expired for Country X tax purposes, P can rebut the presumption that a
triggering event has occurred pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(2)(i). If
the triggering event presumption is rebutted, the domestic use agreement
filed by the P consolidated group with respect to the year 1 dual
consolidated loss of DRCX is terminated and has no further
effect pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(j)(1)(i). If the presumptive
triggering event is not rebutted, the domestic use agreement would
terminate and have no further effect pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(j)(1)(iii) because the dual consolidated loss would be recaptured.
Example 33. Triggering events and rebuttals--tax basis carryover
transaction. (i) Facts. (A) P owns DE1X. DE1X's
sole asset is A, which it acquired at the beginning of year 1 for $100x.
DE1X does not have any liabilities. For U.S. tax purposes,
DE1X's tax basis in A at the beginning of year 1 is $100x and
DE1X's sole item of income, gain, deduction, and loss for
year 1 is a $20x depreciation deduction attributable to A. As a result,
the $20x depreciation deduction constitutes a dual consolidated loss
attributable to P's interest in DE1X. P makes a domestic use
election with respect to the year 1 dual consolidated loss.
(B) For Country X tax purposes, DE1X has a $100x tax
basis in A at the beginning of year 1, but A is not a depreciable asset.
As a result, DE1X does not have any items of income, gain,
deduction, and loss in year 1 for Country X tax purposes.
(C) During year 2, P sells its interest in DE1X to
FSX for $80x. P's disposition of its interest in
DE1X constitutes a presumptive triggering event under Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv) and (v) requiring the recapture of the year 1 $20x
dual consolidated loss (plus the applicable interest charge). For
Country X tax purposes, DE1X retains its tax basis of $100x
in A following the sale.
(ii) Result. The year 1 dual consolidated loss is a result of the
$20x depreciation deduction attributable to A. Although no item of
deduction or loss was recognized by DE1X at the time of the
sale for Country X tax purposes, the deduction composing the dual
consolidated loss was retained by DE1X after the sale in the
form of tax basis in A. As a result, a portion of the dual consolidated
loss may be available to offset income for Country X tax purposes in a
manner that would constitute a foreign use. For example, if
DE1X were to dispose of A, the amount of gain recognized by
DE1X would be reduced (or an amount of loss recognized by
DE1X would be increased) and, therefore, an item composing
the dual consolidated loss would be available, under U.S. tax
principles, to reduce income of a foreign corporation (and an owner of
an interest in a hybrid entity that is not a separate unit). Thus, P
cannot demonstrate pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(2)(i) that there can
be no foreign use of the year 1 dual consolidated loss following the
triggering event, and must recapture the year 1 dual consolidated loss.
Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(j)(1)(iii), the domestic use agreement
filed by the P consolidated group with respect to the year 1 dual
consolidated loss is terminated and has no further effect.
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as paragraph (i) of
this Example 33, except that instead of P selling its interest in
[[Page 710]]
DE1X to FSX, DE1X sells asset A to
FSX for $80x and, for Country X tax purposes,
FSX's tax basis in A immediately after the sale is $80x. P's
disposition of Asset A constitutes a presumptive triggering event under
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv) requiring the recapture of the year 1 $20x
dual consolidated loss (plus the applicable interest charge). For
Country X tax purposes, FSX's tax basis in A was not
determined, in whole or in part, by reference to the basis of A in the
hands of DE1X. As a result, the deduction composing the dual
consolidated loss will not give rise to an item of deduction or loss in
the form of tax basis for Country X tax purposes (for example, when
FSX disposes of A). Therefore, P may be able to demonstrate
(for example, by obtaining the opinion of a Country X tax advisor)
pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(2)(i) that there can be no foreign use
of the year 1 dual consolidated loss and, thus, would not be required to
recapture the year 1 dual consolidated loss.
Example 34. Triggering event resulting in a single consolidated
group where acquirer files a new domestic use agreement. (i) Facts. P
owns DRCX, a member of the P consolidated group. In year 1,
DRCX incurs a dual consolidated loss and P makes a domestic
use election with respect to such loss. No member of the P consolidated
group incurs a dual consolidated loss in year 2. At the end of year 2,
T, the parent of the T consolidated group, acquires all the stock of P,
and all the members of the P group, including DRCX, become
members of a consolidated group of which T is the common parent.
(ii) Result. (A) Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(ii)(B), the
acquisition by T of the P consolidated group is not an event described
in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(ii) requiring the recapture of the year 1
dual consolidated loss of DRCX (and the payment of an
interest charge), provided that the T consolidated group files a new
domestic use agreement described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(iii)(A). If
a new domestic use agreement is filed, then pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(j)(1)(ii), the domestic use agreement filed by the P consolidated
group with respect to the year 1 dual consolidated loss of
DRCX is terminated and has no further effect.
(B) Assume that T files a new domestic use agreement and a
triggering event occurs at the end of year 3. As a result, the T
consolidated group must recapture the dual consolidated loss that
DRCX incurred in year 1 (and pay an interest charge), as
provided in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h). Each member of the T consolidated
group, including DRCX and any former members of the P
consolidated group, is severally liable for the additional tax (and the
interest charge) due upon the recapture of the dual consolidated loss of
DRCX. In addition, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(j)(1)(iii),
the new domestic use agreement filed by the T group with respect to the
year 1 dual consolidated loss of DRCX is terminated and has
no further effect.
Example 35. Triggering event exceptions for certain deemed
transfers. (i) Facts. P owns DE1X. In year 1, there is a
$100x dual consolidated loss attributable to P's interest in
DE1X. P files a domestic use agreement under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(d) with respect to such loss. During year 2, P sells 33 percent of its
interest in DE1X to T, an unrelated domestic corporation.
(ii) Result. Pursuant to Rev. Rul. 99-5, the transaction is treated
as if P sold 33 percent of its interest in each of DE1X's
assets to T and then immediately thereafter P and T transferred their
interests in the assets of DE1X to a partnership in exchange
for an ownership interest therein. Upon the transfer of 33 percent of
P's interest to T, a domestic corporation, no foreign use occurs and,
therefore, there is no foreign use triggering event. However, P's deemed
transfer of 67 percent of its interest in the assets of DE1X
to a partnership is nominally a triggering event under Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(e)(1)(iv). Because the initial transfer of 33 percent of
DE1X's interest was to a domestic corporation and there is
only a triggering event because of the deemed transfer under Rev. Rul.
99-5, the deemed asset transfer is not treated as resulting in a
triggering event pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(4).
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 35, except that P sells 60 percent (rather than 33
percent) of its interest in DE1X to T. The sale is a
triggering event under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv) and (v) without
regard to the occurrence of a deemed transaction. Therefore, Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(f)(4) does not apply.
Example 36. Triggering event exception involving multiple parties.
(i) Facts. P owns DE1X which, in turn, owns FBX.
P's interest in DE1X and its indirect interest in
FBX are combined and treated as a single separate unit
(Country X separate unit) pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In
year 1, there is a $100x dual consolidated loss attributable to P's
Country X separate unit and P makes a domestic use election with respect
to such loss. No member of the P consolidated group incurs a dual
consolidated loss in year 2. At the end of year 2, T, the parent of the
T consolidated group, acquires all of P's interest in DE1X
for cash.
(ii) Result. (A) Under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(i)(B), the
acquisition by T of the interest in DE1X is not an event
described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv) or (v) requiring the recapture
of the year 1 dual consolidated loss attributable to the Country X
separate unit (and the payment of an interest charge), provided: (1) the
T consolidated group files a new domestic use agreement described in
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(iii)(A) with respect to the year 1 dual
consolidated loss of the Country X separate unit; and (2) the P
consolidated group files a
[[Page 711]]
statement described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(iii)(B) with respect to
the year 1 dual consolidated loss. If these requirements are satisfied,
then pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(j)(1)(ii) the domestic use agreement
filed by the P consolidated group with respect to the year 1 dual
consolidated loss is terminated and has no further effect (if these
requirements are not satisfied such that the P consolidated group
recaptures the dual consolidated loss, the domestic use agreement would
terminate pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(j)(1)(iii)).
(B) Assume a triggering event occurs at the end of year 3 that
requires recapture by the T consolidated group of the year 1 dual
consolidated loss, as well as the payment of an interest charge, as
provided in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h). T continues to own the Country X
separate unit after the triggering event. In that case, each member of
the T consolidated group is severally liable for the additional tax (and
the interest charge) due upon the recapture of the year 1 dual
consolidated loss. The T consolidated group must prepare a statement
that computes the recapture tax amount as provided under Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(h)(3)(iii). Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(3)(iv)(A), the
recapture tax amount is assessed as an income tax liability of the T
consolidated group and is considered as having been properly assessed as
an income tax liability of the P consolidated group. If the T
consolidated group does not pay in full the income tax liability
attributable to the recapture tax amount, the unpaid balance of such
recapture tax amount may be collected from the P consolidated group in
accordance with the provisions of Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(3)(iv)(B).
Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(j)(1)(iii), the new domestic use agreement
filed by the T consolidated group is terminated and has no further
effect. Finally, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(6)(iii), T is treated
as if it incurred the dual consolidated loss that is recaptured for
purposes of applying Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(6)(i). Thus, T has a
reconstituted net operating loss equal to the amount of the year 1 dual
consolidated loss that was recaptured, and such loss is attributable to
the Country X separate unit (and subject to the rules and limitations
under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(6)(i)). Because T is treated as if it
incurred the year 1 dual consolidated loss, P shall not be treated as
having a net operating loss under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(6)(i).
Example 37. No foreign use following multiple-party event exception
to triggering event. (i) Facts. P owns DE1X which, in turn,
owns FBX. P's interest in DE1X and its indirect
interest in FBX are combined and treated as a single separate
unit (Country X separate unit) pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii).
In year 1, there is a $100x dual consolidated loss attributable to P's
Country X separate unit and P makes a domestic use election with respect
to such loss. T, a domestic corporation unrelated to P, owns 95 percent
of PRS, a partnership. FSX owns the remaining 5 percent of
PRS. At the beginning of year 3, PRS purchases 100 percent of the
interest in DE1X from P for cash. For Country X tax purposes,
the $100x loss incurred by DE1X in year 1 carries forward and
is available to offset income of DE1X in subsequent years.
(ii) Result. P's sale of its interest in DE1X is a
triggering event under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1)(iv) and (v). However, if
P and T comply with the requirements under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(iii),
the sale would qualify for the multiple-party event exception under
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(i). In addition, because the $100x loss of
DE1X carries forward to subsequent years for Country X
purposes and is available to offset income of DE1X, there
would be a foreign use of the dual consolidated loss immediately after
the sale pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(a)(1). This is the case because
the dual consolidated loss would be available to offset or reduce income
that is considered, under U.S. tax principles, to be an item of
FSX, a foreign corporation (it would also be a foreign use
because FSX is an indirect owner of an interest in a hybrid
entity that is not a separate unit). However, there is no foreign use in
this case as a result of FSX's 5 percent interest in
DE1X pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-3(c)(8).
Example 38. Character and source of recapture income. (i) Facts. (A)
P owns FBX. In year 1, the items of income, gain, deduction,
and loss that are attributable to FBX for purposes of
determining whether it has a dual consolidated loss are as follows:
Sales income................................................... $100x
Salary expense................................................. ($75x)
Interest expense............................................... ($50x)
--------
Dual consolidated loss......................................... ($25x)
(B) P makes a domestic use election with respect to the year 1 dual
consolidated loss attributable to FBX and, thus, the $25x
dual consolidated loss is used to offset the P group's consolidated
taxable income.
(C) Pursuant to Sec. 1.861-8, the $75x of salary expense incurred
by FBX is allocated and apportioned entirely to foreign
source general limitation income. Pursuant to Sec. 1.861-9T, $25x of
the $50x interest expense attributable to FBX is allocated
and apportioned to domestic source income, $15x of such interest expense
is allocated and apportioned to foreign source general limitation
income, and the remaining $10x of such interest expense is allocated and
apportioned to foreign source passive income.
(D) During year 2, $5x of income is attributable to FBX
under the rules of Sec. 1.1503(d)-5, and the P consolidated group has
$100x of consolidated taxable income. At the end of year 2,
FBX undergoes a triggering event described in Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(e)(1), and P continues to own FBX following the
triggering event. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(2)(i), P is able to
[[Page 712]]
demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that the $25x dual
consolidated loss attributable to FBX in year 1 would have
offset the $5x of income attributable to FBX in year 2, if no
domestic use election were made with respect to the year 1 loss such
that it was subject to the limitations of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) and (c).
(ii) Result. P must recapture and report as ordinary income $20x
($25x - $5x) of FBX's year 1 dual consolidated loss, plus
applicable interest. The $20x recapture income is attributable to
FBX pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(vi). Pursuant to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(5), the recapture income is treated as ordinary
income whose source and character (including section 904 separate
limitation character) is determined by reference to the manner in which
the recaptured items of expense or loss taken into account in
calculating the dual consolidated loss were allocated and apportioned.
Further, pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(5), the pro rata computation
described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)(4) shall apply. Thus, the character
and source of the recapture income is determined in the same proportion
as each item of deduction or loss that contributed to the dual
consolidated loss being recaptured. Accordingly, P's $20x of recapture
income is characterized and sourced as follows: $4x of domestic source
income (($25x/$125x) x $20x); $14.4x of foreign source general
limitation income (($75x + $15x)/$125x) x $20x); and $1.6x of foreign
source passive income (($10x/$125x) x $20x). Pursuant to Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(h)(6)(i), commencing in year 3, the $20x recapture amount is
reconstituted and treated as a net operating loss incurred by
FBX in a separate return limitation year, subject to the
limitation under Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) (and therefore subject to the
restrictions of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c)). Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(j)(1)(iii), the domestic use agreement filed by the P consolidated
group with respect to the year 1 dual consolidated loss of
FBX is terminated and has no further effect.
Example 39. Interest charge without recapture. (i) Facts. P owns
DE1X which, in turn, owns FBX. P's interest in
DE1X and its indirect interest in FBX are combined
and treated as a single separate unit (Country X separate unit) pursuant
to Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(4)(ii). In year 1, a dual consolidated loss of
$100x is attributable to P's Country X separate unit. P makes a domestic
use election with respect to such loss and uses the loss to offset the P
group's consolidated taxable income. In year 2, there is $100x of income
attributable to P's Country X separate unit and the P consolidated group
has $200x of consolidated taxable income. At the end of year 2, the
Country X separate unit undergoes a triggering event within the meaning
of Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(e)(1). P demonstrates, to the satisfaction of the
Commissioner, that if no domestic use election were made with respect to
the year 1 dual consolidated loss such that it was subject to the
limitations of Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) and (c), the year 1 $100x dual
consolidated loss would have been offset by the $100x of year 2 income.
(ii) Result. There is no recapture of the year 1 dual consolidated
loss attributable to P's Country X separate unit because it is reduced
to zero under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(2)(i). However, P is liable for one
year of interest charge under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(1)(ii), even though
P's recapture amount is zero. This is the case because the P
consolidated group had the benefit of the dual consolidated loss in year
1, and the income that offset the recapture income was not recognized
until year 2. Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(j)(1)(iii), the domestic use
agreement filed by the P consolidated group with respect to the year 1
dual consolidated loss is terminated and has no further effect.
Example 40. Reduced recapture and interest charge, and reconstituted
dual consolidated loss. (i) Facts. S owns DE1X which, in
turn, owns FBX. S's interest in DE1X and its
indirect interest in FBX are combined and treated as a single
separate unit (Country X separate unit) pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
1(b)(4)(ii). In year 1, there is a $100x dual consolidated loss
attributable to S's Country X separate unit, and P earns $100x. P makes
a domestic use election with respect to the Country X separate unit's
year 1 dual consolidated loss. Therefore, the consolidated group is
permitted to offset P's $100x of income with the Country X separate
unit's $100x dual consolidated loss. In year 2, $30x of income is
attributable to the Country X separate unit under the rules of Sec.
1.1503(d)-5 and such income is offset by a $30x net operating loss
incurred by P in such year. In year 3, $25x of income is attributable to
the Country X separate unit under the rules of Sec. 1.1503(d)-5, and P
earns $15x of income. In addition, at the end of year 3 there is a
foreign use of the year 1 dual consolidated loss that constitutes a
triggering event. S continues to own the Country X separate unit after
the triggering event.
(ii) Result. (A) Under the presumptive rule of Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(h)(1)(i), S must recapture $100x (plus applicable interest). However,
under Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(2)(i), S may be able to demonstrate that a
lesser amount is subject to recapture. The lesser amount is the amount
of the $100x dual consolidated loss that would have remained subject to
Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c) at the time of the foreign use triggering event if
a domestic use election had not been made for such loss.
(B) Although the combined separate unit earned $30x of income in
year 2, there was no consolidated taxable income in such year. As a
result, as of the end of year 2 the $100x dual consolidated loss would
continue to be subject to Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(c) if a domestic use
election had not been made for such loss. However, the $30x earned in
year 2 can be carried
[[Page 713]]
forward to subsequent taxable years and may reduce the recapture income
to the extent of consolidated taxable income generated in subsequent
years. In year 3, $25x of income was attributable to the Country X
separate unit and P earns $15x of income. Thus, the P consolidated group
has $40x of consolidated taxable income in year 3. As a result, the
$100x of recapture income can be reduced by $40x. This is the case
because if a domestic use election had not been made for the $100x year
1 dual consolidated loss such that it was subject to the limitations of
Sec. 1.1503(d)-4(b) and (c), only $60x of the loss would have remained
subject to such limitations at the time of the foreign use triggering
event. Accordingly, if S can adequately document the lesser amount, the
amount of recapture income is $60x ($100x - $40x). The $60x recapture
income is attributable to the Country X separate unit pursuant to Sec.
1.1503(d)-5(c)(4)(vi).
(C) Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(h)(6)(i), commencing in year 4,
the $60x recapture amount is reconstituted and treated as a net
operating loss incurred by the Country X separate unit of S in a
separate return limitation year, subject to the limitation under Sec.
1.1503(d)-4(b) (and therefore subject to the restrictions of Sec.
1.1503(d)-4(c)). The loss is only available for carryover to taxable
years after year 3 (and is not available for carryback). The carryover
period of the loss, for purposes of section 172(b), will start from year
1, when the dual consolidated loss that was subject to recapture was
incurred. In addition, such reconstituted net operating loss is not
eligible for the exceptions contained in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(b) through
(d). Pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(j)(1)(iii), the domestic use
agreement filed by the P consolidated group with respect to the year 1
dual consolidated loss of the Country X separate unit is terminated and
has no further effect.
(iii) Alternative facts. The facts are the same as in paragraph (i)
of this Example 40, except that the triggering event that occurs at the
end of year 3 is a sale by S of its entire interest in DE1X
to B, an unrelated domestic corporation. The sale does not qualify as a
transaction described in section 381. The results are the same as in
paragraph (ii) of this Example 40, except that pursuant to Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(h)(6)(ii) the $60x net operating loss is not reconstituted
(with respect to either S or B). The loss is not reconstituted with
respect to S because the Country X separate unit ceases to be a separate
unit of S (or any other member of the consolidated group that includes
S) and therefore would have been eliminated pursuant to Sec. 1.1503(d)-
4(d)(1)(ii) if no domestic use election had been made with respect to
such loss. The loss is not reconstituted with respect to B because B was
not the domestic owner of the combined separate unit when the dual
consolidated loss that is recaptured was incurred, and B did not acquire
the Country X separate unit in a section 381 transaction.
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007; 72 FR 20424, Apr. 25, 2007]
Sec. 1.1503(d)-8 Effective dates.
(a) General rule. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this
section, this paragraph (a) provides the dates of applicability of
Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-7. Sections 1.1503(d)-1 through
1.1503(d)-7 shall apply to dual consolidated losses incurred in taxable
years beginning on or after April 18, 2007. However, a taxpayer may
apply Sec. Sec. 1.1503(d)-1 through 1.1503(d)-7, in their entirety, to
dual consolidated losses incurred in taxable years beginning on or after
January 1, 2007, by filing its return and attaching to such return the
domestic use agreements, certifications, or other information in
accordance with these regulations. For purposes of this section, the
term application date means either April 18, 2007, or, if the taxpayer
applies these regulations pursuant to the preceding sentence, January 1,
2007. Section 1.1503-2 applies for dual consolidated losses incurred in
taxable years beginning on or after October 1, 1992, and before the
application date.
(b) Special rules--(1) Reduction of term of agreements filed under
Sec. Sec. 1.1503-2A(c)(3), 1.1503-2A(d)(3), 1.1503-2(g)(2)(i), or
1.1503-2T(g)(i). If an agreement is filed in accordance with Sec. Sec.
1.1503-2A(c)(3), 1.1503-2A(d)(3), 1.1503-2(g)(2)(i), or 1.1503-
2T(g)(2)(i) with respect to a dual consolidated loss incurred in a
taxable year beginning prior to the application date and an event
requiring recapture with respect to the dual consolidated loss subject
to the agreement has not occurred as of the application date, then such
agreement will be considered by the Internal Revenue Service to apply
only for any taxable year up to and including the fifth taxable year
following the year in which the dual consolidated loss that is the
subject of the agreement was incurred and thereafter will have no
effect.
(2) Reduction of term of agreements filed under Sec. Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(i) (1992), 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(3)(i), or Rev. Proc.
2000-42. Taxpayers subject to the terms of a closing agreement entered
into with the Internal Revenue Service pursuant to Sec. Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(i)
[[Page 714]]
(1992), 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(3)(i), or Rev. Proc. 2000-42 (2000-2 CB
394), see Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this chapter, will be deemed to
have satisfied the closing agreement's fifteen-year certification period
requirement if the five-year certification period specified in Sec.
1.1503(d)-1(b)(20) has elapsed, provided such closing agreement is still
in effect as of the application date, and provided the dual consolidated
losses have not been recaptured. For example, if a calendar year
taxpayer that has a January 1, 2007, application date entered into a
closing agreement with respect to a dual consolidated loss incurred in
2003 and, as of January 1, 2007, the closing agreement is still in
effect and the dual consolidated loss subject to the closing agreement
has not been recaptured, then the closing agreement's fifteen-year
certification period will be deemed satisfied when the five-year
certification period described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(b)(20) has elapsed.
Thus, the dual consolidated loss will be subject to the recapture and
certification provisions of the closing agreement in such a case only
through December 31, 2008. Alternatively, if a calendar year taxpayer
that has a January 1, 2007, application date entered into a closing
agreement with respect to a dual consolidated loss incurred in 2000 and,
as of January 1, 2007, the closing agreement is still in effect and the
dual consolidated loss subject to the closing agreement has not been
recaptured, then the certification period is deemed to be satisfied.
(3) Relief for untimely filings. Paragraphs (b)(3)(i) through (iii)
of this section set forth the effective dates for rules that provide
relief for the failure to make timely filings of an election, agreement,
statement, rebuttal, computation, closing agreement, or other
information, pursuant to section 1503(d) and these regulations.
(i) General rule. Except as provided in paragraphs (b)(3)(ii) and
(iii) of this section, the reasonable cause relief standard of Sec.
1.1503(d)-1(c) applies for all untimely filings with respect to dual
consolidated losses, including with respect to dual consolidated losses
incurred in taxable years beginning before the application date.
(ii) Closing agreements. Solely with respect to closing agreements
described in Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(3)(i) and Rev. Proc. 2000-42,
taxpayers must request relief for untimely requests through the process
provided under Sec. Sec. 301.9100-1 through 301.9100-3 of this chapter.
See paragraph (b)(4) of this section for rules that permit the multiple-
party event exception, rather than closing agreements, for certain
triggering events.
(iii) Pending requests for relief. Taxpayers that have letter ruling
requests under Sec. Sec. 301.9100-1 through 301.9100-3 of this chapter
pending as of March 19, 2007 (other than requests under paragraph
(b)(3)(ii) of this section) are not required to use the reasonable cause
procedure under Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(c); however, if such taxpayers have
not yet received a determination of their request, they may withdraw
their request consistent with the procedures contained in Rev. Proc.
2007-1 (2007-1 IRB 1), see Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this chapter,
(or any succeeding document) and use the reasonable cause procedure set
forth in Sec. 1.1503(d)-1(c). In that event, the Internal Revenue
Service will refund the taxpayer's user fee.
(4) Multiple-party event exception to triggering events. This
paragraph (b)(4) applies to events described in Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)(i) through (iii) that occur after April 18, 2007 and
that are with respect to dual consolidated losses that were incurred in
taxable years beginning on or after October 1, 1992, and before the
application date. The events described in the previous sentence are not
eligible for the exception described in Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1),
but instead are eligible for the multiple-party event exception
described in Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(i), as modified by this paragraph
(b)(4). Thus, such events are not eligible for a closing agreement
described in Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(3)(i) and Rev. Proc. 2000-42.
For purposes of applying Sec. 1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(i) to transactions
covered by this paragraph, agreements described in Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(i) (rather than domestic use agreements) shall be filed, and
subsequent triggering events and exceptions thereto have the meaning
provided in Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iii)(A) and (iv) (other than the
exception provided under Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)).
[[Page 715]]
For example, if a calendar year taxpayer that has a January 1, 2007,
application date filed an election under Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(i) with
respect to a dual consolidated loss that was incurred in 2004, and a
triggering event described in Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)(ii) occurs
with respect to such dual consolidated loss after April 18, 2007, then
the event is eligible for the multiple-party event exception under Sec.
1.1503(d)-6(f)(2)(i) (and not the exception under Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)). However, in order to comply with Sec. 1.1503(d)-
6(f)(2)(iii)(A), the subsequent elector must file a new agreement
described in Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(i) (rather than a new domestic use
agreement). In addition, for purposes of determining whether there is a
subsequent triggering event, and exceptions thereto, pursuant to such
new agreement, Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iii)(A) and (iv) (other than the
exception provided under Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)) shall apply.
Notwithstanding the general application of this paragraph (b)(4) to
events described in Sec. 1.1503-2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)(i) through (iii) that
occur after April 18, 2007, a taxpayer may choose to apply this
paragraph (b)(4) to events described in Sec. 1.1503-
2(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)(i) through (iii) that occur after March 19, 2007 and
on or before April 18, 2007.
(5) Basis adjustment rules. Taxpayers may apply the basis adjustment
rules of Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(g) for all open years in which such basis is
relevant, even if the basis adjustment is attributable to a dual
consolidated loss incurred (or recaptured) in a closed taxable year.
Taxpayers applying the provisions of Sec. 1.1503(d)-5(g), however, must
do so consistently for all open years.
[T.D. 9315, 72 FR 12914, Mar. 19, 2007; 72 FR 20424, Apr. 25, 2007]
Sec. 1.1504-0 Outline of provisions.
In order to facilitate the use of Sec. Sec. 1.1504-1 through
1.1504-4, this section lists the captions contained in Sec. Sec.
1.1504-1 through 1.1504-4.
Sec. 1.1504-1 Definitions.
Sec. Sec. 1.1504-2--1.1504-3 [Reserved]
Sec. 1.1504-4 Treatment of warrants, options, convertible obligations,
and other similar interests.
(a) Introduction.
(1) General rule.
(2) Exceptions.
(b) Options not treated as stock or as exercised.
(1) General rule.
(2) Options treated as exercised.
(i) In general.
(ii) Aggregation of options.
(iii) Effect of treating option as exercised.
(A) In general.
(B) Cash settlement options, phantom stock, stock appreciation
rights, or similar interests.
(iv) Valuation.
(3) Example.
(c) Definitions.
(1) Issuing corporation.
(2) Related or sequential option.
(3) Related persons.
(4) Measurement date.
(i) General rule.
(ii) Issuances, transfers, or adjustments not treated as measurement
dates.
(iii) Transactions increasing likelihood of exercise.
(iv) Measurement date for options issued pursuant to a plan.
(v) Measurement date for related or sequential options.
(vi) Example.
(5) In-the-money.
(d) Options.
(1) Instruments treated as options.
(2) Instruments generally not treated as options.
(i) Options on section 1504(a)(4) stock.
(ii) Certain publicly traded options.
(A) General rule.
(B) Exception.
(iii) Stock purchase agreements.
(iv) Escrow, pledge, or other security agreements.
(v) Compensatory options.
(A) General rule.
(B) Exceptions.
(vi) Options granted in connection with a loan.
(vii) Options created pursuant to a title 11 or similar case.
(viii) Convertible preferred stock.
(ix) Other enumerated instruments.
(e) Elimination of federal income tax liability.
(f) Substantial amount of federal income tax liability.
(g) Reasonable certainty of exercise.
(1) Generally.
(i) Purchase price.
(ii) In-the-money option.
[[Page 716]]
(iii) Not in-the-money option.
(iv) Exercise price.
(v) Time of exercise.
(vi) Related or sequential options.
(vii) Stockholder rights.
(viii) Restrictive covenants.
(ix) Intention to alter value.
(x) Contingencies.
(2) Cash settlement options, phantom stock, stock appreciation
rights, or similar interests.
(3) Safe harbors.
(i) Options to acquire stock.
(ii) Options to sell stock.
(iii) Options exercisable at fair market value.
(iv) Exceptions.
(v) Failure to satisfy safe harbor.
(h) Examples.
(i) Effective date.
[T.D. 8462, 57 FR 61800, Dec. 29, 1992]
Sec. 1.1504-1 Definitions.
The privilege of filing consolidated returns is extended to all
includible corporations constituting affiliated groups as defined in
section 1504. See the regulations under Sec. 1.1502 for a description
of an affiliated group and the corporations which may be considered as
includible corporations.
[T.D. 6500, 25 FR 12106, Nov. 26, 1960]
Sec. Sec. 1.1504-2--1.1504-3 [Reserved]
Sec. 1.1504-4 Treatment of warrants, options, convertible obligations,
and other similar interests.
(a) Introduction--(1) General rule. This section provides
regulations under section 1504(a)(5) (A) and (B) regarding the
circumstances in which warrants, options, obligations convertible into
stock, and other similar interests are treated as exercised for purposes
of determining whether a corporation is a member of an affiliated group.
The fact that an instrument may be treated as an option under these
regulations does not prevent such instrument from being treated as stock
under general principles of law. Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2)
of this section, this section applies to all provisions under the
Internal Revenue Code and the regulations to which affiliation within
the meaning of section 1504(a) (with or without the exceptions in
section 1504(b)) is relevant, including those provisions that refer to
section 1504(a)(2) (with or without the exceptions in section 1504(b))
without referring to affiliation, provided that the 80 percent voting
power and 80 percent value requirements of section 1504(a)(2) are not
modified therein.
(2) Exceptions. This section does not apply to sections 163(j),
864(e), or 904(i) or to the regulations thereunder. This section also
does not apply to any other provision specified by the Internal Revenue
Service in regulations, a revenue ruling, or revenue procedure. See
Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this chapter.
(b) Options not treated as stock or as excerised--(1) General rule.
Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, an option is not
considered either as stock or as exercised. Thus, options are
disregarded in determining whether a corporation is a member of an
affiliated group unless they are described in paragraph (b)(2) of this
section.
(2) Options treated as exercised--(i) In general. Solely for
purposes of determining whether a corporation is a member of an
affiliated group, an option is treated as exercised if, on a measurement
date with respect to such option--
(A) It could reasonably be anticipated that, if not for this
section, the issuance or transfer of the option in lieu of the issuance,
redemption, or transfer of the underlying stock would result in the
elimination of a substantial amount of federal income tax liability (as
described in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section); and
(B) It is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised (as
described in paragraph (g) of this section).
(ii) Aggregation of options. All options with the same measurement
date are aggregated in determining whether the issuance or transfer of
an option in lieu of the issuance, redemption, or transfer of the
underlying stock would result in the elimination of a substantial amount
of federal income tax liability.
(iii) Effect of treating option as exercised--(A) In general. An
option that is treated as exercised is treated as exercised for purposes
of determining the percentage of the value of stock owned by the holder
and other parties, but is not treated as exercised for purposes of
determining the percentage of the voting power of stock owned by the
holder and other parties.
[[Page 717]]
(B) Cash settlement options, phantom stock, stock appreciation
rights, or similar interests. If a cash settlement option, phantom
stock, stock appreciation right, or similar interest is treated as
exercised, the option is treated as having been converted into stock of
the issuing corporation. If the amount to be received upon the exercise
of such an option is determined by reference to a multiple of the
increase in the value of a share of the issuing corporation's stock on
the exercise date over the value of a share of the stock on the date the
option is issued, the option is treated as converted into a
corresponding number of shares of such stock. Appropriate adjustments
must be made in any situation in which the amount to be received upon
exercise of the option is determined in another manner.
(iv) Valuation. For purposes of section 1504(a)(2)(B) and this
section, all shares of stock within a single class are considered to
have the same value. Thus, control premiums and minority and blockage
discounts within a single class are not taken into account.
(3) Example. The provisions of paragraph (b)(2) of this section may
be illustrated by the following example:
Example. (i) Corporation P owns all 100 shares of the common stock
of Corporation S, the only class of S stock outstanding. Each share of S
stock has a fair market value of $10 and has one vote. On June 30, 1992,
P issues to Corporation X an option to acquire 80 shares of the S stock
from P.
(ii) If, under the provisions of this section, the option is treated
as exercised, then, solely for purposes of determining affiliation, P is
treated as owning only 20 percent of the value of the outstanding S
stock and X is treated as owing the remaining 80 percent of the value of
the S stock. P is still treated as owning all of the voting power of S.
Accordingly, because P is treated as owning less than 80 percent of the
value of the outstanding S stock, P and S are no longer affiliated.
However, because X is not treated as owning any of the voting power of
S, X and S are also not affiliated.
(c) Definitions. For purposes of this section--
(1) Issuing corporation. ``Issuing corporation'' means the
corporation whose stock is subject to an option.
(2) Related or sequential option. ``Related or sequential option''
means an option that is one of a series of options issued to the same or
related persons. For purposes of this section, any options issued to the
same person or related persons within a two-year period are presumed to
be part of a series of options. This presumption may be rebutted if the
facts and circumstances clearly establish that the options are not part
of a series of options. Any options issued to the same person or related
persons more than two years apart are presumed not to be part of a
series of options. This presumption may be rebutted if the facts and
circumstances clearly establish that the options are part of a series of
options.
(3) Related persons. Persons are related if they are related within
the meaning of section 267(b) (without the application of sections
267(c) and 1563(e)(1)) or 707(b)(1), substituting ``10 percent'' for
``50 percent'' wherever it appears.
(4) Measurement date--(i) General rule. ``Measurement date'' means a
date on which an option is issued or transferred or on which the terms
of an existing option or the underlying stock are adjusted (including an
adjustment pursuant to the terms of the option or the underlying stock).
(ii) Issuances, transfers, or adjustments not treated as measurement
dates. A measurement date does not include a date on which--
(A) An option is issued or transferred by gift, at death, or between
spouses or former spouses under section 1041;
(B) An option is issued or transferred--
(1) Between members of an affiliated group (determined with the
exceptions in section 1504(b) and without the application of this
section); or
(2) Between persons none of which is a member of the affiliated
group (determined without the exceptions in section 1504(b) and without
the application of this section), if any, of which the issuing
corporation is a member, unless--
(i) Any such person is related to (or acting in concert with) the
issuing corporation or any member of its affiliated group; and
(ii) The issuance or transfer is pursuant to a plan a principal
purpose of which is to avoid the application of section 1504 and this
section;
[[Page 718]]
(C) An adjustment occurs in the terms or pursuant to the terms of an
option or the underlying stock that does not materially increase the
likelihood that the option will be exercised; or
(D) A change occurs in the exercise price of an option or in the
number of shares that may be issued or transferred pursuant to the
option as determined by a bona fide, reasonable, adjustment formula that
has the effect of preventing dilution of the interests of the holders of
the options.
(iii) Transactions increasing likelihood of exercise. If a change or
alteration referred to in this paragraph (c)(4)(iii) is made for a
principal purpose of increasing the likelihood that an option will be
exercised, a measurement date also includes any date on which--
(A) The capital structure of the issuing corporation is changed; or
(B) The fair market value of the stock of the issuing corporation is
altered through a transfer of assets to or from the issuing corporation
(other than regular, ordinary dividends) or by any other means.
(iv) Measurement date for options issued pursuant to a plan. In the
case of options issued pursuant to a plan, a measurement date for any of
the options constitutes a measurement date for all options issued
pursuant to the plan that are outstanding on the measurement date.
(v) Measurement date for related or sequential options. In the case
of related or sequential options, a measurement date for any of the
options constitutes a measurement date for all related or sequential
options that are outstanding on the measurement date.
(vi) Example. The provisions of paragraph (c)(4)(v) of this section
may be illustrated by the following example.
Example. (i) Corporation P owns all 80 shares of the common stock of
Corporation S, the only class of S stock outstanding. On January 1,
1992, S issues a warrant, exercisable within 3 years, to U, an unrelated
corporation, to acquire 10 newly issued shares of S common stock. On
July 1, 1992, S issues a second warrant to U to acquire 10 additional
newly issued shares of S common stock. On January 1, 1993, S issues a
third warrant to T, a wholly owned subsidiary of U, to acquire 10 newly
issued shares of S common stock. Assume that the facts and circumstances
do not clearly establish that the options are not part of a series of
options.
(ii) January 1, 1992, July 1, 1992, and January 1, 1993, constitute
measurement dates for the first warrant, the second warrant, and the
third warrant, respectively, because the warrants were issued on those
dates.
(iii) Because the first and second warrants were issued within two
years of each other, and both warrants were issued to U, the warrants
constitute related or sequential options. Accordingly, July 1, 1992,
constitutes a measurement date for the first warrant as well as for the
second warrant.
(iv) Because the first, second, and third warrants were all issued
within two years of each other, and were all issued to the same or
related persons, the warrants constitute related or sequential options.
Accordingly, January 1, 1993, constitutes a measurement date for the
first and second warrants, as well as for the third warrant.
(5) In-the-money. ``In-the-money'' means the exercise price of the
option is less than (or in the case of an option to sell stock, greater
than) the fair market value of the underlying stock.
(d) Options--(1) Instruments treated as options. For purposes of
this section, except to the extent otherwise provided in this paragraph
(d), the following are treated as options:
(i) A call option, warrant, convertible obligation, put option,
redemption agreement (including a right to cause the redemption of
stock), or any other instrument that provides for the right to issue,
redeem, or transfer stock (including an option on an option); and
(ii) A cash settlement option, phantom stock, stock appreciation
right, or any other similar interest (except for stock).
(2) Instruments generally not treated as options. For purposes of
this section, the following will not be treated as options:
(i) Options on section 1504(a)(4) stock. Options on stock described
in section 1504(a)(4);
(ii) Certain publicly traded options--(A) General rule. Options
which on the measurement date are traded on (or subject to the rules of)
a qualified board or exchange as defined in section 1256(g)(7), or on
any other exchange, board of trade, or market specified by
[[Page 719]]
the Internal Revenue Service in regulations, a revenue ruling, or
revenue procedure. See Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this chapter;
(B) Exception. Paragraph (d)(2)(ii)(A) of this section does not
apply to options issued, transferred, or listed with a principal purpose
of avoiding the application of section 1504 and this section. For
example, a principal purpose of avoiding the application of section 1504
and this section may exist if warrants, convertible or exchangeable debt
instruments, or other similar instruments have an exercise price (or, in
the case of convertible or exchangeable instruments, a conversion or
exchange premium) that is materially less than, or a term that is
materially longer than, those that are customary for publicly traded
instruments of their type. A principal purpose may also exist if a large
percentage of an issuance of an instrument is placed with one investor
(or group of investors) and a very small percentage of the issuance is
traded on a qualified board or exchange;
(iii) Stock purchase agreements. Stock purchase agreements or
similar arrangements whose terms are commercially reasonable and in
which the parties' obligations to complete the transaction are subject
only to reasonable closing conditions;
(iv) Escrow, pledge, or other security agreements. Agreements for
holding stock in escrow or under a pledge or other security agreement
that are part of a typical commercial transaction and that are subject
to customary commercial conditions;
(v) Compensatory options--(A) General rule. Stock appreciation
rights, warrants, stock options, phantom stock, or other similar
instruments provided to employees, directors, or independent contractors
in connection with the performance of services for the corporation or a
related corporation (and that is not excessive by reference to the
services performed) and which--
(1) Are nontransferable within the meaning of Sec. 1.83-3(d); and
(2) Do not have a readily ascertainable fair market value as defined
in Sec. 1.83-7(b) on the measurement date;
(B) Exceptions. (1) Paragraph (d)(2)(v)(A) of this section does not
apply to options issued or transferred with a principal purpose of
avoiding the application of section 1504 and this section; and
(2) Paragraph (d)(2)(v)(A) of this section ceases to apply to
options that become transferable;
(vi) Options granted in connection with a loan. Options granted in
connection with a loan if the lender is actively and regularly engaged
in the business of lending and the options are issued in connection with
a loan to the issuing corporation that is commercially reasonable. This
paragraph (d)(2)(vi) continues to apply if the option is transferred
with the loan (or if a portion of the option is transferred with a
corresponding portion of the loan). However, if the option is
transferred without a corresponding portion of the loan, this paragraph
(d)(2)(vi) ceases to apply;
(vii) Options created pursuant to a title 11 or similar case.
Options created by the solicitation or receipt of acceptances to a plan
of reorganization in a title 11 or similar case (within the meaning of
section 368(a)(3)(A)), the option created by the confirmation of the
plan, and any option created under the plan prior to the time the plan
becomes effective;
(viii) Convertible preferred stock. Convertible preferred stock,
provided the terms of the conversion feature do not permit or require
the tender of any consideration other than the stock being converted;
and
(ix) Other enumerated instruments. Any other instruments specified
by the Internal Revenue Service in regulations, a revenue ruling, or
revenue procedure. See Sec. 601.601(d)(2)(ii)(b) of this chapter.
(e) Elimination of federal income tax liability. For purposes of
this section, the elimination of federal income tax liability includes
the elimination or deferral of federal income tax liability. In
determining whether there is an elimination of federal income tax
liability, the tax consequences to all involved parties are considered.
Examples of elimination of federal income tax liability include the use
of a loss or deduction that would not otherwise be utilized, the
acceleration of a loss or deduction to a year earlier than the year in
which the loss or deduction
[[Page 720]]
would otherwise be utilized, the deferral of gain or income to a year
later than the year in which the gain or income would otherwise be
reported, and the acceleration of gain or income to a year earlier than
the year in which the gain or income would otherwise be reported, if
such gain or income is offset by a net operating loss or net capital
loss that would otherwise expire unused. The elimination of federal
income tax liability does not include the deferral of gain with respect
to the stock subject to the option that would be recognized if such
stock were sold on a measurement date.
(f) Substantial amount of federal income tax liability. The
determination of what constitutes a substantial amount of federal income
tax liability is based on all the facts and circumstances, including the
absolute amount of the elimination, the amount of the elimination
relative to overall tax liability, and the timing of items of income and
deductions, taking into account present value concepts.
(g) Reasonable certainty of exercise--(1) Generally. The
determination of whether, as of a measurement date, an option is
reasonably certain to be exercised is based on all the facts and
circumstances, including:
(i) Purchase price. The purchase price of the option in absolute
terms and in relation to the fair market value of the stock or the
exercise price of the option;
(ii) In-the-money option. Whether and to what extent the option is
in-the-money on the measurement date;
(iii) Not in-the-money option. If the option is not in-the-money on
the measurement date, the amount or percentage by which the exercise
price of the option is greater than (or in the case of an option to sell
stock, is less than) the fair market value of the underlying stock;
(iv) Exercise price. Whether the exercise price of the option is
fixed or fluctuates depending on the earnings, value, or other
indication of economic performance of the issuing corporation;
(v) Time of exercise. The time at which, or the period of time
during which, the option can be exercised;
(vi) Related or sequential options. Whether the option is one in a
series of related or sequential options;
(vii) Stockholder rights. The existence of an arrangement (either
within the option agreement or in a related agreement) that, directly or
indirectly, affords managerial or economic rights in the issuing
corporation that ordinarily would be afforded to owners of the issuing
corporation's stock (e.g., voting rights, dividend rights, or rights to
proceeds on liquidation) to the person who would acquire the stock upon
exercise of the option or a person related to such person. For this
purpose, managerial or economic rights in the issuing corporation
possessed because of actual stock ownership in the issuing corporation
are not taken into account;
(viii) Restrictive covenants. The existence of restrictive covenants
or similar arrangements (either within the option agreement or in a
related agreement) that, directly or indirectly, prevent or limit the
ability of the issuing corporation to undertake certain activities while
the option is outstanding (e.g., covenants limiting the payment of
dividends or borrowing of funds);
(ix) Intention to alter value. Whether it was intended that through
a change in the capital structure of the issuing corporation or a
transfer of assets to or from the issuing corporation (other than
regular, ordinary dividends) or by any other means, the fair market
value of the stock of the issuing corporation would be altered for a
principal purpose of increasing the likelihood that the option would be
exercised; and
(x) Contingencies. Any contingency (other than the mere passage of
time) to which the exercise of the option is subject (e.g., a public
offering of the issuing corporation's stock or reaching a certain level
of earnings).
(2) Cash settlement options, phantom stock, stock appreciation
rights, or similar interests. A cash settlement option, phantom stock,
stock appreciation right, or similar interest is treated as reasonably
certain to be exercised if it is reasonably certain that the option will
have value at some time during the period in which the option may be
exercised.
(3) Safe harbors--(i) Options to acquire stock. Except as provided
in paragraph
[[Page 721]]
(g)(3)(iv) of this section, an option to acquire stock is not considered
reasonably certain, as of a measurement date, to be exercised if--
(A) The option may be exercised no more than 24 months after the
measurement date and the exercise price is equal to or greater than 90
percent of the fair market value of the underlying stock on the
measurement date; or
(B) The terms of the option provide that the exercise price of the
option is equal to or greater than the fair market value of the
underlying stock on the exercise date.
(ii) Options to sell stock. Except as provided in paragraph
(g)(3)(iv) of this section, an option to sell stock is not considered
reasonably certain, as of a measurement date, to be exercised if--
(A) The option may be exercised no more than 24 months after the
measurement date and the exercise price is equal to or less than 110
percent of the fair market value of the underlying stock on the
measurement date; or
(B) The terms of the option provide that the exercise price of the
option is equal to or less than the fair market value of the underlying
stock on the exercise date.
(iii) Options exercisable at fair market value. For purposes of
paragraphs (g)(3)(i)(B) and (g)(3)(ii)(B) of this section, an option
whose exercise price is determined by a formula is considered to have an
exercise price equal to the fair market value of the underlying stock on
the exercise date if the formula is agreed upon by the parties when the
option is issued in a bona fide attempt to arrive at fair market value
on the exercise date and is to be applied based upon the facts in
existence on the exercise date.
(iv) Exceptions. The safe harbors of this paragraph (g)(3) do not
apply if--
(A) An arrangement exists that provides the holder or a related
party with stockholder rights described in paragraph (g)(1)(vii) of this
section (except for rights arising upon a default under the option or a
related agreement);
(B) It is intended that through a change in the capital structure of
the issuing corporation or a transfer of assets to or from the issuing
corporation (other than regular, ordinary dividends) or by any other
means, the fair market value of the stock of the issuing corporation
will be altered for a principal purpose of increasing the likelihood
that the option will be exercised; or
(C) The option is one in a series of related or sequential options,
unless all such options satisfy paragraph (g)(3) (i) or (ii) of this
section.
(v) Failure to satisfy safe harbor. Failure of an option to satisfy
one of the safe harbors of this paragraph (g)(3) does not affect the
determination of whether an option is treated as reasonably certain to
be exercised.
(h) Examples. The provisions of this section may be illustrated by
the following examples. These examples assume that the measurement dates
set forth in the examples are the only measurement dates that have taken
place or will take place.
Example 1. (i) P is the common parent of a consolidated group,
consisting of P, S, and T. P owns all 100 shares of S's only class of
stock, which is voting common stock. P also owns all the stock of T. On
June 30, 1992, when the fair market value of the S stock is $40 per
share, P sells to U, an unrelated corporation, an option to acquire 40
shares of the S stock that P owns at an exercise price of $30 per share,
exercisable at any time within 3 years after the granting of the option.
P and T have had substantial losses for 5 consecutive years while S has
had substantial income during the same period. Because P, S, and T have
been filing consolidated returns, P and T have been able to use all of
their losses to offset S's income. It is anticipated that P, S, and T
will continue their earnings histories for several more years. On July
31, 1992, S declares and pays a dividend of $1 per share to P.
(ii) If P, S, and T continue to file consolidated returns after June
30, 1992, it could reasonably be anticipated that P, S, and T would
eliminate a substantial amount of federal income tax liability by using
P's and T's future losses to offset S's income in consolidated returns.
Furthermore, based on the difference between the exercise price of the
option and the fair market value of the S stock, it is reasonably
certain, on June 30, 1992, a measurement date, that the option will be
exercised. Therefore, the option held by U is treated as exercised. As a
result, for purposes of determining whether P and S are affiliated, P is
treated as owning only 60 percent of the value of outstanding shares of
S stock and U is treated as owning the remaining 40 percent. P is still
treated as owning 100 percent of the voting power. Because
[[Page 722]]
members of the P group are no longer treated as owning stock possessing
80 percent of the total value of the S stock as of June 30, 1992, S is
no longer a member of the P group. Additionally, P is not entitled to a
100 percent dividends received deduction under section 243(a)(3) because
P and S are also treated as not affiliated for purposes of section 243.
P is only entitled to an 80 percent dividends received deduction under
section 243(c).
Example 2. (i) The facts are the same as in Example 1 except that
rather than P issuing an option to acquire 40 shares of S stock to U on
June 30, 1992, P, pursuant to a plan, issues an option to U1 on July 1,
1992, to acquire 20 shares of S stock, and issues an option to U2 on
July 2, 1992, to acquire 20 shares of S stock.
(ii) Because the options issued to U1 and U2 were issued pursuant to
a plan, July 2, 1992, constitutes a measurement data for both options.
Therefore, both options are aggregated in determining whether the
issuance of the options, rather than the sale of the S stock, would
result in the elimination of a substantial amount of federal income tax
liability. Accordingly, as in Example 1, because the continued
affiliation of P, S, and T could reasonably be anticipated to result in
the elimination of a substantial amount of federal income tax liability
and the options are reasonably certain to be exercised, the options are
treated as exercised for purposes of determining whether P and S are
affiliated, and P and S are no longer affiliated as of July 2, 1992.
Example 3. (i) The facts are the same as in Example 1 except that
the option gives U the right to acquire all 100 shares of the S stock,
and U is the common parent of a consolidated group. The U group has had
substantial losses for 5 consecutive years and it is anticipated that
the U group will continue its earnings history for several more years.
(ii) If P sold the S stock, in lieu of the option, to U, S would
become a member of the U group. Because the U group files consolidated
returns, if P sold the S stock to U, U would be able to use its future
losses to offset future income of S. When viewing the transaction from
the effect on all parties, the sale of the option, in lieu of the
underlying S stock, does not result in the elimination of federal income
tax liability because S's income would be offset by the losses of
members of either the P or U group. Accordingly, the option is
disregarded and S remains a member of the P group.
Example 4. (i) P is the common parent of a consolidated group,
consisting of P and S. P owns 90 of the 100 outstanding shares of S's
only class of stock, which is voting common stock, and U, an unrelated
corporation, owns the remaining 10 shares. On August 31, 1992, when the
fair market value of the S stock is $100 per share, P sells a call
option to U that entitles U to purchase 20 shares of S stock from P, at
any time before August 31, 1993, at an exercise price of $115 per share.
The call option does not provide U with any voting rights, dividend
rights, or any other managerial or economic rights ordinarily afforded
to owners of the S stock. There is no intention on August 31, 1992, to
alter the value of S to increase the likelihood of the exercise of the
call option.
(ii) Because the exercise price of the call option is equal to or
greater than 90 percent of the fair market value of the S stock on
August 31, 1992, a measurement date, the option may be exercised no more
than 24 months after the measurement date, and none of the items
described in paragraph (g)(3)(iv) of this section that preclude
application of the safe harbor are present, the safe harbor of paragraph
(g)(3)(i) of this section applies and the call option is treated as if
it is not reasonably certain to be exercised. Therefore, regardless of
whether the continued affiliation of P and S would result in the
elimination of a substantial amount of federal income tax liability, the
call option is disregarded in determining whether S remains a member of
the P group.
Example 5. (i) The facts are the same as in Example 4 except that
the call option gives U the right to vote similar to that of a
shareholder.
(ii) Under paragraph (g)(3)(iv) of this section, the safe harbor of
paragraph (g)(3)(i) of this section does not apply because the call
option entitles U to voting rights equivalent to that of a shareholder.
Accordingly, all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the sale of
the call option must be taken into consideration in determining whether
it is reasonably certain that the call option will be exercised.
Example 6. (i) In 1992, two unrelated corporations, X and Y, decide
to engage jointly in a new business venture. To accomplish this purpose,
X organizes a new corporation, S, on September 30, 1992. X acquires 100
shares of the voting common stock of S, which are the only shares of S
stock outstanding. Y acquires a debenture of S which is convertible, on
September 30, 1995, into 100 shares of S common stock. If the conversion
right is not exercised, X will have the right, on September 30, 1995, to
put 50 shares of its S stock to Y in exchange for 50 percent of the
debenture held by Y. The likelihood of the success of the venture is
uncertain. It is anticipated that S will generate substantial losses in
its early years of operation. X expects to have substantial taxable
income during the three years following the organization of S.
(ii) Under the terms of this arrangement, it is reasonably certain
on September 30, 1992, a measurement date, that on September 30, 1995,
either through Y's exercise of its conversion right or X's right to put
S stock to
[[Page 723]]
Y, that Y will own 50 percent of the S stock. Additionally, it could
reasonably be anticipated, on September 30, 1992, a measurement date,
that the affiliation of X and S would result in the elimination of a
substantial amount of federal income tax liability. Accordingly, for
purposes of determining whether X and S are affiliated, X is treated as
owning only 50 percent of the value of the S stock as of September 30,
1992, a measurement date, and S is not a member of the X affiliated
group.
Example 7. (i) The facts are the same as in Example 6 except that
rather than acquiring 100 percent of the S stock and the right to put S
stock to Y, X acquires only 80 percent of the S stock, while S, rather
than acquiring a convertible debenture, acquires 20 percent of the S
stock, and an option to acquire an additional 30 percent of the S stock.
The terms of the option are such that the option will only be exercised
if the new business venture succeeds.
(ii) In contrast to Example 6, because of the true business risks
involved in the start-up of S and whether the business venture will
ultimately succeed, along with the fact that X does not have an option
to put S stock to Y, it is not reasonably certain on September 30, 1992,
a measurement date, that the option will be exercised and that X will
only own 50 percent of the S stock on September 30, 1995. Accordingly,
the option is disregarded in determining whether S is a member of the X
group.
(i) Effective date. This section applies, generally, to options with
a measurement date on or after February 28, 1992. This section does not
apply to options issued prior to February 28, 1992, which have a
measurement date on or after February 28, 1992, if the measurement date
for the option occurs solely because of an adjustment in the terms of
the option pursuant to the terms of the option as it existed on February
28, 1992. Paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section applies to stock
outstanding on or after February 28, 1992.
[T.D. 8462, 57 FR 61801, Dec. 29, 1992; 58 FR 7041, Feb. 3, 1993]
Regulations Applicable for Tax Years for Which a Return Is Due on or
Before August 11, 1999
Sec. 1.1502-9A Application of overall foreign loss recapture rules to
corporations filing consolidated returns due on or before August 11, 1999.
(a) Scope--(1) Effective date. This section applies only to
consolidated return years for which the due date of the income tax
return (without extensions) is on or before August 11, 1999.
(2) In general. Affiliated group of corporations filing a
consolidated return sustains an overall foreign loss (a consolidated
overall foreign loss) in any taxable year in which its gross income from
sources without the United States subject to a separate limitation (as
defined in Sec. 1.904(f)-1(c)(2)) is exceeded by the sum of the
deductions properly allocated and apportioned thereto. However, for
taxable years prior to 1983, affiliated groups may have determined their
overall foreign losses for income subject to the passive interest
limitation, DISC dividend limitation, and general limitation on a
combined basis in accordance with the rules in Sec. 1.904(f)-1(c)(1).
The rules contained in Sec. Sec. 1.904(f)-1 through 1.904(f)-6 are
applicable to affiliated groups filing consolidated returns. This
section provides special rules for applying those sections to such
groups. Paragraph (b) provides rules for additions and subtractions of a
portion of overall foreign losses to and from consolidated overall
foreign loss accounts. Paragraph (c) requires that separate notional
overall foreign loss accounts be kept for each member of the group that
contributes to a consolidated overall foreign loss account and provides
for allocation of a portion of the group's overall foreign loss account
to a member when the member leaves the group prior to recapture of the
entire amount of the loss account. These rules are similar to the rules
provided in Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(2) (or Sec. 1.1502-79A, as appropriate)
concerning the apportionment of consolidated net operating losses to a
member who leaves the group. However, the rules differ somewhat because
the absorption rule of Sec. 1.1502-21(b)(1) (or Sec. 1.1502-79A, as
appropriate) is applied year-by-year, consistently with the sequence
rules of section 172(b), and recapture of overall foreign losses is
based on overall foreign loss accounts that may consist of losses in
more than one year. Paragraph (d) provides rules for recapture of
amounts in consolidated overall foreign loss accounts. Paragraph (e)
provides special rules pertaining to section 904(f)(3) dispositions
between members of a group. Paragraphs (b),
[[Page 724]]
(c), and (e) also contain special rules that apply to overall foreign
losses that arise in separate return limitation years; the principles
therein also apply to overall foreign losses when there has been a
consolidated return change of ownership (as defined in Sec. 1.1502-
1(g)). See Sec. 1.1502-9T(b)(1)(v) for the rule that ends the separate
return limitation year limitation for consolidated return years for
which the due date of the income tax return (without extensions) is
after March 13, 1998, and Sec. 1.1502-9T(b)(1)(vi) for an election to
continue the separate return limitation year limitation for consolidated
return years beginning before January 1, 1998. See also Sec. 1.1502-
3(d)(4) for an optional effective date rule (generally making the rules
of paragraphs (b)(1)(iii) and (iv) of this section inapplicable for a
consolidated return year beginning after December 31, 1996, if the due
date of the income tax return (without extensions) for such year is on
or before March 13, 1998).
(b) Consolidated overall foreign loss accounts. Any group that
sustains an overall foreign loss (or acquires a member with a balance in
an overall foreign loss account) must establish a consolidated overall
foreign loss account for such loss, and amounts shall be added to and
subtracted from such account as provided in Sec. Sec. 1.904(f)-1
through 1.904(f)-6 and this section.
(1) Additions to the consolidated overall foreign loss accounts--(i)
Consolidated overall foreign losses. Any consolidated overall foreign
loss shall be added to the applicable consolidated overall foreign loss
account for such separate limitation, to the extent that the overall
foreign loss has reduced United States source income, in accordance with
the rules of Sec. Sec. 1.904(f)-1 and 1.904(f)-3.
(ii) Overall foreign losses from separate return years. If a
corporation joins in the filing of a consolidated return in a taxable
year in which such corporation has a balance in an overall foreign loss
account from a prior separate return year that is not a separate return
limitation year, such balance shall be added to the applicable
consolidated overall foreign loss account in such year and treated as a
consolidated overall foreign loss incurred in the previous year (and
shall therefore be subject to recapture, in accordance with paragraph
(d) of this section, beginning in the same year in which it is added to
the consolidated overall foreign loss account).
(iii) Overall foreign losses from separate return limitation years.
If a corporation joins in the filing of a consolidated return in a
taxable year in which such corporation has a balance in an overall
foreign loss account from a prior separate return limitation year, such
balance shall be added to the applicable consolidated overall foreign
loss account in such consolidated return year to the extent of the
lesser of the balance in the overall foreign loss account from the
separate return limitation year or 50 percent (or such larger percentage
as the taxpayer may elect) of the difference between the consolidated
foreign source taxable income subject to the same separate limitation
(computed in accordance with Sec. Sec. 1.904(f)-2(b) and 1.1502-
4(d)(1)) minus such consolidated foreign source taxable income
recomputed by excluding the items of income and deduction of such
corporation (but not less than zero). The amount added to a consolidated
overall foreign loss account in any taxable year under this paragraph
(b)(1)(iii) shall be treated as a consolidated overall foreign loss in
the previous year (and shall therefore be subject to recapture, in
accordance with paragraph (d) of this section, beginning in the same
year in which it is added to the consolidated overall foreign loss
account).
(iv) Overall foreign losses that are part of a net operating loss or
net capital loss carried over from a separate return limitation year.
Overall foreign losses that are part of a net operating loss or net
capital loss carryover from a separate return limitation year of a
member that is absorbed in a consolidated return year shall be treated
as though they were added to an overall foreign loss account in a
separate return limitation year of such member and will be subject to
the limitation on recapture of SRLY losses contained in paragraph
(b)(1)(iii) of this section. See paragraph (c)(2) of this section for
rules regarding the addition of such losses to the applicable overall
foreign loss account of such member.
[[Page 725]]
(v) Special effective date for SRLY limitation. Except as provided
in paragraph (b)(1)(vi) of this section, paragraphs (b)(1)(iii) and (iv)
of this section apply only to consolidated return years for which the
due date of the income tax return (without extensions) is on or before
March 13, 1998. For consolidated return years for which the due date of
the income tax return (without extensions) is after March 13, 1998, the
rules of paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section shall apply to overall
foreign losses from separate return years that are separate return
limitation years. For purposes of applying paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this
section in such years, the group treats a member with a balance in an
overall foreign loss account from a separate return limitation year on
the first day of the first consolidated return year for which the due
date of the income tax return (without extensions) is after March 13,
1998, as a corporation joining the group on such first day. An overall
foreign loss that is part of a net operating loss or net capital loss
carryover from a separate return limitation year of a member that is
absorbed in a consolidated return year for which the due date of the
income tax return (without extensions) is after March 13, 1998, shall be
added to the appropriate consolidated overall foreign loss account in
the year that it is absorbed. For consolidated return years for which
the due date of the income tax return (without extensions) is after
March 13, 1998, similar principles apply to overall foreign losses when
there has been a consolidated return change of ownership (regardless of
when the change of ownership occurred). See also Sec. 1.1502-3(d)(4)
for an optional effective date rule (generally making this paragraph
(b)(1)(v) applicable to a consolidated return year beginning after
December 31, 1996, if the due date of the income tax return (without
extensions) for such year is on or before March 13, 1998).
(vi) Election to defer application of special effective date. A
consolidated group may elect not to apply paragraph (b)(1)(v) of this
section to consolidated return years beginning before January 1, 1998.
To make this election, a consolidated group must write ``Election
Pursuant to Notice 98-40'' across the top of page 1 of an original or
amended tax return for each consolidated return year subject to the
election. For the first consolidated return year to which the overall
foreign loss provisions of paragraph (b)(1)(v) of this section apply
(i.e., the first year beginning on or after January 1, 1998), such
consolidated group must write ``Notice 98-40 Election in Effect in Prior
Years'' across the top of page 1 of the consolidated tax return for that
year. For purposes of applying paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section with
respect to such year, any member with a balance in an overall foreign
loss account from a separate return limitation year on the first day of
such year shall be treated as joining the group on such first day.
(2) Reductions of the consolidated overall foreign loss accounts--
(i) Amounts allocated to members leaving the group. When a member leaves
the group, each applicable consolidated overall foreign loss account
shall be reduced by the amount allocated from such account to such
member in accordance with paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section.
(ii) Amounts recaptured. A consolidated overall foreign loss account
shall be reduced by the amount of any overall foreign loss under the
same separate limitation that is recaptured from consolidated income in
accordance with Sec. 1.904(f)-2.
(c) Allocation of overall foreign losses among members of an
affiliated group--(1) Notional overall foreign loss accounts. Separate
notional overall foreign loss accounts shall be established for each
member of a group that contributes to a consolidated overall foreign
loss account. Additions to and reductions of such notional accounts
shall be made when additions or reductions are made to consolidated
overall foreign loss accounts in accordance with paragraph (b) of this
section and Sec. 1.904(f)-1.
(i) Additions to notional accounts--(A) Consolidated overall foreign
losses. When a consolidated overall foreign loss is added to a
consolidated overall foreign loss account, each member shall add its pro
rata share of the amount of such loss to the member's notional overall
foreign loss account. A member's pro rata share of a consolidated
overall foreign loss for any taxable year is determined by multiplying
the consolidated
[[Page 726]]
loss by a fraction. The numerator of this fraction is the amount by
which the member's separate gross income for the taxable year from
sources without the United States subject to the applicable separate
limitation is exceeded by the sum of the deductions properly allocated
and apportioned thereto (including such member's share of any
consolidated net operating loss deduction and consolidated net capital
loss carryovers and carrybacks to the taxable year), for each member
with such deductions in excess of such income. The denominator of this
fraction is the sum of the numerators of this fraction for all such
members of the group.
(B) Overall foreign losses from separate return years and separate
return limitation years. When an amount from a member's overall foreign
loss account from a separate return year or separate return limitation
year is added to a consolidated overall foreign loss account in
accordance with paragraph (b)(1) (ii) or (iii) of this section, such
amount shall also be added to that member's notional overall foreign
loss account for such separate limitation.
(ii) Reductions of notional accounts. When a consolidated overall
foreign loss account is reduced by recapture, in accordance with
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, each member of the group shall
reduce its notional overall foreign loss account for that separate
limitation by its pro rata share of the amount by which the consolidated
overall foreign loss account is reduced. A member's pro rata share of
the amount by which a consolidated overall foreign loss account is
reduced and determined by multiplying the amount recaptured by a
fraction, the numerator of which is the amount in such member's notional
account under such separate limitation, and the denominator of which is
the amount in the consolidated overall foreign loss account under such
separate limitation before reduction for the amount recaptured for that
taxable year.
(2) Overall foreign losses that are part of a net operating loss or
net capital loss from a separate return limitation year. An overall
foreign loss that is part of a net operating loss or net capital loss
carryover from a separate return limitation year of a member that is
absorbed in a consolidated return year shall be treated as an overall
foreign loss of such member (rather than the group) and shall be added
to such member's separate overall foreign loss account to the extent it
reduces United States source income, in accordance with Sec. 1.904(f)-
1(d)(5). Such overall foreign losses shall be added to the appropriate
consolidated overall foreign loss account in later years in accordance
with paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section.
(3) Allocation of a portion of overall foreign loss accounts to a
member leaving the group--(i) Consolidated overall foreign losses. When
a corporation ceases to be a member of an affiliated group filing
consolidated returns, a portion of the balance in each applicable
consolidated overall foreign loss account shall be allocated to such
corporation. The amount allocated to such corporation shall be equal to
the amount, if any, in such member's notional overall foreign loss
account under the same separate limitation.
(ii) Overall foreign losses from separate return limitation years.
When a corporation ceases to be a member of an affiliated group filing
consolidated returns, it shall take with it the remaining portion of
each separate overall foreign loss account for overall foreign losses
from separate return limitation years (including amounts added to such
accounts under paragraph (c)(2) of this section).
(d) Recapture of consolidated overall foreign losses. The amount in
any consolidated overall foreign loss account shall be recaptured under
Sec. Sec. 1.904(f)-1 through 1.904(f)-6 by recharacterizing
consolidated foreign source taxable income subject to the separate
limitation under which the loss arose as United States source taxable
income. For purposes of recapture, consolidated foreign source taxable
income subject to the separate limitation under which the loss arose
shall be determined in accordance with Sec. Sec. 1.904(f)-2 and 1.1502-
4. Amounts in a member's excess loss account that are included in income
under Sec. 1.1502-19 shall be subject to recapture to the extent that
they are included in consolidated foreign source taxable income subject
to the separate limitation under which the loss arose.
[[Page 727]]
(e) Dispositions of property between members of the same affiliated
group during a consolidated return year--(1) In general. Except as
provided in paragraph (2) with respect to overall foreign losses of a
selling member from a separate return limitation year, the rules of
Sec. 1.1502-13 with respect to intercompany transactions will apply to
dispositions of property to which section 904(f)(3)(A) applies.
(2) Recapture of overall foreign loss from a separate return
limitation year. Paragraph (1) will not apply and gain will be
recognized to the extent that the selling member has a balance in its
overall foreign loss account from a separate return limitation year
unless the selling member adds the entire amount of its overall foreign
loss account from separate return limitation years to the applicable
consolidated overall foreign loss account and treats such amount as an
overall foreign loss incurred in the previous year. Such loss shall be
subject to recapture, in accordance with paragraph (d) of Sec. 1.1502-
9, beginning in the same year in which it is added to the consolidated
overall foreign loss account.
(f) Illustrations. The provisions of this section are illustrated by
the following examples. All foreign source income or loss in these
examples is subject to the general limitation.
Example (1). A, B, and C are the members of an affiliated group of
corporations (as defined in section 1504), and all use the calendar year
as their taxable year. For 1983, A, B, and C file a consolidated return.
ABC has United States source income of $1,000 and foreign source losses
(overall foreign loss) of $400. In accordance with paragraph (b)(1)(i)
of this section, ABC adds $400 to its consolidated overall foreign loss
account at the end of 1983. For 1983, the separate foreign source
taxable income (or loss) of A is $400, of B is ($200), and of C is
($600). Under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, B and C must establish
separate notional overall foreign loss accounts. Under paragraph
(c)(1)(i)(A) of this section, the amount added to each notional account
is the pro rata share of the consolidated overall foreign loss of each
member contributing to such loss. The pro rata share is determined by
multiplying the consolidated loss by the member's proportionate share of
the total foreign source losses of all members having such losses. B's
foreign source loss if $200 and C's foreign source loss is $600,
totaling $800. B must add $400x200/800, or $100, to its notional overall
foreign loss account. C must add $400x600/800, or $300, to its notional
overall foreign loss account.
Example (2). The facts are the same as in example (1). In 1984, ABC
has consolidated foreign source taxable income of $200. Under paragraph
(d) of this section and Sec. 1.904(f)-2, ABC is required to recapture
$100 of the amount in its consolidated overall foreign loss account,
which reduces that account by $100 under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this
section. In accordance with paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, B
reduces its notional account by $100x100/400, or $25, and C reduces it
notional account by $100x300/400, or $75. At the end of 1984 ABC has
$300 in its consolidated overall foreign loss account, B has $75 in its
notional account, and C has $225 in its notional account.
Example (3). D and E are members of an affiliated group and file
separate returns using the calendar year as their taxable year for 1980.
In 1980, D has an overall foreign loss of $200, which it adds to its
overall foreign loss account, and E has no overall foreign losses. For
1981, D and E file a consolidated return, and DE must establish a
consolidated overall foreign loss account, to which D's overall foreign
loss from 1980 is added under paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section. D
also adds the same amount $200 to its notional account under paragraph
(c)(1)(i)(B) of this section. In 1981, DE has consolidated foreign
source taxable income of $300. Since the amount added to the
consolidated overall foreign loss account in 1981 is treated as a
consolidated overall foreign loss from 1980, DE must recapture $150 in
1981 under paragraph (d) of this section and Sec. 1.904(f)-2. DE's
consolidated overall foreign loss account is reduced by $150 under
paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section, and D's notional account is
reduced by $150 under paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, leaving
balances of $50 in each of those accounts at the end of 1981.
Example (4). F and G are not members of an affiliated group in 1980,
and G has an overall foreign loss of $200, which it adds to its overall
foreign loss account. F has no overall foreign loss. On January 1, 1981,
F acquires G, and FG files a consolidated return for the calendar year
1981. In 1981, F has no foreign source taxable income or loss, and G has
$100 of foreign source taxable income. FG's consolidated foreign source
taxable income, $100, minus such income without G's items of income and
deduction, $0, is $100. Therefore 50% of that amount, $50, of G's
overall foreign loss from its 1980 separate return limitation year is
added to FG's consolidated overall foreign loss account under paragraph
(b)(1)(iii) of this section, and the same amount is added to G's
notional account under paragraph (c)(1)(i)(B) of this section. In
accordance with paragraph (d) of this section and Sec. 1.904(f)-2, FG
must recapture the $50 balance in its consolidated overall foreign loss
account in 1981 because the amount
[[Page 728]]
added from G's separate return limitation year is treated as a 1980
consolidated overall foreign loss. At the end of 1981, FG has a balance
of $0 in its consolidated overall foreign loss account, G has $0 in its
notional account, and G also has $150 remaining from its 1980 overall
foreign loss that has not yet been added to the consolidated overall
foreign loss account.
On January 1, 1982, F sells G and G leaves the affiliated group.
Under paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section, G takes with it the balance
in its overall foreign loss account from 1980 (its prior separate return
limitation year) that has not been added to the consolidated account. G
has $150 of overall foreign loss in its overall foreign loss account.
Because the amount in the consolidated overall foreign loss account is
zero, no amount from that account is allocated to G.
Example (5). (i) In 1982 corporation H has United States source
income of $300 and foreign source losses of $500, resulting in a net
operating loss of $200 and a balance in H's overall foreign loss account
at the end of 1982 of $300.
(ii) On January 1, 1983, H is acquired by J, and for the calendar
year 1983 JH files a consolidated return. JH has consolidated taxable
income of $700 in 1983, including a consolidated net operating loss
deduction of $100. This net operating loss deduction is $100 of H's $200
net operating loss from 1982 (a separate return limitation year), which
is limited by Sec. 1.1502-21A(c). For 1983, H has separate taxable
income of $100, comprised of $100 of United States source taxable income
and zero foreign source taxable income, and J has separate taxable
income of $700, comprised of $700 of United States source taxable income
and zero foreign source taxable income. Under paragraph (c)(2) of this
section, H adds $100 to its separate overall foreign loss account, since
that amount of its net operating loss has reduced United States source
income. H has $400 in its separate overall foreign loss account at the
end of 1983, none of which has been added to a consolidated overall
foreign loss account.
(iii) In 1984, H has separate taxable income of $400, comprised of
$100 of United States source taxable income and $300 of foreign source
taxable income. J has separate taxable income of $900, comprised of $700
of United States source taxable income and $200 of foreign source
taxable income. JH has consolidated taxable income of $1200, which
includes $100 of consolidated net operating loss deduction from H's 1982
net operating loss. Since this net operating loss deduction is allocated
to foreign source income, it does not reduce United States source income
and will not be added to an overall foreign loss account. Under
paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section, $100, from H's overall foreign
loss is added to the consolidated overall foreign loss account computed
as follows:
Consolidated foreign source taxable income................. $400
Consolidated foreign source taxable income recomputed by -200
excluding H's foreign source income and deduction.........
------------
$200....................................................
x 50%.................................................... $100
Amount from H's separate return limitation year overall $100
foreign loss account added to the consolidated overall
foreign loss account......................................
This amount is subject to recapture beginning in the same taxable year,
as it is treated as a consolidated overall foreign loss incurred in a
previous year. Therefore, under paragraph (d) of this section and Sec.
1.904(f)-2 JH also recaptures this $100, reducing the consolidated
overall foreign loss account to $0. H has $300 remaining in its separate
overall foreign loss account at the end of 1984.
(iv) In 1985, H has separate taxable income of $400, comprised of
$100 of United States source taxable income and $300 of foreign source
taxable income. J has separate taxable income of $300 comprised of $600
of United States source taxable income and $300 of foreign source
losses. JH has consolidated taxable income of $700, all of which is
United States source. Under paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section an
additional $150 from H's separate overall foreign loss is added to the
consolidated overall foreign loss account, computed as follows:
Consolidated foreign source taxable income................. $0
Consolidated foreign source taxable income recomputed by -(300)
excluding H's foreign source income and deductions........
------------
300.....................................................
x 50%.................................................... $150
Amount from H's separate return limitation year overall $150
foreign loss account added to the consolidated overall
foreign loss account......................................
Thus, an additional $150 of H's separate overall foreign loss is added
to the consolidated overall foreign loss account, and, under paragraph
(c)(1)(i)(B) of this section, the same amount is added to J's notional
account. While this amount is subject to recapture beginning in the same
taxable year, JH has no consolidated foreign source taxable income in
1985, so no overall foreign loss is recaptured. H has a remaining
balance of $150 in its separate return limitation year overall foreign
loss account and HJ has $150 in its consolidated overall foreign loss
account.
Example (6). A, B, and C are members of an affiliated group of
corporations (as defined in section 1504), and all use the calendar year
as their taxable year. For 1986, A, B, and C file a consolidated return.
A has an overall foreign loss account which arose in a separate return
limitation year. The amount in the overall foreign loss account is
$2,000. A makes a disposition of all its assets to B on January 1, 1986.
The gain on the transfer is $1,500, all of which would be recognized
under section 904(f)(3). However, if A adds the total
[[Page 729]]
amount of its overall foreign loss from separate return limitation years
to ABC's consolidated overall foreign loss account, no gain will be
recognized on the transfer until the intercompany gain is taken into
account under Sec. 1.1502-13. In the interim, any foreign source gain
of the purchasing member (or any other member of the consolidated group)
may be used to recapture on a consolidated basis the amount in ABC's
consolidated overall foreign loss account.
[T.D. 8153, 52 FR 32005, Aug. 25, 1987; 52 FR 43434, Nov. 12, 1987, as
amended by T.D. 8597, 60 FR 36679, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8677, 61 FR
33323, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8766, 63 FR 12643, Mar. 16, 1998; T.D. 8800,
63 FR 71590, Dec. 29, 1998; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36099, July 2, 1999;
Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8833, 64 FR 43615, Aug. 11, 1999; T.D.
8884, 65 FR 33760, May 25, 2000]
Regulations Applicable to Taxable Years Before January 1, 1997
Sec. 1.1502-15A Limitations on the allowance of built-in deductions
for consolidated return years beginning before January 1, 1997.
(a) Limitation on built-in deductions--(1) General rule. Built-in
deductions (as defined in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph) for a
taxable year shall be subject to the limitation of Sec. 1.1502-21A(c)
(determined without regard to such deductions and without regard to net
operating loss carryovers to such year) and the limitation of Sec.
1.1502-22A(c) (determined without regard to such deductions and without
regard to capital loss carryovers to such year). If as a result of
applying such limitations, built-in deductions are not allowable in such
consolidated return year, such deductions shall be treated as a net
operating loss or net capital loss (as the case may be) sustained in
such year and shall be carried to those taxable years (consolidated or
separate) to which a consolidated net operating loss or a consolidated
net capital loss could be carried under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A, 1.1502-
22A and 1.1502-79A, (or Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21T and 1.1502-22T, as
appropriate) except that such losses shall be treated as losses subject
to the limitations contained in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21T(c) or 1.1502-
22T(c) (or Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(c), 1.1502-22A(c), as appropriate), as
the case may be. Thus, for example, if member X sells a capital asset
during a consolidated return year at a $1,000 loss and such loss is
treated as a built-in deduction, then such loss shall be subject to the
limitation contained in Sec. 1.1502-22(c), which, in general, would
allow such loss to be offset only against X's own capital gain net
income (net capital gain for taxable years beginning before January 1,
1977). Assuming X had no capital gain net income (net capital gain for
taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) reflected in such year
(after taking into account its capital losses, other than capital loss
carryovers and the built-in deduction), such $1,000 loss shall be
treated as a net capital loss and shall be carried over for 5 years
under Sec. 1.1502-22, subject to the limitation contained in Sec.
1.1502-22(c) for consolidated return years.
(2) Built-in deductions. (i) For purposes of this paragraph, the
term ``built-in deductions'' for a consolidated return year means those
deductions or losses of a corporation which are recognized in such year,
or which are recognized in a separate return year and carried over in
the form of a net operating or net capital loss to such year, but which
are economically accrued in a separate return limitation year (as
defined in Sec. 1.1502-1(f)). Such term does not include deductions or
losses incurred in rehabilitating such corporation. Thus, for example,
assume P is the common parent of a group filing consolidated returns on
the basis of a calendar year and that P purchases all of the stock of S
on December 31, 1966. Assume further that on December 31, 1966, S owns a
capital asset with an adjusted basis of $100 and a fair market value of
$50. If the group files a consolidated return for 1967, and S sells the
asset for $30, $50 of the $70 loss is treated as a built-in deduction,
since it was economically accrued in a separate return limitation year.
If S sells the asset for $80 instead of $30, the $20 loss is treated as
a built-in deduction. On the other hand, if such asset is a depreciable
asset and is not sold by S, depreciation deductions attributable to the
$50 difference between basis and fair market value are treated as built-
in deductions.
(ii) In determining, for purposes of subdivision (i) of this
subparagraph,
[[Page 730]]
whether a deduction or loss with respect to any asset is economically
accrued in a separate return limitation year, the term ``predecessor''
as used in Sec. 1.1502-1(f)(1) shall include any transferor of such
asset if the basis of the asset in the hands of the transferee is
determined (in whole or in part) by reference to its basis in the hands
of such transferor.
(3) Transitional rule. If the assets which produced the built-in
deductions were acquired (either directly or by acquiring a new member)
by the group on or before January 4, 1973, and the separate return
limitation year in which such deductions were economically accrued ended
before such date, then at the option of the taxpayer, the provisions of
this paragraph before amendment by T.D. 7246 shall apply, and, in
addition, if such assets were acquired on or before April 17, 1968, and
the separate return limitation year in which the built-in deductions
were economically accrued ended on or before such date, then at the
option of the taxpayer, the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-31A(b)(9)(as
contained in the 26 C.F.R. edition revised as of April 1, 1996) shall
apply in lieu of this paragraph.
(4) Exceptions. (i) Subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3) of this
paragraph shall not limit built-in deductions in a taxable year with
respect to assets acquired (either directly or by acquiring a new
member) by the group if:
(a) The group acquired the assets more than 10 years before the
first day of such taxable year, or
(b) Immediately before the group acquired the assets, the aggregate
of the adjusted basis of all assets (other than cash, marketable
securities, and goodwill) acquired from the transferor or owned by the
new member did not exceed the fair market value of all such assets by
more than 15 percent.
(ii) For purposes of subdivision (i)(b) of this subparagraph, a
security is not a marketable security if immediately before the group
acquired the assets:
(a) The fair market value of the security is less than 95 percent of
its adjusted basis, or
(b) The transferor or new member had held the security for at least
24 months, or
(c) The security is stock in a corporation at least 50 percent of
the fair market value of the outstanding stock of which is owned by the
transferor or new member.
(b) Effective date. This section applies to any consolidated return
years to which Sec. 1.1502-21T does not apply. See Sec. 1.1502-21T(g)
for effective dates of that section.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 6909, 31 FR
16695, Dec. 30, 1966; T.D. 7246, 37 FR 761, Jan. 4, 1972; T.D. 7728, 45
FR 72650, Nov. 3, 1980; T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33323, June 27, 1996.
Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33326, June 27, 1996]
Sec. 1.1502-21A Consolidated net operating loss deduction generally
applicable for consolidated return years beginning before January 1, 1997.
(a) In general. The consolidated net operating loss deduction shall
be an amount equal to the aggregate of the consolidated net operating
loss carryovers and carrybacks to the taxable year (as determined under
paragraph (b) of this section).
(b) Consolidated net operating loss carryovers and carrybacks--(1)
In general. The consolidated net operating loss carryovers and
carrybacks to the taxable year shall consist of any consolidated net
operating losses (as determined under paragraph (f) of this section) of
the group, plus any net operating losses sustained by members of the
group in separate return years, which may be carried over or back to the
taxable year under the principles of section 172(b). However, such
consolidated carryovers and carrybacks shall not include any
consolidated net operating loss apportioned to a corporation for a
separate return year pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-79A(a), and shall be
subject to the limitations contained in paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of
this section and to the limitation contained in Sec. 1.1502-15A (or
Sec. 1.1502-11(c), as appropriate).
(2) Rules for applying section 172(b)(1)--(i) Regulated
transportation corporations. For purposes of applying section
172(b)(1)(C) (relating to net operating losses sustained by regulated
transportation corporations), in the case of a consolidated net
operating loss sustained in a taxable year for which a
[[Page 731]]
member of the group was a regulated transportation corporation (as
defined in section 172(j)(1)), the portion, if any, of such consolidated
net operating loss which is attributable to such corporation (as
determined under this paragraph shall be a carryover to the sixth
taxable year following the loss year only if such corporation is a
regulated transportation corporation for such sixth year, and shall be a
carryover to the seventh taxable year following the loss year only if
such corporation is a regulated transportation corporation for both such
sixth and seventh years.
(ii) Trade expansion losses. In the case of a carryback of a
consolidated net operating loss from a taxable year for which a member
of the group has been issued a certification under section 317 of the
Trade Expansion Act of 1962 and with respect to which the requirements
of section 172(b)(3)(A) have been met, section 172(b)(1)(A)(ii) shall
apply only to the portion of such consolidated net operating loss
attributable to such member.
(iii) Foreign expropriation losses. An election under section
172(b)(3)(C) (relating to 10-year carryover of portion of net operating
loss attributable to a foreign expropriation loss) may be made for a
consolidated return year only if the sum of the foreign expropriation
losses (as defined in section 172(k)) of the members of the group for
such year equals or exceeds 50 percent of the consolidated net operating
loss for such year. If such election is made, the amount which may be
carried over under section 172(b)(1)(D) is the smaller of (a) the sum of
such foreign expropriation losses, or (b) the consolidated net operating
loss.
(3) Absorption rules. For purposes of determining the amount, if
any, of a net operating loss (whether consolidated or separate) which
can be carried to a taxable year (consolidated or separate), the amount
of such net operating loss which is absorbed in a prior consolidated
return year under section 172(b)(2) shall be determined by:
(i) Applying all net operating losses which can be carried to such
prior year in the order of the taxable years in which such losses were
sustained, beginning with the taxable year which ends earliest, and
(ii) Applying all such losses which can be carried to such prior
year from taxable years ending on the same date on a pro rata basis,
except that any portion of a net operating loss attributable to a
foreign expropriation loss to which section 172(b)(1)(D) applies shall
be applied last.
(c) Limitation on net operating loss carryovers and carrybacks from
separate return limitation years--(1) General rule. In the case of a net
operating loss of a member of the group arising in a separate return
limitation year (as defined in paragraph (f) of Sec. 1.1502-1) of such
member (and in a separate return limitation year of any predecessor of
such member), the amount which may be included under paragraph (b) of
this section (computed without regard to the limitation contained in
paragraph (d) of this section) in the consolidated net operating loss
carryovers and carrybacks to a consolidated return year of the group
shall not exceed the amount determined under subparagraph (2) of this
paragraph.
(2) Computation of limitation. The amount referred to in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph with respect to a member of the group
is the excess, if any, of:
(i) Consolidated taxable income (computed without regard to the
consolidated net operating loss deduction), minus such consolidated
taxable income recomputed by excluding the items of income and deduction
of such member, over
(ii) The net operating losses attributable to such member which may
be carried to the consolidated return year arising in taxable years
ending prior to the particular separate return limitation year.
(3) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph and paragraphs (a)
and (b) of this section may be illustrated by the following examples:
Example 1. (i) Corporation P formed corporations S and T on January
1, 1965. P, S, and T filed separate returns for the calendar year 1965,
a year for which an election under section 1562 was effective. T's
return for that year reflected a net operating loss of $10,000. The
group filed a consolidated return for 1966 reflecting consolidated
taxable income of $30,000 (computed without regard to the consolidated
net operating loss deduction).
[[Page 732]]
Among the transactions occurring during 1966 were the following:
(a) P sold goods to T deriving deferred profits of $7,000 on such
sales, $2,000 of which was restored to consolidated taxable income on
the sale of such goods to outsiders;
(b) T sold a machine to S deriving a deferred profit of $5,000,
$1,000 of which was restored to consolidated taxable income as a result
of S's depreciation deductions;
(c) T distributed a $3,000 dividend to P; and
(d) In addition to the transactions described above, T had other
taxable income of $6,000.
(ii) The carryover of T's 1965 net operating loss to 1966 is subject
to the limitation contained in this paragraph, since 1965 was a separate
return limitation year (an election under section 1562 was effective for
such year). Thus, only $7,000 of T's $10,000 net operating loss is a
consolidated net operating loss carryover to 1966, since such carryover
is limited to consolidated taxable income (computed without regard to
the consolidated net operating loss deduction), $30,000, minus such
consolidated taxable income recomputed by excluding the items of income
and deduction of T, $23,000 (i.e., consolidated taxable income computed
without regard to the $1,000 restoration of T's deferred gain and T's
$6,000 of other income). In making such recomputation, no change is made
in the effect on consolidated taxable income of P's sale to T, or of the
dividend from T to P.
Example 2. (i) Corporation P was formed on January 1, 1966. P filed
separate returns for the calendar years 1966 and 1967 reflecting net
operating losses of $4,000 and $12,000, respectively. P purchased
corporation S on March 15, 1967. S was formed on February 1, 1966, and
filed a separate return for the taxable year ending January 31, 1967. S
also filed a short period return for the period from February 1 to
December 31, 1967, and joined with P in filing a consolidated return for
1968. S sustained net operating losses of $5,000 and $6,000 for its
taxable years ending January 31, 1967, and December 31, 1967,
respectively. An election under section 1562 was not effective for P and
S during the period involved. Consolidated taxable income for 1968
(computed without regard to the consolidated net operating loss
deduction) was $16,000; such consolidated taxable income recomputed by
disregarding the items of income and deduction of S was $9,000.
(ii) In order of time, the following losses are absorbed in 1968:
(a) P's $4,000 net operating loss for the calendar year 1966 (such
loss is not subject to the limitation contained in this paragraph since
P is the common parent corporation for 1968);
(b) S's $5,000 net operating loss for the year ended January 31,
1967. Such loss is subject to the limitation contained in this
paragraph, since S was not a member of the group on each day of such
year. However, such loss can be carried over and absorbed in full since
such limitation is $7,000 (consolidated taxable income computed without
regard to the consolidated net operating loss deduction, $16,000, minus
such consolidated taxable income recomputed, $9,000); and
(c) $6,000 of P's net operating loss and $1,000 of S's net operating
loss for the taxable years ending December 31, 1967. This is determined
by applying the losses from such year which can be carried to 1968 (P's
$12,000 loss and $2,000 of S's $6,000 loss, since such $6,000 loss is
limited under this paragraph) on a pro rata basis against the amount of
such losses which can be absorbed in that year, $7,000 (consolidated
taxable income of $16,000 less the $9,000 of losses absorbed from prior
years). The carryover of S's loss to 1968 is subject to the limitation
contained in that paragraph, since S was not a member of the group on
each day of its taxable year ending December 31, 1967. Such loss is
limited to $2,000, the excess of $7,000 (as determined under (ii)(b))
over $5,000 (S's carryover from the year ended January 31, 1967). If a
consolidated return is filed in 1969, the consolidated net operating
loss carryovers will consist of P's unabsorbed loss of $6,000 ($12,000
minus $6,000) from 1967 and, subject to the limitation contained in this
paragraph, S's unabsorbed loss of $5,000 ($6,000 minus $1,000) from its
year ended December 31, 1967.
(d) Limitation on carryovers where there has been a consolidated
return change of ownership--(1) General rule. If a consolidated return
change of ownership (as defined in paragraph (g) of Sec. 1.1502-1)
occurs during the taxable year or an earlier taxable year, the amount
which may be included under paragraph (b) of this section in the
consolidated net operating loss carryovers to the taxable year with
respect to the aggregate of the net operating losses attributable to old
members of the group (as defined in paragraph (g)(3) of Sec. 1.1502-1)
arising in taxable years (consolidated or separate) ending on the same
day and before the taxable year in which the consolidated return change
of ownership occurred shall not exceed the amount determined under
subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(2) Computation of limitation. The amount referred to in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall be the excess of:
(i) The consolidated taxable income for the taxable year (determined
without regard to the consolidated net operating loss deduction)
recomputed by including only the items of income and
[[Page 733]]
deduction of the old members of the group, over
(ii) The sum of the net operating losses attributable to the old
members of the group which may be carried to the taxable year arising in
taxable years ending prior to the particular loss year or years.
(3) Example. The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by
the following example:
Example. (i) Corporation P is formed on January 1, 1967, and on the
same day it forms corporation S. P and S file a consolidated return for
the calendar year 1967, reflecting a consolidated net operating loss of
$500,000. On January 1, 1968, individual X purchases all of the
outstanding stock of P. X subsequently contributes $1,000,000 to P and P
purchases the stock of corporation T. P, S, and T file a consolidated
return for 1968 reflecting consolidated taxable income of $600,000
(computed without regard to the consolidated net operating loss
deduction). Such consolidated taxable income recomputed by including
only the items of income and deduction of P and S is $350,000.
(ii) Since a consolidated return change of ownership took place in
1968 (there was more than a 50 percent change of ownership of P), the
amount of the consolidated net operating loss from 1967 which can be
carried over to 1968 is limited to $350,000, the excess of $350,000
(consolidated taxable income recomputed by including only the items of
income and deduction of the old members of the group, P and S) over zero
(the amount of the consolidated net operating loss carryovers
attributable to the old members of the group arising in taxable years
ending before 1967).
(4) Cross-reference. See Sec. 1.1502-21T(d)(1) for the rule that
applies the principles of this paragraph (d) in consolidated return
years beginning on or after January 1, 1997, with respect to a
consolidated return change of ownership occurring before January 1,
1997.
(e) Limitations on net operating loss carryovers under section 382--
(1) Section 382(a). (i) If at the end of a taxable year (consolidated or
separate) there has been an increase in ownership of the stock of the
common parent of a group (within the meaning of section 382(a)(1) (A)
and (B)), and any member of the group has not continued to carry on a
trade or business substantially the same as that conducted before any
such increase (within the meaning of section 382(a)(1)(C)), then the
portion of any consolidated net operating loss sustained in prior
taxable years attributable to such member (as determined under this
paragraph shall not be allowed as a carryover to such taxable year or to
any subsequent taxable year.
(ii) If the provisions of section 382(a) disallow the deduction of a
net operating loss carryover from a separate return year of a member of
the group to a subsequent taxable year, no amount shall be included
under paragraph (b) of this section as a consolidated net operating loss
carryover to such a subsequent consolidated return year with respect to
such separate return year of such member.
(iii) The provisions of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the
following example:
Example. P, S, and T file a consolidated return for the calendar
year 1969, reflecting a consolidated net operating loss attributable in
part to each member. P owns 80 percent of S's stock and S owns 80
percent of T's stock. On January 1, 1970, A purchases 50 percent of P's
stock. During 1970 T's business is discontinued. Since there has been a
50 percentage point increase in ownership of P, the common parent of the
group, and since T has not continued to carry on the same trade or
business after such increase, the portion of the 1969 consolidated net
operating loss attributable to T shall not be included in any net
operating loss deduction for 1970 or for any subsequent taxable years,
whether consolidated or separate.
(2) Section 382(b). If a net operating loss carryover from a
separate return year of a predecessor of a member of the group to the
taxable year is reduced under the provisions of section 382(b), the
amount included under paragraph (b) of this section with respect to such
predecessor shall be so reduced.
(3) Effective date. This paragraph (e) disallows or reduces the net
operating loss carryovers of a member as a result of a transaction to
which old section 382 (as defined in Sec. 1.382-2T(f)(21)) applies. See
Sec. 1.1502-21T(d)(2) for the rule that applies the principles of this
paragraph (e) in consolidated return years beginning on or after January
1, 1997, with respect to such a transaction.
(f) Consolidated net operating loss. The consolidated net operating
loss shall be determined by taking into account the following:
(1) The separate taxable income (as determined under Sec. 1.1502-
12) of each
[[Page 734]]
member of the group, computed without regard to any deduction under
section 242;
(2) Any consolidated capital gain net income (net capital gain for
taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977);
(3) Any consolidated section 1231 net loss;
(4) Any consolidated charitable contributions deduction;
(5) Any consolidated dividends received deduction (determined under
Sec. 1.1502-26 without regard to paragraph (a)(2) of that section); and
(6) Any consolidated section 247 deduction (determined under Sec.
1.1502-27 without regard to paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of that section).
(g) Groups that include insolvent financial institutions. For rules
applicable to relinquishing the entire carryback period with respect to
losses attributable to insolvent financial institutions, see Sec.
301.6402-7 of this chapter.
(h) Effective date. Except as provided in Sec. 1.1502-21T (d)(1),
(d)(2), and (g)(3), this section applies to consolidated return years
beginning before January 1, 1997.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7728, 45 FR
72650, Nov. 3, 1980; T.D. 8387, 56 FR 67489, Dec. 31, 1991; T.D. 8446,
57 FR 53034, Nov. 6, 1992; T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33323, June 27, 1996.
Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33328, June 27, 1996]
Sec. 1.1502-22A Consolidated net capital gain or loss generally
applicable for consolidated return years beginning before January 1, 1997.
(a) Computation--(1) Consolidated capital gain net income. The
consolidated capital gain net income (net capital gain for taxable years
beginning before January 1, 1977) for the taxable year shall be
determined by taking into account:
(i) The aggregate of the capital gains and losses (determined
without regard to gains or losses to which section 1231 applies or net
capital loss carryovers or carrybacks) of the members of the group for
the consolidated return year,
(ii) The consolidated section 1231 net gain for such year (computed
in accordance with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-23A or 1.1502-23T), and
(iii) The consolidated net capital loss carryovers or carrybacks to
such year (as determined under paragraph (b) of this section).
(2) Consolidated net capital loss. The consolidated net capital loss
shall be determined under subparagraph (1) of this paragraph but without
regard to subdivision (iii) thereof.
(3) Special rules. For purposes of this section, capital gains and
losses on intercompany transactions and transactions with respect to
stock, bonds, and other obligations of a member of the group shall be
reflected as provided in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-13, and 1.1502-19, and
capital losses shall be limited as provided in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-15A and
1.1502-11(c).
(4) [Reserved]
(5) Example. The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by
the following example:
Example. (i) Corporations P, S, and T file consolidated returns on a
calendar year basis for 1966 and 1967. The members had the following
transactions involving capital assets during 1967: P sold an asset with
a $10,000 basis to S for $17,000 and none of the circumstances of
restoration described in Sec. 1.1502-13 occurred by the end of the
consolidated return year; S sold an asset to individual A for $7,000
which S had purchased during 1966 from P for $10,000, and with respect
to which P had deferred a gain of $2,000; T sold an asset with a basis
of $10,000 to individual B for $25,000. The group has a consolidated net
capital loss carryover to the taxable year of $10,000.
(ii) The consolidated net capital gain of the group is $4,000,
determined as follows: P's net capital gain of $2,000, representing the
deferred gain on the sale to S during the taxable year 1966, restored
into income during taxable year 1967 (the $7,000 gain on P's deferred
intercompany transaction is not taken into account for the current
year), plus T's net capital gain of $15,000, minus S's net capital loss
of $3,000 and the consolidated net capital loss carryover of $10,000.
(b) Consolidated net capital loss carryovers and carrybacks--(1) In
general. The consolidated net capital loss carryovers and carrybacks to
the taxable year shall consist of any consolidated net capital losses of
the group, plus any net capital losses of members of the group arising
in separate return years of such members, which may be carried to the
taxable year under the principles of section 1212(a). However, such
consolidated carryovers and carrybacks shall not include any
consolidated net capital loss apportioned
[[Page 735]]
to a corporation for a separate return year pursuant to Sec. 1.1502-
79A(b) (or Sec. 1.1502-22T(b), as appropriate) and shall be subject to
the limitations contained in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this section. For
purposes of section 1212(a)(1), the portion of any consolidated net
capital loss for any taxable year attributable to a foreign
expropriation capital loss is the amount of the foreign expropriation
capital losses of all the members for such year (but not in excess of
the consolidated net capital loss for such year).
(2) Absorption rules. For purposes of determining the amount, if
any, of a net capital loss (whether consolidated or separate) which can
be carried to a taxable year (consolidated or separate), the amount of
such net capital loss which is absorbed in a prior consolidated return
year under section 1212(a)(1) shall be determined by:
(i) Applying all net capital losses which can be carried to such
prior year in the order of the taxable years in which such losses were
sustained, beginning with the taxable year which ends earliest, and
(ii) Applying all such losses which can be carried to such prior
year from taxable years ending on the same date on a prorata basis,
except that any portion of a net capital loss attributable to a foreign
expropriation capital loss to which section 1212(a)(1)(B) applies shall
be applied last.
(c) Limitation on net capital loss carryovers and carrybacks from
separate return limitation years--(1) General rule. In the case of a net
capital loss of a member of the group arising in a separate return
limitation year (as defined in paragraph (f) of Sec. 1.1502-1) of such
member (and in a separate return limitation year of any predecessor of
such member), the amount that may be included under paragraph (b) of
this section (computed without regard to the limitation contained in
paragraph (d) of this section) shall not exceed the amount determined
under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(2) Computation of limitation. The amount referred to in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph with respect to a member of the group
is the excess, if any, of:
(i) The consolidated capital gain net income (net capital gain for
taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) for the taxable year
(computed without regard to any net capital loss carryovers and
carrybacks), minus such consolidated capital gain net income (net
capital gain for taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) for the
taxable year recomputed by excluding the capital gains and losses and
the gains and losses to which section 1231 applies of such member, over
(ii) The net capital losses attributable to such member which can be
carried to the taxable year arising in taxable years ending prior to the
particular separate return limitation year.
(d) Limitation on capital loss carryovers where there has been a
consolidated return change of ownership--(1) General rule. If a
consolidated return change of ownership (as defined in paragraph (g) of
Sec. 1.1502-1) occurs during the taxable year or an earlier taxable
year, the amount which may be included under paragraph (b) of this
section in the consolidated net capital loss carryovers to the taxable
year with respect to the aggregate of the net capital losses
attributable to old members of the group (as defined in paragraph (g)(3)
of Sec. 1.1502-1) arising in taxable years (consolidated or separate)
ending on the same day and before the taxable year in which the
consolidated return change of ownership occurred shall not exceed the
amount determined under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph.
(2) Computation of limitation. The amount referred to in
subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall be the excess of:
(i) The consolidated capital gain net income (net capital gain for
taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) (determined without
regard to any net capital loss carryovers for the taxable year)
recomputed by including only capital gains and losses and gains and
losses to which section 1231 applies of the old members of the group,
over
(ii) The aggregate net capital losses attributable to the old
members of the group which may be carried to the taxable year arising in
taxable years ending prior to the particular loss year or years.
(3) Cross-reference. See Sec. 1.1502-22T(d) for the rule that
applies the principles
[[Page 736]]
of this paragraph (d) in consolidated return years beginning on or after
January 1, 1997, with respect to a consolidated return change of
ownership occurring before January 1, 1997.
(e) Effective date. This section applies to any consolidated return
years to which Sec. 1.1502-21T(g) does not apply. See Sec. 1.1502-
21T(g) for effective dates of that section.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7728, 45 FR
72650, Nov. 3, 1980; T.D. 8597, 60 FR 36679, July 18, 1995; T.D. 8677,
33323, June 27, 1996. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8677, 61 FR
33333, June 27, 1996]
Sec. 1.1502-23A Consolidated net section 1231 gain or loss generally
applicable for consolidated return years beginning before January 1, 1997.
(a) The consolidated section 1231 net gain or loss for the taxable
year shall be determined by taking into account the aggregate of the
gains and losses to which section 1231 applies of the members of the
group for the consolidated return year. Section 1231 gains and losses on
intercompany transactions shall be reflected as provided in Sec.
1.1502-13. Section 1231 losses that are ``built-in deductions'' shall be
subject to the limitations of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-21A(c) and 1.1502-
22A(c), as provided in Sec. 1.1502-15A(a) (or Sec. 1.1502-21T(c) in
effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised
April 1, 1999, and 1.1502-22T(c) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as provided in 1.1502-
15T(a) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1
revised April 1, 1999) or (1.1502-21(c) and 1.1502-22(c), as provided in
1.1502-15(a), as applicable), as appropriate).
(b) Effective date. This section applies to any consolidated return
years to which Sec. 1.1502-21(h) or 1.1502-21T(g) in effect prior to
June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as
applicable does not apply. See Sec. 1.1502-21(h) or 1.1502-21T(g) in
effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised
April 1, 1999, as applicable for effective dates of these sections.
[T.D. 7246, 38 FR 763, Jan. 4, 1973, as amended by T.D. 8677, 33323,
June 27, 1996. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33334, June
27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36099, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-41A Determination of consolidated net long-term capital
gain and consolidated net short-term capital loss generally applicable
for consolidated return years beginning before January 1, 1997.
(a) Consolidated net long-term capital gain. The consolidated net
long-term capital gain shall be determined by taking into account (1)
those gains and losses to which Sec. 1.1502-22A(a) applies which are
treated as long term under section 1222, and (2) the consolidated
section 1231 net gain (computed in accordance with Sec. 1.1502-23A).
(b) Consolidated net short-term capital loss. The consolidated net
short-term capital loss shall be determined by taking into account (1)
those gains and losses to which Sec. 1.1502-22A(a) applies which are
treated as short term under section 1222, and (2) the consolidated net
capital loss carryovers and carrybacks to the taxable year (as
determined under Sec. 1.1502-22A(b)).
(c) Effective date. This section applies to any consolidated return
years to which Sec. 1.1502-21(h) or 1.1502-21T(g) in effect prior to
June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as
applicable does not apply. See Sec. 1.1502-21(h) or 1.1502-21T(g) in
effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised
April 1, 1999, as applicable for effective dates of these sections.
[T.D, 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 8677, 61 FR
33323, June 27, 1996. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8677, 61 FR
33334, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36099, 36100, July 2, 1999]
REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO TAXABLE YEARS BEGINNING BEFORE JUNE 28, 2002
Sec. 1.1502-77A Common parent agent for subsidiaries applicable for
consolidated return years beginning before June 28, 2002.
(a) Scope of agency of common parent corporation. The common parent,
for all
[[Page 737]]
purposes (other than the making of the consent required by paragraph
(a)(1) of Sec. 1.1502-75, the making of an election under section
936(e), the making of an election to be treated as a DISC under Sec.
1.992-2, and a change of the annual accounting period pursuant to
paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of Sec. 1.991-1) shall be the sole agent for each
subsidiary in the group, duly authorized to act in its own name in all
matters relating to the tax liability for the consolidated return year.
Except as provided in the preceding sentence, no subsidiary shall have
authority to act for or to represent itself in any such matter. For
example, any election available to a subsidiary corporation in the
computation of its separate taxable income must be made by the common
parent, as must any change in an election previously made by the
subsidiary corporation; all correspondence will be carried on directly
with the common parent; the common parent shall file for all extensions
of time including extensions of time for payment of tax under section
6164; notices of deficiencies will be mailed only to the common parent,
and the mailing to the common parent shall be considered as a mailing to
each subsidiary in the group; notice and demand for payment of taxes
will be given only to the common parent and such notice and demand will
be considered as a notice and demand to each subsidiary; the common
parent will file petitions and conduct proceedings before the Tax Court
of the United States, and any such petition shall be considered as also
having been filed by each such subsidiary. The common parent will file
claims for refund or credit, and any refund will be made directly to and
in the name of the common parent and will discharge any liability of the
Government in respect thereof to any such subsidiary; and the common
parent in its name will give waivers, give bonds, and execute closing
agreements, offers in compromise, and all other documents, and any
waiver or bond so given, or agreement, offer in compromise, or any other
document so executed, shall be considered as having also been given or
executed by each such subsidiary. Notwithstanding the provisions of this
paragraph, any notice of deficiency, in respect of the tax for a
consolidated return year, will name each corporation which was a member
of the group during any part of such period (but a failure to include
the name of any such member will not affect the validity of the notice
of deficiency as to the other members); any notice and demand for
payment will name each corporation which was a member of the group
during any part of such period (but a failure to include the name of any
such member will not affect the validity of the notice and demand as to
the other members); and any levy, any notice of a lien, or any other
proceeding to collect the amount of any assessment, after the assessment
has been made, will name the corporation from which such collection is
to be made. The provisions of this paragraph shall apply whether or not
a consolidated return is made for any subsequent year, and whether or
not one or more subsidiaries have become or have ceased to be members of
the group at any time. Notwithstanding the provisions of this paragraph,
the Commissioner may, upon notifying the common parent, deal directly
with any member of the group in respect of its liability, in which event
such member shall have full authority to act for itself.
(b) Notification of deficiency to corporation which has ceased to be
a member of the group. If a subsidiary has ceased to be a member of the
group and if such subsidiary files written notice of such cessation with
the Commissioner, then the Commissioner upon request of such subsidiary
will furnish it with a copy of any notice of deficiency in respect of
the tax for a consolidated return year for which it was a member and a
copy of any notice and demand for payment of such deficiency. The filing
of such written notification and request by a corporation shall not have
the effect of limiting the scope of the agency of the common parent
provided for in paragraph (a) of this section and a failure by the
Commissioner to comply with such written request shall not have the
effect of limiting the tax liability of such corporation provided for in
Sec. 1.1502-6.
(c) Effect of waiver given by common parent. Unless the Commissioner
agrees to the contrary, an agreement entered into by the common parent
extending
[[Page 738]]
the time within which an assessment may be made or levy or proceeding in
court begun in respect of the tax for a consolidated return year shall
be applicable:
(1) To each corporation which was a member of the group during any
part of such taxable year, and
(2) To each corporation the income of which was included in the
consolidated return for such taxable year, notwithstanding that the tax
liability of any such corporation is subsequently computed on the basis
of a separate return under the provisions of Sec. 1.1502-75.
(d) Effect of dissolution of common parent corporation. If the
common parent corporation contemplates dissolution, or is about to be
dissolved, or if for any other reason its existence is about to
terminate, it shall forthwith notify the Commissioner of such fact and
designate, subject to the approval of the Commissioner, another member
to act as agent in its place to the same extent and subject to the same
conditions and limitations as are applicable to the common parent. If
the notice thus required is not given by the common parent, or the
designation is not approved by the Commissioner, the remaining members
may, subject to the approval of the Commissioner, designate another
member to act as such agent, and notice of such designation shall be
given to the Commissioner. Until a notice in writing designating a new
agent has been approved by the Commissioner, any notice of deficiency or
other communication mailed to the common parent shall be considered as
having been properly mailed to the agent of the group; or, if the
Commissioner has reason to believe that the existence of the common
parent has terminated, he may, if he deems it advisable, deal directly
with any member in respect of its liability.
(e) General rules--(1) Scope. This section applies if the
corporation that is the common parent of the group ceases to be the
common parent, whether or not the group remains in existence under Sec.
1.1502-75(d).
(2) Notice of deficiency. A notice of deficiency mailed to any one
or more corporations referred to in paragraph (a)(4) of this section is
deemed for purposes of Sec. 1.1502-77 to be mailed to the agent of the
group. If the group has designated an agent that has been approved by
the Commissioner under Sec. 1.1502-77(d), a notice of deficiency shall
be mailed to that designated agent in addition to any other corporation
referred to in paragraph (a)(4) of this section. However, failure by the
Commissioner to mail a notice of deficiency to that designated agent
shall not invalidate the notice of deficiency mailed to any other
corporation referred to in paragraph (a)(4) of this section.
(3) Waiver of statute of limitations. A waiver of the statute of
limitations with respect to the group given by any one or more
corporations referred to in paragraph (a)(4) of this section is deemed
to be given by the agent of the group.
(4) Alternative agents. The corporations referred to in paragraph
(a) (2) and (3) of this section are--
(i) The common parent of the group for all or any part of the year
to which the notice or waiver applies,
(ii) A successor to the former common parent in a transaction to
which section 381(a) applies,
(iii) The agent designated by the group under Sec. 1.1502-77(d), or
(iv) If the group remains in existence under Sec. 1.1502-75(d) (2)
or (3), the common parent of the group at the time the notice is mailed
or the waiver given.
(f) Cross-reference. For further rules applicable to groups that
include insolvent financial institutions, see Sec. 301.6402-7 of this
chapter.
(g) Effective date. This section applies to taxable years beginning
before June 28, 2002, except paragraph (e) of this section applies to
statutory notices and waivers of the statute of limitations for taxable
years for which the due date (without extensions) of the consolidated
return is after September 7, 1988, and which begin before June 28, 2002.
[T.D. 6894, 31 FR 11794, Sept. 8, 1966, as amended by T.D. 7323, 39 FR
34409, Sept. 25, 1974; T.D. 7673, 45 FR 8588, Feb. 8, 1980; T.D. 8226,
53 FR 34733, Sept. 8, 1988; T.D. 8446, 57 FR 53034, Nov. 6, 1992.
Redesignated and amended by T.D. 9002, 67 FR 43540, 43544, June 28,
2002]
[[Page 739]]
REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO TAXABLE YEARS BEFORE JANUARY 1, 1997
Sec. 1.1502-79A Separate return years generally applicable for
consolidated return years beginning before January 1, 1997.
(a) Carryover and carryback of consolidated net operating losses to
separate return years--(1) In general. (i) If a consolidated net
operating loss can be carried under the principles of section 172(b) and
paragraph (b) of Sec. 1.1502-21A to a separate return year of a
corporation (or could have been so carried if such corporation were in
existence) which was a member in the year in which such loss arose, then
the portion of such consolidated net operating loss attributable to such
corporation (as determined under subparagraph (3) of this paragraph)
shall be apportioned to such corporation (and any successor to such
corporation in a transaction to which section 381(a) applies) and shall
be a net operating loss carryover or carryback to such separate return
year; accordingly, such portion shall not be included in the
consolidated net operating loss carryovers or carrybacks to the
equivalent consolidated return year. Thus, for example, if a member
filed a separate return for the third year preceding a consolidated
return year in which a consolidated net operating loss was sustained and
if any portion of such loss is apportioned to such member for such
separate return year, such portion may not be carried back by the group
to its third year preceding such consolidated return year.
(ii) If a corporation ceases to be a member during a consolidated
return year, any consolidated net operating loss carryover from a prior
taxable year must first be carried to such consolidated return year,
notwithstanding that all or a portion of the consolidated net operating
loss giving rise to the carryover is attributable to the corporation
which ceases to be a member. To the extent not absorbed in such
consolidated return year, the portion of the consolidated net operating
loss attributable to the corporation ceasing to be a member shall then
be carried to such corporation's first separate return year.
(iii) For rules permitting the reattribution of losses of a
subsidiary to the common parent in the case of loss disallowance or
basis reduction on the disposition or deconsolidation of stock of the
subsidiary, see Sec. 1.1502-20.
(2) Nonapportionment to certain members not in existence.
Notwithstanding subparagraph (1) of this paragraph, the portion of a
consolidated net operating loss attributable to a member shall not be
apportioned to a prior separate return year for which such member was
not in existence and shall be included in the consolidated net operating
loss carrybacks to the equivalent consolidated return year of the group
(or, if such equivalent year is a separate return year, then to such
separate return year), provided that such member was a member of the
group immediately after its organization.
(3) Portion of consolidated net operating loss attributable to a
member. The portion of a consolidated net operating loss attributable to
a member of a group is an amount equal to the consolidated net operating
loss multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the separate
net operating loss of such corporation, and the denominator of which is
the sum of the separate net operating losses of all members of the group
in such year having such losses. For purposes of this subparagraph, the
separate net operating loss of a member of the group shall be determined
under Sec. 1.1502-12 (except that no deduction shall be allowed under
section 242), adjusted for the following items taken into account in the
computation of the consolidated net operating loss:
(i) The portion of the consolidated dividends received deduction,
the consolidated charitable contributions deductions, and the
consolidated section 247 deduction, attributable to such member;
(ii) Such member's capital gain net income (net capital gain for
taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) (determined without
regard to any net capital loss carryover attributable to such member);
(iii) Such member's net capital loss and section 1231 net loss,
reduced by the portion of the consolidated net capital loss attributable
to such member
[[Page 740]]
(as determined under paragraph (b)(2) of this section); and
(iv) The portion of any consolidated net capital loss carryover
attributable to such member which is absorbed in the taxable year.
(4) Examples. The provisions of this paragraph may be illustrated by
the following examples:
Example 1. (i) Corporation P was formed on January 1, 1966. P filed
a separate return for the calendar year 1966. On March 15, 1967, P
formed corporation S. P and S filed a consolidated return for 1967. On
January 1, 1968, P purchased all the stock of corporation T, which had
been formed in 1967 and had filed a separate return for its taxable year
ending December 31, 1967.
(ii) P, S, and T join in the filing of a consolidated return for
1968, which return reflects a consolidated net operating loss of
$11,000. $2,000 of such consolidated net operating loss is attributable
to P, $3,000 to S, and $6,000 to T. Such apportionment of the
consolidated net operating loss was made on the basis of the separate
net operating losses of each member as determined under subparagraph (3)
of this paragraph.
(iii) $5,000 of the 1968 consolidated net operating loss can be
carried back to P's separate return for 1966. Such amount is the portion
of the consolidated net operating loss attributable to P and S. Even
though S was not in existence in 1966, the portion attributable to S can
be carried back to P's separate return year, since S (unlike T) was a
member of the group immediately after its organization. The 1968
consolidated net operating loss can be carried back against the group's
income in 1967 except to the extent (i.e., $6,000) that it is
apportioned to T for its 1967 separate return year and to the extent
that it was absorbed in P's 1966 separate return year. The portion of
the 1968 consolidated net operating loss attributable to T ($6,000) is a
net operating loss carryback to its 1967 separate return.
Example 2. (i) Assume the same facts as in example (1). Assume
further that on June 15, 1969, P sells all the stock of T to an
outsider, that P and S file a consolidated return for 1969 (which
includes the income of T for the period January 1 through June 15), and
that T files a separate return for the period June 16 through December
31, 1969.
(ii) The 1968 consolidated net operating loss, to the extent not
absorbed in prior years, must first be carried to the consolidated
return year 1969. Any portion of the $6,000 amount attributable to T
which is not absorbed in T's 1967 separate return year or in the 1969
consolidated return year shall then be carried to T's separate return
year ending December 31, 1969.
(b) Carryover and carryback of consolidated net capital loss to
separate return years--(1) In general. If a consolidated net capital
loss can be carried under the principles of section 1212(a) and
paragraph (b) of Sec. 1.1502-22A to a separate return year of a
corporation (or could have been so carried if such corporation were in
existence) which was a member of the group in the year in which such
consolidated net capital loss arose, then the portion of such
consolidated net capital loss attributable to such corporation (as
determined under subparagraph (2) of this paragraph) shall be
apportioned to such corporation (and any successor to such corporation
in a transaction to which section 381(a) applies) under the principles
of paragraph (a) (1), (2) and (3) of this section and shall be a net
capital loss carryback or carryover to such separate return year.
(2) Portion of consolidated net capital loss attributable to a
member. The portion of a consolidated net capital loss attributable to a
member of a group is an amount equal to such consolidated net capital
loss multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which is the net capital
loss of such member, and the denominator of which is the sum of the net
capital losses of those members of the group having net capital losses.
For purposes of this subparagraph, the net capital loss of a member of
the group shall be determined by taking into account the following:
(i) Such member's capital gain net income (net capital gain for
taxable years beginning before January 1, 1977) or loss (determined
without regard to any net capital loss carryover or carryback); and
(ii) Such member's section 1231 net loss, reduced by the portion of
the consolidated section 1231 net loss attributable to such member.
(c)-(e) [Reserved]
(f) Effective date. Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section apply to
losses arising in consolidated return years to which Sec. 1.1502-21T(g)
does not apply. For this purpose net operating loss deductions,
carryovers, and carrybacks arise in the year from which they are
carried. See Sec. 1.1502-21T(g) for effective dates of that section.
[T.D. 8677, 61 FR 33334, June 27, 1996]
[[Page 741]]
Regulations Applying Section 382 With Respect to Testing Dates (and
Corporations Joining or Leaving Consolidated Groups) Before June 25,
1999
Sec. 1.1502-90A Table of contents.
The following list contains the major headings in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-
91A through 1.1502-99A:
Sec. 1.1502-91A Application of Section 382 With Respect to a
Consolidated Group Generally Applicable for Testing Dates Before June
25, 1999.
(a) Determination and effect of an ownership change.
(1) In general.
(2) Special rule for post-change year that includes the change date.
(3) Cross reference.
(b) Definitions and nomenclature.
(c) Loss group.
(1) Defined.
(2) Coordination with rule that ends separate tracking.
(3) Example.
(d) Loss subgroup.
(1) Net operating loss carryovers.
(2) Net unrealized built-in loss.
(3) Loss subgroup parent.
(4) Principal purpose of avoiding a limitation.
(5) Special rules.
(6) Examples.
(e) Pre-change consolidated attribute.
(1) Defined.
(2) Example.
(f) Pre-change subgroup attribute.
(1) Defined.
(2) Example.
(g) Net unrealized built-in gain and loss.
(1) In general.
(2) Members included.
(i) Consolidated group.
(ii) Loss subgroup.
(3) Acquisitions of built-in gain or loss assets.
(4) Indirect ownership.
(h) Recognized built-in gain or loss.
(1) In general. [Reserved]
(2) Disposition of stock or an intercompany obligation of a member.
(3) Deferred gain or loss.
(4) Exchanged basis property.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Predecessor and successor corporations.
Sec. 1.1502-92A Ownership change of a loss group or a loss subgroup
generally applicable for testing dates before June 25, 1999.
(a) Scope.
(b) Determination of an ownership change.
(1) Parent change method.
(i) Loss group.
(ii) Loss subgroup.
(2) Examples.
(3) Special adjustments.
(i) Common parent succeeded by a new common parent.
(ii) Newly created loss subgroup parent.
(iii) Examples.
(4) End of separate tracking of certain losses.
(c) Supplemental rules for determining ownership change.
(1) Scope.
(2) Cause for applying supplemental rule.
(3) Operating rules.
(4) Supplemental ownership change rules.
(i) Additional testing dates for the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent).
(ii) Treatment of subsidiary stock as stock of the common parent (or
loss subgroup parent).
(iii) 5-percent shareholder of the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent).
(5) Examples.
(d) Testing period following ownership change under this section.
(e) Information statements.
(1) Common parent of a loss group.
(2) Abbreviated statement with respect to loss subgroups.
Sec. 1.1502-93A Consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup
section 382 limitation) generally applicable for testing dates before
June 25, 1999.
(a) Determination of the consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation).
(1) In general.
(2) Coordination with apportionment rule.
(b) Value of the loss group (or loss subgroup).
(1) Stock value immediately before ownership change.
(2) Adjustment to value.
(3) Examples.
(c) Recognized built-in gain of a loss group or loss subgroup.
(d) Continuity of business.
(1) In general.
(2) Example.
(e) Limitations of losses under other rules.
Sec. 1.1502-94A Coordination with section 382 and the regulations
thereunder when a corporation becomes a member of a consolidated group
generally applicable for corporations becoming members of a group before
June 25, 1999.
(a) Scope.
(1) In general.
(2) Successor corporation as new loss member.
(3) Coordination in the case of a loss subgroup.
(4) End of separate tracking of certain losses.
(5) Cross-reference.
(b) Application of section 382 to a new loss member.
(1) In general.
(2) Adjustment to value.
(3) Pre-change separate attribute defined.
(4) Examples.
(c) Built-in gains and losses.
[[Page 742]]
(d) Information statements.
Sec. 1.1502-95A Rules on ceasing to be a member of a consolidated
group (or loss subgroup) generally applicable for corporations ceasing
to be members before June 25, 1999.
(a) In general.
(1) Consolidated group.
(2) Election by common parent.
(3) Coordination with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91T through 1.1502-93T.
(b) Separate application of section 382 when a member leaves a
consolidated group.
(1) In general.
(2) Effect of a prior ownership change of the group.
(3) Application in the case of a loss subgroup.
(4) Examples.
(c) Apportionment of a consolidated section 382 limitation.
(1) In general.
(2) Amount of apportionment.
(3) Effect of apportionment on the consolidated section 382 limitation.
(4) Effect on corporations to which the consolidated section 382
limitation is apportioned.
(5) Deemed apportionment when loss group terminates.
(6) Appropriate adjustments when former member leaves during the year.
(7) Examples.
(d) Rules pertaining to ceasing to be a member of a loss subgroup.
(1) In general.
(2) Examples.
(e) Filing the election to apportion.
(1) Form of the election to apportion.
(2) Signing of the election.
(3) Filing of the election.
(4) Revocation of election.
Sec. 1.1502-96A Miscellaneous rules generally applicable for
testing dates before June 25, 1999.
(a) End of separate tracking of losses.
(1) Application.
(2) Effect of end of separate tracking.
(3) Continuing effect of end of separate tracking.
(4) Special rule for testing period.
(5) Limits on effects of end of separate tracking.
(b) Ownership change of subsidiary.
(1) Ownership change of a subsidiary because of options or plan or
arrangement.
(2) Effect of the ownership change.
(i) In general.
(ii) Pre-change losses.
(3) Coordination with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91T, 1.1502-92T, and 1.1502-94T.
(4) Example.
(c) Continuing effect of an ownership change.
Sec. 1.1502-97A Special rules under section 382 for members under
the jurisdiction of a court in a title 11 or similar case. [Reserved]
Sec. 1.1502-98A Coordination with section 383 generally applicable
for testing dates (or members joining or leaving a group) before June
25, 1999.
Sec. 1.1502-99A Effective dates.
(a) Effective date.
(1) In general.
(2) Anti-duplication rules for recognized built-in gain.
(b) Testing period may include a period beginning before January 1,
1997.
(c) Transition rules.
(1) Methods permitted.
(i) In general.
(ii) Adjustments to offset excess limitation.
(iii) Coordination with effective date.
(2) Permitted methods.
(d) Amended returns.
(e) Section 383.
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33336, June 27, 1996. Redesignated and amended by T.D.
8824, 64 FR 36127, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-91A Application of section 382 with respect to a consolidated
group generally applicable for testing dates before June 25, 1999.
(a) Determination and effect of an ownership change--(1) In general.
This section and Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92A and 1.1502-93A set forth the
rules for determining an ownership change under section 382 for members
of consolidated groups and the section 382 limitations with respect to
attributes described in paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section. These
rules generally provide that an ownership change and the section 382
limitation are determined with respect to these attributes for the group
(or loss subgroup) on a single entity basis and not for its members
separately. Following an ownership change of a loss group (or a loss
subgroup) under Sec. 1.1502-92A, the amount of consolidated taxable
income for any post-change year which may be offset by pre-change
consolidated attributes (or pre-change subgroup attributes) shall not
exceed the consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382
limitation) for such year as determined under Sec. 1.1502-93A.
(2) Special rule for post-change year that includes the change date.
If the post-change year includes the change date, section 382(b)(3)(A)
is applied so that the consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup
section 382 limitation) does not apply to the portion of consolidated
taxable income that is allocable to the period in the year on or before
the change date. See generally Sec. 1.382-6 (relating to the allocation
of
[[Page 743]]
income and loss). The allocation of consolidated taxable income for the
post-change year that includes the change date must be made before
taking into account any consolidated net operating loss deduction (as
defined in Sec. 1.1502-21(a) or 1.1502-21T(a) in effect prior to June
25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as
applicable).
(3) Cross reference. See Sec. Sec. 1.1502-94A and 1.1502-95A for
rules that apply section 382 to a corporation that becomes or ceases to
be a member of a group or loss subgroup.
(b) Definitions and nomenclature. For purposes of this section and
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92A through 1.1502-99A, unless otherwise stated:
(1) The definitions and nomenclature contained in section 382 and
the regulations thereunder (including the nomenclature and assumptions
relating to the examples in Sec. 1.382-2T(b)) and this section and
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92A through 1.1502-99A apply; and
(2) In all examples, all groups file consolidated returns, all
corporations file their income tax returns on a calendar year basis, the
only 5-percent shareholder of a corporation is a public group, the facts
set forth the only owner shifts during the testing period, and each
asset of a corporation has a value equal to its adjusted basis.
(c) Loss group--(1) Defined. A loss group is a consolidated group
that:
(i) Is entitled to use a net operating loss carryover to the taxable
year that did not arise (and is not treated under Sec. 1.1502-21T(c) as
arising) in a SRLY;
(ii) Has a consolidated net operating loss for the taxable year in
which a testing date of the common parent occurs (determined by treating
the common parent as a loss corporation); or
(iii) Has a net unrealized built-in loss (determined under paragraph
(g) of this section by treating the date on which the determination is
made as though it were a change date).
(2) Coordination with rule that ends separate tracking. A
consolidated group may be a loss group because a member's losses that
arose in (or are treated as arising in) a SRLY are treated as described
in paragraph (c)(1)(i) of this section. See Sec. 1.1502-96A(a).
(3) Example. The following example illustrates the principles of
this paragraph (c).
Example. Loss group. (a) L and L1 file separate returns and each has
a net operating loss carryover arising in Year 1 that is carried over to
Year 2. A owns 40 shares and L owns 60 shares of the 100 outstanding
shares of L1 stock. At the close of Year 1, L buys the 40 shares of L1
stock from A. For Year 2, L and L1 file a consolidated return. The
following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 744]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.002
(b) L and L1 become a loss group at the beginning of Year 2 because
the group is entitled to use the Year 1 net operating loss carryover of
L, the common parent, which did not arise (and is not treated under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or 1.1502-21T(c) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable as
arising) in a SRLY. See Sec. 1.1502-94A for rules relating to the
application of section 382 with respect to L1's net operating loss
carryover from Year 1 which did arise in a SRLY.
(d) Loss subgroup--(1) Net operating loss carryovers. Two or more
corporations that become members of a consolidated group (the current
group) compose a loss subgroup if:
[[Page 745]]
(i) They were affiliated with each other in another group (the
former group), whether or not the group was a consolidated group;
(ii) They bear the relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to
each other through a loss subgroup parent immediately after they become
members of the current group; and
(iii) At least one of the members carries over a net operating loss
that did not arise (and is not treated under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or
1.1502-21T(c) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR
part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable as arising) in a SRLY with
respect to the former group.
(2) Net unrealized built-in loss. Two or more corporations that
become members of a consolidated group compose a loss subgroup if they:
(i) Have been continuously affiliated with each other for the 5
consecutive year period ending immediately before they become members of
the group;
(ii) Bear the relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to each
other through a loss subgroup parent immediately after they become
members of the current group; and
(iii) Have a net unrealized built-in loss (determined under
paragraph (g) of this section on the day they become members of the
group by treating that day as though it were a change date).
(3) Loss subgroup parent. A loss subgroup parent is the corporation
that bears the same relationship to the other members of the loss
subgroup as a common parent bears to the members of a group.
(4) Principal purpose of avoiding a limitation. The corporations
described in paragraph (d)(1) or (2) of this section do not compose a
loss subgroup if any one of them is formed, acquired, or availed of with
a principal purpose of avoiding the application of, or increasing any
limitation under, section 382. Instead, Sec. 1.1502-94A applies with
respect to the attributes of each such corporation. This paragraph
(d)(4) does not apply solely because, in connection with becoming
members of the group, the members of a group (or loss subgroup) are
rearranged to bear a relationship to the other members described in
section 1504(a)(1).
(5) Special rules. See Sec. 1.1502-95A(d) for rules concerning when
a corporation ceases to be a member of a loss subgroup. See also Sec.
1.1502-96A(a) for a special rule regarding the end of separate tracking
of SRLY losses of a member that has an ownership change or that has been
a member of a group for at least 5 consecutive years.
(6) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (d).
Example 1. Loss subgroup. (a) P owns all the L stock and L owns all
the L1 stock. The P group has a consolidated net operating loss arising
in Year 1 that is carried to Year 2. On May 2, Year 2, P sells all the
stock of L to A, and L and L1 thereafter file consolidated returns. A
portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss is apportioned
under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) or 1.1502-21T(b) in effect prior to June 25,
1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable
to each of L and L1, which they carry over to Year 2. The following is a
graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 746]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.003
(b) (1) L and L1 compose a loss subgroup within the meaning of
paragraph (d)(1) of this section because--
(i) They were affiliated with each other in the P group (the former
group);
(ii) They bear a relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to
each other through a loss subgroup parent (L) immediately after they
became members of the L group; and
(iii) At least one of the members (here, both L and L1) carries over
a net operating loss to the L group (the current group) that did not
arise in a SRLY with respect to the P group.
(2) Under paragraph (d)(3) of this section, L is the loss subgroup
parent of the L loss subgroup.
Example 2. Loss subgroup--section 1504(a)(1) relationship.
[[Page 747]]
(a) P owns all the stock of L and L1. L owns all the stock of L2. L1
and L2 own 40 percent and 60 percent of the stock of L3, respectively.
The P group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that
is carried over to Year 2. On May 22, Year 2, P sells all the stock of L
and L1 to P1, the common parent of another consolidated group. The Year
1 consolidated net operating loss is apportioned under Sec. 1.1502-
21(b) or 1.1502-21T(b) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in
26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable, and each of L, L1,
L2, and L3 carries over a portion of such loss to the first consolidated
return year of the P1 group ending after the acquisition. The following
is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 748]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.004
(b) L and L2 compose a loss subgroup within the meaning of paragraph
(d)(1) of this section. Neither L1 nor L3 is included in a loss subgroup
because neither bears a relationship described in section 1504(a)(1)
through a loss subgroup parent to any other member of the former group
immediately after becoming members of the P1 group.
Example 3. Loss subgroup--section 1504(a)(1) relationship. The facts
are the same as in Example 2, except that the stock of L1 is transferred
to L in connection with the sale of the
[[Page 749]]
L stock to P1. L, L1, L2, and L3 compose a loss subgroup within the
meaning of paragraph (d)(1) of this section because--
(1) They were affiliated with each other in the P group (the former
group);
(2) They bear a relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to each
other through a loss subgroup parent (L) immediately after they become
members of the P1 group; and
(3) At least one of the members (here, each of L, L1, L2, and L3)
carries over to the P1 group (the current group) a net operating loss
that did not arise in a SRLY with respect to the P group (the former
group).
(e) Pre-change consolidated attribute--(1) Defined. A pre-change
consolidated attribute of a loss group is--
(i) Any loss described in paragraph (c)(1) (i) or (ii) of this
section (relating to the definition of loss group) that is allocable to
the period ending on or before the change date; and
(ii) Any recognized built-in loss of the loss group.
(2) Example. The following example illustrates the principle of this
paragraph (e).
Example. Pre-change consolidated attribute. (a) The L group has a
consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over
to Year 2. The L loss group has an ownership change at the beginning of
Year 2.
(b) The net operating loss carryover of the L loss group from Year 1
is a pre-change consolidated attribute because the L group was entitled
to use the loss in Year 2, the loss did not arise in a SRLY with respect
to the L group, and therefore the loss was described in paragraph
(c)(1)(i) of this section. Under paragraph (a) of this section, the
amount of consolidated taxable income of the L group for Year 2 that may
be offset by this loss carryover may not exceed the consolidated section
382 limitation of the L group for that year. See Sec. 1.1502-93A for
rules relating to the computation of the consolidated section 382
limitation.
(f) Pre-change subgroup attribute--(1) Defined. A pre-change
subgroup attribute of a loss subgroup is--
(i) Any net operating loss carryover described in paragraph
(d)(1)(iii) of this section (relating to the definition of loss
subgroup); and
(ii) Any recognized built-in loss of the loss subgroup.
(2) Example. The following example illustrates the principle of this
paragraph (f).
Example. Pre-change subgroup attribute. (a) P is the common parent
of a consolidated group. P owns all the stock of L, and L owns all the
stock of L1. L2 is not a member of an affiliated group, and has a net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. On
December 11, Year 2, L1 acquires all the stock of L2, causing an
ownership change of L2. During Year 2, the P group has a consolidated
net operating loss that is carried over to Year 3. On November 2, Year
3, M acquires all the L stock from P. M, L, L1, and L2 thereafter file
consolidated returns. All of the P group Year 2 consolidated net
operating loss is apportioned under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) or 1.1502-21T(b)
in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised
April 1, 1999, as applicable to L and L2, which they carry over to the M
group.
(b)(1) L, L1, and L2 compose a loss subgroup because--
(i) They were affiliated with each other in the P group (the former
group);
(ii) They bore a relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to
each other through a loss subgroup parent (L) immediately after they
became members of the L group; and
(iii) At least one of the members (here, both L and L2) carries over
a net operating loss to the M group (the current group) that is
described in paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section.
(2) For this purpose, L2's loss from Year 1 that was a SRLY loss
with respect to the P group (the former group) is treated as described
in paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section because of the application of
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-96A(a). See paragraph (d)(5) of this
section. M's acquisition results in an ownership change of L, and
therefore the L loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-92A(a)(2). See Sec.
1.1502-93A for rules governing the computation of the subgroup section
382 limitation.
(c) In the M group, L2's Year 1 loss continues to be subject to a
section 382 limitation resulting from the ownership change that occurred
on December 11, Year 2. See Sec. 1.1502-96A(c).
(g) Net unrealized built-in gain and loss--(1) In general. The
determination whether a consolidated group (or loss subgroup) has a net
unrealized built-in gain or loss under section 382(h)(3) is based on the
aggregate amount of the separately computed net unrealized built-in
gains or losses of each member that is included in the group (or loss
subgroup) under paragraph (g)(2) of this section, including items of
built-in income and deduction described in section 382(h)(6). Thus, for
example, amounts deferred under section 267, or under Sec. 1.1502-13
(other than amounts deferred with respect to the stock of a
[[Page 750]]
member (or an intercompany obligation) included in the group (or loss
subgroup) under paragraph (g)(2) of this section) are built-in items.
The threshold requirement under section 382(h)(3)(B) applies on an
aggregate basis and not on a member-by-member basis. The separately
computed amount of a member included in a group or loss subgroup does
not include any unrealized built-in gain or loss on stock (including
stock described in section 1504(a)(4) and Sec. 1.382-2T(f)(18)(ii) and
(iii)) of another member included in the group or loss subgroup (or on
an intercompany obligation). However, a member of a group or loss
subgroup includes in its separately computed amount the unrealized
built-in gain or loss on stock of another member (or on an intercompany
obligation) not included in the group or loss subgroup. If a member is
not included in a group (or loss subgroup) under paragraph (g)(2) of
this section, the determination of whether the member has a net
unrealized built-in gain or loss under section 382(h)(3) is made on a
separate entity basis. See Sec. 1.1502-94A(c) (relating to built-in
gain or loss of a new loss member) and Sec. 1.1502-96A(a) (relating to
the end of separate tracking of certain losses).
(2) Members included--(i) Consolidated group. The members included
in the determination whether a consolidated group has a net unrealized
built-in gain or loss are all members of the group on the day that the
determination is made other than--
(A) A new loss member with a net unrealized built-in loss described
in Sec. 1.1502-94A(a)(1)(ii); and
(B) Members included in a loss subgroup described in Sec. 1.1502-
91A(d)(2).
(ii) Loss subgroup. The members included in the determination
whether a loss subgroup has a net unrealized built-in gain or loss are
those members described in paragraphs (d)(2)(i) and (ii) of this
section.
(3) Acquisitions of built-in gain or loss assets. A member of a
consolidated group (or loss subgroup) may not, in determining its
separately computed net unrealized built-in gain or loss, include any
gain or loss with respect to assets acquired with a principal purpose to
affect the amount of its net unrealized built-in gain or loss. A group
(or loss subgroup) may not, in determining its net unrealized built-in
gain or loss, include any gain or loss of a member acquired with a
principal purpose to affect the amount of its net unrealized built-in
gain or loss.
(4) Indirect ownership. A member's separately computed net
unrealized built-in gain or loss is adjusted to the extent necessary to
prevent any duplication of unrealized gain or loss attributable to the
member's indirect ownership interest in another member through a
nonmember if the member has a 5-percent or greater ownership interest in
the nonmember.
(h) Recognized built-in gain or loss--(1) In general. [Reserved]
(2) Disposition of stock or an intercompany obligation of a member.
Gain or loss recognized by a member on the disposition of stock
(including stock described in section 1504(a)(4) and Sec. 1.382-
2T(f)(18)(ii) and (iii)) of another member or an intercompany obligation
disposed of before June 25, 1999 is treated as a recognized built-in
gain or loss under section 382(h)(2) (unless disallowed under Sec.
1.1502-20 or otherwise), even though gain or loss on such stock or
obligation was not included in the determination of a net unrealized
built-in gain or loss under paragraph (g)(1) of this section.
(3) Deferred gain or loss. Gain or loss that is deferred under
provisions such as section 267 and Sec. 1.1502-13 is treated as
recognized built-in gain or loss only to the extent taken into account
by the group during the recognition period.
(4) Exchanged basis property. If the adjusted basis of any asset is
determined, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, by reference to
the adjusted basis of another asset held by the member at the beginning
of the recognition period, the asset is treated, with appropriate
adjustments, as held by the member at the beginning of the recognition
period.
(i) [Reserved]
(j) Predecessor and successor corporations. A reference in this
section and Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92A through 1.1502-99A to a corporation,
member, common parent, loss subgroup parent, or subsidiary includes, as
the context may require, a
[[Page 751]]
reference to a predecessor or successor corporation. For example, the
determination whether a successor satisfies the continuous affiliation
requirement of paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this section is made by reference
to its predecessor.
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33337, June 27, 1996, as amended by T.D. 8823, 64 FR
36100, July 2, 1999. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36125,
36127, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-92A Ownership change of a loss group or a loss subgroup
generally applicable for testing dates before June 25, 1999.
(a) Scope. This section provides rules for determining if there is
an ownership change for purposes of section 382 with respect to a loss
group or a loss subgroup. See Sec. 1.1502-94A for special rules for
determining if there is an ownership change with respect to a new loss
member and Sec. 1.1502-96A(b) for special rules for determining if
there is an ownership change of a subsidiary.
(b) Determination of an ownership change--(1) Parent change method--
(i) Loss group. A loss group has an ownership change if the loss group's
common parent has an ownership change under section 382 and the
regulations thereunder. Solely for purposes of determining whether the
common parent has an ownership change--
(A) The losses described in Sec. 1.1502-91A(c) are treated as net
operating losses (or a net unrealized built-in loss) of the common
parent; and
(B) The common parent determines the earliest day that its testing
period can begin by reference to only the attributes that make the group
a loss group under Sec. 1.1502-91A(c).
(ii) Loss subgroup. A loss subgroup has an ownership change if the
loss subgroup parent has an ownership change under section 382 and the
regulations thereunder. The principles of Sec. 1.1502-95A(b) (relating
to ceasing to be a member of a consolidated group) apply in determining
whether the loss subgroup parent has an ownership change. Solely for
purposes of determining whether the loss subgroup parent has an
ownership change--
(A) The losses described in Sec. 1.1502-91A(d) are treated as net
operating losses (or a net unrealized built-in loss) of the loss
subgroup parent;
(B) The day that the members of the loss subgroup become members of
the group (or a loss subgroup) is treated as a testing date within the
meaning of Sec. 1.382-2(a)(4); and
(C) The loss subgroup parent determines the earliest day that its
testing period can begin under Sec. 1.382-2T(d)(3) by reference to only
the attributes that make the members a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-
91A(d).
(2) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b).
Example 1. Loss group--ownership change of the common parent. (a) A
owns all the L stock. L owns 80 percent and B owns 20 percent of the L1
stock. For Year 1, the L group has a consolidated net operating loss
that resulted from the operations of L1 and that is carried over to Year
2. The value of the L stock is $1000. The total value of the L1 stock is
$600 and the value of the L1 stock held by B is $120. The L group is a
loss group under Sec. 1.1502-91A(c)(1) because it is entitled to use
its net operating loss carryover from Year 1. On August 15, Year 2, A
sells 51 percent of the L stock to C. The following is a graphic
illustration of these facts:
[[Page 752]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.005
(b) Under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, section 382 and the
regulations thereunder are applied to L to determine whether it (and
therefore the L loss group) has an ownership change with respect to its
net operating loss carryover from Year 1 attributable to L1 on August
15, Year 2. The sale of the L stock to C causes an ownership change of L
under Sec. 1.382-2T and of the L loss group under paragraph (b)(1)(i)
of this section. The amount of consolidated taxable income of the L loss
group for any post-change taxable year that may be offset by its pre-
change consolidated attributes (that is, the net operating loss
carryover from Year 1 attributable to L1) may not exceed the
consolidated section 382 limitation for the L loss group for the taxable
year.
Example 2. Loss group--owner shifts of subsidiaries disregarded. (a)
The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that on August 15, Year
2, A sells only 49 percent of the L stock to C and, on December 12, Year
3, in an unrelated transaction, B sells the 20 percent of the L1 stock
to D. A's sale of the L stock to C does not cause an ownership change of
L under Sec. 1.382-2T nor of the L loss group under paragraph (b)(1)(i)
of this section. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 753]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.006
(b) B's subsequent sale of L1 stock is not taken into account for
purposes of determining whether the L loss group has an ownership change
under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, and, accordingly, there is no
ownership change of the L loss group. See paragraph (c) of this section,
however, for a supplemental ownership change method that would apply to
cause an ownership change if the purchases by C and D were pursuant to a
plan or arrangement.
Example 3. Loss subgroup--ownership change of loss subgroup parent
controls. (a) P owns all the L stock. L owns 80 percent and A owns 20
percent of the L1 stock. The P group has a consolidated net operating
loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. On September 9,
Year 2, P sells 51 percent of the L stock to B, and L1 is apportioned a
portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss under Sec.
1.1502-21(b) or 1.1502-21T(b) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable, which
it carries over to its next taxable year. L and L1 file a consolidated
return for their first taxable year ending after the sale to B. The
following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 754]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.007
(b) Under Sec. 1.1502-91A(d)(1), L and L1 compose a loss subgroup
on September 9, Year 2, the day that they become members of the L group.
Under paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, section 382 and the
regulations thereunder are applied to L to determine whether it (and
therefore the L loss subgroup) has an ownership change with respect to
the portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss that is
apportioned to L1 on September 9, Year 2. L has an ownership change
resulting from P's sale of 51 percent of the L stock to A. Therefore,
the L loss subgroup has an ownership change with respect to that loss.
Example 4. Loss group and loss subgroup--contemporaneous ownership
changes. (a) A owns all the stock of corporation M, M owns 35 percent
and B owns 65 percent of the L
[[Page 755]]
stock, and L owns all the L1 stock. The L group has a consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. On May
19, Year 2, B sells 45 percent of the L stock to M for cash. M, L, and
L1 thereafter file consolidated returns. L and L1 are each apportioned a
portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss, which they carry
over to the M group's Year 2 and Year 3 consolidated return years. The M
group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 2 that is
carried over to Year 3. On June 9, Year 3, A sells 70 percent of the M
stock to C. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.008
[[Page 756]]
(b) Under Sec. 1.1502-91A(d)(1), L and L1 compose a loss subgroup
on May 19, Year 2, the day they become members of the M group. Under
paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, section 382 and the regulations
thereunder are applied to L to determine whether L (and therefore the L
loss subgroup) has an ownership change with respect to the loss
carryovers from Year 1 on May 19, Year 2, a testing date because of B's
sale of L stock to M. The sale of L stock to M results in only a 45
percentage point increase in A's ownership of L stock. Thus, there is no
ownership change of L (or the L loss subgroup) with respect to those
loss carryovers under paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section on that day.
(c) June 9, Year 3, is also a testing date with respect to the L
loss subgroup because of A's sale of M stock to C. The sale results in a
56 percentage point increase in C's ownership of L stock, and L has an
ownership change. Therefore, the L loss subgroup has an ownership change
on that day with respect to the loss carryovers from Year 1.
(d) Paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section requires that section 382
and the regulations thereunder be applied to M to determine whether M
(and therefore the M loss group) has an ownership change with respect to
the net operating loss carryover from Year 2 on June 9, Year 3, a
testing date because of A's sale of M stock to C. The sale results in a
70 percentage point increase in C's ownership of M stock, and M has an
ownership change. Therefore, the M loss group has an ownership change on
that day with respect to that loss carryover.
(3) Special adjustments--(i) Common parent succeeded by a new common
parent. For purposes of determining if a loss group has an ownership
change, if the common parent of a loss group is succeeded or acquired by
a new common parent and the loss group remains in existence, the new
common parent is treated as a continuation of the former common parent
with appropriate adjustments to take into account shifts in ownership of
the former common parent during the testing period (including shifts
that occur incident to the common parent's becoming the former common
parent).
(ii) Newly created loss subgroup parent. For purposes of determining
if a loss subgroup has an ownership change, if the member that is the
loss subgroup parent has not been the loss subgroup parent for at least
3 years as of a testing date, appropriate adjustments must be made to
take into account owner shifts of members of the loss subgroup so that
the structure of the loss subgroup does not have the effect of avoiding
an ownership change under section 382. (See paragraph (b)(3)(iii)
Example 3 of this section.)
(iii) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b)(3).
Example 1. New common parent acquires old common parent. (a) A, who
owns all the L stock, sells 30 percent of the L stock to B on August 26,
Year 1. L owns all the L1 stock. The L group has a consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 3. On July
16, Year 2, A and B transfer their L stock to a newly created holding
company, HC, in exchange for 70 percent and 30 percent, respectively, of
the HC stock. HC, L, and L1 thereafter file consolidated returns. Under
the principles of Sec. 1.1502-75(d), the L loss group is treated as
remaining in existence, with HC taking the place of L as the new common
parent of the loss group. The following is a graphic illustration of
these facts:
[[Page 757]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.009
(b) On November 11, Year 3, A sells 25 percent of the HC stock to B.
For purposes of determining if the L loss group has an ownership change
under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section on November 11, Year 3, HC is
treated as a continuation of L under paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section
because it acquired L and became the common parent
[[Page 758]]
without terminating the L loss group. Accordingly, HC's testing period
commences on January 1, Year 1, the first day of the taxable year of the
L loss group in which the consolidated net operating loss that is
carried over to Year 3 arose (see Sec. 1.382-2T(d)(3)(i)). Immediately
after the close of November 11, Year 3, B's percentage ownership
interest in the common parent of the loss group (HC) has increased by 55
percentage points over its lowest percentage ownership during the
testing period (zero percent). Accordingly, HC and the L loss group have
an ownership change on that day.
Example 2. Common parent in case in which common parent ceases to
exist. (a) A, B, and C each own one-third of the L stock. L owns all the
L1 stock. The L group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in
Year 2 that is carried over to Year 3. On November 22, Year 3, L is
merged into P, a corporation owned by D, and L1 thereafter files
consolidated returns with P. A, B, and C, as a result of owning stock of
L, own 90 percent of P's stock after the merger. D owns the remaining 10
percent of P's stock. The merger of L into P qualifies as a reverse
acquisition of the L group under Sec. 1.1502-75(d)(3)(i), and the L
loss group is treated as remaining in existence, with P taking the place
of L as the new common parent of the L group. The following is a graphic
illustration of these facts:
[[Page 759]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.010
(b) For purposes of determining if the L loss group has an ownership
change on November 22, Year 3, the day of the merger, P is treated as a
continuation of L so that the testing period for P begins on January 1,
Year 2, the first day of the taxable year of the L loss group in which
the consolidated net operating loss that is carried over to Year 3
arose. Immediately after the close of November 22, Year 3, D is the only
5-percent shareholder that has increased his ownership interest in P
during the testing period (from zero to 10 percentage points).
(c) The facts are the same as in paragraph (a) of this Example 2,
except that A has held 23\1/3\ shares (23\1/3\ percent) of L's stock for
five years, and A purchased an additional 10 shares of L stock from E
two years before the merger. Immediately after the close of the day of
the merger (a testing date), A's ownership interest in P, the common
parent of the L loss group, has increased by 6\2/3\ percentage points
over her lowest percentage
[[Page 760]]
ownership during the testing period (23\1/3\ percent to 30 percent).
(d) The facts are the same as in (a) of this Example 2, except that
P has a net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried to the
first consolidated return year ending after the day of the merger.
Solely for purposes of determining whether the L loss group has an
ownership change under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section, the testing
period for P commences on January 1, Year 2. P does not determine the
earliest day for its testing period by reference to its net operating
loss carryover from Year 1, which Sec. Sec. 1502-1(f)(3) and 1.1502-
75(d)(3)(i) treat as arising in a SRLY. See Sec. 1.1502-94A to
determine the application of section 382 with respect to P's net
operating loss carryover.
Example 3. Newly acquired loss subgroup parent. (a) P owns all the L
stock and L owns all the L1 stock. The P group has a consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 3. On
January 19, Year 2, L issues a 20 percent stock interest to B. On
February 5, Year 3, P contributes its L stock to a newly formed
subsidiary, HC, in exchange for all the HC stock, and distributes the HC
stock to its sole shareholder A. HC, L, and L1 thereafter file
consolidated returns. A portion of the P group's Year 1 consolidated net
operating loss is apportioned to L and L1 under Sec. 1.1502-21T(b) and
is carried over to the HC group's year ending after February 5, Year 3.
HC, L, and L1 compose a loss subgroup within the meaning of Sec.
1.1502-91A(d) with respect to the net operating loss carryovers from
Year 1. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 761]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.011
(b) February 5, Year 3, is a testing date for HC as the loss
subgroup parent with respect to the net operating loss carryovers of L
and L1 from Year 1. See paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(B) of this section. For
purposes of determining whether HC has an ownership change on the
testing date, appropriate adjustments must be made with respect to the
changes in the percentage ownership of the stock of HC because HC was
not the loss subgroup parent for at least 3 years prior to the day on
which it became a member of the HC loss subgroup (a testing date). The
appropriate adjustments include adjustments so that HC succeeds to the
owner shifts of other members of the former group. Thus, HC succeeds to
the owner shift of L that resulted from the sale of the 20 percent
interest to B in determining whether the HC loss subgroup has an
ownership change on February 5, Year 3, and
[[Page 762]]
on any subsequent testing date that includes January 19, Year 2.
(4) End of separate tracking of certain losses. If Sec. 1.1502-
96A(a) (relating to the end of separate tracking of attributes) applies
to a loss subgroup, then, while one or more members that were included
in the loss subgroup remain members of the consolidated group, there is
an ownership change with respect to their attributes described in Sec.
1.1502-96A(a)(2) only if the consolidated group is a loss group and has
an ownership change under paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section (or such a
member has an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-96A(b) (relating to
ownership changes of subsidiaries)). If, however, the loss subgroup has
had an ownership change before Sec. 1.1502-96A(a) applies, see Sec.
1.1502-96A(c) for the continuing application of the subgroup's section
382 limitation with respect to its pre-change subgroup attributes.
(c) Supplemental rules for determining ownership change--(1) Scope.
This paragraph (c) contains a supplemental rule for determining whether
there is an ownership change of a loss group (or loss subgroup). It
applies in addition to, and not instead of, the rules of paragraph (b)
of this section. Thus, for example, if the common parent of the loss
group has an ownership change under paragraph (b) of this section, the
loss group has an ownership change even if, by applying this paragraph
(c), the common parent would not have an ownership change.
(2) Cause for applying supplemental rule. This paragraph (c) applies
to a loss group (or loss subgroup) if--
(i) Any 5-percent shareholder of the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent) increases its percentage ownership interest in the stock of
both--
(A) A subsidiary of the loss group (or loss subgroup) other than by
a direct or indirect acquisition of stock of the common parent (or loss
subgroup parent); and
(B) The common parent (or loss subgroup parent); and
(ii) Those increases occur within a 3 year period ending on any day
of a consolidated return year or, if shorter, the period beginning on
the first day following the most recent ownership change of the loss
group (or loss subgroup).
(3) Operating rules. Solely for purposes of this paragraph (c)--
(i) A 5-percent shareholder of the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent) is treated as increasing its percentage ownership interest in
the common parent (or loss subgroup parent) or a subsidiary to the
extent, if any, that any person acting pursuant to a plan or arrangement
with the 5-percent shareholder increases its percentage ownership
interest in the stock of that entity;
(ii) The rules in section 382(l)(3) and Sec. Sec. 1.382-2T(h) and
1.382-4(d) (relating to constructive ownership) apply with respect to
the stock of the subsidiary by treating such stock as stock of a loss
corporation; and
(iii) In the case of a loss subgroup, a subsidiary includes any
member of the loss subgroup other than the loss subgroup parent. (The
loss subgroup parent is, however, a subsidiary of the loss group of
which it is a member.)
(4) Supplemental ownership change rules. The determination whether
the common parent (or loss subgroup parent) has an ownership change is
made by applying paragraph (b)(1) of this section as modified by the
following additional rules--
(i) Additional testing dates for the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent). A testing date for the common parent (or loss subgroup parent)
also includes--
(A) Each day on which there is an increase in the percentage
ownership of stock of a subsidiary as described in paragraph (c)(2) of
this section; and
(B) The first day of the first consolidated return year for which
the group is a loss group (or the members compose a loss subgroup);
(ii) Treatment of subsidiary stock as stock of the common parent (or
loss subgroup parent). The common parent (or loss subgroup parent) is
treated as though it had issued to the person acquiring (or deemed to
acquire) the subsidiary stock an amount of its own stock (by value) that
equals the value of the subsidiary stock represented by the percentage
increase in that person's ownership of the subsidiary (determined on a
separate entity basis). A similar principle applies if the increase
[[Page 763]]
in percentage ownership interest is effected by a redemption or similar
transaction; and
(iii) 5-percent shareholder of the common parent (or loss subgroup
parent). Any person described in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section who
is acting pursuant to the plan or arrangement is treated as a 5-percent
shareholder of the common parent (or loss subgroup parent).
(5) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (c).
Example 1. Stock of the common parent under supplemental rules. (a)
A owns all the L stock. L is not a member of an affiliated group and has
a net operating loss carryover arising in Year 1 that is carried over to
Year 6. On September 20, Year 6, L transfers all of its assets and
liabilities to a newly created subsidiary, S, in exchange for S stock. L
and S thereafter file consolidated returns. On November 23, Year 6, B
contributes cash to L in exchange for a 45 percent ownership interest in
L and contributes cash to S for a 20 percent ownership interest in S.
(b) B is a 5-percent shareholder of L who increases his percentage
ownership interest in L and S during the 3 year period ending on
November 23, Year 6. Under paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section, the
determination whether L (the common parent of a loss group) has an
ownership change on November 23, Year 6 (or on any testing date in the
testing period which includes November 23, Year 6), is made by applying
paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section and by treating the value of B's 20
percent ownership interest in S as if it were L stock issued to B.
Example 2. Plan or arrangement--public offering of subsidiary stock.
(a) A owns all the stock of L and L owns all the stock of L1. The L
group has a consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that
resulted from the operations of L1 and that is carried over to Year 2.
As part of a plan, A sells 49 percent of the L stock to B on October 7,
Year 2, and L1 issues new stock representing a 20 percent ownership
interest in L1 to the public on November 6, Year 2. The following is a
graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 764]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.012
(b) A's sale of the L stock to B does not cause an ownership change
of the L loss group on October 7, Year 2, under the rules of Sec.
1.382-2T and paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section.
(c) Because the issuance of L1 stock to the public occurs in
connection with B's acquisition of L stock pursuant to a plan, paragraph
(c)(4) of this section applies to determine whether the L loss group has
an ownership change on November 6, Year 2 (or on any testing date for
which the testing period includes November 6, Year 2).
(d) Testing period following ownership change under this section. If
a loss group (or a loss subgroup) has had an ownership change under this
section, the
[[Page 765]]
testing period for determining a subsequent ownership change with
respect to pre-change consolidated attributes (or pre-change subgroup
attributes) begins no earlier than the first day following the loss
group's (or loss subgroup's) most recent change date.
(e) Information statements--(1) Common parent of a loss group. The
common parent of a loss group must file the information statement
required by Sec. 1.382-2T(a)(2)(ii) for a consolidated return year
because of any owner shift, equity structure shift, or the issuance or
transfer of an option--
(i) With respect to the common parent and with respect to any
subsidiary stock subject to paragraph (c) of this section; and
(ii) With respect to an ownership change described in Sec. 1.1502-
96A(b) (relating to ownership changes of subsidiaries).
(2) Abbreviated statement with respect to loss subgroups. The common
parent of a consolidated group that has a loss subgroup during a
consolidated return year must file the information statement required by
Sec. 1.382-2T(a)(2)(ii) because of any owner shift, equity structure
shift, or issuance or transfer of an option with respect to the loss
subgroup parent and with respect to any subsidiary stock subject to
paragraph (c) of this section. Instead of filing a separate statement
for each loss subgroup parent, the common parent (which is treated as a
loss corporation) may file the single statement described in paragraph
(e)(1) of this section. In addition to the information concerning stock
ownership of the common parent, the single statement must identify each
loss subgroup parent and state which loss subgroups, if any, have had
ownership changes during the consolidated return year. The loss subgroup
parent is, however, still required to maintain the records necessary to
determine if the loss subgroup has an ownership change. This paragraph
(e)(2) applies with respect to the attributes of a loss subgroup until,
under Sec. 1.1502-96A(a), the attributes are no longer treated as
described in Sec. 1.1502-91A(d) (relating to the definition of loss
subgroup). After that time, the information statement described in
paragraph (e)(1) of this section must be filed with respect to those
attributes.
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33341, June 27, 1996, as amended by T.D. 8823, 64 FR
36100, July 2, 1999. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36125,
36127, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-93A Consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup
section 382 limitation) generally applicable for testing dates
before June 25, 1999.
(a) Determination of the consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation)--(1) In general. Following an ownership
change, the consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382
limitation) for any post-change year is an amount equal to the value of
the loss group (or loss subgroup), as defined in paragraph (b) of this
section, multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate that applies with
respect to the ownership change, and adjusted as required by section 382
and the regulations thereunder. See, for example, section 382(b)(2)
(relating to the carryforward of unused section 382 limitation), section
382(b)(3)(B) (relating to the section 382 limitation for the post-change
year that includes the change date), section 382(m)(2) (relating to
short taxable years), and section 382(h) (relating to recognized built-
in gains and section 338 gains).
(2) Coordination with apportionment rule. For special rules relating
to apportionment of a consolidated section 382 limitation (or a subgroup
section 382 limitation) when one or more corporations cease to be
members of a loss group (or a loss subgroup) and to aggregation of
amounts so apportioned, see Sec. 1.1502-95A(c).
(b) Value of the loss group (or loss subgroup)--(1) Stock value
immediately before ownership change. Subject to any adjustment under
paragraph (b)(2) of this section, the value of the loss group (or loss
subgroup) is the value, immediately before the ownership change, of the
stock of each member, other than stock that is owned directly or
indirectly by another member. For this purpose--
(i) Ownership is determined under Sec. 1.382-2T;
(ii) A member is considered to indirectly own stock of another
member
[[Page 766]]
through a nonmember only if the member has a 5-percent or greater
ownership interest in the nonmember; and
(iii) Stock includes stock described in section 1504(a)(4) and Sec.
1.382-2T(f)(18)(ii) and (iii).
(2) Adjustment to value. The value of the loss group (or loss
subgroup), as determined under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, is
adjusted under any rule in section 382 or the regulations thereunder
requiring an adjustment to such value for purposes of computing the
amount of the section 382 limitation. See, for example, section
382(e)(2) (redemptions and corporate contractions), section 382(l)(1)
(certain capital contributions) and section 382(l)(4) (ownership of
substantial nonbusiness assets). The value of the loss group (or loss
subgroup) determined under this paragraph (b) is also adjusted to the
extent necessary to prevent any duplication of the value of the stock of
a member. For example, the principles of Sec. 1.382-8 (relating to
controlled groups of corporations) apply in determining the value of a
loss group (or loss subgroup) if, under Sec. 1.1502-91A(g)(2), members
are not included in the determination whether the group (or loss
subgroup) has a net unrealized built-in loss.
(3) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b).
Example 1. Basic case. (a) L, L1, and L2 compose a loss group. L has
outstanding common stock, the value of which is $100. L1 has outstanding
common stock and preferred stock that is described in section
1504(a)(4). L owns 90 percent of the L1 common stock, and A owns the
remaining 10 percent of the L1 common stock plus all the preferred
stock. The value of the L1 common stock is $40, and the value of the L1
preferred stock is $30. L2 has outstanding common stock, 50 percent of
which is owned by L and 50 percent by L1. The L group has an ownership
change. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.013
(b) Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the L group does not
include the value of the stock of any member that is owned directly or
indirectly by another member in computing its consolidated section 382
limitation. Accordingly, the value of the stock of the loss group is
$134, the sum of the value of--
(1) The common stock of L ($100);
(2) the 10 percent of the L1 common stock ($4) owned by A; and
(3) The L1 preferred stock ($30) owned by A.
Example 2. Indirect ownership. (a) L and L1 compose a consolidated
group. L's stock has a value of $100. L owns 80 shares (worth $80) and
corporation M owns 20 shares (worth $20) of the L1 stock. L also owns 79
percent of the stock of corporation M. The L group has an ownership
change. The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 767]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.014
(b) Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, because of L's more than
5 percent ownership interest in M, a nonmember, L is considered to
indirectly own 15.8 shares of the L1 stock held by M (79% x 20 shares).
The value of the L loss group is $104.20, the sum of the values of--
(1) The L stock ($100); and
(2) The L1 stock not owned directly or indirectly by L (21% x $20,
or $4.20).
(c) Recognized built-in gain of a loss group or loss subgroup. If a
loss group (or loss subgroup) has a net unrealized built-in gain, any
recognized built-in gain of the loss group (or loss subgroup) is taken
into account under section 382(h) in determining the consolidated
section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation). See Sec.
1.1502-99A(a)(2) for a special rule relating to the application of Sec.
1.502-93(c)(2) to consolidated return years for which the due date of
the return is after June 25, 1999.
(d) Continuity of business--(1) In general. A loss group (or a loss
subgroup) is treated as a single entity for purposes of determining
whether it satisfies the continuity of business enterprise requirement
of section 382(c)(1).
(2) Example. The following example illustrates the principle of this
paragraph (d).
Example. Continuity of business enterprise. L owns all the stock of
two subsidiaries, L1 and L2. The L group has an ownership change. It has
pre-change consolidated attributes attributable to L2. Each of the
members has historically conducted a separate line of business. Each
line of business is approximately equal in value. One year after the
ownership change, L discontinues its separate business and the business
of L2. The separate business of L1 is continued for the remainder of the
2 year period following the ownership change. The continuity of business
enterprise requirement of section 382(c)(1) is met even though the
separate businesses of L and L2 are discontinued.
(e) Limitations of losses under other rules. If a section 382
limitation for a post-change year exceeds the consolidated taxable
income that may be offset by pre-change attributes for any reason,
including the application of the limitation of Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or
1.1502-21T(c) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR
part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable, the amount of the excess is
carried forward under section 382(b)(2) (relating to the carryforward of
unused section 382 limitation).
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33351, June 27, 1996, as amended by T.D. 8823, 64 FR
36100, July 2, 1999. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36125,
36128, July 2, 1999]
[[Page 768]]
Sec. 1.1502-94A Coordination with section 382 and the regulations
thereunder when a corporation becomes a member of a consolidated group)
generally applicable for corporations becoming members of a
group before June 25, 1999.
(a) Scope--(1) In general. This section applies section 382 and the
regulations thereunder to a corporation that is a new loss member of a
consolidated group. A corporation is a new loss member if it--
(i) Carries over a net operating loss that arose (or is treated
under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or 1.1502-21T(c) in effect prior to June 25,
1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as
applicable, as arising) in a SRLY with respect to the current group, and
that is not described in Sec. 1.1502-91A(d)(1); or
(ii) Has a net unrealized built-in loss (determined under paragraph
(c) of this section on the day it becomes a member of the current group
by treating that day as a change date) that is not taken into account
under Sec. 1.1502-91A(d)(2) in determining whether two or more
corporations compose a loss subgroup.
(2) Successor corporation as new loss member. A new loss member also
includes any successor to a corporation that has a net operating loss
carryover arising in a SRLY and that is treated as remaining in
existence under Sec. 1.382-2(a)(1)(ii) following a transaction
described in section 381(a).
(3) Coordination in the case of a loss subgroup. For rules regarding
the determination of whether there is an ownership change of a loss
subgroup with respect to a net operating loss or a net unrealized built-
in loss described in Sec. 1.1502-91A(d) (relating to the definition of
loss subgroup) and the computation of a subgroup section 382 limitation
following such an ownership change, see Sec. Sec. 1.1502-92A and
1.1502-93A.
(4) End of separate tracking of certain losses. If Sec. 1.1502-
96A(a) (relating to the end of separate tracking of attributes) applies
to a new loss member, then, while that member remains a member of the
consolidated group, there is an ownership change with respect to its
attributes described in Sec. 1.1502-96A(a)(2) only if the consolidated
group is a loss group and has an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-
92A(b)(1)(i) (or that member has an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-
96A(b) (relating to ownership changes of subsidiaries)). If, however,
the new loss member has had an ownership change before Sec. 1.1502-
96A(a) applies, see Sec. 1.1502-96A(c) for the continuing application
of the section 382 limitation with respect to the member's pre-change
losses.
(5) Cross-reference. See section 382(a) and Sec. 1.1502-96A(c) for
the continuing effect of an ownership change after a corporation becomes
or ceases to be a member.
(b) Application of section 382 to a new loss member--(1) In general.
Section 382 and the regulations thereunder apply to a new loss member to
determine, on a separate entity basis, whether and to what extent a
section 382 limitation applies to limit the amount of consolidated
taxable income that may be offset by the new loss member's pre-change
separate attributes. For example, if an ownership change with respect to
the new loss member occurs under section 382 and the regulations
thereunder, the amount of consolidated taxable income for any post-
change year that may be offset by the new loss member's pre-change
separate attributes shall not exceed the section 382 limitation as
determined separately under section 382(b) with respect to that member
for such year. If the post-change year includes the change date, section
382(b)(3)(A) is applied so that the section 382 limitation of the new
loss member does not apply to the portion of the taxable income for such
year that is allocable to the period in such year on or before the
change date. See generally Sec. 1.382-6 (relating to the allocation of
income and loss).
(2) Adjustment to value. The value of the new loss member is
adjusted to the extent necessary to prevent any duplication of the value
of the stock of a member. For example, the principles of Sec. 1.382-8T
(relating to controlled groups of corporations) apply in determining the
value of a new loss member.
(3) Pre-change separate attribute defined. A pre-change separate
attribute of a new loss member is--
(i) Any net operating loss carryover of the new loss member
described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section; and
[[Page 769]]
(ii) Any recognized built-in loss of the new loss member.
(4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b).
Example 1. Basic case. (a) A and P each own 50 percent of the L
stock. On December 19, Year 6, P purchases 30 percent of the L stock
from A for cash. L has net operating losses arising in Year 1 and Year 2
that it carries over to Year 6 and Year 7. The following is a graphic
illustration of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.015
(b) L is a new loss member because it has net operating loss
carryovers that arose in a SRLY with respect to the P group and L is not
a member of a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91A(d). Under section 382
and the regulations thereunder, L is a loss corporation on December 19,
Year 6, that day is a testing date for L, and the testing period for L
commences on December 20, Year 3.
[[Page 770]]
(c) P's purchase of L stock does not cause an ownership change of L
on December 19, Year 6, with respect to the net operating loss
carryovers from Year 1 and Year 2 under section 382 and Sec. 1.382-2T.
The use of the loss carryovers, however, is subject to limitation under
Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or 1.1502-21T(c) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as
contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable.
Example 2. Multiple new loss members. (a) The facts are the same as
in Example 1, and, on December 31, Year 6, L purchases all the stock of
L1 from B for cash. L1 has a net operating loss of $40 arising in Year 3
that it carries over to Year 7. The following is a graphic illustration
of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.016
[[Page 771]]
(b) L1 is a new loss member because it has a net operating loss
carryover from Year 3 that arose in a SRLY with respect to the P group
and L1 is not a member of a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91A(d)(1).
(c) L's purchase of all the stock of L1 causes an ownership change
of L1 on December 31, Year 6, under section 382 and Sec. 1.382-2T.
Accordingly, a section 382 limitation based on the value of the L1 stock
immediately before the ownership change limits the amount of
consolidated taxable income of the P group for any post-change year that
may be offset by L1's loss from Year 3.
(d) L1's ownership change in connection with its becoming a member
of the P group is an ownership change described in Sec. 1.1502-96A(a).
Thus, starting on January 1, Year 7, the P group no longer separately
tracks owner shifts of the stock of L1 with respect to L1's loss from
Year 3. Instead, the P group is a loss group because of such loss under
Sec. 1.1502-91A(c).
Example 3. Ownership changes of new loss members. (a) The facts are
the same as in Example 2, and, on April 30, Year 7, C purchases all the
stock of P for cash.
(b) L is a new loss member on April 30, Year 7, because its Year 1
and Year 2 losses arose in SRLYs with respect to the P group and it is
not a member of a loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-91A(d)(1). The
testing period for L commences on May 1, Year 4. C's purchase of all the
P stock causes an ownership change of L on April 30, Year 7, under
section 382 and Sec. 1.382-2T with respect to its Year 1 and Year 2
losses. Accordingly, a section 382 limitation based on the value of the
L stock immediately before the ownership change limits the amount of
consolidated taxable income of the P group for any post-change year that
may be offset by L's Year 1 and Year 2 losses. See also Sec. 1.1502-21T
in effect prior to June 25, 1999, contained in 26 CFR Part 1, revised
April 1, 1999, or Sec. 1.1502-21, as applicable.
(c) The P group is a loss group on April 30, Year 7, because it is
entitled to use L1's loss from Year 3, and such loss is no longer
treated as a loss of a new loss member starting the day after L1's
ownership change on December 31, Year 6. See Sec. Sec. 1.1502-96A(a)
and 1.1502-91A(c)(2). C's purchase of all the P stock causes an
ownership change of P, and therefore the P loss group, on April 30, Year
7, with respect to L1's Year 3 loss. Accordingly, a consolidated section
382 limitation based on the value of the P stock immediately before the
ownership change limits the amount of consolidated taxable income of the
P group for any post-change year that may be offset by L1's Year 3 loss.
(c) Built-in gains and losses. As the context may require, the
principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A(g) and (h) and 1.1502-93A(c)
(relating to built-in gains and losses) apply to a new loss member on a
separate entity basis. See Sec. 1.1502-91A(g)(3).
(d) Information statements. The common parent of a consolidated
group that has a new loss member subject to paragraph (b)(1) of this
section during a consolidated return year must file the information
statement required by Sec. 1.382-2T(a)(2)(ii) because of any owner
shift, equity structure shift, or issuance or transfer of an option with
respect to the new loss member. Instead of filing a separate statement
for each new loss member the common parent may file a single statement
described in Sec. 1.382-2T(a)(2)(ii) with respect to the stock
ownership of the common parent (which is treated as a loss corporation).
In addition to the information concerning stock ownership of the common
parent, the single statement must identify each new loss member and
state which new loss members, if any, have had ownership changes during
the consolidated return year. The new loss member is, however, required
to maintain the records necessary to determine if it has an ownership
change. This paragraph (d) applies with respect to the attributes of a
new loss member until an event occurs which ends separate tracking under
Sec. 1.1502-96A(a). After that time, the information statement
described in Sec. 1.1502-92A(e)(1) must be filed with respect to these
attributes.
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33352, June 27, 1996, as amended by T.D. 8823, 64 FR
36100, July 2, 1999. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36125,
36126, 36128, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-95A Rules on ceasing to be a member of a consolidated
group generally applicable for corporations ceasing to be members
before June 25, 1999.
(a) In general--(1) Consolidated group. This section provides rules
for applying section 382 on or after the day that a member ceases to be
a member of a consolidated group (or loss subgroup). The rules concern
how to determine whether an ownership change occurs with respect to
losses of the member, and how a consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation) is apportioned to the member. As the
context requires, a reference in this section to a loss group, a member,
or a
[[Page 772]]
corporation also includes a reference to a loss subgroup, and a
reference to a consolidated section 382 limitation also includes a
reference to a subgroup section 382 limitation.
(2) Election by common parent. Only the common parent (not the loss
subgroup parent) may make the election under paragraph (c) of this
section to apportion either a consolidated section 382 limitation or a
subgroup section 382 limitation.
(3) Coordination with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A through 1.1502-93A. For
rules regarding the determination of whether there is an ownership
change of a loss subgroup and the computation of a subgroup section 382
limitation following such an ownership change, see Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A
through 1.1502-93A.
(b) Separate application of section 382 when a member leaves a
consolidated group--(1) In general. Except as provided in Sec. Sec.
1.1502-91A through 1.1502-93A (relating to rules applicable to loss
groups and loss subgroups), section 382 and the regulations thereunder
apply to a corporation on a separate entity basis after it ceases to be
a member of a consolidated group (or loss subgroup). Solely for purposes
of determining whether a corporation has an ownership change--
(i) Any portion of a consolidated net operating loss that is
apportioned to the corporation under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) or 1.1502-21T(b)
in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised
April 1, 1999, as applicable is treated as a net operating loss of the
corporation beginning on the first day of the taxable year in which the
loss arose;
(ii) The testing period may include the period during which (or
before which) the corporation was a member of the group (or loss
subgroup); and
(iii) Except to the extent provided in Sec. 1.1502-20(g) (relating
to reattributed losses), the day it ceases to be a member of a
consolidated group is treated as a testing date of the corporation
within the meaning of Sec. 1.382-2(a)(4).
(2) Effect of a prior ownership change of the group. If a loss group
has had an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-92A before a corporation
ceases to be a member of a consolidated group (the former member)--
(i) Any pre-change consolidated attribute that is subject to a
consolidated section 382 limitation continues to be treated as a pre-
change loss with respect to the former member after the attribute is
apportioned to the former member;
(ii) The former member's section 382 limitation with respect to such
attribute is zero except to the extent the common parent apportions
under paragraph (c) of this section all or a part of the consolidated
section 382 limitation to the former member;
(iii) The testing period for determining a subsequent ownership
change with respect to such attribute begins no earlier than the first
day following the loss group's most recent change date; and
(iv) As generally provided under section 382, an ownership change of
the former member that occurs on or after the day it ceases to be a
member of a loss group may result in an additional, lesser limitation
amount with respect to such loss.
(3) Application in the case of a loss subgroup. If two or more
former members are included in the same loss subgroup immediately after
they cease to be members of a consolidated group, the principles of
paragraphs (b) and (c) of this section apply to the loss subgroup.
Therefore, for example, an apportionment by the common parent under
paragraph (c) of this section is made to the loss subgroup rather than
separately to its members. -
(4) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (b).
Example 1. Treatment of departing member as a separate corporation
throughout the testing period. (a) A owns all the L stock. L owns all
the stock of L1 and L2. The L group has a consolidated net operating
loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 3. On January 12,
Year 2, A sells 30 percent of the L stock to B. On February 7, Year 3, L
sells 40 percent of the L2 stock to C, and L2 ceases to be a member of
the group. A portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss is
apportioned to L2 under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) or 1.1502-21T(b) in effect
prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1,
1999, as applicable and is carried to L2's first separate return year,
which ends December 31, Year 3. The following is a graphic illustration
of these facts:
[[Page 773]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.017
(b) Under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, L2 is a loss corporation
on February 7, Year 3. Under paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section,
February 7, Year 3, is a testing date. Under paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of
this section, the testing period for L2 with respect to this testing
date commences on January 1, Year 1, the first day of the taxable year
in which the
[[Page 774]]
portion of the consolidated net operating loss apportioned to L2 arose.
Therefore, in determining whether L2 has an ownership change on February
7, Year 3, B's purchase of 30 percent of the L stock and C's purchase of
40 percent of the L2 stock are each owner shifts. L2 has an ownership
change under section 382(g) and Sec. 1.382-2T because B and C have
increased their ownership interests in L2 by 18 and 40 percentage
points, respectively, during the testing period.
Example 2. Effect of prior ownership change of loss group. (a) L
owns all the L1 stock and L1 owns all the L2 stock. The L loss group had
an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-92A in Year 2 with respect to a
consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 and carried over to
Year 2 and Year 3. The consolidated section 382 limitation computed
solely on the basis of the value of the stock of L is $100. On December
31, Year 2, L1 sells 25 percent of the stock of L2 to B. L2 is
apportioned a portion of the Year 1 consolidated net operating loss
which it carries over to its first separate return year ending after
December 31, Year 2. L2's separate section 382 limitation with respect
to this loss is zero unless L elects to apportion all or a part of the
consolidated section 382 limitation to L2. (See paragraph (c) of this
section for rules regarding the apportionment of a consolidated section
382 limitation.) L apportions $50 of the consolidated section 382
limitation to L2.
(b) On December 31, Year 3, L1 sells its remaining 75 percent stock
interest in L2 to C, resulting in an ownership change of L2. L2's
section 382 limitation computed on the change date with respect to the
value of its stock is $30. Accordingly, L2's section 382 limitation for
post-change years ending after December 31, Year 3, with respect to its
pre-change losses, including the consolidated net operating losses
apportioned to it from the L group, is $30, adjusted as required by
section 382 and the regulations thereunder.
(c) Apportionment of a consolidated section 382 limitation--(1) In
general. The common parent may elect to apportion all or any part of a
consolidated section 382 limitation to a former member (or loss
subgroup). See paragraph (e) of this section for the time and manner of
making the election to apportion.
(2) Amount of apportionment. The common parent may apportion all or
part of each element of the consolidated section 382 limitation
determined under Sec. 1.1502-93A. For this purpose, the consolidated
section 382 limitation consists of two elements--
(i) The value element, which is the element of the limitation
determined under section 382(b)(1) (relating to value multiplied by the
long-term tax-exempt rate) without regard to such adjustments as those
described in section 382(b)(2) (relating to the carryforward of unused
section 382 limitation), section 382(b)(3)(B) (relating to the section
382 limitation for the post-change year that includes the change date),
section 382(h) (relating to built-in gains and section 338 gains), and
section 382(m)(2) (relating to short taxable years); and
(ii) The adjustment element, which is so much (if any) of the
limitation for the taxable year during which the former member ceases to
be a member of the consolidated group that is attributable to a
carryover of unused limitation under section 382(b)(2) or to recognized
built-in gains under 382(h).
(3) Effect of apportionment on the consolidated section 382
limitation. The value element of the consolidated section 382 limitation
for any post-change year ending after the day that a former member (or
loss subgroup) ceases to be a member(s) is reduced to the extent that it
is apportioned under this paragraph (c). The consolidated section 382
limitation for the post-change year in which the former member (or loss
subgroup) ceases to be a member(s) is also reduced to the extent that
the adjustment element for that year is apportioned under this paragraph
(c).
(4) Effect on corporations to which the consolidated section 382
limitation is apportioned. The amount of the value element that is
apportioned to a former member (or loss subgroup) is treated as the
amount determined under section 382(b)(1) for purposes of determining
the amount of that corporation's (or loss subgroup's) section 382
limitation for any taxable year ending after the former member (or loss
subgroup) ceases to be a member(s). Appropriate adjustments must be made
to the limitation based on the value element so apportioned for a short
taxable year, carryforward of unused limitation, or any other adjustment
required under section 382. The adjustment element apportioned to a
former member (or loss subgroup) is treated as an adjustment under
section 382(b)(2) or section
[[Page 775]]
382(h), as appropriate, for the first taxable year after the member (or
members) ceases to be a member (or members).
(5) Deemed apportionment when loss group terminates. If a loss group
terminates, to the extent the consolidated section 382 limitation is not
apportioned under paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the consolidated
section 382 limitation is deemed to be apportioned to the loss subgroup
that includes the common parent, or, if there is no loss subgroup that
includes the common parent immediately after the loss group terminates,
to the common parent. A loss group terminates on the first day of the
first taxable year that is a separate return year with respect to each
member of the former loss group.
(6) Appropriate adjustments when former member leaves during the
year. Appropriate adjustments are made to the consolidated section 382
limitation for the consolidated return year during which the former
member (or loss subgroup) ceases to be a member(s) to reflect the
inclusion of the former member in the loss group for a portion of that
year.
(7) Examples. The following examples illustrate the principles of
this paragraph (c).
Example 1. Consequence of apportionment. (a) L owns all the L1 stock
and L1 owns all the L2 stock. The L group has a $200 consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. At the
close of December 31, Year 1, the group has an ownership change under
Sec. 1.1502-92A. The ownership change results in a consolidated section
382 limitation of $10 based on the value of the stock of the group. On
August 29, Year 2, L1 sells 30 percent of the stock of L2 to A. L2 is
apportioned $90 of the group's $200 consolidated net operating loss
under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) or 1.1502-21T(b) in effect prior to June 25,
1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as
applicable. L, the common parent, elects to apportion $6 of the
consolidated section 382 limitation to L2. The following is a graphic
illustration of these facts:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.018
(b) For its separate return years ending after August 29, Year 2
(other than the taxable year ending December 31, Year 2), L2's section
382 limitation with respect to the $90 of the group's net operating loss
apportioned to it is $6, adjusted, as appropriate, for any short taxable
year, unused section 382 limitation, or other adjustment. For its
consolidated return years ending after August 29, Year 2, (other than
the year ending December 31, Year 2) the L group's consolidated section
382 limitation with respect to the remaining $110 of pre-change
consolidated attribute is $4 ($10 minus the $6 value element apportioned
to L2), adjusted, as appropriate, for any short taxable year, unused
section 382 limitation, or other adjustment.
[[Page 776]]
(c) For the L group's consolidated return year ending December 31,
Year 2, the value element of its consolidated section 382 limitation is
increased by $4 (rounded to the nearest dollar), to account for the
period during which L2 was a member of the L group ($6, the consolidated
section 382 limitation apportioned to L2, times 241/365, the ratio of
the number of days during Year 2 that L2 is a member of the group to the
number of days in the group's consolidated return year). See paragraph
(c)(6) of this section. Therefore, the value element of the consolidated
section 382 limitation for Year 2 of the L group is $8 (rounded to the
nearest dollar).
(d) The section 382 limitation for L2's short taxable year ending
December 31, Year 2, is $2 (rounded to the nearest dollar), which is the
amount that bears the same relationship to $6, the value element of the
consolidated section 382 limitation apportioned to L2, as the number of
days during that short taxable year, 124 days, bears to 365. See Sec.
1.382-4(c).
Example 2. Consequence of no apportionment. The facts are the same
as in Example 1, except that L does not elect to apportion any portion
of the consolidated section 382 limitation to L2. For its separate
return years ending after August 29, Year 2, L2's section 382 limitation
with respect to the $90 of the group's pre-change consolidated attribute
apportioned to L2 is zero under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section.
Thus, the $90 consolidated net operating loss apportioned to L2 cannot
offset L2's taxable income in any of its separate return years ending
after August 29, Year 2. For its consolidated return years ending after
August 29, Year 2, the L group's consolidated section 382 limitation
with respect to the remaining $110 of pre-change consolidated attribute
is $10, adjusted, as appropriate, for any short taxable year, unused
section 382 limitation, or other adjustment.
Example 3. Apportionment of adjustment element. The facts are the
same as in Example 1, except that L2 ceases to be a member of the L
group on August 29, Year 3, and the L group has a $4 carryforward of an
unused consolidated section 382 limitation (under section 382(b)(2)) to
the 1993 consolidated return year.
The carryover of unused limitation increases the consolidated
section 382 limitation for the Year 3 consolidated return year from $10
to $14. L may elect to apportion all or any portion of the $10 value
element and all or any portion of the $4 adjustment element to L2.
(d) Rules pertaining to ceasing to be a member of a loss subgroup--
(1) In general. A corporation ceases to be a member of a loss subgroup--
(i) On the first day of the first taxable year for which it files a
separate return; or
(ii) The first day that it ceases to bear a relationship described
in section 1504(a)(1) to the loss subgroup parent (treating for this
purpose the loss subgroup parent as the common parent described in
section 1504(a)(1)(A)).
(2) Examples. The principles of this paragraph (d) are illustrated
by the following examples.
Example 1. Basic case. (a) P owns all the L stock, L owns all the L1
stock and L1 owns all the L2 stock. The P group has a consolidated net
operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 2. On
December 11, Year 2, P sells all the stock of L to corporation M. Each
of L, L1, and L2 is apportioned a portion of the Year 1 consolidated net
operating loss, and thereafter each joins with M in filing consolidated
returns. Under Sec. 1.1502-92A, the L loss subgroup has an ownership
change on December 11, Year 2. The L loss subgroup has a subgroup
section 382 limitation of $100. The following is a graphic illustration
of these facts:
[[Page 777]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.019
(b) On May 22, Year 3, L1 sells 40 percent of the L2 stock to A. L2
carries over a portion of the P group's net operating loss from Year 1
to its separate return year ending December 31, Year 3. Under paragraph
(d)(1) of this section, L2 ceases to be a member of the L loss subgroup
on May 22, Year 3, which is both (1) the first day of the first taxable
year
[[Page 778]]
for which it files a separate return and (2) the day it ceases to bear a
relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to the loss subgroup
parent, L. The net operating loss of L2 that is carried over from the P
group is treated as a pre-change loss of L2 for its separate return
years ending after May 22, Year 3. Under paragraphs (a)(2) and (b)(2) of
this section, the separate section 382 limitation with respect to this
loss is zero unless M elects to apportion all or a part of the subgroup
section 382 limitation of the L loss subgroup to L2.
Example 2. Formation of a new loss subgroup. The facts are the same
as in Example 1, except that A purchases 40 percent of the L1 stock from
L rather than purchasing L2 stock from L1. L1 and L2 file a consolidated
return for their first taxable year ending after May 22, Year 3, and
each of L1 and L2 carries over a part of the net operating loss of the P
group that arose in Year 1. Under paragraph (d)(1) of this section, L1
and L2 cease to be members of the L loss subgroup on May 22, Year 3. The
net operating losses carried over from the P group are treated as pre-
change subgroup attributes of the loss subgroup composed of L1 and L2.
The subgroup section 382 limitation with respect to those losses is zero
unless M elects to apportion all or part of the subgroup section 382
limitation of the L loss subgroup to the L1 loss subgroup. The following
is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 779]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.020
Example 3. Ceasing to bear a section 1504(a)(1) relationship to a
loss subgroup parent. (a) A owns all the stock of P, and P owns all the
stock of L1 and L2. The P group has a consolidated net operating loss
arising in Year 1 that is carried over to Year 3 and Year 4. Corporation
M acquires all the stock of P on November 11, Year 3, and P, L1, and L2
thereafter file consolidated returns with M. M's acquisition results in
an ownership change of the P loss subgroup under Sec. 1.1502-
92A(b)(1)(ii). The following is a graphic illustration of these facts:
[[Page 780]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.021
(b) P distributes the L2 stock to M on October 7, Year 4. L2 ceases
to be a member of the P loss subgroup on October 7, Year 4, the first
day that it ceases to bear the relationship described in section
1504(a)(1) to P, the P loss subgroup parent. See paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of
this section. Thus, the section 382 limitation with respect to the pre-
change
[[Page 781]]
subgroup attributes attributable to L2 is zero except to the extent M
elects to apportion all or a part of the subgroup section 382 limitation
of the P loss subgroup to L2.
Example 4. Relationship through a successor. The facts are the same
as in Example 3, except that, instead of P's distributing the stock of
L2, L2 merges into L1 on October 7, Year 4. L1 (as successor to L2 in
the merger within the meaning of Sec. 1.382-2T(f)(4)) continues to bear
a relationship described in section 1504(a)(1) to P, the loss subgroup
parent. Thus, L2 does not cease to be a member of the P loss subgroup as
a result of the merger.
(e) Filing the election to apportion--(1) Form of the election to
apportion. An election under paragraph (c) of this section must be made
by the common parent. The election must be made in the form of the
following statement: ``THIS IS AN ELECTION UNDER Sec. 1.1502-95A OF THE
INCOME TAX REGULATIONS TO APPORTION ALL OR PART OF THE [insert either
CONSOLIDATED SECTION 382 LIMITATION or SUBGROUP SECTION 382 LIMITATION,
as appropriate] TO [insert name and E.I.N. of the corporation (or the
corporations that compose a new loss subgroup) to which allocation is
made]. The declaration must also include the following information, as
appropriate--
(i) The date of the ownership change that resulted in the
consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382
limitation);
(ii) The amount of the consolidated section 382 limitation (or
subgroup section 382 limitation) for the taxable year during which the
former member (or new loss subgroup) ceases to be a member of the
consolidated group (determined without regard to any apportionment under
this section;
(iii) The amount of the value element and adjustment element of the
consolidated section 382 limitation (or subgroup section 382 limitation)
that is apportioned to the former member (or new loss subgroup) pursuant
to paragraph (c) of this section; and
(iv) The name and E.I.N. of the common parent making the
apportionment.
(2) Signing of the election. The election statement must be signed
by both the common parent and the former member (or, in the case of a
loss subgroup, the common parent and the loss subgroup parent) by
persons authorized to sign their respective income tax returns.
(3) Filing of the election. The election statement must be filed by
the common parent of the group that is apportioning the consolidated
section 382 limitation (or the subgroup section 382 limitation) with its
income tax return for the taxable year in which the former member (or
new loss subgroup) ceases to be a member. The common parent must also
deliver a copy of the statement to the former member (or the members of
the new loss subgroup) on or before the day the group files its income
tax return for the consolidated return year that the former member (or
new loss subgroup) ceases to be a member. A copy of the statement must
be attached to the first return of the former member (or the first
return in which the members of a new loss subgroup join) that is filed
after the close of the consolidated return year of the group of which
the former member (or the members of a new loss subgroup) ceases to be a
member.
(4) Revocation of election. An election statement made under
paragraph (c) of this section is revocable only with the consent of the
Commissioner.
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33355, June 27, 1996, as amended by T.D. 8823, 64 FR
36101, July 2, 1999. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36126,
36128, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-96A Miscellaneous rules generally applicable for testing
dates before June 25, 1999.
(a) End of separate tracking of losses--(1) Application. This
paragraph (a) applies to a member (or a loss subgroup) with a net
operating loss carryover that arose (or is treated under Sec. 1.1502-
21(c) or 1.1502-21T(c) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in
26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable as arising) in a SRLY
(or a net unrealized built-in gain or loss determined at the time that
the member (or loss subgroup) becomes a member of the consolidated group
if there is--
(i) An ownership change of the member (or loss subgroup in
connection with, or after, becoming a member of the group; or
[[Page 782]]
(ii) A period of 5 consecutive years following the day that the
member (or loss subgroup) becomes a member of a group during which the
member (or loss subgroup) has not had an ownership change.
(2) Effect of end of separate tracking. If this paragraph (a)
applies with respect to a member (or loss subgroup), then, starting on
the day after the earlier of the change date (but not earlier than the
day the member (or loss subgroup) becomes a member of the consolidated
group) or the last day of the 5 consecutive year period described in
paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section, the member's net operating loss
carryover that arose (or is treated under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or 1.1502-
21T(c) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1
revised April 1, 1999, as applicable as arising) in a SRLY, is treated
as described in Sec. 1.1502-91A(c)(1)(i). Also, the member's separately
computed net unrealized built-in gain or loss is included in the
determination whether the group has a net unrealized built-in gain or
loss. The preceding sentences also apply for purposes of determining
whether there is an ownership change with respect to such attributes
following such change date (or earlier day) or 5 consecutive year
period. Thus, for example, starting the day after the change date or the
end of the 5 consecutive year period--
(i) The consolidated group which includes the new loss member or
loss subgroup is no longer required to separately track owner shifts of
the stock of the new loss member or loss subgroup parent to determine if
an ownership change occurs with respect to the attributes of the new
loss member or members included in the loss subgroup;
(ii) The group includes the member's attributes in determining
whether it is a loss group under Sec. 1.1502-91A(c);
(iii) There is an ownership change with respect to such attributes
only if the group is a loss group and has an ownership change; and
(iv) If the group has an ownership change, such attributes are pre-
change consolidated attributes subject to the loss group's consolidated
section 382 limitation.
(3) Continuing effect of end of separate tracking. As the context
may require, a current group determines which of its members are
included in a loss subgroup on any testing date by taking into account
the application of this section in the former group. See the example in
Sec. 1.1502-91A(f)(2).
(4) Special rule for testing period. For purposes of determining the
beginning of the testing period for a loss group, the member's (or loss
subgroup's) net operating loss carryovers (or net unrealized built-in
gain or loss) described in paragraph (a)(2) of this section are
considered to arise--
(i) In a case described in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section, in a
taxable year that begins not earlier than the later of the day following
the change date or the day that the member becomes a member of the
group; and
(ii) in a case described in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) of this section, in
a taxable year that begins 3 years before the end of the 5 consecutive
year period.
(5) Limits on effects of end of separate tracking. The rule
contained in this paragraph (a) applies solely for purposes of
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A through 1.1502-95A and this section (other than
paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section (relating to the definition of
pre-change attributes of a subsidiary)) and Sec. 1.1502-98A, and not
for purposes of other provisions of the consolidated return regulations,
including, for example, Sec. Sec. 1.1502-15 and 1.1502-21 (or Sec.
1.1502-15T in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part
1 revised April 1, 1999, and 1.1502-21T in effect prior to June 25,
1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as
applicable) (relating to the consolidated net operating loss deduction).
See also paragraph (c) of this section for the continuing effect of an
ownership change with respect to pre-change attributes.
(b) Ownership change of subsidiary--(1) Ownership change of a
subsidiary because of options or plan or arrangement. Notwithstanding
Sec. 1.1502-92A, a subsidiary may have an ownership change for purposes
of section 382 with respect to its attributes which a group or loss
subgroup includes in making a determination under Sec. 1.1502-91A(c)(1)
(relating to the definition of loss group) or Sec. 1.1502-91A(d)
(relating to the definition of loss subgroup). The subsidiary has such
an
[[Page 783]]
ownership change if it has an ownership change under the principles of
Sec. 1.1502-95A(b) and section 382 and the regulations thereunder
(determined on a separate entity basis by treating the subsidiary as not
being a member of a consolidated group) in the event of--
(i) The deemed exercise under Sec. 1.382-4(d) of an option or
options (other than an option with respect to stock of the common
parent) held by a person (or persons acting pursuant to a plan or
arrangement) to acquire more than 20 percent of the stock of the
subsidiary; or
(ii) An increase by 1 or more 5-percent shareholders, acting
pursuant to a plan or arrangement to avoid an ownership change of a
subsidiary, in their percentage ownership interest in the subsidiary by
more than 50 percentage points during the testing period of the
subsidiary through the acquisition (or deemed acquisition pursuant to
Sec. 1.382-4(d)) of ownership interests in the subsidiary and in
higher-tier members with respect to the subsidiary.
(2) Effect of the ownership change--(i) In general. If a subsidiary
has an ownership change under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the
amount of consolidated taxable income for any post-change year that may
be offset by the pre-change losses of the subsidiary shall not exceed
the section 382 limitation for the subsidiary. For purposes of this
limitation, the value of the subsidiary is determined solely by
reference to the value of the subsidiary's stock.
(ii) Pre-change losses. The pre-change losses of a subsidiary are--
(A) Its allocable part of any consolidated net operating loss which
is attributable to it under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) or 1.1502-21T(b) in
effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised
April 1, 1999, as applicable (determined on the last day of the
consolidated return year that includes the change date) that is not
carried back and absorbed in a taxable year prior to the year including
the change date;
(B) Its net operating loss carryovers that arose (or are treated
under Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or 1.1502-21T(c) in effect prior to June 25,
1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable
as having arisen) in a SRLY; and
(C) Its recognized built-in loss with respect to its separately
computed net unrealized built-in loss, if any, determined on the change
date.
(3) Coordination with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A, 1.1502-92A, and 1.1502-
94A. If an increase in percentage ownership interest causes an ownership
change with respect to an attribute under this paragraph (b) and under
Sec. 1.1502-92A on the same day, the ownership change is considered to
occur only under Sec. 1.1502-92A and not under this paragraph (b). See
Sec. 1.1502-94A for anti-duplication rules relating to value.
(4) Example. The following example illustrates paragraph (b)(1)(ii)
of this section.
Example. Plan to avoid an ownership change of a subsidiary. (a) L
owns all the stock of L1, L1 owns all the stock of L2, L2 owns all the
stock of L3, and L3 owns all the stock of L4. The L group has a
consolidated net operating loss arising in Year 1 that is carried over
to Year 2. L has assets other than its L1 stock with a value of $900.
L1, L2, and L3 own no assets other than their L2, L3, and L4 stock. L4
has assets with a value of $100. During Year 2, A, B, C, and D, acting
pursuant to a plan to avoid an ownership change of L4, acquire the
following ownership interests in the members of the L loss group: (A) on
September 11, Year 2, A acquires 20 percent of the L1 stock from L and B
acquires 20 percent of the L2 stock from L1; and (B) on September 20,
Year 2, C acquires 20 percent of the stock of L3 from L2 and D acquires
20 percent of the stock of L4 from L3. The following is a graphic
illustration of these facts:
[[Page 784]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR27JN96.022
(b) The acquisitions by A, B, C, and D pursuant to the plan have
increased their respective percentage ownership interests in L4 by
approximately 10, 13, 16, and 20 percentage points, for a total of
approximately 59 percentage points during the testing period. This more
than 50 percentage point increase in the percentage ownership interest
in L4 causes an ownership change of L4 under paragraph (b)(2) of this
section.
(c) Continuing effect of an ownership change. A loss corporation (or
loss subgroup) that is subject to a limitation under section 382 with
respect to its
[[Page 785]]
pre-change losses continues to be subject to the limitation regardless
of whether it becomes a member or ceases to be a member of a
consolidated group. See Sec. 1.382-5(d) (relating to successive
ownership changes and absorption of a section 382 limitation).
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33362, June 27, 1996; T.D. 8823, 64 FR 36101, July 2,
1999. Redesignated and amended at T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36126, 36128, July 2,
1999]
Sec. 1.1502-97A Special rules under section 382 for members under the
jurisdiction of a court in a title 11 or similar case. [Reserved]
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33364, June 27, 1996. Redesignated by T.D. 8824, 64 FR
36128, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-98A Coordination with section 383 generally applicable for
testing dates (or members joining or leaving a group) before June 25, 1999.
The rules contained in Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A through 1.1502-96A also
apply for purposes of section 383, with appropriate adjustments to
reflect that section 383 applies to credits and net capital losses.
Similarly, in the case of net capital losses, general business credits,
and excess foreign taxes that are pre-change attributes, Sec. 1.383-1
applies the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A through 1.1502-96A. For
example, if a loss group has an ownership change under Sec. 1.1502-92A
and has a carryover of unused general business credits from a pre-change
consolidated return year to a post-change consolidated return year, the
amount of the group's regular tax liability for the post-change year
that can be offset by the carryover cannot exceed the consolidated
section 383 credit limitation for that post-change year, determined by
applying the principles of Sec. Sec. 1.383-1(c)(6) and 1.1502-93A
(relating to the computation of the consolidated section 382
limitation).
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33364, June 27, 1996. Redesignated and amended by T.D.
8824, 64 FR 36126, 36128, July 2, 1999]
Sec. 1.1502-99A Effective dates.
(a) Effective date--(1) In general. Except as provided in Sec.
1.1502-99(b), Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A through 1.1502-96A and 1.1502-98A
apply to any testing date on or after January 1, 1997, and before June
25, 1999. Sections 1.1502-94A through 1.1502-96A also apply on any date
on or after January 1, 1997, and before June 25, 1999, on which a
corporation becomes a member of a group or on which a corporation ceases
to be a member of a loss group (or a loss subgroup).
(2) Anti-duplication rules for recognized built-in gain. Section
1.1502-93(c)(2) (relating to recognized built-in gain of a loss group or
loss subgroup) applies to taxable years for which the due date for
income tax returns (without extensions) is after June 25, 1999,
(b) Testing period may include a period beginning before January 1,
1997. A testing period for purposes of Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A through
1.1502-96A and 1.1502-98A may include a period beginning before January
1, 1997. Thus, for example, in applying Sec. 1.1502-92A(b)(1)(i)
(relating to the determination of an ownership change of a loss group),
the determination of the lowest percentage ownership interest of any 5-
percent shareholder of the common parent during a testing period ending
on a testing date occurring on or after January 1, 1997, takes into
account the period beginning before January 1, 1997, except to the
extent that the period is more than 3 years before the testing date or
is otherwise before the beginning of the testing period. See Sec.
1.1502-92A(b)(1).
(c) Transition rules--(1) Methods permitted--(i) In general. For the
period ending before January 1, 1997, a consolidated group is permitted
to use any method described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section which is
consistently applied to determine if an ownership change occurred with
respect to a consolidated net operating loss, a net operating loss
carryover (including net operating loss carryovers arising in SRLYs), or
a net unrealized built-in loss. If an ownership change occurred during
that period, the group is also permitted to use any method described in
paragraph (c)(2) of this section which is consistently applied to
compute the amount of the section 382 limitation that applies to limit
the use of taxable income in any post-change year ending before, on, or
after January 1, 1997. The preceding sentence does not preclude the
imposition of an additional, lesser limitation due to a subsequent
ownership change nor, except as
[[Page 786]]
provided in paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section, does it permit the
beginning of a new testing period for the loss group.
(ii) Adjustments to offset excess limitation. If an ownership change
occurred during the period ending before January 1, 1997, and a method
described in paragraph (c)(2) of this section was not used for a post-
change year, the members (or group) must reduce the section 382
limitation for post-change years for which an income tax return is filed
after January 1, 1997, to offset, as quickly as possible, the effects of
any section 382 limitation that members took into account in excess of
the amount that would have been allowable under Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A
through 1.1502-96A and 1.1502-98A.
(iii) Coordination with effective date. Notwithstanding that a group
may have used a method described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) or (iii) of
this section for the period before January 1, 1997, Sec. Sec. 1.1502-
91A through 1.1502-96A and 1.1502-98A apply to any testing date
occurring on or after January 1, 1997, for purposes of determining
whether there is an ownership change with respect to any losses and, if
so, the collateral consequences. Any ownership change of a member other
than the common parent pursuant to a method described in paragraph
(c)(2)(ii) or (iii) of this section does not cause a new testing period
of the loss group to begin for purposes of applying Sec. 1.1502-92A on
or after January 1, 1997.
(2) Permitted methods. The methods described in this paragraph
(c)(2) are:
(i) A method that does not materially differ from the rules in
Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A through 1.1502-96A and 1.1502-98A (other than
those in Sec. 1.1502-95A(c) and (b)(2)(ii) (relating to the
apportionment of a section 382 limitation) as they would apply to a
corporation that ceases to be a member of the group before January 1,
1997). As the context requires, the method must treat references to
rules in current regulations as references to rules in regulations
generally effective for taxable years before January 1, 1997. Thus, for
example, the taxpayer must treat a reference to Sec. 1.382-4(d)
(relating to options) as a reference to Sec. 1.382-2T(h)(4) for any
testing date to which Sec. 1.382-2T(h)(4) applies. Similarly, a
reference to Sec. 1.1502-21(c) or 1.1502-21T(c) in effect prior to June
25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as
applicable may be a reference to Sec. 1.1502-21A(c), as appropriate.
Furthermore, the method must treat all corporations that were affiliated
on January 1, 1987, and continuously thereafter as having met the 5
consecutive year requirement of Sec. 1.1502-91A(d)(2)(i) on any day
before January 1, 1992, on which the determination of net unrealized
built-in gain or loss of a loss subgroup is made;
(ii) A reasonable application of the rules in section 382 and the
regulations thereunder applied to each member on a separate entity
basis, treating each member's allocable part of a consolidated net
operating loss which is attributable to it under Sec. 1.1502-21(b) or
1.1502-21T(b) in effect prior to June 25, 1999, as contained in 26 CFR
part 1 revised April 1, 1999, as applicable as a net operating loss of
that member and applying rules similar to Sec. 1.382-8 to avoid
duplication of value in computing the section 382 limitation for the
member (see Sec. 1.382-8(h) (relating to the effective date and
transition rules regarding controlled groups)); or
(iii) A method approved by the Commissioner upon application by the
common parent.
(d) Amended returns. A group may file an amended return in
connection with an ownership change occurring before January 1, 1997, to
modify the amount of a section 382 limitation with respect to a
consolidated net operating loss, a net operating loss carryover
(including net operating loss carryovers arising in SRLYs), or a
recognized built-in loss (or gain) only if it files amended returns:
(1) For the earliest taxable year ending after December 31, 1986, in
which it had an ownership change, if any, under Sec. 1.1502-92A;
(2) For all subsequent taxable years for which returns have already
been filed as of the date of the amended return;
(3) The modification with respect to all members for all taxable
years ending in 1987 and thereafter complies with Sec. Sec. 1.1502-91A
through 1.1502-96A and 1.1502-98A; and
[[Page 787]]
(4) The amended return(s) permitted by the applicable statute of
limitations is/are filed before March 26, 1997.
(e) Section 383. This section also applies for the purposes of
section 383, with appropriate adjustments to reflect that section 383
applies to credits and net capital losses.
[T.D. 8678, 61 FR 33364, June 27, 1996, as amended by T.D. 8823, July 2,
1999. Redesignated and amended by T.D. 8824, 64 FR 36126-36128, July 2,
1999]
DUAL CONSOLIDATED LOSSES INCURRED IN TAXABLE YEARS BEGINNING BEFORE
OCTOBER 1, 1992
[[Page 789]]
FINDING AIDS
--------------------------------------------------------------------
A list of CFR titles, subtitles, chapters, subchapters and parts and
an alphabetical list of agencies publishing in the CFR are included in
the CFR Index and Finding Aids volume of the Code of Federal Regulations
which is published separately and revised annually.
Table of CFR Titles and Chapters
Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR
Table of OMB Control Numbers
List of CFR Sections Affected
[[Page 791]]
Table of CFR Titles and Chapters
(Revised as of April 1, 2010)
Title 1--General Provisions
I Administrative Committee of the Federal Register
(Parts 1--49)
II Office of the Federal Register (Parts 50--299)
IV Miscellaneous Agencies (Parts 400--500)
Title 2--Grants and Agreements
Subtitle A--Office of Management and Budget Guidance
for Grants and Agreements
I Office of Management and Budget Governmentwide
Guidance for Grants and Agreements (Parts 100--
199)
II Office of Management and Budget Circulars and Guidance
(200--299)
Subtitle B--Federal Agency Regulations for Grants and
Agreements
III Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 300--
399)
VI Department of State (Parts 600--699)
VIII Department of Veterans Affairs (Parts 800--899)
IX Department of Energy (Parts 900--999)
XI Department of Defense (Parts 1100--1199)
XII Department of Transportation (Parts 1200--1299)
XIII Department of Commerce (Parts 1300--1399)
XIV Department of the Interior (Parts 1400--1499)
XV Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 1500--1599)
XVIII National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Parts
1880--1899)
XXII Corporation for National and Community Service (Parts
2200--2299)
XXIII Social Security Administration (Parts 2300--2399)
XXIV Housing and Urban Development (Parts 2400--2499)
XXV National Science Foundation (Parts 2500--2599)
XXVI National Archives and Records Administration (Parts
2600--2699)
XXVII Small Business Administration (Parts 2700--2799)
XXVIII Department of Justice (Parts 2800--2899)
XXX Department of Homeland Security (Parts 3000--3099)
XXXI Institute of Museum and Library Services (Parts 3100--
3199)
XXXII National Endowment for the Arts (Parts 3200--3299)
XXXIII National Endowment for the Humanities (Parts 3300--
3399)
[[Page 792]]
XXXV Export-Import Bank of the United States (Parts 3500--
3599)
XXXVII Peace Corps (Parts 3700--3799)
Title 3--The President
I Executive Office of the President (Parts 100--199)
Title 4--Accounts
I Government Accountability Office (Parts 1--99)
II Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board (Parts
200--299)
Title 5--Administrative Personnel
I Office of Personnel Management (Parts 1--1199)
II Merit Systems Protection Board (Parts 1200--1299)
III Office of Management and Budget (Parts 1300--1399)
V The International Organizations Employees Loyalty
Board (Parts 1500--1599)
VI Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board (Parts
1600--1699)
VIII Office of Special Counsel (Parts 1800--1899)
IX Appalachian Regional Commission (Parts 1900--1999)
XI Armed Forces Retirement Home (Parts 2100--2199)
XIV Federal Labor Relations Authority, General Counsel of
the Federal Labor Relations Authority and Federal
Service Impasses Panel (Parts 2400--2499)
XV Office of Administration, Executive Office of the
President (Parts 2500--2599)
XVI Office of Government Ethics (Parts 2600--2699)
XXI Department of the Treasury (Parts 3100--3199)
XXII Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Parts 3200--
3299)
XXIII Department of Energy (Parts 3300--3399)
XXIV Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Parts 3400--
3499)
XXV Department of the Interior (Parts 3500--3599)
XXVI Department of Defense (Parts 3600-- 3699)
XXVIII Department of Justice (Parts 3800--3899)
XXIX Federal Communications Commission (Parts 3900--3999)
XXX Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation (Parts 4000--
4099)
XXXI Farm Credit Administration (Parts 4100--4199)
XXXIII Overseas Private Investment Corporation (Parts 4300--
4399)
XXXV Office of Personnel Management (Parts 4500--4599)
XL Interstate Commerce Commission (Parts 5000--5099)
XLI Commodity Futures Trading Commission (Parts 5100--
5199)
XLII Department of Labor (Parts 5200--5299)
XLIII National Science Foundation (Parts 5300--5399)
[[Page 793]]
XLV Department of Health and Human Services (Parts 5500--
5599)
XLVI Postal Rate Commission (Parts 5600--5699)
XLVII Federal Trade Commission (Parts 5700--5799)
XLVIII Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Parts 5800--5899)
L Department of Transportation (Parts 6000--6099)
LII Export-Import Bank of the United States (Parts 6200--
6299)
LIII Department of Education (Parts 6300--6399)
LIV Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 6400--6499)
LV National Endowment for the Arts (Parts 6500--6599)
LVI National Endowment for the Humanities (Parts 6600--
6699)
LVII General Services Administration (Parts 6700--6799)
LVIII Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
(Parts 6800--6899)
LIX National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Parts
6900--6999)
LX United States Postal Service (Parts 7000--7099)
LXI National Labor Relations Board (Parts 7100--7199)
LXII Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Parts 7200--
7299)
LXIII Inter-American Foundation (Parts 7300--7399)
LXIV Merit Systems Protection Board (Parts 7400--7499)
LXV Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts
7500--7599)
LXVI National Archives and Records Administration (Parts
7600--7699)
LXVII Institute of Museum and Library Services (Parts 7700--
7799)
LXVIII Commission on Civil Rights (Parts 7800--7899)
LXIX Tennessee Valley Authority (Parts 7900--7999)
LXXI Consumer Product Safety Commission (Parts 8100--8199)
LXXIII Department of Agriculture (Parts 8300--8399)
LXXIV Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission
(Parts 8400--8499)
LXXVI Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board (Parts
8600--8699)
LXXVII Office of Management and Budget (Parts 8700--8799)
XCVII Department of Homeland Security Human Resources
Management System (Department of Homeland
Security--Office of Personnel Management) (Parts
9700--9799)
XCIX Department of Defense Human Resources Management and
Labor Relations Systems (Department of Defense--
Office of Personnel Management) (Parts 9900--9999)
Title 6--Domestic Security
I Department of Homeland Security, Office of the
Secretary (Parts 0--99)
[[Page 794]]
Title 7--Agriculture
Subtitle A--Office of the Secretary of Agriculture
(Parts 0--26)
Subtitle B--Regulations of the Department of
Agriculture
I Agricultural Marketing Service (Standards,
Inspections, Marketing Practices), Department of
Agriculture (Parts 27--209)
II Food and Nutrition Service, Department of Agriculture
(Parts 210--299)
III Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department
of Agriculture (Parts 300--399)
IV Federal Crop Insurance Corporation, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 400--499)
V Agricultural Research Service, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 500--599)
VI Natural Resources Conservation Service, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 600--699)
VII Farm Service Agency, Department of Agriculture (Parts
700--799)
VIII Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards
Administration (Federal Grain Inspection Service),
Department of Agriculture (Parts 800--899)
IX Agricultural Marketing Service (Marketing Agreements
and Orders; Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts), Department
of Agriculture (Parts 900--999)
X Agricultural Marketing Service (Marketing Agreements
and Orders; Milk), Department of Agriculture
(Parts 1000--1199)
XI Agricultural Marketing Service (Marketing Agreements
and Orders; Miscellaneous Commodities), Department
of Agriculture (Parts 1200--1299)
XIV Commodity Credit Corporation, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 1400--1499)
XV Foreign Agricultural Service, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 1500--1599)
XVI Rural Telephone Bank, Department of Agriculture (Parts
1600--1699)
XVII Rural Utilities Service, Department of Agriculture
(Parts 1700--1799)
XVIII Rural Housing Service, Rural Business-Cooperative
Service, Rural Utilities Service, and Farm Service
Agency, Department of Agriculture (Parts 1800--
2099)
XX Local Television Loan Guarantee Board (Parts 2200--
2299)
XXVI Office of Inspector General, Department of Agriculture
(Parts 2600--2699)
XXVII Office of Information Resources Management, Department
of Agriculture (Parts 2700--2799)
XXVIII Office of Operations, Department of Agriculture (Parts
2800--2899)
XXIX Office of Energy Policy and New Uses, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 2900--2999)
XXX Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 3000--3099)
[[Page 795]]
XXXI Office of Environmental Quality, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 3100--3199)
XXXII Office of Procurement and Property Management,
Department of Agriculture (Parts 3200--3299)
XXXIII Office of Transportation, Department of Agriculture
(Parts 3300--3399)
XXXIV Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension
Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 3400--
3499)
XXXV Rural Housing Service, Department of Agriculture
(Parts 3500--3599)
XXXVI National Agricultural Statistics Service, Department
of Agriculture (Parts 3600--3699)
XXXVII Economic Research Service, Department of Agriculture
(Parts 3700--3799)
XXXVIII World Agricultural Outlook Board, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 3800--3899)
XLI [Reserved]
XLII Rural Business-Cooperative Service and Rural Utilities
Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 4200--
4299)
L Rural Business-Cooperative Service, Rurual Housing
Service, and Rural Utilities Service, Department
of Agriculture (Parts 5000--5099)
Title 8--Aliens and Nationality
I Department of Homeland Security (Immigration and
Naturalization) (Parts 1--499)
V Executive Office for Immigration Review, Department of
Justice (Parts 1000--1399)
Title 9--Animals and Animal Products
I Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Department
of Agriculture (Parts 1--199)
II Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards
Administration (Packers and Stockyards Programs),
Department of Agriculture (Parts 200--299)
III Food Safety and Inspection Service, Department of
Agriculture (Parts 300--599)
Title 10--Energy
I Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Parts 0--199)
II Department of Energy (Parts 200--699)
III Department of Energy (Parts 700--999)
X Department of Energy (General Provisions) (Parts
1000--1099)
XIII Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board (Parts 1303--
1399)
XVII Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (Parts 1700--
1799)
[[Page 796]]
XVIII Northeast Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste
Commission (Parts 1800--1899)
Title 11--Federal Elections
I Federal Election Commission (Parts 1--9099)
II Election Assistance Commission (Parts 9400--9499)
Title 12--Banks and Banking
I Comptroller of the Currency, Department of the
Treasury (Parts 1--199)
II Federal Reserve System (Parts 200--299)
III Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (Parts 300--399)
IV Export-Import Bank of the United States (Parts 400--
499)
V Office of Thrift Supervision, Department of the
Treasury (Parts 500--599)
VI Farm Credit Administration (Parts 600--699)
VII National Credit Union Administration (Parts 700--799)
VIII Federal Financing Bank (Parts 800--899)
IX Federal Housing Finance Board (Parts 900--999)
XI Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
(Parts 1100--1199)
XII Federal Housing Finance Agency (Parts 1200--1299)
XIV Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation (Parts 1400--
1499)
XV Department of the Treasury (Parts 1500--1599)
XVII Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight,
Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts
1700--1799)
XVIII Community Development Financial Institutions Fund,
Department of the Treasury (Parts 1800--1899)
Title 13--Business Credit and Assistance
I Small Business Administration (Parts 1--199)
III Economic Development Administration, Department of
Commerce (Parts 300--399)
IV Emergency Steel Guarantee Loan Board (Parts 400--499)
V Emergency Oil and Gas Guaranteed Loan Board (Parts
500--599)
Title 14--Aeronautics and Space
I Federal Aviation Administration, Department of
Transportation (Parts 1--199)
II Office of the Secretary, Department of Transportation
(Aviation Proceedings) (Parts 200--399)
III Commercial Space Transportation, Federal Aviation
Administration, Department of Transportation
(Parts 400--499)
[[Page 797]]
V National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Parts
1200--1299)
VI Air Transportation System Stabilization (Parts 1300--
1399)
Title 15--Commerce and Foreign Trade
Subtitle A--Office of the Secretary of Commerce (Parts
0--29)
Subtitle B--Regulations Relating to Commerce and
Foreign Trade
I Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce (Parts
30--199)
II National Institute of Standards and Technology,
Department of Commerce (Parts 200--299)
III International Trade Administration, Department of
Commerce (Parts 300--399)
IV Foreign-Trade Zones Board, Department of Commerce
(Parts 400--499)
VII Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of
Commerce (Parts 700--799)
VIII Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce
(Parts 800--899)
IX National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Department of Commerce (Parts 900--999)
XI Technology Administration, Department of Commerce
(Parts 1100--1199)
XIII East-West Foreign Trade Board (Parts 1300--1399)
XIV Minority Business Development Agency (Parts 1400--
1499)
Subtitle C--Regulations Relating to Foreign Trade
Agreements
XX Office of the United States Trade Representative
(Parts 2000--2099)
Subtitle D--Regulations Relating to Telecommunications
and Information
XXIII National Telecommunications and Information
Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts
2300--2399)
Title 16--Commercial Practices
I Federal Trade Commission (Parts 0--999)
II Consumer Product Safety Commission (Parts 1000--1799)
Title 17--Commodity and Securities Exchanges
I Commodity Futures Trading Commission (Parts 1--199)
II Securities and Exchange Commission (Parts 200--399)
IV Department of the Treasury (Parts 400--499)
[[Page 798]]
Title 18--Conservation of Power and Water Resources
I Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Department of
Energy (Parts 1--399)
III Delaware River Basin Commission (Parts 400--499)
VI Water Resources Council (Parts 700--799)
VIII Susquehanna River Basin Commission (Parts 800--899)
XIII Tennessee Valley Authority (Parts 1300--1399)
Title 19--Customs Duties
I U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of
Homeland Security; Department of the Treasury
(Parts 0--199)
II United States International Trade Commission (Parts
200--299)
III International Trade Administration, Department of
Commerce (Parts 300--399)
IV U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Department
of Homeland Security (Parts 400--599)
Title 20--Employees' Benefits
I Office of Workers' Compensation Programs, Department
of Labor (Parts 1--199)
II Railroad Retirement Board (Parts 200--399)
III Social Security Administration (Parts 400--499)
IV Employees Compensation Appeals Board, Department of
Labor (Parts 500--599)
V Employment and Training Administration, Department of
Labor (Parts 600--699)
VI Employment Standards Administration, Department of
Labor (Parts 700--799)
VII Benefits Review Board, Department of Labor (Parts
800--899)
VIII Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries (Parts
900--999)
IX Office of the Assistant Secretary for Veterans'
Employment and Training Service, Department of
Labor (Parts 1000--1099)
Title 21--Food and Drugs
I Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and
Human Services (Parts 1--1299)
II Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice
(Parts 1300--1399)
III Office of National Drug Control Policy (Parts 1400--
1499)
Title 22--Foreign Relations
I Department of State (Parts 1--199)
II Agency for International Development (Parts 200--299)
III Peace Corps (Parts 300--399)
[[Page 799]]
IV International Joint Commission, United States and
Canada (Parts 400--499)
V Broadcasting Board of Governors (Parts 500--599)
VII Overseas Private Investment Corporation (Parts 700--
799)
IX Foreign Service Grievance Board (Parts 900--999)
X Inter-American Foundation (Parts 1000--1099)
XI International Boundary and Water Commission, United
States and Mexico, United States Section (Parts
1100--1199)
XII United States International Development Cooperation
Agency (Parts 1200--1299)
XIII Millenium Challenge Corporation (Parts 1300--1399)
XIV Foreign Service Labor Relations Board; Federal Labor
Relations Authority; General Counsel of the
Federal Labor Relations Authority; and the Foreign
Service Impasse Disputes Panel (Parts 1400--1499)
XV African Development Foundation (Parts 1500--1599)
XVI Japan-United States Friendship Commission (Parts
1600--1699)
XVII United States Institute of Peace (Parts 1700--1799)
Title 23--Highways
I Federal Highway Administration, Department of
Transportation (Parts 1--999)
II National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and
Federal Highway Administration, Department of
Transportation (Parts 1200--1299)
III National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
Department of Transportation (Parts 1300--1399)
Title 24--Housing and Urban Development
Subtitle A--Office of the Secretary, Department of
Housing and Urban Development (Parts 0--99)
Subtitle B--Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban
Development
I Office of Assistant Secretary for Equal Opportunity,
Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts
100--199)
II Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing-Federal
HousingCommissioner, Department of Housing and
Urban Development (Parts 200--299)
III Government National Mortgage Association, Department
of Housing and Urban Development (Parts 300--399)
IV Office of Housing and Office of Multifamily Housing
Assistance Restructuring, Department of Housing
and Urban Development (Parts 400--499)
V Office of Assistant Secretary for Community Planning
and Development, Department of Housing and Urban
Development (Parts 500--599)
[[Page 800]]
VI Office of Assistant Secretary for Community Planning
and Development, Department of Housing and Urban
Development (Parts 600--699) [Reserved]
VII Office of the Secretary, Department of Housing and
Urban Development (Housing Assistance Programs and
Public and Indian Housing Programs) (Parts 700--
799)
VIII Office of the Assistant Secretary for Housing--Federal
Housing Commissioner, Department of Housing and
Urban Development (Section 8 Housing Assistance
Programs, Section 202 Direct Loan Program, Section
202 Supportive Housing for the Elderly Program and
Section 811 Supportive Housing for Persons With
Disabilities Program) (Parts 800--899)
IX Office of Assistant Secretary for Public and Indian
Housing, Department of Housing and Urban
Development (Parts 900--1699)
X Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing--Federal
Housing Commissioner, Department of Housing and
Urban Development (Interstate Land Sales
Registration Program) (Parts 1700--1799)
XII Office of Inspector General, Department of Housing and
Urban Development (Parts 2000--2099)
XX Office of Assistant Secretary for Housing--Federal
Housing Commissioner, Department of Housing and
Urban Development (Parts 3200--3899)
XXIV Board of Directors of the HOPE for Homeowners Program
(Parts 4000--4099)
XXV Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation (Parts 4100--
4199)
Title 25--Indians
I Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior
(Parts 1--299)
II Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Department of the
Interior (Parts 300--399)
III National Indian Gaming Commission, Department of the
Interior (Parts 500--599)
IV Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation (Parts
700--799)
V Bureau of Indian Affairs, Department of the Interior,
and Indian Health Service, Department of Health
and Human Services (Part 900)
VI Office of the Assistant Secretary-Indian Affairs,
Department of the Interior (Parts 1000--1199)
VII Office of the Special Trustee for American Indians,
Department of the Interior (Parts 1200--1299)
Title 26--Internal Revenue
I Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury
(Parts 1--899)
[[Page 801]]
Title 27--Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms
I Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, Department
of the Treasury (Parts 1--399)
II Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives,
Department of Justice (Parts 400--699)
Title 28--Judicial Administration
I Department of Justice (Parts 0--299)
III Federal Prison Industries, Inc., Department of Justice
(Parts 300--399)
V Bureau of Prisons, Department of Justice (Parts 500--
599)
VI Offices of Independent Counsel, Department of Justice
(Parts 600--699)
VII Office of Independent Counsel (Parts 700--799)
VIII Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the
District of Columbia (Parts 800--899)
IX National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Council
(Parts 900--999)
XI Department of Justice and Department of State (Parts
1100--1199)
Title 29--Labor
Subtitle A--Office of the Secretary of Labor (Parts
0--99)
Subtitle B--Regulations Relating to Labor
I National Labor Relations Board (Parts 100--199)
II Office of Labor-Management Standards, Department of
Labor (Parts 200--299)
III National Railroad Adjustment Board (Parts 300--399)
IV Office of Labor-Management Standards, Department of
Labor (Parts 400--499)
V Wage and Hour Division, Department of Labor (Parts
500--899)
IX Construction Industry Collective Bargaining Commission
(Parts 900--999)
X National Mediation Board (Parts 1200--1299)
XII Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (Parts
1400--1499)
XIV Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (Parts 1600--
1699)
XVII Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
Department of Labor (Parts 1900--1999)
XX Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission
(Parts 2200--2499)
XXV Employee Benefits Security Administration, Department
of Labor (Parts 2500--2599)
XXVII Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission
(Parts 2700--2799)
XL Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (Parts 4000--
4999)
[[Page 802]]
Title 30--Mineral Resources
I Mine Safety and Health Administration, Department of
Labor (Parts 1--199)
II Minerals Management Service, Department of the
Interior (Parts 200--299)
III Board of Surface Mining and Reclamation Appeals,
Department of the Interior (Parts 300--399)
IV Geological Survey, Department of the Interior (Parts
400--499)
VII Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement,
Department of the Interior (Parts 700--999)
Title 31--Money and Finance: Treasury
Subtitle A--Office of the Secretary of the Treasury
(Parts 0--50)
Subtitle B--Regulations Relating to Money and Finance
I Monetary Offices, Department of the Treasury (Parts
51--199)
II Fiscal Service, Department of the Treasury (Parts
200--399)
IV Secret Service, Department of the Treasury (Parts
400--499)
V Office of Foreign Assets Control, Department of the
Treasury (Parts 500--599)
VI Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Department of the
Treasury (Parts 600--699)
VII Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, Department of
the Treasury (Parts 700--799)
VIII Office of International Investment, Department of the
Treasury (Parts 800--899)
IX Federal Claims Collection Standards (Department of the
Treasury--Department of Justice) (Parts 900--999)
Title 32--National Defense
Subtitle A--Department of Defense
I Office of the Secretary of Defense (Parts 1--399)
V Department of the Army (Parts 400--699)
VI Department of the Navy (Parts 700--799)
VII Department of the Air Force (Parts 800--1099)
Subtitle B--Other Regulations Relating to National
Defense
XII Defense Logistics Agency (Parts 1200--1299)
XVI Selective Service System (Parts 1600--1699)
XVII Office of the Director of National Intelligence (Parts
1700--1799)
XVIII National Counterintelligence Center (Parts 1800--1899)
XIX Central Intelligence Agency (Parts 1900--1999)
XX Information Security Oversight Office, National
Archives and Records Administration (Parts 2000--
2099)
XXI National Security Council (Parts 2100--2199)
XXIV Office of Science and Technology Policy (Parts 2400--
2499)
XXVII Office for Micronesian Status Negotiations (Parts
2700--2799)
[[Page 803]]
XXVIII Office of the Vice President of the United States
(Parts 2800--2899)
Title 33--Navigation and Navigable Waters
I Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security (Parts
1--199)
II Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army (Parts
200--399)
IV Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation,
Department of Transportation (Parts 400--499)
Title 34--Education
Subtitle A--Office of the Secretary, Department of
Education (Parts 1--99)
Subtitle B--Regulations of the Offices of the
Department of Education
I Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education
(Parts 100--199)
II Office of Elementary and Secondary Education,
Department of Education (Parts 200--299)
III Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative
Services, Department of Education (Parts 300--399)
IV Office of Vocational and Adult Education, Department
of Education (Parts 400--499)
V Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages
Affairs, Department of Education (Parts 500--599)
VI Office of Postsecondary Education, Department of
Education (Parts 600--699)
VII Office of Educational Research and Improvmeent,
Department of Education [Reserved]
XI National Institute for Literacy (Parts 1100--1199)
Subtitle C--Regulations Relating to Education
XII National Council on Disability (Parts 1200--1299)
Title 35 [Reserved]
Title 36--Parks, Forests, and Public Property
I National Park Service, Department of the Interior
(Parts 1--199)
II Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (Parts 200--
299)
III Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army (Parts
300--399)
IV American Battle Monuments Commission (Parts 400--499)
V Smithsonian Institution (Parts 500--599)
VI [Reserved]
VII Library of Congress (Parts 700--799)
VIII Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (Parts 800--
899)
IX Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation (Parts
900--999)
X Presidio Trust (Parts 1000--1099)
[[Page 804]]
XI Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance
Board (Parts 1100--1199)
XII National Archives and Records Administration (Parts
1200--1299)
XV Oklahoma City National Memorial Trust (Parts 1500--
1599)
XVI Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in National
Environmental Policy Foundation (Parts 1600--1699)
Title 37--Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights
I United States Patent and Trademark Office, Department
of Commerce (Parts 1--199)
II Copyright Office, Library of Congress (Parts 200--299)
III Copyright Royalty Board, Library of Congress (Parts
301--399)
IV Assistant Secretary for Technology Policy, Department
of Commerce (Parts 400--499)
V Under Secretary for Technology, Department of Commerce
(Parts 500--599)
Title 38--Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans' Relief
I Department of Veterans Affairs (Parts 0--99)
II Armed Forces Retirement Home
Title 39--Postal Service
I United States Postal Service (Parts 1--999)
III Postal Regulatory Commission (Parts 3000--3099)
Title 40--Protection of Environment
I Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 1--1099)
IV Environmental Protection Agency and Department of
Justice (Parts 1400--1499)
V Council on Environmental Quality (Parts 1500--1599)
VI Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (Parts
1600--1699)
VII Environmental Protection Agency and Department of
Defense; Uniform National Discharge Standards for
Vessels of the Armed Forces (Parts 1700--1799)
Title 41--Public Contracts and Property Management
Subtitle B--Other Provisions Relating to Public
Contracts
50 Public Contracts, Department of Labor (Parts 50-1--50-
999)
51 Committee for Purchase From People Who Are Blind or
Severely Disabled (Parts 51-1--51-99)
60 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Equal
Employment Opportunity, Department of Labor (Parts
60-1--60-999)
[[Page 805]]
61 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Veterans'
Employment and Training Service, Department of
Labor (Parts 61-1--61-999)
Chapters 62--100 [Reserved]
Subtitle C--Federal Property Management Regulations
System
101 Federal Property Management Regulations (Parts 101-1--
101-99)
102 Federal Management Regulation (Parts 102-1--102-299)
Chapters 103--104 [Reserved]
105 General Services Administration (Parts 105-1--105-999)
109 Department of Energy Property Management Regulations
(Parts 109-1--109-99)
114 Department of the Interior (Parts 114-1--114-99)
115 Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 115-1--115-99)
128 Department of Justice (Parts 128-1--128-99)
Chapters 129--200 [Reserved]
Subtitle D--Other Provisions Relating to Property
Management [Reserved]
Subtitle E--Federal Information Resources Management
Regulations System [Reserved]
Subtitle F--Federal Travel Regulation System
300 General (Parts 300-1--300-99)
301 Temporary Duty (TDY) Travel Allowances (Parts 301-1--
301-99)
302 Relocation Allowances (Parts 302-1--302-99)
303 Payment of Expenses Connected with the Death of
Certain Employees (Part 303-1--303-99)
304 Payment of Travel Expenses from a Non-Federal Source
(Parts 304-1--304-99)
Title 42--Public Health
I Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human
Services (Parts 1--199)
IV Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Department
of Health and Human Services (Parts 400--499)
V Office of Inspector General-Health Care, Department of
Health and Human Services (Parts 1000--1999)
Title 43--Public Lands: Interior
Subtitle A--Office of the Secretary of the Interior
(Parts 1--199)
Subtitle B--Regulations Relating to Public Lands
I Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior
(Parts 200--499)
II Bureau of Land Management, Department of the Interior
(Parts 1000--9999)
III Utah Reclamation Mitigation and Conservation
Commission (Parts 10000--10010)
[[Page 806]]
Title 44--Emergency Management and Assistance
I Federal Emergency Management Agency, Department of
Homeland Security (Parts 0--399)
IV Department of Commerce and Department of
Transportation (Parts 400--499)
Title 45--Public Welfare
Subtitle A--Department of Health and Human Services
(Parts 1--199)
Subtitle B--Regulations Relating to Public Welfare
II Office of Family Assistance (Assistance Programs),
Administration for Children and Families,
Department of Health and Human Services (Parts
200--299)
III Office of Child Support Enforcement (Child Support
Enforcement Program), Administration for Children
and Families, Department of Health and Human
Services (Parts 300--399)
IV Office of Refugee Resettlement, Administration for
Children and Families, Department of Health and
Human Services (Parts 400--499)
V Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United
States, Department of Justice (Parts 500--599)
VI National Science Foundation (Parts 600--699)
VII Commission on Civil Rights (Parts 700--799)
VIII Office of Personnel Management (Parts 800--899)
[Reserved]
X Office of Community Services, Administration for
Children and Families, Department of Health and
Human Services (Parts 1000--1099)
XI National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities
(Parts 1100--1199)
XII Corporation for National and Community Service (Parts
1200--1299)
XIII Office of Human Development Services, Department of
Health and Human Services (Parts 1300--1399)
XVI Legal Services Corporation (Parts 1600--1699)
XVII National Commission on Libraries and Information
Science (Parts 1700--1799)
XVIII Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation (Parts 1800--
1899)
XXI Commission on Fine Arts (Parts 2100--2199)
XXIII Arctic Research Commission (Part 2301)
XXIV James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation (Parts
2400--2499)
XXV Corporation for National and Community Service (Parts
2500--2599)
Title 46--Shipping
I Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security (Parts
1--199)
II Maritime Administration, Department of Transportation
(Parts 200--399)
[[Page 807]]
III Coast Guard (Great Lakes Pilotage), Department of
Homeland Security (Parts 400--499)
IV Federal Maritime Commission (Parts 500--599)
Title 47--Telecommunication
I Federal Communications Commission (Parts 0--199)
II Office of Science and Technology Policy and National
Security Council (Parts 200--299)
III National Telecommunications and Information
Administration, Department of Commerce (Parts
300--399)
IV National Telecommunications and Information
Administration, Department of Commerce, and
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
Department of Transportation (Parts 400--499)
Title 48--Federal Acquisition Regulations System
1 Federal Acquisition Regulation (Parts 1--99)
2 Defense Acquisition Regulations System, Department of
Defense (Parts 200--299)
3 Health and Human Services (Parts 300--399)
4 Department of Agriculture (Parts 400--499)
5 General Services Administration (Parts 500--599)
6 Department of State (Parts 600--699)
7 Agency for International Development (Parts 700--799)
8 Department of Veterans Affairs (Parts 800--899)
9 Department of Energy (Parts 900--999)
10 Department of the Treasury (Parts 1000--1099)
12 Department of Transportation (Parts 1200--1299)
13 Department of Commerce (Parts 1300--1399)
14 Department of the Interior (Parts 1400--1499)
15 Environmental Protection Agency (Parts 1500--1599)
16 Office of Personnel Management, Federal Employees
Health Benefits Acquisition Regulation (Parts
1600--1699)
17 Office of Personnel Management (Parts 1700--1799)
18 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Parts
1800--1899)
19 Broadcasting Board of Governors (Parts 1900--1999)
20 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (Parts 2000--2099)
21 Office of Personnel Management, Federal Employees
Group Life Insurance Federal Acquisition
Regulation (Parts 2100--2199)
23 Social Security Administration (Parts 2300--2399)
24 Department of Housing and Urban Development (Parts
2400--2499)
25 National Science Foundation (Parts 2500--2599)
28 Department of Justice (Parts 2800--2899)
[[Page 808]]
29 Department of Labor (Parts 2900--2999)
30 Department of Homeland Security, Homeland Security
Acquisition Regulation (HSAR) (Parts 3000--3099)
34 Department of Education Acquisition Regulation (Parts
3400--3499)
51 Department of the Army Acquisition Regulations (Parts
5100--5199)
52 Department of the Navy Acquisition Regulations (Parts
5200--5299)
53 Department of the Air Force Federal Acquisition
Regulation Supplement [Reserved]
54 Defense Logistics Agency, Department of Defense (Parts
5400--5499)
57 African Development Foundation (Parts 5700--5799)
61 Civilian Board of Contract Appeals, General Services
Administration (Parts 6100--6199)
63 Department of Transportation Board of Contract Appeals
(Parts 6300--6399)
99 Cost Accounting Standards Board, Office of Federal
Procurement Policy, Office of Management and
Budget (Parts 9900--9999)
Title 49--Transportation
Subtitle A--Office of the Secretary of Transportation
(Parts 1--99)
Subtitle B--Other Regulations Relating to
Transportation
I Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration, Department of Transportation
(Parts 100--199)
II Federal Railroad Administration, Department of
Transportation (Parts 200--299)
III Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration,
Department of Transportation (Parts 300--399)
IV Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security (Parts
400--499)
V National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
Department of Transportation (Parts 500--599)
VI Federal Transit Administration, Department of
Transportation (Parts 600--699)
VII National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK)
(Parts 700--799)
VIII National Transportation Safety Board (Parts 800--999)
X Surface Transportation Board, Department of
Transportation (Parts 1000--1399)
XI Research and Innovative Technology Administration,
Department of Transportation [Reserved]
XII Transportation Security Administration, Department of
Homeland Security (Parts 1500--1699)
[[Page 809]]
Title 50--Wildlife and Fisheries
I United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of
the Interior (Parts 1--199)
II National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Department of
Commerce (Parts 200--299)
III International Fishing and Related Activities (Parts
300--399)
IV Joint Regulations (United States Fish and Wildlife
Service, Department of the Interior and National
Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Department of
Commerce); Endangered Species Committee
Regulations (Parts 400--499)
V Marine Mammal Commission (Parts 500--599)
VI Fishery Conservation and Management, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Department of
Commerce (Parts 600--699)
CFR Index and Finding Aids
Subject/Agency Index
List of Agency Prepared Indexes
Parallel Tables of Statutory Authorities and Rules
List of CFR Titles, Chapters, Subchapters, and Parts
Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR
[[Page 811]]
Alphabetical List of Agencies Appearing in the CFR
(Revised as of April 1, 2010)
CFR Title, Subtitle or
Agency Chapter
Administrative Committee of the Federal Register 1, I
Advanced Research Projects Agency 32, I
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 36, VIII
African Development Foundation 22, XV
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 57
Agency for International Development 22, II
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 7
Agricultural Marketing Service 7, I, IX, X, XI
Agricultural Research Service 7, V
Agriculture Department 5, LXXIII
Agricultural Marketing Service 7, I, IX, X, XI
Agricultural Research Service 7, V
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 7, III; 9, I
Chief Financial Officer, Office of 7, XXX
Commodity Credit Corporation 7, XIV
Cooperative State Research, Education, and 7, XXXIV
Extension Service
Economic Research Service 7, XXXVII
Energy, Office of 2, IX; 7, XXIX
Environmental Quality, Office of 7, XXXI
Farm Service Agency 7, VII, XVIII
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 4
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation 7, IV
Food and Nutrition Service 7, II
Food Safety and Inspection Service 9, III
Foreign Agricultural Service 7, XV
Forest Service 36, II
Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards 7, VIII; 9, II
Administration
Information Resources Management, Office of 7, XXVII
Inspector General, Office of 7, XXVI
National Agricultural Library 7, XLI
National Agricultural Statistics Service 7, XXXVI
Natural Resources Conservation Service 7, VI
Operations, Office of 7, XXVIII
Procurement and Property Management, Office of 7, XXXII
Rural Business-Cooperative Service 7, XVIII, XLII, L
Rural Development Administration 7, XLII
Rural Housing Service 7, XVIII, XXXV, L
Rural Telephone Bank 7, XVI
Rural Utilities Service 7, XVII, XVIII, XLII, L
Secretary of Agriculture, Office of 7, Subtitle A
Transportation, Office of 7, XXXIII
World Agricultural Outlook Board 7, XXXVIII
Air Force Department 32, VII
Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement 48, 53
Air Transportation Stabilization Board 14, VI
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau 27, I
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, 27, II
Bureau of
AMTRAK 49, VII
American Battle Monuments Commission 36, IV
American Indians, Office of the Special Trustee 25, VII
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 7, III; 9, I
Appalachian Regional Commission 5, IX
[[Page 812]]
Architectural and Transportation Barriers 36, XI
Compliance Board
Arctic Research Commission 45, XXIII
Armed Forces Retirement Home 5, XI
Army Department 32, V
Engineers, Corps of 33, II; 36, III
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 51
Benefits Review Board 20, VII
Bilingual Education and Minority Languages 34, V
Affairs, Office of
Blind or Severely Disabled, Committee for 41, 51
Purchase From People Who Are
Broadcasting Board of Governors 22, V
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 19
Census Bureau 15, I
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 42, IV
Central Intelligence Agency 32, XIX
Chief Financial Officer, Office of 7, XXX
Child Support Enforcement, Office of 45, III
Children and Families, Administration for 45, II, III, IV, X
Civil Rights, Commission on 5, LXVIII; 45, VII
Civil Rights, Office for 34, I
Coast Guard 33, I; 46, I; 49, IV
Coast Guard (Great Lakes Pilotage) 46, III
Commerce Department 44, IV
Census Bureau 15, I
Economic Affairs, Under Secretary 37, V
Economic Analysis, Bureau of 15, VIII
Economic Development Administration 13, III
Emergency Management and Assistance 44, IV
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 13
Fishery Conservation and Management 50, VI
Foreign-Trade Zones Board 15, IV
Industry and Security, Bureau of 15, VII
International Trade Administration 15, III; 19, III
National Institute of Standards and Technology 15, II
National Marine Fisheries Service 50, II, IV, VI
National Oceanic and Atmospheric 15, IX; 50, II, III, IV,
Administration VI
National Telecommunications and Information 15, XXIII; 47, III, IV
Administration
National Weather Service 15, IX
Patent and Trademark Office, United States 37, I
Productivity, Technology and Innovation, 37, IV
Assistant Secretary for
Secretary of Commerce, Office of 15, Subtitle A
Technology, Under Secretary for 37, V
Technology Administration 15, XI
Technology Policy, Assistant Secretary for 37, IV
Commercial Space Transportation 14, III
Commodity Credit Corporation 7, XIV
Commodity Futures Trading Commission 5, XLI; 17, I
Community Planning and Development, Office of 24, V, VI
Assistant Secretary for
Community Services, Office of 45, X
Comptroller of the Currency 12, I
Construction Industry Collective Bargaining 29, IX
Commission
Consumer Product Safety Commission 5, LXXI; 16, II
Cooperative State Research, Education, and 7, XXXIV
Extension Service
Copyright Office 37, II
Copyright Royalty Board 37, III
Corporation for National and Community Service 2, XXII; 45, XII, XXV
Cost Accounting Standards Board 48, 99
Council on Environmental Quality 40, V
Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency 28, VIII
for the District of Columbia
Customs and Border Protection Bureau 19, I
Defense Contract Audit Agency 32, I
Defense Department 5, XXVI; 32, Subtitle A;
40, VII
[[Page 813]]
Advanced Research Projects Agency 32, I
Air Force Department 32, VII
Army Department 32, V; 33, II; 36, III,
48, 51
Defense Acquisition Regulations System 48, 2
Defense Intelligence Agency 32, I
Defense Logistics Agency 32, I, XII; 48, 54
Engineers, Corps of 33, II; 36, III
Human Resources Management and Labor Relations 5, XCIX
Systems
National Imagery and Mapping Agency 32, I
Navy Department 32, VI; 48, 52
Secretary of Defense, Office of 2, XI; 32, I
Defense Contract Audit Agency 32, I
Defense Intelligence Agency 32, I
Defense Logistics Agency 32, XII; 48, 54
Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board 10, XVII
Delaware River Basin Commission 18, III
District of Columbia, Court Services and 28, VIII
Offender Supervision Agency for the
Drug Enforcement Administration 21, II
East-West Foreign Trade Board 15, XIII
Economic Affairs, Under Secretary 37, V
Economic Analysis, Bureau of 15, VIII
Economic Development Administration 13, III
Economic Research Service 7, XXXVII
Education, Department of 5, LIII
Bilingual Education and Minority Languages 34, V
Affairs, Office of
Civil Rights, Office for 34, I
Educational Research and Improvement, Office 34, VII
of
Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of 34, II
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 34
Postsecondary Education, Office of 34, VI
Secretary of Education, Office of 34, Subtitle A
Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, 34, III
Office of
Vocational and Adult Education, Office of 34, IV
Educational Research and Improvement, Office of 34, VII
Election Assistance Commission 11, II
Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of 34, II
Emergency Oil and Gas Guaranteed Loan Board 13, V
Emergency Steel Guarantee Loan Board 13, IV
Employee Benefits Security Administration 29, XXV
Employees' Compensation Appeals Board 20, IV
Employees Loyalty Board 5, V
Employment and Training Administration 20, V
Employment Standards Administration 20, VI
Endangered Species Committee 50, IV
Energy, Department of 5, XXIII; 10, II, III, X
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 9
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 5, XXIV; 18, I
Property Management Regulations 41, 109
Energy, Office of 7, XXIX
Engineers, Corps of 33, II; 36, III
Engraving and Printing, Bureau of 31, VI
Environmental Protection Agency 2, XV; 5, LIV; 40, I, IV,
VII
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 15
Property Management Regulations 41, 115
Environmental Quality, Office of 7, XXXI
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 5, LXII; 29, XIV
Equal Opportunity, Office of Assistant Secretary 24, I
for
Executive Office of the President 3, I
Administration, Office of 5, XV
Environmental Quality, Council on 40, V
Management and Budget, Office of 5, III, LXXVII; 14, VI;
48, 99
[[Page 814]]
National Drug Control Policy, Office of 21, III
National Security Council 32, XXI; 47, 2
Presidential Documents 3
Science and Technology Policy, Office of 32, XXIV; 47, II
Trade Representative, Office of the United 15, XX
States
Export-Import Bank of the United States 2, XXXV; 5, LII; 12, IV
Family Assistance, Office of 45, II
Farm Credit Administration 5, XXXI; 12, VI
Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation 5, XXX; 12, XIV
Farm Service Agency 7, VII, XVIII
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 1
Federal Aviation Administration 14, I
Commercial Space Transportation 14, III
Federal Claims Collection Standards 31, IX
Federal Communications Commission 5, XXIX; 47, I
Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Office of 41, 60
Federal Crop Insurance Corporation 7, IV
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 5, XXII; 12, III
Federal Election Commission 11, I
Federal Emergency Management Agency 44, I
Federal Employees Group Life Insurance Federal 48, 21
Acquisition Regulation
Federal Employees Health Benefits Acquisition 48, 16
Regulation
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 5, XXIV; 18, I
Federal Financial Institutions Examination 12, XI
Council
Federal Financing Bank 12, VIII
Federal Highway Administration 23, I, II
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation 1, IV
Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight Office 12, XVII
Federal Housing Finance Agency 12, XII
Federal Housing Finance Board 12, IX
Federal Labor Relations Authority, and General 5, XIV; 22, XIV
Counsel of the Federal Labor Relations
Authority
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 31, VII
Federal Management Regulation 41, 102
Federal Maritime Commission 46, IV
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service 29, XII
Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission 5, LXXIV; 29, XXVII
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 49, III
Federal Prison Industries, Inc. 28, III
Federal Procurement Policy Office 48, 99
Federal Property Management Regulations 41, 101
Federal Railroad Administration 49, II
Federal Register, Administrative Committee of 1, I
Federal Register, Office of 1, II
Federal Reserve System 12, II
Board of Governors 5, LVIII
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board 5, VI, LXXVI
Federal Service Impasses Panel 5, XIV
Federal Trade Commission 5, XLVII; 16, I
Federal Transit Administration 49, VI
Federal Travel Regulation System 41, Subtitle F
Fine Arts, Commission on 45, XXI
Fiscal Service 31, II
Fish and Wildlife Service, United States 50, I, IV
Fishery Conservation and Management 50, VI
Food and Drug Administration 21, I
Food and Nutrition Service 7, II
Food Safety and Inspection Service 9, III
Foreign Agricultural Service 7, XV
Foreign Assets Control, Office of 31, V
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the 45, V
United States
Foreign Service Grievance Board 22, IX
Foreign Service Impasse Disputes Panel 22, XIV
Foreign Service Labor Relations Board 22, XIV
Foreign-Trade Zones Board 15, IV
Forest Service 36, II
[[Page 815]]
General Services Administration 5, LVII; 41, 105
Contract Appeals, Board of 48, 61
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 5
Federal Management Regulation 41, 102
Federal Property Management Regulations 41, 101
Federal Travel Regulation System 41, Subtitle F
General 41, 300
Payment From a Non-Federal Source for Travel 41, 304
Expenses
Payment of Expenses Connected With the Death 41, 303
of Certain Employees
Relocation Allowances 41, 302
Temporary Duty (TDY) Travel Allowances 41, 301
Geological Survey 30, IV
Government Accountability Office 4, I
Government Ethics, Office of 5, XVI
Government National Mortgage Association 24, III
Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards 7, VIII; 9, II
Administration
Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation 45, XVIII
Health and Human Services, Department of 2, III; 5, XLV; 45,
Subtitle A,
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 42, IV
Child Support Enforcement, Office of 45, III
Children and Families, Administration for 45, II, III, IV, X
Community Services, Office of 45, X
Family Assistance, Office of 45, II
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 3
Food and Drug Administration 21, I
Human Development Services, Office of 45, XIII
Indian Health Service 25, V
Inspector General (Health Care), Office of 42, V
Public Health Service 42, I
Refugee Resettlement, Office of 45, IV
Homeland Security, Department of 2, XXX; 6, I
Coast Guard 33, I; 46, I; 49, IV
Coast Guard (Great Lakes Pilotage) 46, III
Customs and Border Protection Bureau 19, I
Federal Emergency Management Agency 44, I
Human Resources Management and Labor Relations 5, XCVII
Systems
Immigration and Customs Enforcement Bureau 19, IV
Immigration and Naturalization 8, I
Transportation Security Administration 49, XII
HOPE for Homeowners Program, Board of Directors 24, XXIV
of
Housing and Urban Development, Department of 2, XXIV; 5, LXV; 24,
Subtitle B
Community Planning and Development, Office of 24, V, VI
Assistant Secretary for
Equal Opportunity, Office of Assistant 24, I
Secretary for
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 24
Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, Office 12, XVII
of
Government National Mortgage Association 24, III
Housing--Federal Housing Commissioner, Office 24, II, VIII, X, XX
of Assistant Secretary for
Housing, Office of, and Multifamily Housing 24, IV
Assistance Restructuring, Office of
Inspector General, Office of 24, XII
Public and Indian Housing, Office of Assistant 24, IX
Secretary for
Secretary, Office of 24, Subtitle A, VII
Housing--Federal Housing Commissioner, Office of 24, II, VIII, X, XX
Assistant Secretary for
Housing, Office of, and Multifamily Housing 24, IV
Assistance Restructuring, Office of
Human Development Services, Office of 45, XIII
Immigration and Customs Enforcement Bureau 19, IV
Immigration and Naturalization 8, I
Immigration Review, Executive Office for 8, V
Independent Counsel, Office of 28, VII
[[Page 816]]
Indian Affairs, Bureau of 25, I, V
Indian Affairs, Office of the Assistant 25, VI
Secretary
Indian Arts and Crafts Board 25, II
Indian Health Service 25, V
Industry and Security, Bureau of 15, VII
Information Resources Management, Office of 7, XXVII
Information Security Oversight Office, National 32, XX
Archives and Records Administration
Inspector General
Agriculture Department 7, XXVI
Health and Human Services Department 42, V
Housing and Urban Development Department 24, XII
Institute of Peace, United States 22, XVII
Inter-American Foundation 5, LXIII; 22, X
Interior Department
American Indians, Office of the Special 25, VII
Trustee
Endangered Species Committee 50, IV
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 14
Federal Property Management Regulations System 41, 114
Fish and Wildlife Service, United States 50, I, IV
Geological Survey 30, IV
Indian Affairs, Bureau of 25, I, V
Indian Affairs, Office of the Assistant 25, VI
Secretary
Indian Arts and Crafts Board 25, II
Land Management, Bureau of 43, II
Minerals Management Service 30, II
National Indian Gaming Commission 25, III
National Park Service 36, I
Reclamation, Bureau of 43, I
Secretary of the Interior, Office of 2, XIV; 43, Subtitle A
Surface Mining and Reclamation Appeals, Board 30, III
of
Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, 30, VII
Office of
Internal Revenue Service 26, I
International Boundary and Water Commission, 22, XI
United States and Mexico, United States
Section
International Development, United States Agency 22, II
for
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 7
International Development Cooperation Agency, 22, XII
United States
International Fishing and Related Activities 50, III
International Joint Commission, United States 22, IV
and Canada
International Organizations Employees Loyalty 5, V
Board
International Trade Administration 15, III; 19, III
International Trade Commission, United States 19, II
Interstate Commerce Commission 5, XL
Investment Security, Office of 31, VIII
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation 45, XXIV
Japan-United States Friendship Commission 22, XVI
Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries 20, VIII
Justice Department 2, XXVII; 5, XXVIII; 28,
I, XI; 40, IV
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, 27, II
Bureau of
Drug Enforcement Administration 21, II
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 28
Federal Claims Collection Standards 31, IX
Federal Prison Industries, Inc. 28, III
Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the 45, V
United States
Immigration Review, Executive Office for 8, V
Offices of Independent Counsel 28, VI
Prisons, Bureau of 28, V
Property Management Regulations 41, 128
Labor Department 5, XLII
Benefits Review Board 20, VII
Employee Benefits Security Administration 29, XXV
Employees' Compensation Appeals Board 20, IV
Employment and Training Administration 20, V
[[Page 817]]
Employment Standards Administration 20, VI
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 29
Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Office 41, 60
of
Federal Procurement Regulations System 41, 50
Labor-Management Standards, Office of 29, II, IV
Mine Safety and Health Administration 30, I
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29, XVII
Public Contracts 41, 50
Secretary of Labor, Office of 29, Subtitle A
Veterans' Employment and Training Service, 41, 61; 20, IX
Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Wage and Hour Division 29, V
Workers' Compensation Programs, Office of 20, I
Labor-Management Standards, Office of 29, II, IV
Land Management, Bureau of 43, II
Legal Services Corporation 45, XVI
Library of Congress 36, VII
Copyright Office 37, II
Copyright Royalty Board 37, III
Local Television Loan Guarantee Board 7, XX
Management and Budget, Office of 5, III, LXXVII; 14, VI;
48, 99
Marine Mammal Commission 50, V
Maritime Administration 46, II
Merit Systems Protection Board 5, II, LXIV
Micronesian Status Negotiations, Office for 32, XXVII
Millenium Challenge Corporation 22, XIII
Mine Safety and Health Administration 30, I
Minerals Management Service 30, II
Minority Business Development Agency 15, XIV
Miscellaneous Agencies 1, IV
Monetary Offices 31, I
Morris K. Udall Scholarship and Excellence in 36, XVI
National Environmental Policy Foundation
Museum and Library Services, Institute of 2, XXXI
National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2, XVIII; 5, LIX; 14, V
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 18
National Agricultural Library 7, XLI
National Agricultural Statistics Service 7, XXXVI
National and Community Service, Corporation for 45, XII, XXV
National Archives and Records Administration 2, XXVI; 5, LXVI; 36, XII
Information Security Oversight Office 32, XX
National Capital Planning Commission 1, IV
National Commission for Employment Policy 1, IV
National Commission on Libraries and Information 45, XVII
Science
National Council on Disability 34, XII
National Counterintelligence Center 32, XVIII
National Credit Union Administration 12, VII
National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact 28, IX
Council
National Drug Control Policy, Office of 21, III
National Endowment for the Arts 2, XXXII
National Endowment for the Humanities 2, XXXIII
National Foundation on the Arts and the 45, XI
Humanities
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 23, II, III; 47, VI; 49, V
National Imagery and Mapping Agency 32, I
National Indian Gaming Commission 25, III
National Institute for Literacy 34, XI
National Institute of Standards and Technology 15, II
National Intelligence, Office of Director of 32, XVII
National Labor Relations Board 5, LXI; 29, I
National Marine Fisheries Service 50, II, IV, VI
National Mediation Board 29, X
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15, IX; 50, II, III, IV,
VI
National Park Service 36, I
National Railroad Adjustment Board 29, III
National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) 49, VII
[[Page 818]]
National Science Foundation 2, XXV; 5, XLIII; 45, VI
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 25
National Security Council 32, XXI
National Security Council and Office of Science 47, II
and Technology Policy
National Telecommunications and Information 15, XXIII; 47, III, IV
Administration
National Transportation Safety Board 49, VIII
Natural Resources Conservation Service 7, VI
Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation, Office of 25, IV
Navy Department 32, VI
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 52
Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation 24, XXV
Northeast Interstate Low-Level Radioactive Waste 10, XVIII
Commission
Nuclear Regulatory Commission 5, XLVIII; 10, I
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 20
Occupational Safety and Health Administration 29, XVII
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission 29, XX
Offices of Independent Counsel 28, VI
Oklahoma City National Memorial Trust 36, XV
Operations Office 7, XXVIII
Overseas Private Investment Corporation 5, XXXIII; 22, VII
Patent and Trademark Office, United States 37, I
Payment From a Non-Federal Source for Travel 41, 304
Expenses
Payment of Expenses Connected With the Death of 41, 303
Certain Employees
Peace Corps 22, III
Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation 36, IX
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation 29, XL
Personnel Management, Office of 5, I, XXXV; 45, VIII
Human Resources Management and Labor Relations 5, XCIX
Systems, Department of Defense
Human Resources Management and Labor Relations 5, XCVII
Systems, Department of Homeland Security
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 17
Federal Employees Group Life Insurance Federal 48, 21
Acquisition Regulation
Federal Employees Health Benefits Acquisition 48, 16
Regulation
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety 49, I
Administration
Postal Regulatory Commission 5, XLVI; 39, III
Postal Service, United States 5, LX; 39, I
Postsecondary Education, Office of 34, VI
President's Commission on White House 1, IV
Fellowships
Presidential Documents 3
Presidio Trust 36, X
Prisons, Bureau of 28, V
Procurement and Property Management, Office of 7, XXXII
Productivity, Technology and Innovation, 37, IV
Assistant Secretary
Public Contracts, Department of Labor 41, 50
Public and Indian Housing, Office of Assistant 24, IX
Secretary for
Public Health Service 42, I
Railroad Retirement Board 20, II
Reclamation, Bureau of 43, I
Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board 4, II
Refugee Resettlement, Office of 45, IV
Relocation Allowances 41, 302
Research and Innovative Technology 49, XI
Administration
Rural Business-Cooperative Service 7, XVIII, XLII, L
Rural Development Administration 7, XLII
Rural Housing Service 7, XVIII, XXXV, L
Rural Telephone Bank 7, XVI
Rural Utilities Service 7, XVII, XVIII, XLII, L
Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation 33, IV
Science and Technology Policy, Office of 32, XXIV
Science and Technology Policy, Office of, and 47, II
National Security Council
[[Page 819]]
Secret Service 31, IV
Securities and Exchange Commission 17, II
Selective Service System 32, XVI
Small Business Administration 2, XXVII; 13, I
Smithsonian Institution 36, V
Social Security Administration 2, XXIII; 20, III; 48, 23
Soldiers' and Airmen's Home, United States 5, XI
Special Counsel, Office of 5, VIII
Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, 34, III
Office of
State Department 2, VI; 22, I; 28, XI
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 6
Surface Mining and Reclamation Appeals, Board of 30, III
Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, 30, VII
Office of
Surface Transportation Board 49, X
Susquehanna River Basin Commission 18, VIII
Technology Administration 15, XI
Technology Policy, Assistant Secretary for 37, IV
Technology, Under Secretary for 37, V
Tennessee Valley Authority 5, LXIX; 18, XIII
Thrift Supervision Office, Department of the 12, V
Treasury
Trade Representative, United States, Office of 15, XX
Transportation, Department of 2, XII; 5, L
Commercial Space Transportation 14, III
Contract Appeals, Board of 48, 63
Emergency Management and Assistance 44, IV
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 12
Federal Aviation Administration 14, I
Federal Highway Administration 23, I, II
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration 49, III
Federal Railroad Administration 49, II
Federal Transit Administration 49, VI
Maritime Administration 46, II
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 23, II, III; 47, IV; 49, V
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety 49, I
Administration
Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation 33, IV
Secretary of Transportation, Office of 14, II; 49, Subtitle A
Surface Transportation Board 49, X
Transportation Statistics Bureau 49, XI
Transportation, Office of 7, XXXIII
Transportation Security Administration 49, XII
Transportation Statistics Bureau 49, XI
Travel Allowances, Temporary Duty (TDY) 41, 301
Treasury Department 5, XXI; 12, XV; 17, IV;
31, IX
Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau 27, I
Community Development Financial Institutions 12, XVIII
Fund
Comptroller of the Currency 12, I
Customs and Border Protection Bureau 19, I
Engraving and Printing, Bureau of 31, VI
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 10
Federal Claims Collection Standards 31, IX
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center 31, VII
Fiscal Service 31, II
Foreign Assets Control, Office of 31, V
Internal Revenue Service 26, I
Investment Security, Office of 31, VIII
Monetary Offices 31, I
Secret Service 31, IV
Secretary of the Treasury, Office of 31, Subtitle A
Thrift Supervision, Office of 12, V
Truman, Harry S. Scholarship Foundation 45, XVIII
United States and Canada, International Joint 22, IV
Commission
United States and Mexico, International Boundary 22, XI
and Water Commission, United States Section
Utah Reclamation Mitigation and Conservation 43, III
Commission
Veterans Affairs Department 2, VIII; 38, I
Federal Acquisition Regulation 48, 8
[[Page 820]]
Veterans' Employment and Training Service, 41, 61; 20, IX
Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Vice President of the United States, Office of 32, XXVIII
Vocational and Adult Education, Office of 34, IV
Wage and Hour Division 29, V
Water Resources Council 18, VI
Workers' Compensation Programs, Office of 20, I
World Agricultural Outlook Board 7, XXXVIII
[[Page 821]]
Table of OMB Control Numbers
The OMB control numbers for chapter I of title 26 were consolidated into
Sec. Sec. 601.9000 and 602.101 at 50 FR 10221, Mar. 14, 1985. At 61 FR
58008, Nov. 12, 1996, Sec. 601.9000 was removed. Section 602.101 is
reprinted below for the convenience of the user.
Sec. 602.101 OMB Control numbers.
(a) Purpose. This part collects and displays the control numbers
assigned to collections of information in Internal Revenue Service
regulations by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under the
Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980. The Internal Revenue Service intends
that this part comply with the requirements of Sec. Sec. 1320.7(f),
1320.12, 1320.13, and 1320.14 of 5 CFR part 1320 (OMB regulations
implementing the Paperwork Reduction Act), for the display of control
numbers assigned by OMB to collections of information in Internal
Revenue Service regulations. This part does not display control numbers
assigned by the Office of Management and Budget to collections of
information of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms.
(b) Display.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current OMB
CFR part or section where identified and described control No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1(h)-1(e)................................................ 1545-1654
1.23-5..................................................... 1545-0074
1.25-1T.................................................... 1545-0922
1545-0930
1.25-2T.................................................... 1545-0922
1545-0930
1.25-3T.................................................... 1545-0922
1545-0930
1.25-4T.................................................... 1545-0922
1.25-5T.................................................... 1545-0922
1.25-6T.................................................... 1545-0922
1.25-7T.................................................... 1545-0922
1.25-8T.................................................... 1545-0922
1.25A-1.................................................... 1545-1630
1.28-1..................................................... 1545-0619
1.31-2..................................................... 1545-0074
1.32-2..................................................... 1545-0074
1.32-3..................................................... 1545-1575
1.37-1..................................................... 1545-0074
1.37-3..................................................... 1545-0074
1.41-2..................................................... 1545-0619
1.41-3..................................................... 1545-0619
1.41-4A.................................................... 1545-0074
1.41-4 (b) and (c)......................................... 1545-0074
1.41-8(b).................................................. 1545-1625
1.41-8(d).................................................. 1545-0732
1.41-9..................................................... 1545-0619
1.42-1T.................................................... 1545-0984
1545-0988
1.42-2..................................................... 1545-1005
1.42-5..................................................... 1545-1357
1.42-6..................................................... 1545-1102
1.42-8..................................................... 1545-1102
1.42-10.................................................... 1545-1102
1.42-13.................................................... 1545-1357
1.42-14.................................................... 1545-1423
1.42-17.................................................... 1545-1357
1.43-3(a)(3)............................................... 1545-1292
1.43-3(b)(3)............................................... 1545-1292
1.44B-1.................................................... 1545-0219
1.45D-1.................................................... 1545-1765
1.45G-1.................................................... 1545-2031
1.46-1..................................................... 1545-0123
1545-0155
1.46-3..................................................... 1545-0155
1.46-4..................................................... 1545-0155
1.46-5..................................................... 1545-0155
1.46-6..................................................... 1545-0155
1.46-8..................................................... 1545-0155
1.46-9..................................................... 1545-0155
1.46-10.................................................... 1545-0118
1.46-11.................................................... 1545-0155
1.47-1..................................................... 1545-0155
1545-0166
1.47-3..................................................... 1545-0155
1545-0166
1.47-4..................................................... 1545-0123
1.47-5..................................................... 1545-0092
1.47-6..................................................... 1545-0099
1.48-3..................................................... 1545-0155
1.48-4..................................................... 1545-0155
1545-0808
1.48-5..................................................... 1545-0155
1.48-6..................................................... 1545-0155
1.48-12.................................................... 1545-0155
1545-1783
1.50A-1.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50A-2.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50A-3.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50A-4.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50A-5.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50A-6.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50A-7.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50B-1.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50B-2.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50B-3.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50B-4.................................................... 1545-0895
1.50B-5.................................................... 1545-0895
1.51-1..................................................... 1545-0219
1545-0241
1545-0244
1545-0797
1.52-2..................................................... 1545-0219
1.52-3..................................................... 1545-0219
[[Page 822]]
1.56-1..................................................... 1545-0123
1.56(g)-1.................................................. 1545-1233
1.56A-1.................................................... 1545-0227
1.56A-2.................................................... 1545-0227
1.56A-3.................................................... 1545-0227
1.56A-4.................................................... 1545-0227
1.56A-5.................................................... 1545-0227
1.57-5..................................................... 1545-0227
1.58-1..................................................... 1545-0175
1.58-9(c)(5)(iii)(B)....................................... 1545-1093
1.58-9(e)(3)............................................... 1545-1093
1.59-1..................................................... 1545-1903
1.61-2..................................................... 1545-0771
1.61-2T.................................................... 1545-0771
1.61-4..................................................... 1545-0187
1.61-15.................................................... 1545-0074
1.62-2..................................................... 1545-1148
1.63-1..................................................... 1545-0074
1.66-4..................................................... 1545-1770
1.67-2T.................................................... 1545-0110
1.67-3..................................................... 1545-1018
1.67-3T.................................................... 1545-0118
1.71-1T.................................................... 1545-0074
1.72-4..................................................... 1545-0074
1.72-6..................................................... 1545-0074
1.72-9..................................................... 1545-0074
1.72-17.................................................... 1545-0074
1.72-17A................................................... 1545-0074
1.72-18.................................................... 1545-0074
1.74-1..................................................... 1545-1100
1.79-2..................................................... 1545-0074
1.79-3..................................................... 1545-0074
1.83-2..................................................... 1545-0074
1.83-5..................................................... 1545-0074
1.83-6..................................................... 1545-1448
1.103-10................................................... 1545-0123
1545-0940
1.103-15AT................................................. 1545-0720
1.103-18................................................... 1545-1226
1.103(n)-2T................................................ 1545-0874
1.103(n)-4T................................................ 1545-0874
1.103A-2................................................... 1545-0720
1.105-4.................................................... 1545-0074
1.105-5.................................................... 1545-0074
1.105-6.................................................... 1545-0074
1.108-4.................................................... 1545-1539
1.108-5.................................................... 1545-1421
1.108-7.................................................... 1545-2155
1.110-1.................................................... 1545-1661
1.117-5.................................................... 1545-0869
1.118-2.................................................... 1545-1639
1.119-1.................................................... 1545-0067
1.120-3.................................................... 1545-0057
1.121-1.................................................... 1545-0072
1.121-2.................................................... 1545-0072
1.121-3.................................................... 1545-0072
1.121-4.................................................... 1545-0072
1545-0091
1.121-5.................................................... 1545-0072
1.127-2.................................................... 1545-0768
1.132-1T................................................... 1545-0771
1.132-2.................................................... 1545-0771
1.132-2T................................................... 1545-0771
1.132-5.................................................... 1545-0771
1.132-5T................................................... 1545-0771
1545-1098
1.132-9(b)................................................. 1545-1676
1.141-1.................................................... 1545-1451
1.141-12................................................... 1545-1451
1.142-2.................................................... 1545-1451
1.142(f)(4)-1.............................................. 1545-1730
1.148-0.................................................... 1545-1098
1.148-1.................................................... 1545-1098
1.148-2.................................................... 1545-1098
1545-1347
1.148-3.................................................... 1545-1098
1545-1347
1.148-4.................................................... 1545-1098
1545-1347
1.148-5.................................................... 1545-1098
1545-1490
1.148-6.................................................... 1545-1098
1545-1451
1.148-7.................................................... 1545-1098
1545-1347
1.148-8.................................................... 1545-1098
1.148-11................................................... 1545-1098
1545-1347
1.149(e)-1................................................. 1545-0720
1.150-1.................................................... 1545-1347
1.151-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.152-3.................................................... 1545-0071
1545-1783
1.152-4.................................................... 1545-0074
1.152-4T................................................... 1545-0074
1.162-1.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-2.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-3.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-4.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-5.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-6.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-7.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-8.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-9.................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-10................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-11................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-12................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-13................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-14................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-15................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-16................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-17................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-18................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-19................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-20................................................... 1545-0139
1.162-27................................................... 1545-1466
1.163-5.................................................... 1545-0786
1545-1132
1.163-8T................................................... 1545-0995
1.163-10T.................................................. 1545-0074
1.163-13................................................... 1545-1491
1.163(d)-1................................................. 1545-1421
1.165-1.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-2.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-3.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-4.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-5.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-6.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-7.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-8.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-9.................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-10................................................... 1545-0177
1.165-11................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0177
1545-0786
1.165-12................................................... 1545-0786
1.166-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.166-2.................................................... 1545-1254
1.166-4.................................................... 1545-0123
1.166-10................................................... 1545-0123
1.167(a)-5T................................................ 1545-1021
1.167(a)-7................................................. 1545-0172
1.167(a)-11................................................ 1545-0152
1545-0172
[[Page 823]]
1.167(a)-12................................................ 1545-0172
1.167(d)-1................................................. 1545-0172
1.167(e)-1................................................. 1545-0172
1.167(f)-11................................................ 1545-0172
1.167(l)-1................................................. 1545-0172
1.168(d)-1................................................. 1545-1146
1.168(f)(8)-1T............................................. 1545-0923
1.168(i)-1................................................. 1545-1331
1.168-5.................................................... 1545-0172
1.169-4.................................................... 1545-0172
1.170-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.170-2.................................................... 1545-0074
1.170-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.170A-1................................................... 1545-0074
1.170A-2................................................... 1545-0074
1.170A-4(A)(b)............................................. 1545-0123
1.170A-8................................................... 1545-0074
1.170A-9................................................... 1545-0052
1545-0074
1.170A-11.................................................. 1545-0074
1545-0123
1545-1868
1.170A-12.................................................. 1545-0020
1545-0074
1.170A-13.................................................. 1545-0074
1545-0754
1545-0908
1545-1431
1.170A-13(f)............................................... 1545-1464
1.170A-14.................................................. 1545-0763
1.171-4.................................................... 1545-1491
1.171-5.................................................... 1545-1491
1.172-1.................................................... 1545-0172
1.172-13................................................... 1545-0863
1.173-1.................................................... 1545-0172
1.174-3.................................................... 1545-0152
1.174-4.................................................... 1545-0152
1.175-3.................................................... 1545-0187
1.175-6.................................................... 1545-0152
1.177-1.................................................... 1545-0172
1.179-2.................................................... 1545-1201
1.179-3.................................................... 1545-1201
1.179-5.................................................... 1545-0172
1545-1201
1.179B-1T.................................................. 1545-2076
1.179C-1T.................................................. 1545-2103
1.180-2.................................................... 1545-0074
1.181-1T and 1.181-2T...................................... 1545-2059
1.182-6.................................................... 1545-0074
1.183-1.................................................... 1545-0195
1.183-2.................................................... 1545-0195
1.183-3.................................................... 1545-0195
1.183-4.................................................... 1545-0195
1.190-3.................................................... 1545-0074
1.194-2.................................................... 1545-0735
1.194-4.................................................... 1545-0735
1.195-1.................................................... 1545-1582
1.197-1T................................................... 1545-1425
1.197-2.................................................... 1545-1671
1.199-6.................................................... 1545-1966
1.213-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.215-1T................................................... 1545-0074
1.217-2.................................................... 1545-0182
1.243-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.243-4.................................................... 1545-0123
1.243-5.................................................... 1545-0123
1.248-1.................................................... 1545-0172
1.261-1.................................................... 1545-1041
1.263(a)-5................................................. 1545-1870
1.263(e)-1................................................. 1545-0123
1.263A-1................................................... 1545-0987
1.263A-1T.................................................. 1545-0187
1.263A-2................................................... 1545-0987
1.263A-3................................................... 1545-0987
1.263A-8(b)(2)(iii)........................................ 1545-1265
1.263A-9(d)(1)............................................. 1545-1265
1.263A-9(f)(1)(ii)......................................... 1545-1265
1.263A-9(f)(2)(iv)......................................... 1545-1265
1.263A-9(g)(2)(iv)(C)...................................... 1545-1265
1.263A-9(g)(3)(iv)......................................... 1545-1265
1.265-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.265-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.266-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.267(f)-1................................................. 1545-0885
1.268-1.................................................... 1545-0184
1.274-1.................................................... 1545-0139
1.274-2.................................................... 1545-0139
1.274-3.................................................... 1545-0139
1.274-4.................................................... 1545-0139
1.274-5.................................................... 1545-0771
1.274-5A................................................... 1545-0139
1545-0771
1.274-5T................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0172
1545-0771
1.274-6.................................................... 1545-0139
1545-0771
1.274-6T................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0771
1.274-7.................................................... 1545-0139
1.274-8.................................................... 1545-0139
1.279-6.................................................... 1545-0123
1.280C-4................................................... 1545-1155
1.280F-3T.................................................. 1545-0074
1.280G-1................................................... 1545-1851
1.281-4.................................................... 1545-0123
1.302-4.................................................... 1545-0074
1.305-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.305-5.................................................... 1545-1438
1.307-2.................................................... 1545-0074
1.312-15................................................... 1545-0172
1.316-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.331-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.332-4.................................................... 1545-0123
1.332-6.................................................... 1545-2019
1.337(d)-1................................................. 1545-1160
1.337(d)-2................................................. 1545-1160
1545-1774
1.337(d)-4................................................. 1545-1633
1.337(d)-5................................................. 1545-1672
1.337(d)-6................................................. 1545-1672
1.337(d)-7................................................. 1545-1672
1.338-2.................................................... 1545-1658
1.338-5.................................................... 1545-1658
1.338-10................................................... 1545-1658
1.338-11................................................... 1545-1990
1.338(h)(10)-1............................................. 1545-1658
1.338(i)-1................................................. 1545-1990
1.341-7.................................................... 1545-0123
1.351-3.................................................... 1545-2019
1.355-5.................................................... 1545-2019
1.362-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.367(a)-1T................................................ 1545-0026
1.367(a)-2T................................................ 1545-0026
1.367(a)-3................................................. 1545-0026
1545-1478
1.367(a)-6T................................................ 1545-0026
1.367(a)-8................................................. 1545-1271
1545-2056
1.367(b)-1................................................. 1545-1271
1.367(b)-3T................................................ 1545-1666
1.367(d)-1T................................................ 1545-0026
1.367(e)-1................................................. 1545-1487
1.367(e)-2................................................. 1545-1487
[[Page 824]]
1.368-1.................................................... 1545-1691
1.368-3.................................................... 1545-2019
1.371-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.371-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.374-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.381(b)-1................................................. 1545-0123
1.381(c)(4)-1.............................................. 1545-0123
1545-0152
1545-0879
1.381(c)(5)-1.............................................. 1545-0123
1545-0152
1.381(c)(6)-1.............................................. 1545-0123
1545-0152
1.381(c)(8)-1.............................................. 1545-0123
1.381(c)(10)-1............................................. 1545-0123
1.381(c)(11)-1(k).......................................... 1545-0123
1.381(c)(13)-1............................................. 1545-0123
1.381(c)(17)-1............................................. 1545-0045
1.381(c)(22)-1............................................. 1545-1990
1.381(c)(25)-1............................................. 1545-0045
1.382-1T................................................... 1545-0123
1.382-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.382-2T................................................... 1545-0123
1.382-3.................................................... 1545-1281
1545-1345
1.382-4.................................................... 1545-1120
1.382-6.................................................... 1545-1381
1.382-8.................................................... 1545-1434
1.382-9.................................................... 1545-1120
1545-1260
1545-1275
1545-1324
1.382-11................................................... 1545-2019
1.382-91................................................... 1545-1260
1545-1324
1.383-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-1120
1.401-1.................................................... 1545-0020
1545-0197
1545-0200
1545-0534
1545-0710
1.401(a)-11................................................ 1545-0710
1.401(a)-20................................................ 1545-0928
1.401(a)-31................................................ 1545-1341
1.401(a)-50................................................ 1545-0710
1.401(a)(31)-1............................................. 1545-1341
1.401(b)-1................................................. 1545-0197
1.401(f)-1................................................. 1545-0710
1.401(k)-1................................................. 1545-1039
1545-1069
1545-1669
1545-1930
1.401(k)-2................................................. 1545-1669
1.401(k)-3................................................. 1545-1669
1.401(k)-4................................................. 1545-1669
1.401(m)-3................................................. 1545-1699
1.401(a)(9)-1.............................................. 1545-1573
1.401(a)(9)-3.............................................. 1545-1466
1.401(a)(9)-4.............................................. 1545-1573
1.401-12(n)................................................ 1545-0806
1.401-14................................................... 1545-0710
1.402(c)-2................................................. 1545-1341
1.402(f)-1................................................. 1545-1341
1545-1632
1.402A-1................................................... 1545-1992
1.403(b)-1................................................. 1545-0710
1.403(b)-3................................................. 1545-0996
1.403(b)-7................................................. 1545-1341
1.403(b)-10................................................ 1545-2068
1.404(a)-4................................................. 1545-0710
1.404(a)-12................................................ 1545-0710
1.404A-2................................................... 1545-0123
1.404A-6................................................... 1545-0123
1.408-2.................................................... 1545-0390
1.408-5.................................................... 1545-0747
1.408-6.................................................... 1545-0203
1545-0390
1.408-7.................................................... 1545-0119
1.408(q)-1................................................. 1545-1841
1.408A-2................................................... 1545-1616
1.408A-4................................................... 1545-1616
1.408A-5................................................... 1545-1616
1.408A-7................................................... 1545-1616
1.410(a)-2................................................. 1545-0710
1.410(d)-1................................................. 1545-0710
1.411(a)-11................................................ 1545-1471
1545-1632
1.411(d)-4................................................. 1545-1545
1.411(d)-6................................................. 1545-1477
1.412(b)-5................................................. 1545-0710
1.412(c)(1)-2.............................................. 1545-0710
1.412(c)(2)-1.............................................. 1545-0710
1.412(c)(3)-2.............................................. 1545-0710
1.414(c)-5................................................. 1545-0797
1.414(r)-1................................................. 1545-1221
1.415-2.................................................... 1545-0710
1.415-6.................................................... 1545-0710
1.417(a)(3)-1.............................................. 1545-0928
1.417(e)-1................................................. 1545-1471
1545-1724
1.417(e)-1T................................................ 1545-1471
1.419A(f)(6)-1............................................. 1545-1795
1.422-1.................................................... 1545-0820
1.430(f)-1................................................. 1545-2095
1.430(g)-1................................................. 1545-2095
1.430(h)(2)-1.............................................. 1545-2095
1.436-1.................................................... 1545-2095
1.441-2.................................................... 1545-1748
1.442-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0123
1545-0134
1545-0152
1545-0820
1545-1748
1.443-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.444-3T................................................... 1545-1036
1.444-4.................................................... 1545-1591
1.446-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0152
1.446-4(d)................................................. 1545-1412
1.448-1(g)................................................. 1545-0152
1.448-1(h)................................................. 1545-0152
1.448-1(i)................................................. 1545-0152
1.448-2.................................................... 1545-1855
1.448-2T................................................... 1545-0152
1545-1855
1.451-1.................................................... 1545-0091
1.451-4.................................................... 1545-0123
1.451-5.................................................... 1545-0074
1.451-6.................................................... 1545-0074
1.451-7.................................................... 1545-0074
1.453-1.................................................... 1545-0152
1.453-2.................................................... 1545-0152
1.453-8.................................................... 1545-0152
1545-0228
1.453-10................................................... 1545-0152
1.453A-1................................................... 1545-0152
1545-1134
1.453A-2................................................... 1545-0152
1545-1134
1.453A-3................................................... 1545-0963
1.454-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.455-2.................................................... 1545-0152
[[Page 825]]
1.455-6.................................................... 1545-0123
1.456-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.456-6.................................................... 1545-0123
1.456-7.................................................... 1545-0123
1.457-8.................................................... 1545-1580
1.458-1.................................................... 1545-0879
1.458-2.................................................... 1545-0152
1.460-1.................................................... 1545-1650
1.460-6.................................................... 1545-1031
1545-1572
1545-1732
1.461-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.461-2.................................................... 1545-0096
1.461-4.................................................... 1545-0917
1.461-5.................................................... 1545-0917
1.463-1T................................................... 1545-0916
1.465-1T................................................... 1545-0712
1.466-1T................................................... 1545-0152
1.466-4.................................................... 1545-0152
1.468A-3................................................... 1545-1269
1545-1378
1545-1511
1.468A-3T.................................................. 1545-1269
1545-1378
1545-1511
1.468A-4................................................... 1545-0954
1.468A-4T.................................................. 1545-0954
1.468A-7................................................... 1545-0954
1.468A-7T.................................................. 1545-0954
1545-1511
1.468A-8................................................... 1545-1269
1.468A-3T(h), 1.468A-7T, and 1.468A-8T(d).................. 1545-2091
1.468B-1................................................... 1545-1631
1.468B-9................................................... 1545-1631
1.468B-1(j)................................................ 1545-1299
1.468B-2(k)................................................ 1545-1299
1.468B-2(l)................................................ 1545-1299
1.468B-3(b)................................................ 1545-1299
1.468B-3(e)................................................ 1545-1299
1.468B-5(b)................................................ 1545-1299
1.469-1.................................................... 1545-1008
1.469-2T................................................... 1545-0712
1545-1091
1.469-4T................................................... 1545-0985
1545-1037
1.469-7.................................................... 1545-1244
1.471-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.471-5.................................................... 1545-0123
1.471-6.................................................... 1545-0123
1.471-8.................................................... 1545-0123
1.471-11................................................... 1545-0123
1545-0152
1.472-1.................................................... 1545-0042
1545-0152
1.472-2.................................................... 1545-0152
1.472-3.................................................... 1545-0042
1.472-5.................................................... 1545-0152
1.472-8.................................................... 1545-0028
1545-0042
1545-1767
1.475(a)-4................................................. 1545-1945
1.475(b)-4................................................. 1545-1496
1.481-4.................................................... 1545-0152
1.481-5.................................................... 1545-0152
1.482-1.................................................... 1545-1364
1.482-4.................................................... 1545-1364
1.482-7.................................................... 1545-1364
1545-1794
1.482-7T................................................... 1545-1364
1.482-9(b)................................................. 1545-2149
1.501(a)-1................................................. 1545-0056
1545-0057
1.501(c)(3)-1.............................................. 1545-0056
1.501(c)(9)-5.............................................. 1545-0047
1.501(c)(17)-3............................................. 1545-0047
1.501(e)-1................................................. 1545-0814
1.503(c)-1................................................. 1545-0047
1545-0052
1.505(c)-1T................................................ 1545-0916
1.507-1.................................................... 1545-0052
1.507-2.................................................... 1545-0052
1.508-1.................................................... 1545-0052
1545-0056
1.509(a)-3................................................. 1545-0047
1.509(a)-5................................................. 1545-0047
1.509(c)-1................................................. 1545-0052
1.512(a)-1................................................. 1545-0687
1.512(a)-4................................................. 1545-0047
1545-0687
1.521-1.................................................... 1545-0051
1545-0058
1.527-2.................................................... 1545-0129
1.527-5.................................................... 1545-0129
1.527-6.................................................... 1545-0129
1.527-9.................................................... 1545-0129
1.528-8.................................................... 1545-0127
1.533-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.534-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.542-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.545-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.545-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.547-2.................................................... 1545-0045
1545-0123
1.547-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.551-4.................................................... 1545-0074
1.552-3.................................................... 1545-0099
1.552-4.................................................... 1545-0099
1.552-5.................................................... 1545-0099
1.556-2.................................................... 1545-0704
1.561-1.................................................... 1545-0044
1.561-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.562-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.563-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.564-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.565-1.................................................... 1545-0043
1545-0123
1.565-2.................................................... 1545-0043
1.565-3.................................................... 1545-0043
1.565-5.................................................... 1545-0043
1.565-6.................................................... 1545-0043
1.585-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.585-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.585-8.................................................... 1545-1290
1.586-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.593-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.593-6.................................................... 1545-0123
1.593-6A................................................... 1545-0123
1.593-7.................................................... 1545-0123
1.595-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.597-2.................................................... 1545-1300
1.597-4.................................................... 1545-1300
1.597-6.................................................... 1545-1300
1.597-7.................................................... 1545-1300
1.611-2.................................................... 1545-0099
1.611-3.................................................... 1545-0007
1545-0099
1545-1784
1.612-4.................................................... 1545-0074
1.612-5.................................................... 1545-0099
1.613-3.................................................... 1545-0099
1.613-4.................................................... 1545-0099
1.613-6.................................................... 1545-0099
1.613-7.................................................... 1545-0099
1.613A-3................................................... 1545-0919
[[Page 826]]
1.613A-3(e)................................................ 1545-1251
1.613A-3(l)................................................ 1545-0919
1.613A-5................................................... 1545-0099
1.613A-6................................................... 1545-0099
1.614-2.................................................... 1545-0099
1.614-3.................................................... 1545-0099
1.614-5.................................................... 1545-0099
1.614-6.................................................... 1545-0099
1.614-8.................................................... 1545-0099
1.617-1.................................................... 1545-0099
1.617-3.................................................... 1545-0099
1.617-4.................................................... 1545-0099
1.631-1.................................................... 1545-0007
1.631-2.................................................... 1545-0007
1.641(b)-2................................................. 1545-0092
1.642(c)-1................................................. 1545-0092
1.642(c)-2................................................. 1545-0092
1.642(c)-5................................................. 1545-0074
1.642(c)-6................................................. 1545-0020
1545-0074
1545-0092
1.642(g)-1................................................. 1545-0092
1.642(i)-1................................................. 1545-0092
1.645-1.................................................... 1545-1578
1.663(b)-2................................................. 1545-0092
1.664-1.................................................... 1545-0196
1.664-1(a)(7).............................................. 1545-1536
1.664-1(c)................................................. 1545-2101
1.664-2.................................................... 1545-0196
1.664-3.................................................... 1545-0196
1.664-4.................................................... 1545-0020
1545-0196
1.665(a)-0A through
1.665(g)-2A................................................ 1545-0192
1.666(d)-1A................................................ 1545-0092
1.671-4.................................................... 1545-1442
1.671-5.................................................... 1545-1540
1.701-1.................................................... 1545-0099
1.702-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.703-1.................................................... 1545-0099
1.704-2.................................................... 1545-1090
1.706-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0099
1545-0134
1.706-1T................................................... 1545-0099
1.707-3(c)(2).............................................. 1545-1243
1.707-5(a)(7)(ii).......................................... 1545-1243
1.707-6(c)................................................. 1545-1243
1.707-8.................................................... 1545-1243
1.708-1.................................................... 1545-0099
1.732-1.................................................... 1545-0099
1545-1588
1.736-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1.743-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-1588
1.751-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0099
1545-0941
1.752-2.................................................... 1545-1905
1.752-5.................................................... 1545-1090
1.752-7.................................................... 1545-1843
1.754-1.................................................... 1545-0099
1.755-1.................................................... 1545-0099
1.761-2.................................................... 1545-1338
1.801-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1545-0128
1.801-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.801-5.................................................... 1545-0128
1.801-8.................................................... 1545-0128
1.804-4.................................................... 1545-0128
1.811-2.................................................... 1545-0128
1.812-2.................................................... 1545-0128
1.815-6.................................................... 1545-0128
1.818-4.................................................... 1545-0128
1.818-5.................................................... 1545-0128
1.818-8.................................................... 1545-0128
1.819-2.................................................... 1545-0128
1.821-1.................................................... 1545-1027
1.821-3.................................................... 1545-1027
1.821-4.................................................... 1545-1027
1.822-5.................................................... 1545-1027
1.822-6.................................................... 1545-1027
1.822-8.................................................... 1545-1027
1.822-9.................................................... 1545-1027
1.823-2.................................................... 1545-1027
1.823-5.................................................... 1545-1027
1.823-6.................................................... 1545-1027
1.825-1.................................................... 1545-1027
1.826-1.................................................... 1545-1027
1.826-2.................................................... 1545-1027
1.826-3.................................................... 1545-1027
1.826-4.................................................... 1545-1027
1.826-6.................................................... 1545-1027
1.831-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.831-4.................................................... 1545-0123
1.832-4.................................................... 1545-1227
1.832-5.................................................... 1545-0123
1.848-2(g)(8).............................................. 1545-1287
1.848-2(h)(3).............................................. 1545-1287
1.848-2(i)(4).............................................. 1545-1287
1.851-2.................................................... 1545-1010
1.851-4.................................................... 1545-0123
1.852-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.852-4.................................................... 1545-0123
1545-0145
1.852-6.................................................... 1545-0123
1545-0144
1.852-7.................................................... 1545-0074
1.852-9.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0123
1545-0144
1545-0145
1545-1783
1.852-11................................................... 1545-1094
1.853-3.................................................... 1545-2035
1.853-4.................................................... 1545-2035
1.854-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.855-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.856-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1545-1004
1.856-6.................................................... 1545-0123
1.856-7.................................................... 1545-0123
1.856-8.................................................... 1545-0123
1.857-8.................................................... 1545-0123
1.857-9.................................................... 1545-0074
1.858-1.................................................... 1545-0123
1.860-2.................................................... 1545-0045
1.860-4.................................................... 1545-0045
1545-1054
1545-1057
1.860E-1................................................... 1545-1675
1.860E-2(a)(5)............................................. 1545-1276
1.860E-2(a)(7)............................................. 1545-1276
1.860E-2(b)(2)............................................. 1545-1276
1.860G-2................................................... 1545-2110
1.861-2.................................................... 1545-0089
1.861-3.................................................... 1545-0089
1.861-4.................................................... 1545-1900
1.861-8.................................................... 1545-0126
1.861-8(e)(6) and (g)...................................... 1545-1224
1.861-9T................................................... 1545-0121
1545-1072
1.861-18................................................... 1545-1594
1.863-1.................................................... 1545-1476
[[Page 827]]
1.863-3.................................................... 1545-1476
1545-1556
1.863-3A................................................... 1545-0126
1.863-4.................................................... 1545-0126
1.863-7.................................................... 1545-0132
1.863-8.................................................... 1545-1718
1.863-9.................................................... 1545-1718
1.864-4.................................................... 1545-0126
1.871-1.................................................... 1545-0096
1.871-6.................................................... 1545-0795
1.871-7.................................................... 1545-0089
1.871-10................................................... 1545-0089
1545-0165
1.874-1.................................................... 1545-0089
1.881-4.................................................... 1545-1440
1.882-4.................................................... 1545-0126
1.883-1.................................................... 1545-1677
1.883-1T................................................... 1545-1667
1.883-2.................................................... 1545-1677
1.883-2T................................................... 1545-1667
1.883-3.................................................... 1545-1677
1.883-3T................................................... 1545-1667
1.883-4.................................................... 1545-1677
1.883-4T................................................... 1545-1667
1.883-5.................................................... 1545-1677
1.883-5T................................................... 1545-1667
1.884-0.................................................... 1545-1070
1.884-1.................................................... 1545-1070
1.884-2.................................................... 1545-1070
1.884-2T................................................... 1545-0126
1545-1070
1.884-4.................................................... 1545-1070
1.884-5.................................................... 1545-1070
1.892-1T................................................... 1545-1053
1.892-2T................................................... 1545-1053
1.892-3T................................................... 1545-1053
1.892-4T................................................... 1545-1053
1.892-5T................................................... 1545-1053
1.892-6T................................................... 1545-1053
1.892-7T................................................... 1545-1053
1.897-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1545-0902
1.897-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.897-5T................................................... 1545-0902
1.897-6T................................................... 1545-0902
1.901-2.................................................... 1545-0746
1.901-2A................................................... 1545-0746
1.901-3.................................................... 1545-0122
1.902-1.................................................... 1545-0122
1545-1458
1.904-1.................................................... 1545-0121
1545-0122
1.904-2.................................................... 1545-0121
1545-0122
1.904-3.................................................... 1545-0121
1.904-4.................................................... 1545-0121
1.904-5.................................................... 1545-0121
1.904-7.................................................... 1545-2104
1.904-7T................................................... 1545-2104
1.904(f)-1................................................. 1545-0121
1545-0122
1.904(f)-2................................................. 1545-0121
1.904(f)-3................................................. 1545-0121
1.904(f)-4................................................. 1545-0121
1.904(f)-5................................................. 1545-0121
1.904(f)-6................................................. 1545-0121
1.904(f)-7................................................. 1545-1127
1.905-2.................................................... 1545-0122
1.905-3T................................................... 1545-1056
1.905-4T................................................... 1545-1056
1.905-5T................................................... 1545-1056
1.911-1.................................................... 1545-0067
1545-0070
1.911-2.................................................... 1545-0067
1545-0070
1.911-3.................................................... 1545-0067
1545-0070
1.911-4.................................................... 1545-0067
1545-0070
1.911-5.................................................... 1545-0067
1545-0070
1.911-6.................................................... 1545-0067
1545-0070
1.911-7.................................................... 1545-0067
1545-0070
1.913-13................................................... 1545-0067
1.921-1T................................................... 1545-0190
1545-0884
1545-0935
1545-0939
1.921-2.................................................... 1545-0884
1.921-3T................................................... 1545-0935
1.923-1T................................................... 1545-0935
1.924(a)-1T................................................ 1545-0935
1.925(a)-1T................................................ 1545-0935
1.925(b)-1T................................................ 1545-0935
1.926(a)-1T................................................ 1545-0935
1.927(a)-1T................................................ 1545-0935
1.927(b)-1T................................................ 1545-0935
1.927(d)-1................................................. 1545-0884
1.927(d)-2T................................................ 1545-0935
1.927(e)-1T................................................ 1545-0935
1.927(e)-2T................................................ 1545-0935
1.927(f)-1................................................. 1545-0884
1.931-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0123
1.934-1.................................................... 1545-0782
1.935-1.................................................... 1545-0074
1545-0087
1545-0803
1.936-1.................................................... 1545-0215
1545-0217
1.936-4.................................................... 1545-0215
1.936-5.................................................... 1545-0704
1.936-6.................................................... 1545-0215
1.936-7.................................................... 1545-0215
1.936-10(c)................................................ 1545-1138
1.937-1.................................................... 1545-1930
1.952-2.................................................... 1545-0126
1.953-2.................................................... 1545-0126
1.954-1.................................................... 1545-1068
1.954-2.................................................... 1545-1068
1.955-2.................................................... 1545-0123
1.955-3.................................................... 1545-0123
1.955A-2................................................... 1545-0755
1.955A-3................................................... 1545-0755
1.956-1.................................................... 1545-0704
1.956-2.................................................... 1545-0704
1.959-1.................................................... 1545-0704
1.959-2.................................................... 1545-0704
1.960-1.................................................... 1545-0122
1.962-2.................................................... 1545-0704
1.962-3.................................................... 1545-0704
1.962-4.................................................... 1545-0704
1.964-1.................................................... 1545-0126
1545-0704
1545-1072
1545-2104
1.964-3.................................................... 1545-0126
1.970-2.................................................... 1545-0126
1.985-2.................................................... 1545-1051
1545-1131
1.985-3.................................................... 1545-1051
1.988-0.................................................... 1545-1131
[[Page 828]]
1.988-1.................................................... 1545-1131
1.988-2.................................................... 1545-1131
1.988-3.................................................... 1545-1131
1.988-4.................................................... 1545-1131
1.988-5.................................................... 1545-1131
1.988-6.................................................... 1545-1831
1.992-1.................................................... 1545-0190
1545-0938
1.992-2.................................................... 1545-0190
1545-0884
1545-0938
1.992-3.................................................... 1545-0190
1545-0938
1.992-4.................................................... 1545-0190
1545-0938
1.993-3.................................................... 1545-0938
1.993-4.................................................... 1545-0938
1.994-1.................................................... 1545-0938
1.995-5.................................................... 1545-0938
1.1001-1................................................... 1545-1902
1.1012-1................................................... 1545-0074
1545-1139
1.1014-4................................................... 1545-0184
1.1015-1................................................... 1545-0020
1.1017-1................................................... 1545-1539
1.1031(d)-1T............................................... 1545-1021
1.1033(a)-2................................................ 1545-0184
1.1033(g)-1................................................ 1545-0184
1.1034-1................................................... 1545-0072
1.1039-1................................................... 1545-0184
1.1041-1T.................................................. 1545-0074
1.1041-2................................................... 1545-1751
1.1042-1T.................................................. 1545-0916
1.1044(a)-1................................................ 1545-1421
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1.1060-1................................................... 1545-1658
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1.1092(b)-1T............................................... 1545-0644
1.1092(b)-2T............................................... 1545-0644
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1.1092(b)-5T............................................... 1545-0644
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1.1244(e)-1................................................ 1545-0123
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1.1368-1(f)(4)............................................. 1545-1139
1.1368-1(g)(2)............................................. 1545-1139
1.1374-1A.................................................. 1545-0130
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1.6015(a)-1................................................ 1545-0087
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1.6031(a)-1................................................ 1545-1583
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1.6052-1................................................... 1545-0008
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1.6662-4(e) and (f)........................................ 1545-0889
1.6662-6................................................... 1545-1426
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1.6694-2(c)................................................ 1545-1231
1.6694-2(c)(3)............................................. 1545-1231
1.6694-3(e)................................................ 1545-1231
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3.2........................................................ 1545-0123
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4.954-2.................................................... 1545-1068
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5c.44F-1................................................... 1545-0619
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5c.168(f)(8)-1............................................. 1545-0123
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5c.168(f)(8)-6............................................. 1545-0123
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6a.103A-2.................................................. 1545-0123
1545-0720
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7.999-1.................................................... 1545-0216
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11.410-1................................................... 1545-0710
11.412(c)-7................................................ 1545-0710
11.412(c)-11............................................... 1545-0710
12.7....................................................... 1545-0190
12.8....................................................... 1545-0191
12.9....................................................... 1545-0195
14a.422A-1................................................. 1545-0123
15A.453-1.................................................. 1545-0228
16.3-1..................................................... 1545-0159
16A.126-2.................................................. 1545-0074
16A.1255-1................................................. 1545-0184
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18.1371-1.................................................. 1545-0130
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18.1379-1.................................................. 1545-0130
18.1379-2.................................................. 1545-0130
20.2011-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2014-5.................................................. 1545-0015
1545-0260
20.2014-6.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2016-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2031-2.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2031-3.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2031-4.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2031-6.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2031-7.................................................. 1545-0020
20.2031-10................................................. 1545-0015
20.2032-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2032A-3................................................. 1545-0015
20.2032A-4................................................. 1545-0015
20.2032A-8................................................. 1545-0015
20.2039-4.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2051-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2053-3.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2053-9.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2053-10................................................. 1545-0015
20.2055-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2055-2.................................................. 1545-0015
1545-0092
20.2055-3.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2056(b)-4............................................... 1545-0015
20.2056(b)-7............................................... 1545-0015
1545-1612
20.2056A-2................................................. 1545-1443
20.2056A-3................................................. 1545-1360
20.2056A-4................................................. 1545-1360
20.2056A-10................................................ 1545-1360
20.2106-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2106-2.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2204-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.2204-2.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6001-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6011-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6018-1.................................................. 1545-0015
1545-0531
20.6018-2.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6018-3.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6018-4.................................................. 1545-0015
1545-0022
20.6036-2.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
20.6061-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6065-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6075-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6081-1.................................................. 1545-0015
1545-0181
1545-1707
20.6091-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
20.6161-1.................................................. 1545-0015
1545-0181
20.6161-2.................................................. 1545-0015
1545-0181
20.6163-1.................................................. 1545-0015
20.6166-1.................................................. 1545-0181
20.6166A-1................................................. 1545-0015
20.6166A-3................................................. 1545-0015
20.6324A-1................................................. 1545-0754
20.7520-1.................................................. 1545-1343
20.7520-2.................................................. 1545-1343
20.7520-3.................................................. 1545-1343
20.7520-4.................................................. 1545-1343
22.0....................................................... 1545-0015
25.2511-2.................................................. 1545-0020
25.2512-2.................................................. 1545-0020
25.2512-3.................................................. 1545-0020
25.2512-5.................................................. 1545-0020
25.2512-9.................................................. 1545-0020
25.2513-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.2513-2.................................................. 1545-0020
1545-0021
25.2513-3.................................................. 1545-0020
25.2518-2.................................................. 1545-0959
25.2522(a)-1............................................... 1545-0196
25.2522(c)-3............................................... 1545-0020
1545-0196
25.2523(a)-1............................................... 1545-0020
1545-0196
25.2523(f)-1............................................... 1545-0015
25.2701-2.................................................. 1545-1241
[[Page 833]]
25.2701-4.................................................. 1545-1241
25.2701-5.................................................. 1545-1273
25.2702-5.................................................. 1545-1485
25.2702-6.................................................. 1545-1273
25.6001-1.................................................. 1545-0020
1545-0022
25.6011-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6019-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6019-2.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6019-3.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6019-4.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
25.6061-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6065-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6075-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6081-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6091-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6091-2.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
25.6151-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.6161-1.................................................. 1545-0020
25.7520-1.................................................. 1545-1343
25.7520-2.................................................. 1545-1343
25.7520-3.................................................. 1545-1343
25.7520-4.................................................. 1545-1343
26.2601-1.................................................. 1545-0985
26.2632-1.................................................. 1545-0985
1545-1892
26.2642-1.................................................. 1545-0985
26.2642-2.................................................. 1545-0985
26.2642-3.................................................. 1545-0985
26.2642-4.................................................. 1545-0985
26.2642-6.................................................. 1545-1902
26.2652-2.................................................. 1545-0985
26.2654-1.................................................. 1545-1902
26.2662-1.................................................. 1545-0015
1545-0985
26.2662-2.................................................. 1545-0985
26.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
26.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
31.3102-3.................................................. 1545-0029
1545-0059
1545-0065
31.3121(b)(19)-1........................................... 1545-0029
31.3121(d)-1............................................... 1545-0004
31.3121(i)-1............................................... 1545-0034
31.3121(k)-4............................................... 1545-0137
31.3121(r)-1............................................... 1545-0029
31.3121(s)-1............................................... 1545-0029
31.3121(v)(2)-1............................................ 1545-1643
31.3302(a)-2............................................... 1545-0028
31.3302(a)-3............................................... 1545-0028
31.3302(b)-2............................................... 1545-0028
31.3302(e)-1............................................... 1545-0028
31.3306(c)(18)-1........................................... 1545-0029
31.3401(a)-1............................................... 1545-0029
31.3401(a)(6).............................................. 1545-1484
31.3401(a)(6)-1............................................ 1545-0029
1545-0096
1545-0795
31.3401(a)(7)-1............................................ 1545-0029
31.3401(a)(8)(A)-1 ........................................ 1545-0029
1545-0666
31.3401(a)(8)(C)-1 ........................................ 1545-0029
31.3401(a)(15)-1........................................... 1545-0182
31.3401(c)-1............................................... 1545-0004
31.3402(b)-1............................................... 1545-0010
31.3402(c)-1............................................... 1545-0010
31.3402(f)(1)-1............................................ 1545-0010
31.3402(f)(2)-1............................................ 1545-0010
1545-0410
31.3402(f)(3)-1............................................ 1545-0010
31.3402(f)(4)-1............................................ 1545-0010
31.3402(f)(4)-2............................................ 1545-0010
31.3402(f)(5)-1............................................ 1545-0010
1545-1435
31.3402(h)(1)-1............................................ 1545-0029
31.3402(h)(3)-1............................................ 1545-0010
31.3402(h)(3)-1............................................ 1545-0029
31.3402(h)(4)-1............................................ 1545-0010
31.3402(i)-(1)............................................. 1545-0010
31.3402(i)-(2)............................................. 1545-0010
31.3402(k)-1............................................... 1545-0065
31.3402(l)-(1)............................................. 1545-0010
31.3402(m)-(1)............................................. 1545-0010
31.3402(n)-(1)............................................. 1545-0010
31.3402(o)-2............................................... 1545-0415
31.3402(o)-3............................................... 1545-0008
1545-0010
1545-0415
1545-0717
31.3402(p)-1............................................... 1545-0415
1545-0717
31.3402(q)-1............................................... 1545-0238
1545-0239
31.3404-1.................................................. 1545-0029
31.3405(c)-1............................................... 1545-1341
31.3406(a)-1............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(a)-2............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(a)-3............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(a)-4............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(2)-1............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(2)-2............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(2)-3............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(2)-4............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(2)-5............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(3)-1............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(3)-2............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(3)-3............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(3)-4............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(b)(4)-1............................................ 1545-0112
31.3406(c)-1............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(d)-1............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(d)-2............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(d)-3............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(d)-4............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(d)-5............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(e)-1............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(f)-1............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(g)-1............................................... 1545-0096
1545-0112
1545-1819
31.3406(g)-2............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(g)-3............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(h)-1............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(h)-2............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(h)-3............................................... 1545-0112
31.3406(i)-1............................................... 1545-0112
31.3501(a)-1T.............................................. 1545-0771
31.3503-1.................................................. 1545-0024
31.3504-1.................................................. 1545-0029
31.6001-1.................................................. 1545-0798
31.6001-2.................................................. 1545-0034
1545-0798
31.6001-3.................................................. 1545-0798
31.6001-4.................................................. 1545-0028
31.6001-5.................................................. 1545-0798
31.6001-6.................................................. 1545-0029
1459-0798
31.6011(a)-1............................................... 1545-0029
1545-0034
1545-0035
1545-0059
1545-0074
[[Page 834]]
1545-0256
1545-0718
1545-2097
31.6011(a)-2............................................... 1545-0001
1545-0002
31.6011(a)-3............................................... 1545-0028
31.6011(a)-3A.............................................. 1545-0955
31.6011(a)-4............................................... 1545-0034
1545-0035
1545-0718
1545-1413
1545-2097
31.6011(a)-5............................................... 1545-0028
1545-0718
1545-2097
31.6011(a)-6............................................... 1545-0028
31.6011(a)-7............................................... 1545-0074
31.6011(a)-8............................................... 1545-0028
31.6011(a)-9............................................... 1545-0028
31.6011(a)-10.............................................. 1545-0112
31.6011(b)-1............................................... 1545-0003
31.6011(b)-2............................................... 1545-0029
31.6051-1.................................................. 1545-0008
1545-0182
1545-0458
1545-1729
31.6051-2.................................................. 1545-0008
31.6051-3.................................................. 1545-0008
31.6053-1.................................................. 1545-0029
1545-0062
1545-0064
1545-0065
1545-1603
31.6053-2.................................................. 1545-0008
31.6053-3.................................................. 1545-0065
1545-0714
31.6053-4.................................................. 1545-0065
1545-1603
31.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
31.6065(a)-1............................................... 1545-0029
31.6071(a)-1............................................... 1545-0001
1545-0028
1545-0029
31.6071(a)-1A.............................................. 1545-0955
31.6081(a)-1............................................... 1545-0008
1545-0028
31.6091-1.................................................. 1545-0028
1545-0029
31.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
31.6157-1.................................................. 1545-0955
31.6205-1.................................................. 1545-0029
1545-2097
31.6301(c)-1AT............................................. 1545-0035
1545-0112
1545-0257
31.6302-1.................................................. 1545-1413
31.6302-2.................................................. 1545-1413
31.6302-3.................................................. 1545-1413
31.6302-4.................................................. 1545-1413
31.6302(c)-2............................................... 1545-0001
1545-0257
31.6302(c)-2A.............................................. 1545-0955
31.6302(c)-3............................................... 1545-0257
31.6402(a)-2............................................... 1545-0256
1545-2097
31.6413(a)-1............................................... 1545-0029
1545-2097
31.6413(a)-2............................................... 1545-0029
1545-0256
1545-2097
31.6413(c)-1............................................... 1545-0029
1545-0171
31.6414-1.................................................. 1545-0029
1545-2097
32.1....................................................... 1545-0029
1545-0415
32.2....................................................... 1545-0029
35a.3406-2................................................. 1545-0112
35a.9999-5................................................. 1545-0029
36.3121(l)(1)-1............................................ 1545-0137
36.3121(l)(1)-2............................................ 1545-0137
36.3121(l)(3)-1............................................ 1545-0123
36.3121(1)(7)-1............................................ 1545-0123
36.3121(1)(10)-1........................................... 1545-0029
36.3121(1)(10)-3........................................... 1545-0029
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40.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
40.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
40.6302(c)-3(b)(2)(ii)..................................... 1545-1296
40.6302(c)-3(b)(2)(iii).................................... 1545-1296
40.6302(c)-3(e)............................................ 1545-1296
40.6302(c)-3(f)(2)(ii)..................................... 1545-1296
41.4481-1.................................................. 1545-0143
41.4481-2.................................................. 1545-0143
41.4483-3.................................................. 1545-0143
41.6001-1.................................................. 1545-0143
41.6001-2.................................................. 1545-0143
41.6001-3.................................................. 1545-0143
41.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
41.6071(a)-1............................................... 1545-0143
41.6081(a)-1............................................... 1545-0143
41.6091-1.................................................. 1545-0143
41.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
41.6109-1.................................................. 1545-0143
41.6151(a)-1............................................... 1545-0143
41.6156-1.................................................. 1545-0143
41.6161(a)(1)-1............................................ 1545-0143
44.4401-1.................................................. 1545-0235
44.4403-1.................................................. 1545-0235
44.4412-1.................................................. 1545-0236
44.4901-1.................................................. 1545-0236
44.4905-1.................................................. 1545-0236
44.4905-2.................................................. 1545-0236
44.6001-1.................................................. 1545-0235
44.6011(a)-1............................................... 1545-0235
1545-0236
44.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
44.6071-1.................................................. 1545-0235
44.6091-1.................................................. 1545-0235
44.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
44.6151-1.................................................. 1545-0235
44.6419-1.................................................. 1545-0235
44.6419-2.................................................. 1545-0235
46.4371-4.................................................. 1545-0023
46.4374-1.................................................. 1545-0023
46.4701-1.................................................. 1545-0023
1545-0257
48.4041-4.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-5.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-6.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-7.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-9.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-10................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-11................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-12................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-13................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-18................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-19................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-20................................................. 1545-0023
48.4041-21................................................. 1545-1270
48.4042-2.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4052-1.................................................. 1545-1418
48.4061(a)-1............................................... 1545-0023
48.4061(a)-2............................................... 1545-0023
[[Page 835]]
48.4061(b)-3............................................... 1545-0023
48.4064-1.................................................. 1545-0014
1545-0242
48.4071-1.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4073-1.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4073-3.................................................. 1545-0023
1545-1074
1545-1087
48.4081-2.................................................. 1545-1270
1545-1418
48.4081-3.................................................. 1545-1270
1545-1418
1545-1897
48.4081-4(b)(2)(ii)........................................ 1545-1270
48.4081-4(b)(3)(i)......................................... 1545-1270
48.4081-4(c)............................................... 1545-1270
48.4081-6(c)(1)(ii)........................................ 1545-1270
48.4081-7.................................................. 1545-1270
1545-1418
48.4082-1T................................................. 1545-1418
48.4082-2.................................................. 1545-1418
48.4082-6.................................................. 1545-1418
48.4082-7.................................................. 1545-1418
48.4091-3.................................................. 1545-1418
48.4101-1.................................................. 1545-1418
48.4101-1T................................................. 1545-1418
48.4101-2.................................................. 1545-1418
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48.4161(a)-3............................................... 1545-0723
48.4161(b)-1............................................... 1545-0723
48.4216(a)-2............................................... 1545-0023
48.4216(a)-3............................................... 1545-0023
48.4216(c)-1............................................... 1545-0023
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48.4221-2.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4221-3.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4221-4.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4221-5.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4221-6.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4221-7.................................................. 1545-0023
48.4222(a)-1............................................... 1545-0014
1545-0023
48.4223-1.................................................. 1545-0023
1545-0257
1545-0723
48.6302(c)-1............................................... 1545-0023
1545-0257
48.6412-1.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6416(a)-1............................................... 1545-0023
1545-0723
48.6416(a)-2............................................... 1545-0723
48.6416(a)-3............................................... 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(1)-1............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(1)-2............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(1)-3............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(1)-4............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(2)-1............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(2)-2............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(2)-3............................................ 1545-0723
1545-1087
48.6416(b)(2)-4............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(3)-1............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(3)-2............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(3)-3............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(4)-1............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(b)(5)-1............................................ 1545-0723
48.6416(c)-1............................................... 1545-0723
48.6416(e)-1............................................... 1545-0023
1545-0723
48.6416(f)-1............................................... 1545-0023
1545-0723
48.6416(g)-1............................................... 1545-0723
48.6416(h)-1............................................... 1545-0723
48.6420(c)-2............................................... 1545-0023
48.6420(f)-1............................................... 1545-0023
48.6420-1.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6420-2.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6420-3.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6420-4.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6420-5.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6420-6.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6421-0.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6421-1.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6421-2.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6421-3.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6421-4.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6421-5.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6421-6.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6421-7.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6424-0.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6424-1.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6424-2.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6424-3.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6424-4.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6424-5.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6424-6.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6427-0.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6427-1.................................................. 1545-0023
1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6427-2.................................................. 1545-0162
1545-0723
48.6427-3.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6427-4.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6427-5.................................................. 1545-0723
48.6427-8.................................................. 1545-1418
48.6427-9.................................................. 1545-1418
48.6427-10................................................. 1545-1418
48.6427-11................................................. 1545-1418
49.4251-1.................................................. 1545-1075
49.4251-2.................................................. 1545-1075
49.4251-4(d)(2)............................................ 1545-1628
49.4253-3.................................................. 1545-0023
49.4253-4.................................................. 1545-0023
49.4264(b)-1............................................... 1545-0023
1545-0224
1545-0225
1545-0226
1545-0230
1545-0257
1545-0912
49.4271-1(d)............................................... 1545-0685
52.4682-1(b)(2)(iii)....................................... 1545-1153
52.4682-2(b)............................................... 1545-1153
1545-1361
52.4682-2(d)............................................... 1545-1153
1545-1361
52.4682-3(c)(2)............................................ 1545-1153
52.4682-3(g)............................................... 1545-1153
[[Page 836]]
52.4682-4(f)............................................... 1545-0257
1545-1153
52.4682-5(d)............................................... 1545-1361
52.4682-5(f)............................................... 1545-1361
53.4940-1.................................................. 1545-0052
1545-0196
53.4942(a)-1............................................... 1545-0052
53.4942(a)-2............................................... 1545-0052
53.4942(a)-3............................................... 1545-0052
53.4942(b)-3............................................... 1545-0052
53.4945-1.................................................. 1545-0052
53.4945-4.................................................. 1545-0052
53.4945-5.................................................. 1545-0052
53.4945-6.................................................. 1545-0052
53.4947-1.................................................. 1545-0196
53.4947-2.................................................. 1545-0196
53.4948-1.................................................. 1545-0052
53.4958-6.................................................. 1545-1623
53.4961-2.................................................. 1545-0024
53.4963-1.................................................. 1545-0024
53.6001-1.................................................. 1545-0052
53.6011-1.................................................. 1545-0049
1545-0052
1545-0092
1545-0196
53.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
53.6065-1.................................................. 1545-0052
53.6071-1.................................................. 1545-0049
53.6081-1.................................................. 1545-0066
1545-0148
53.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
53.6161-1.................................................. 1545-0575
54.4972-1.................................................. 1545-0197
54.4975-7.................................................. 1545-0575
54.4977-1T................................................. 1545-0771
54.4980B-6................................................. 1545-1581
54.4980B-7................................................. 1545-1581
54.4980B-8................................................. 1545-1581
54.4980F-1................................................. 1545-1780
54.4981A-1T................................................ 1545-0203
54.6011-1.................................................. 1545-0575
54.6011-1T................................................. 1545-0575
54.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
54.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
54.9801-3.................................................. 1545-1537
54.9801-4.................................................. 1545-1537
54.9801-5.................................................. 1545-1537
54.9801-6.................................................. 1545-1537
55.6001-1.................................................. 1545-0123
55.6011-1.................................................. 1545-0123
1545-0999
1545-1016
55.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
55.6061-1.................................................. 1545-0999
55.6071-1.................................................. 1545-0999
55.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
56.4911-6.................................................. 1545-0052
56.4911-7.................................................. 1545-0052
56.4911-9.................................................. 1545-0052
56.4911-10................................................. 1545-0052
56.6001-1.................................................. 1545-1049
56.6011-1.................................................. 1545-1049
56.6060-1(a)(1)............................................ 1545-1231
56.6081-1.................................................. 1545-1049
56.6107-1.................................................. 1545-1231
56.6161-1.................................................. 1545-0257
1545-1049
145.4051-1................................................. 1545-0745
145.4052-1................................................. 1545-0120
1545-0745
1545-1076
145.4061-1................................................. 1545-0224
1545-0230
1545-0257
1545-0745
156.6001-1................................................. 1545-1049
156.6011-1................................................. 1545-1049
156.6060-1(a)(1)........................................... 1545-1231
156.6081-1................................................. 1545-1049
156.6107-1................................................. 1545-1231
156.6161-1................................................. 1545-1049
157.6001-1................................................. 1545-1824
157.6011-1................................................. 1545-1824
157.6060-1(a)(1)........................................... 1545-1231
157.6081-1................................................. 1545-1824
157.6107-1................................................. 1545-1231
157.6161-1................................................. 1545-1824
301.6011-2................................................. 1545-0225
1545-0350
1545-0387
1545-0441
1545-0957
301.6017-1................................................. 1545-0090
301.6034-1................................................. 1545-0092
301.6035-1................................................. 1545-0123
301.6036-1................................................. 1545-0013
1545-0773
301.6047-1................................................. 1545-0367
1545-0957
301.6057-1................................................. 1545-0710
301.6057-2................................................. 1545-0710
301.6058-1................................................. 1545-0710
301.6059-1................................................. 1545-0710
301.6103(c)-1.............................................. 1545-1816
301.6103(n)-1.............................................. 1545-1841
301.6103(p)(2)(B)-1........................................ 1545-1757
301.6104(a)-1.............................................. 1545-0495
301.6104(a)-5.............................................. 1545-0056
301.6104(a)-6.............................................. 1545-0056
301.6104(b)-1.............................................. 1545-0094
1545-0742
301.6104(d)-1.............................................. 1545-1655
301.6104(d)-2.............................................. 1545-1655
301.6104(d)-3.............................................. 1545-1655
301.6109-1................................................. 1545-0003
1545-0295
1545-0367
1545-0387
1545-0957
1545-1461
301.6109-3................................................. 1545-1564
301.6110-3................................................. 1545-0074
301.6110-5................................................. 1545-0074
301.6111-1T................................................ 1545-0865
1545-0881
301.6111-2................................................. 1545-0865
1545-1687
301.6112-1................................................. 1545-0865
1545-1686
301.6112-1T................................................ 1545-0865
1545-1686
301.6114-1................................................. 1545-1126
1545-1484
301.6222(a)-2.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6222(b)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6222(b)-2.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6222(b)-3.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6223(b)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6223(c)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6223(e)-2.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6223(g)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6223(h)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6224(b)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6224(c)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
[[Page 837]]
301.6224(c)-3.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6227(c)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6227(d)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6229(b)-2.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6230(b)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6230(e)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6231(a)(1)-1........................................... 1545-0790
301.6231(a)(7)-1........................................... 1545-0790
301.6231(c)-1.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6231(c)-2.............................................. 1545-0790
301.6241-1T................................................ 1545-0130
301.6316-4................................................. 1545-0074
301.6316-5................................................. 1545-0074
301.6316-6................................................. 1545-0074
301.6316-7................................................. 1545-0029
301.6324A-1................................................ 1545-0015
301.6361-1................................................. 1545-0024
1545-0074
301.6361-2................................................. 1545-0024
301.6361-3................................................. 1545-0074
301.6402-2................................................. 1545-0024
1545-0073
1545-0091
301.6402-3................................................. 1545-0055
1545-0073
1545-0091
1545-0132
1545-1484
301.6402-5................................................. 1545-0928
301.6404-1................................................. 1545-0024
301.6404-2T................................................ 1545-0024
301.6404-3................................................. 1545-0024
301.6405-1................................................. 1545-0024
301.6501(c)-1.............................................. 1545-1241
1545-1637
301.6501(d)-1.............................................. 1545-0074
1545-0430
301.6501(o)-2.............................................. 1545-0728
301.6511(d)-1.............................................. 1545-0024
1545-0582
301.6511(d)-2.............................................. 1545-0024
1545-0582
301.6511(d)-3.............................................. 1545-0024
1545-0582
301.6652-2................................................. 1545-0092
301.6685-1................................................. 1545-0092
301.6689-1T................................................ 1545-1056
301.6707-1T................................................ 1545-0865
1545-0881
301.6708-1T................................................ 1545-0865
301.6712-1................................................. 1545-1126
301.6723-1A(d)............................................. 1545-0909
301.6903-1................................................. 1545-0013
1545-1783
301.6905-1................................................. 1545-0074
301.7001-1................................................. 1545-0123
301.7101-1................................................. 1545-1029
301.7207-1................................................. 1545-0092
301.7216-2................................................. 1545-0074
301.7216-2(o).............................................. 1545-1209
301.7425-3................................................. 1545-0854
301.7430-2(c).............................................. 1545-1356
301.7507-8................................................. 1545-0123
301.7507-9................................................. 1545-0123
301.7513-1................................................. 1545-0429
301.7517-1................................................. 1545-0015
301.7605-1................................................. 1545-0795
301.7623-1................................................. 1545-0409
1545-1534
301.7654-1................................................. 1545-0803
301.7701-3................................................. 1545-1486
301.7701-4................................................. 1545-1465
301.7701-7................................................. 1545-1600
301.7701-16................................................ 1545-0795
301.7701(b)-1.............................................. 1545-0089
301.7701(b)-2.............................................. 1545-0089
301.7701(b)-3.............................................. 1545-0089
301.7701(b)-4.............................................. 1545-0089
301.7701(b)-5.............................................. 1545-0089
301.7701(b)-6.............................................. 1545-0089
301.7701(b)-7.............................................. 1545-0089
1545-1126
301.7701(b)-9.............................................. 1545-0089
301.7805-1................................................. 1545-0805
301.9000-5................................................. 1545-1850
301.9001-1................................................. 1545-0220
301.9100-2................................................. 1545-1488
301.9100-3................................................. 1545-1488
301.9100-4T................................................ 1545-0016
1545-0042
1545-0074
1545-0129
1545-0172
1545-0619
301.9100-6T................................................ 1545-0872
301.9100-7T................................................ 1545-0982
301.9100-8................................................. 1545-1112
301.9100-11T............................................... 1545-0123
301.9100-12T............................................... 1545-0026
1545-0074
1545-0172
1545-1027
301.9100-14T............................................... 1545-0046
301.9100-15T............................................... 1545-0046
301.9100-16T............................................... 1545-0152
302.1-7.................................................... 1545-0024
305.7701-1................................................. 1545-0823
305.7871-1................................................. 1545-0823
404.6048-1................................................. 1545-0160
420.0-1.................................................... 1545-0710
Part 509................................................... 1545-0846
Part 513................................................... 1545-0834
Part 514................................................... 1545-0845
Part 521................................................... 1545-0848
601.104.................................................... 1545-0233
601.105.................................................... 1545-0091
601.201.................................................... 1545-0019
1545-0819
601.204.................................................... 1545-0152
601.401.................................................... 1545-0257
601.504.................................................... 1545-0150
601.601.................................................... 1545-0800
601.602.................................................... 1545-0295
1545-0387
1545-0957
601.702.................................................... 1545-0429
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(26 U.S.C. 7805)
[T.D. 8011, 50 FR 10222, Mar. 14, 1985]
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting Sec.
602.101, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the
Findings Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access.
Effective Date Note: By T.D. 9479, 75 FR 5437, Feb. 2, 2010, Sec.
602.101, paragraph (b) was amended by adding the following entry in
numerical order to the table, effective April 5, 2010. For the
convenience of the user, the revised text is set forth as follows:
[[Page 838]]
Sec. 602.101 OMB Control numbers.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Current OMB
CFR part or section where identified and described control No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
* * * * *
54.9812-1T................................................. 1545-2165
* * * * *
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[Page 839]]
List of CFR Sections Affected
All changes in sections of part 1 (Sec. 1.1401 to end) of title 26 of
the Code of Federal Regulations that were made by documents published in
the Federal Register since January 1, 2001, are enumerated in the
following list. Entries indicate the nature of the changes effected.
Page numbers refer to Federal Register pages. The user should consult
the entries for chapters and parts as well as sections for revisions.
For the period before January 1, 2001, see the ``List of CFR Sections
Affected, 1949-1963, 1964-1972, 1973-1985, 1986-2000'' published in 11
separate volumes.
2001
26 CFR
66 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1441-1 (b)(3)(ii)(C) and (e)(5)(V)(C)(2) correctly revised;
(b)(3)(vi), (vii)(B), (c)(14), (e)(3)(iii)(D), (iv)(C)(1),
(2), (D)(2) and (3) corrected..............................18188
1.1441-5 (e)(5)(ii) correctly designated as (e)(5)(ii); new
(e)(5)(ii) corrected.......................................18188
1.1441-7 (b)(4)(i) correctly revised; (b)(5)(i)(A)(1) and (10)(ii)
corrected..................................................18189
1.1461-1 Heading, (c)(1)(ii)(A)(1), (2)(i) and (ii)(H) corrected;
(c)(2)(i)(M) correctly removed; (c)(2)(i)(N) correctly
designated as (c)(2)(i)(M).................................18189
(a)(1) amended.................................................33831
1.1502-5 (a)(1) amended............................................33831
1.1502-34 Amended..................................................32902
1.1502-75 (k) corrected; CFR correction.............................9651
(k) amended.....................................................9929
1.1502-76 (b)(1)(ii)(A)(1) amended..................................9929
(b)(1)(ii)(B)(3) amended........................................9957
1.1502-78 (e) added................................................33463
1.1502-78T Added.....................................................715
Removed........................................................33464
2002
26 CFR
67 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1441-0 Amended...................................................70312
1.1441-1 (b)(7)(i)(D) added........................................70312
1.1441-1T Added (temporary).........................................2328
Removed........................................................70312
1.1441-6 (b)(1) amended (temporary).................................2328
(g) redesignated as (h); new (g) added; (b)(1) and new (h)(2)
amended; new (h) heading and (1) revised...........................70312
1.1441-6T Added (temporary).........................................2328
Removed........................................................70313
1.1502-6 (b) amended...............................................43540
1.1502-13 (a)(3)(i) amended........................................76985
1.1502-20 (i) added................................................11037
1.1502-20T Added...................................................11037
(i)(3)(v) and (i)(4) revised...................................38000
1.1502-21 (b)(3)(ii)(C) added......................................38002
1.1502-21T Added...................................................38002
1.1502-32 (b)(4)(v) added..........................................11040
1.1502-32T Added...................................................11040
1.1502-41B Undesignated center heading added.......................43540
1.1502-77 Redesignated as 1.1502-77A; new 1.1502-77 added..........43540
1.1502-77A Redesignated from 1.1502-77; Heading revised; (a)
through (d) amended; (e) removed; (f) and (g) added........43540
(e) redesignated from 1.1502-77T (a)...........................43544
1.1502-77T (a) redesignated as 1.1502-77A(e); removed..............43544
1.1502-78 (a) revised; (b)(1), (2), (c) Examples 1, 2 and 3
amended; (e)(2)(v) removed; (f) added......................43544
Regulation at 67 FR 43544 corrected............................77678
[[Page 840]]
1.1502-79A Undesignated center heading added.......................43545
2003
26 CFR
68 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1402(a)-18 Added.................................................54352
1.1445-1 (c)(1), (2)(i)(B), (d)(1)(i), (ii), (2)(i), (iv)(B),
(vi)(B), (f)(2) and (3)(i) amended; (g)(9) and (10)
revised; (h) added.........................................46084
1.1445-2 (b)(2)(iii) redesignated as (b)(2)(iv); new (b)(2)(iii),
(d)(2)(iii), (iv) and (e) added; new (b)(2)(iv)(B)
revised; (d)(2)(i)(B), (3)(iii)(A)(2) and (3) amended......46084
1.1445-3 (a), (b)(1), (f)(1), (2)(iii), (3)(i), (g) introductory
text and (1) amended; (b)(2) revised; (b)(5), (6) and (h)
added......................................................46085
1.1445-4 (c)(2) amended............................................46086
1.1445-5 (e)(2) redesignated as (e)(3); (b)(2)(ii), (B), (C),
(5)(i), (7), (c)(3)(v) and new (e)(3)(iii)(B) amended;
(b)(8)(iii) and (e)(1)(ii) revised; new (e)(2) and (h)
added......................................................46086
1.1445-6 Heading and (b)(3) revised; (a), (f)(1), (2)(iii),
(f)(3)(i), (g) introductory text and (1) amended; (h)
added......................................................46086
1.1445-9T Removed..................................................46087
1.1502-11 (b)(3)(ii) Example amended...............................12290
1.1502-12 (r) amended..............................................12291
1.1502-13 (f)(7) Example 1 amended.................................12291
1.1502-15 (b)(2)(iii) amended......................................12291
1.1502-19 (b)(1), (h)(2) heading and (i) heading revised;
(h)(2)(ii) redesignated as (h)(2)(iii); new (h)(2)(ii)
added......................................................52490
1.1502-19T Added...................................................52490
1.1502-20T (i)(5) redesignated as (i)(6); (i)(3)(viii) and new
(i)(5) added...............................................24353
1.1502-21 (b)(1) revised; (b)(2)(i) amended; (b)(3)(v) and (h)(7)
added......................................................12291
(h)(6) and (7) redesignated as (h)(7) and (8); (b)(2)(iv),
(c)(2)(vii) and new (h)(8) revised; new (h)(6) added...............52491
(b)(2)(iii), (3)(i) and (ii)(B) revised........................70706
1.1502-21T Revised.................................................12291
(b)(2) through (b)(3)(iv) corrected............................16430
(b)(1) through (3)(ii)(B) and (c) through (h)(7) revised;
(h)(8) added.......................................................52491
(b)(2)(iii) and (3) through (ii)(B) revised....................70706
1.1502-28T Added...................................................52492
(a)(4) and (d) revised.........................................69025
1.1502-32 (a)(2) revised; (b)(3)(iii)(B), (b)(5)(ii) Example 2,
and (e)(2) Example 4 amended; (b)(3)(iii)(C), (D),
(b)(4)(vi), and (h)(6) added...............................12291
(b)(3)(ii)(C)(1) and (iii)(A) revised; (b)(4)(vii) and (h)(7)
added; (b)(5)(ii) Example 4 amended................................52495
1.1502-32T Revised.................................................12291
(b)(4) through (b)(4)(v) corrected.............................16431
(b)(4)(vii) added..............................................24354
(b) introductory text through (3)(iii)(B), (4) introductory
text through (iv) and (c) through (h)(5)(ii) revised; (h)(7) added
52495
1.1502-35T Added...................................................12292
(b)(3)(i)(C), (ii)(B), (6)(ii), (e) and (f)(1) corrected;
(b)(3)(ii)(C) correctly designated as (b)(3)(ii)(D); new
(b)(3)(ii)(C) correctly added......................................16431
(b)(2)(ii)(B) corrected........................................24880
(b)(3)(ii)(B) through (E) corrected............................33382
1.1502-75 (h)(2) revised...........................................70707
1.1502-75T Added...................................................70707
1.1502-80 (c) amended..............................................12291
1.1502-91 (h)(2) amended...........................................12291
1.1503-2 (g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)(ii) removed; (g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)(iii),
(iv), (2) introductory text and (iii) redesignated as new
(g)(2)(iv)(B)(1)(ii), (iii), (3) introductory text and
(iii); (g)(2)(iv)(B)(1) introductory text, (i)
introductory text and (iii) revised; new (g)(2)(iv)(B)(2)
and (D) added; (h)(1) amended..............................44617
(g)(2)(i), (iv)(B)(3)(iii) and (vi)(B) revised.................70707
[[Page 841]]
1.1503-2T Added....................................................70707
2004
26 CFR
69 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1502-13 (g)(3)(ii)(B) revised....................................12071
1.1502-13T Added (temporary).......................................12071
1.1502-20T (i)(4) amended; (i)(6) redesignated as (i)(7); new
(i)(6) added...............................................52421
1.1502-21 Corrected.................................................5017
1.1502-21T Corrected................................................5017
1.1502-28T (b)(4), (5) and (6) added; (d) revised..................12071
1.1502-31 (b)(2), (d)(2)(ii), (g) and (h) revised..................22400
1.1502-32T (b)(4)(v)(A) and (C) revised............................51176
(b)(4)(vii)(C) amended.........................................52421
1.1502-35T (c)(5)(i) corrected......................................1918
(f)(1) revised.................................................12801
(f)(1) corrected...............................................25315
1.1502-80 (c) amended..............................................12801
1.1502-80T Added...................................................12801
1.1503-2 Corrected..................................................5248
2005
26 CFR
70 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1402(a)-11 (b) revised...........................................18946
1.1402(a)-12 Revised...............................................18946
1.1402(a)-12T Added................................................18946
1.1443-1 (a) and (c)(1) revised....................................28717
1.1446-0 Added.....................................................28717
1.1446-1 Added.....................................................28717
1.1446-2 Added.....................................................28717
1.1446-3 Added.....................................................28717
1.1446-4 Added.....................................................28717
1.1446-5 Added.....................................................28717
1.1446-6T Added....................................................28717
1.1446-7 Added.....................................................28717
1.1461-1 (a)(1), (c)(1)(i), (2)(i) and (3) amended;
(c)(1)(ii)(A)(8) redesignated as (c)(1)(ii)(A)(9); new
(c)(1)(ii)(A)(8) added; (i) revised........................28740
1.1461-2 (a)(1) amended; (b) and (d) revised.......................28741
1.1461-3 Added.....................................................28741
1.1462-1 (b) and (c) revised.......................................28741
1.1463-1 (a) amended; (b) revised..................................28741
1.1502-11 (b)(3)(ii)(c) amended; eff. 4-4-05.......................10327
(b)(1) revised; (c) redesignated as (d); new (c) added.........14399
(c)(5) Example 3 amended.......................................20049
1.1502-12 (r) amended; eff. 4-4-05.................................10327
1.1502-13 (g)(3)(i)(A) amended; (g)(3)(ii)(B) revised;
(g)(3)(ii)(C) added........................................14403
1.1502-13T Removed.................................................14403
1.1502-15 (b)(2)(iii) amended; eff. 4-4-05.........................10327
1.1502-19 (b)(1) and (h)(2)(ii) revised............................14403
1.1502-19T Removed.................................................14403
1.1502-20 (i) revised; eff. 4-4-05.................................10322
(i)(3)(iii)(D)(1), (2), (3) and (4) corrected..................12439
(i)(3)(viii) correctly amended.................................15227
1.1502-20T (i) removed; eff. 4-4-05................................10325
1.1502-21 (b)(1), (2)(ii)(A), (iv), (c)(2)(vii) and (h)(6) revised
14403
1.1502-21T (a) through (b)(2)(v) and (c)(1) through (h)(7) revised
14404
1.1502-28 Added....................................................14404
1.1502-28T Removed.................................................14410
1.1502-32 (b)(4)(v) and (vii) revised; eff. 4-4-05.................10325
(b)(1)(ii) redesignated as (b)(1)(iii); new (b)(1)(ii) added;
(b)(3)(ii)(C)(1), (iii)(A) and (h)(7) revised; (b)(5)(ii) Example
4 amended..........................................................14410
1.1502-32T (b)(4)(v) and (vii) revised; eff. 4-4-05................10326
(a)(3) added; (b) through (b)(3)(iii)(B), (5)(i) through
(h)(5)(ii) and (7) revised.........................................14411
1.1502-35T (b)(6)(ii) and (c)(9) amended; eff. 4-4-05..............10327
1.1502-76 (b)(1)(ii)(B)(3) revised.................................14411
1.1502-80 (c) amended..............................................14411
1.1502-80T (c) amended.............................................14411
1.1502-91 (h)(2) amended; eff. 4-4-05..............................10327
2006
26 CFR
71 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1441-0 Amended...................................................43366
[[Page 842]]
1.1441-1 (b)(2)(iv)(A) revised; (b)(3)(iii)(E) and (c)(30) added;
(e)(4)(vii)(G) removed; (e)(4)(vii)(H) and (I)
redesignated as new (e)(4)(vii)(G) and (H).................13005
1.1441-2 (b)(5) and (d)(4) added; (f) amended......................43366
1.1441-2T Added....................................................43366
1.1441-3 (c)(3) and (e)(2) revised.................................13006
1.1441-6 (b)(1) revised............................................13006
(b)(1) correctly amended.......................................25748
1.1502-11 (b)(3)(ii) amended.......................................13018
1.1502-12 (r) amended..............................................13018
1.1502-13 (c)(7)(ii) Example 13 removed............................26688
(f)(5)(ii)(E) and (6)(i)(C)(2) revised; (m) added..............30602
1.1502-13T Added...................................................30602
1.1502-15 (b)(2)(iii) amended......................................13018
1.1502-19 (d), (g) Example 2 and (h) heading revised; (h)(2)(iv)
added; (h)(3) amended.......................................4274
(h) technical correction.......................................13767
1.1502-19T Revised..................................................4274
Correctly added................................................13767
Heading, (b)(2) through (c) and (h)(2)(iv) correctly revised
19118
(b)(2) through (c) correctly removed; (a) through (c)
correctly added; (h)(2)(iv) correctly revised......................62557
1.1502-21 (b)(1) amended; (b)(3)(v) and (h)(8) revised.............13009
(b)(1) amended.................................................13018
(b)(3)(i) and (ii)(B) revised..................................71043
1.1502-21T (b)(3)(v) and (h)(8) removed............................13009
(a) through (b)(3)(ii)(B) revised..............................71044
1.1502-31 (e)(2) revised; (i) and (j) added........................30602
1.1502-31T Added...................................................30602
1.1502-32 (b)(5)(ii) Example 6 revised; (h)(1) amended; (h)(8)
added.......................................................4275
(a)(2), (b)(3)(iii)(C), (D), (4)(vi) and (h)(6) revised........13009
(b)(3)(iii)(B) amended.........................................13018
(h)(8) correctly revised................................19118, 62557
(b)(4)(iv) revised; (i) and (j) added..........................30603
(b)(4)(v)(A) and (B) amended...................................30607
1.1502-32T Removed.................................................13010
Added..........................................................30603
1.1502-33 (d)(5)(i)(D) revised; (k) added..........................30603
1.1502-33T Added...................................................30603
1.1502-35 Added....................................................13010
(c)(4)(i) revised; (k) added...................................30603
(c)(4)(ii)(B) amended..........................................30607
(d)(4)(i)(B)(2), (d)(8) and (9) revised; (e) Examples 3, 4, 6,
(g)(5) Examples 1, 2, 3 and (j) amended............................48473
1.1502-35T Removed.................................................13018
Added..........................................................30603
1.1502-43 (d) revised; (e) added...................................76907
1.1502-43T Added...................................................76907
1.1502-47 (d)(14) Examples (10) and (11) removed; (d)(14) Examples
(12) through (16) redesignated as (d)(14) Examples (10)
through (14); (b), (d)(12)(v), (14) new Examples (11),
(13) and (14) revised......................................23856
(s) revised; (t) added.........................................76907
1.1502-47T Added...................................................23857
(s) revised; (t) added.........................................76907
1.1502-75 (h)(2) revised...........................................71044
1.1502-75T Removed.................................................71044
1.1502-76 (a) revised..............................................23857
(b)(2)(ii)(D) revised; (d) added...............................30604
(b)(2)(ii)(A)(2) amended.......................................30607
1.1502-76T Added...................................................23857
Added..........................................................30604
(b) through (c)(3) correctly revised; (d) correctly added......34009
Correctly removed..............................................34010
1.1502-77 (j) added................................................13002
1.1502-77T Added...................................................13002
1.1502-80 (c) amended..............................................13018
1.1502-80T (c) amended.............................................13018
1.1502-90 Amended..................................................76907
1.1502-91 (h)(2) amended...........................................13018
1.1502-92 (e)(1) introductory text and (2) amended.................30608
1.1502-94 (d) amended..............................................30608
1.1502-95 (e)(8) and (f) revised; (g) added........................30604
(b)(3) amended.................................................30608
1.1502-95T Added...................................................30604
1.1503-2 (g)(2)(i), (iv)(B)(3)(iii) and (vi)(B) revised............71044
1.1503-2T Removed..................................................71045
[[Page 843]]
2007
26 CFR
72 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1441-1 (b)(7)(iii) revised; (b)(7)(v) removed....................18388
1.1502-9 Revised...................................................72603
1.1502-9T Added....................................................72603
1.1502-13 (f)(5)(ii)(E), (f)(6)(i)(C)(2) and (m) revised...........32804
(a)(6)(ii) Example 13 amended..................................32808
1.1502-13T Removed.................................................32804
1.1502-19 (d), (g) Example 2, and (h)(2)(iv) revised...............39314
1.1502-19T Removed.................................................39315
1.1502-21 (c)(2)(v) amended........................................12914
1.1502-31 (e)(2) and (j) revised...................................32804
1.1502-31T Removed.................................................32805
1.1502-32 (b)(3)(iii)(D) revised; (k) added........................17805
(b)(4)(iv) and (j) revised.....................................32805
(b)(4)(v)(A) and (B) amended...................................32808
1.1502-32T (a) through (b)(4)(iii) revised; (k) added..............17805
(b)(4)(iv) and (j) removed.....................................32805
1.1502-33 (d)(5)(i)(D) and (k) revised.............................32805
1.1502-33T Removed.................................................32805
1.1502-35 (g)(3), (h) and (j) revised; (g)(6) added................17805
(c)(4)(ii)(B) amended..........................................39737
1.1502-35T (c)(4)(ii) through (j) revised..........................17805
1.1502-47 (b)(2) and (d)(12)(v) revised............................39736
1.1502-47T Removed.................................................39736
Added..........................................................72932
1.1502-76 (a), (b)(2)(ii)(D) and (d) revised.......................39736
(b)(2)(ii)(A)(2) amended.......................................39737
1.1502-76T Removed.................................................39737
1.1502-77 (e)(1) and (j) revised; (h)(3) added.....................40067
1.1502-77T Removed.................................................40069
1.1502-80 (c) revised..............................................39315
1.1502-80T Removed.................................................39315
1.1502-90 Amended..................................................32805
1.1502-92 (e)(1) and (2) amended...................................32808
1.1502-94 (d) amended..............................................32808
1.1502-95 (e)(8), (f) and (g) revised..............................32805
(b)(3) amended.................................................32808
1.1502-95T Removed.................................................32806
1.1503-2A Removed..................................................12914
1.1503(d)-0 Added..................................................12914
Correctly amended..............................................20424
1.1503(d)-1 Added..................................................12914
1.1503(d)-2 Added..................................................12914
1.1503(d)-3 Added..................................................12914
1.1503(d)-4 Added..................................................12914
1.1503(d)-5 Added..................................................12914
(a), (c)(4)(i)(A) and (d) correctly amended....................20424
1.1503(d)-6 Added..................................................12914
1.1503(d)-7 Added..................................................12914
(c) Examples 5 and 40 correctly amended........................20424
1.1503(d)-8 Added..................................................12914
(b)(1), (2) and (4) correctly amended..........................20424
2008
26 CFR
73 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1402(a)-12 Revised...............................................19376
1.1402(a)-12T Removed..............................................19376
1.1441-0 Amended...................................................40172
1.1441-2 (b)(5), (d)(4) and (f) revised............................40172
(f) correctly revised..........................................45612
1.1441-2T Removed..................................................40173
1.1443-1 (a) amended...............................................23074
1.1446-0 Amended...................................................23074
1.1446-1 (a) and (b) amended.......................................23074
(c)(5) amended.................................................23075
1.1446-2 (a), (b)(1), (3)(iii), (vii) and (5) Example 3 amended....23075
1.1446-3 (b)(1), (2)(v)(F), (d)(1)(i), (iii) and (e)(3)(i)
amended; (b)(2)(i) and (3)(i)(A) revised...................23075
1.1446-5 (c)(2) and (f) Example 1 amended..........................23075
1.1446-6 Added.....................................................23075
1.1446-6T Removed..................................................23075
1.1446-7 Amended...................................................23085
1.1464-1 (a) amended; (c) added....................................23085
1.1502-11 (b)(3)(ii) Example amended...............................53987
1.1502-12 (r) amended..............................................53987
1.1502-13 (c)(6)(ii)(C) and (f)(7) redesignated as (c)(6)(ii)(D)
and (f)(7)(i); new (c)(6)(ii)(C) and (f)(7) heading added;
new (f)(7)(i) Examples 7 and 8 and (ii) added..............12267
Heading, (f)(6)(ii), (g)(3)(ii)(B)(2), (j)(5)(i)(A) and (l)
heading revised; (a)(4), (f)(6)(iv)(A), (v) and (l)(1) amended.....53948
(l)(1) correctly amended.......................................62204
(a)(4) corrected...............................................65982
[[Page 844]]
Heading and (g) revised; (a)(6)(ii) and (e)(2)(i) amended;
(j)(9) Example (5)(c) removed......................................79327
1.1502-13T Added...................................................12267
(c)(6)(ii)(C)(1) introductory text correctly revised...........18160
1.1502-15 (b)(2)(iii) amended......................................53987
1.1502-19 Amended; (a)(1) and (h)(1) amended; (a)(3),
(c)(1)(iii)(A), (3)(i)(A) and (h) heading revised;
(b)(1)(iv) added...........................................53948
(h)(1) correctly amended.......................................62204
1.1502-20 Removed..................................................53949
1.1502-20T Removed.................................................53949
1.1502-21 (b)(1) and (h)(8) amended; (b)(3)(v) removed;
(b)(2)(ii)(A), (iv)(B)(2)(iv) and (h)(6) revised;
(b)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(v) added..................................53949
(b)(2)(iv)(B)(2)(i), (ii) and (iii) amended....................53987
1.1502-28 (b)(5)(i) revised; (b)(5)(ii) and (d) amended............79334
1.1502-30 (b)(4) revised; (c) amended..............................53949
1.1502-31 (a)(2), (h) heading and (1) revised; (i) and (j) removed
53949
1.1502-32 Amended; (b)(3)(ii)(C)(2), (c)(1), (2)(i) and (h)
heading revised; (a)(2), (c)(2)(ii)(A), (3) and (4)(i)
introductory text amended; (b)(3)(iii)(C) and (D) removed;
(h)(9) added...............................................53950
1.1502-32T Removed.................................................53951
1.1502-33 (a)(2) and (j)(1) amended; (e)(2)(i)(A) and (j) heading
revised....................................................53951
(j)(1) correctly amended.......................................62204
1.1502-35 (a), (c)(3), (4)(i), (5)(i), (8) heading, (g)(3), (6),
(h) and (j) revised; (k) removed...........................53951
1.1502-35T Removed.................................................53952
1.1502-36 Added....................................................53952
(b)(3) Example 3, (c)(8) Example 6, (d)(5)(ii), (8) Examples
6, 8, 9 and (g)(2) Example 5 amended...............................62204
(c)(8)(ii) Example 6, (d)(4)(ii)(A), (8) Examples 1, 4, 8 and
9 corrected........................................................65982
1.1502-75 (d)(1) revised; (l) added................................53984
1.1502-80 (a) amended; (g) added....................................2418
(a) and (c)(2) revised; (h) added..............................53984
1.1502-90 Table of contents amended................................53987
1.1502-91 (h)(2) revised...........................................53984
1.1502-95 (d)(3) Example 6 revised.................................53985
1.1502-96 (d) revised..............................................53985
1.1502-99 Heading and (b)(4) revised...............................53986
2009
26 CFR
74 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1446-6 (c)(2)(i) correctly revised; (d)(3)(ii), (e)(2) Examples
2, 4, and 6 correctly amended; second (e)(1)(vi), (vii)
and (viii) correctly redesignated as (e)(1)(vii), (viii)
and (ix)...................................................14931
1.1464-1 (c) correctly revised.....................................14932
1.1502-13 (g)(3)(i)(B), (7)(ii) Example 4 and Example 5 amended;
(g)(3)(i)(B)(1)(vi) revised.................................6829
(f)(5)(ii)(B) revised..........................................45759
(a)(6)(ii) amended; Examples 4 through 8 redesignated as
Examples 5 through 9; new Example 4 added..........................67058
1.1502-13T (f)(5)(ii)(B)(1) and (2) revised; (f)(5)(ii)(F) added
45759
1.1502-43 (d) and (e) revised......................................68532
1.1502-43T Removed.................................................68532
1.1502-47 (s) and (t) revised......................................68532
1.1502-47T Removed.................................................68532
[[Page 845]]
2010
(Regulations published from January 1, 2010 through April 1, 2010)
26 CFR
75 FR
Page
Chapter I
1.1502-13 First (g)(3)(i)(B)(1)(vi) moved into correct numerical
order; second (g)(3)(i)(B)(1)(vi) correctly removed;
(g)(3)(i)(B)(1)(iv) correctly reinstated; CFR correction
15610
1.1502-13T (f)(5)(ii)(G) correctly added............................1704
1.1502-35 (j) correctly amended.....................................1704
[all]