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FECAL COLIFORM LOADING TO LAKE ERIE FROM FOUR TRIBUTARY STREAMS PREPARED BY ERIE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH DECEMBER1994 FECAL COLIFORM LOADING TO LAKE ERIE FROM FOUR TRIBUTARY STREAMS Prepared by Erie County Department of Health December 1994 Of L- Ga@r, Lw -Zon The preparation of this report was financed in part through the Pennsylvania Coastal Zone Management Program under provisions of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, administered by the Division of Coastal Zone Management, Bureau of Water Resources Management, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. DER File No. CZ1:93.09 PS ME No. 93430 PENNSYLVANIA COOP Table of Contents Page Abstract Purpose ........................................................................................................................I Background ................ ............................................................................................2 Introduction .................................................................................................................3 Pre-Rain Event Sampling ..............................................................................................5 Post-Rain Event Sampling ............................................................................................6 Procedures ...................................................................................................................7 Pollutant Loading By Streams ...................................................................................... 13 Correlation of Fecal Coliform Loading to Lake Erie and Presque Isle Bathing Beach Closures ....................................................................................................................... 37 Findings and Discussion ............................................................................................... 38 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 40, Appendix A - Local Climatological Data - Monthly Summary for June, July and August; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina Appendix B - Presque Isle State Park Beach Closing Record Due to Bacteria 40 Abstract A three-month study of fecal coliform loading to Lake Erie from four tributary streams just west from Pennsylvania's Presque Isle State Park was conducted during the late spring and summer of 1994. The study examined potential sources of contamination of Lake Erie and possible effects on Presque Isle State Park's bathing beaches. Baseline ambient dry weather concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria, stream water volume, selected chemicals associated with sewage, temperature and turbidity were measured and compared with post-rain concentrations of the same parameters in each stream. Eight precipitation events that occurred during the study period were evaluated. These precipitation events ranged from light rain to severe thunderstorms. Lake Erie water adjacent to the mouth of three of the streams was sampled throughout the summer for fecal coliform bacteria, turbidity and temperature. The results of this study revealed there is an increased fecal coliform bacteria loading to Lake Erie from the four tributary streams during rain events. The concentrations of fecal coliform are related to the amount of precipitation and stream volume. This study found no conclusive evidence that increased fecal coliform loading is the result of domestic sewage discharges. There is also no direct evidence from the results of available data that fecal coliform loading fi7om these streams is the sole cause of bathing beach closings at Presque Isle State Park. However, fecal coliform loading fi7om these four streams could be a contributing factor to bathing closures at Presque Isle State Park. Other possible causes of bathing beach closings were not evaluated during the course of this study. Acknowledgments This report was prepared by the Erie County Department of Health (ECHD) of Erie, Pennsylvania, in conjunction with Gannon University Science Department. Principal authors are Joseph Vogel, Suzanne Zurad and Robert Wellington of the ECHD and David Gustafson of Gannon University. The following agencies provided assistance with this study: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Laboratories, Erie Laboratory, for funding the analysis of duplicate samples and technical assistance. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Coastal Zone Management, for partial funding for the project. Gannon University Science Department for field collection and laboratory analysis of samples and data preparation. A special thanks to Christine Sanfratello for typing this report. Purgose Periodically following storm events, certain public beaches at Presque Isle State Park are closed because of high levels of fecal coliform bacteria. Beach #1, nearest to the four streams to the west, seemed to be particularly affected by storm events. The purpose of this study was to examine streams as possible sources of water contamination which may affect the quality of the water in Lake Erie adjacent to Presque Isle beaches. Because the Lake Erie current and predominant wind direction are from the west, four small Lake Erie tributary streams immediately west of Presque Isle were sampled to determine fecal coliform and selected chemical loading to Lake Erie and the possible effects on Presque Isle beaches. BacKground Presque Isle State Park is a sandy peninsula jutting seven miles into Lake Erie off Erie, Pennsylvania that attracts close to four million visitors every year. There are 12 bathing beaches on the lake side of Presque Isle State Park that are permitted by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. The near shore bacteriological quality in this area of Lake Erie normally is well within permissible concentrations, however, Presque Isle has experienced occasional beach closings due to excessive fecal coliform. bacteria concentrations. A recently- conducted, three-year Coastal Zone Management-funded studyl of fecal coliform contamination of the bathing beaches concluded that most incidents were the result of complex interactions of natural biological factors that may be exacerbated by bacteria and nutrients introduced by non-point source pollution. Limited stream sampling conducted over the past few years by the Erie County Department of Health indicated that storm water discharges in the four target streams sometimes contained high levels of fecal coliform bacteria. This study was conducted in an attempt to better understand what concentrations of contaminants were present in stream water during both dry weather and rainy periods and the resulting contaminant loading to Lake Erie. 1. Presque Isle State Park Bathing Beach Contamination Study, years 1989, 1990, 1991, funded through the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Bureau of Water Resources Management, Division of Coastal Zone Management and prepared by the Erie County Department of Health. 2 Introduction Four Lake Erie tributary streams located in Nfillcreek Township immediately west of Presque Isle State Park (see figure 1) were sampled during June, July and August 1994 to determine contaminant loading to Lake Erie. The streams were sampled prior to wet weather events and again after the start of measurable precipitation during the "first flush" of storm water into the lake. Each stream was sampled at the mouth and, in several cases, upstream to determine possible sources of contaminant loading. Lake Erie sampling was conducted approximately 100 ft. east and west of the mouths of three streams throughout the summer. Fecal coliform samples were taken during every sampling event. All sampling events at stream mouths also included pre-rainfall chemical parameters, as well as flow in ft.3/sec. and instream temperatures. Upstream sampling events included pre-rain and post-rain measurements for flow and temperature. Lake Erie sampling events included pre-rain and post-rain measurements of turbidity and in-lake temperatures. The Erie County Department of Health hired Gannon University (Contractor) to conduct the field sampling and laboratory analysis phase of the project. Gannon University assigned a biology professor to oversee the student field workers and laboratory work. Erie County Department of Health staff and Gannon University personnel conducted a preliminary on-site investigation of the four streams to determine suitable sampling locations that would be accessible throughout the study. The four target streams were characterized by their contributory land use and particular sampling suitability. 3 FIG* 1 SWANVILLE .:.QUAD RANGLE. '004 R 19 s7 5 MIkjtes* E RIES Q OR 24 WIALRAMr&ER /13 CRE EK 13 Waidameer VL .. MARS P A 9 SHOREHAVEN 3 GREEK APPROXIMATE MEAN LAKE ELEVATION 571 20 WILKINS RUN faojk E INTERNAT109@A@L, LE IE!qo .00 % r\p Pre-Rain Event Samp "n Fecal coliform samples were taken at the mouth of each stream, except Wilkins Run, during normal dry weather flows to determine ambient pollutant loading to the lake. All samples taken at the mouth of each stream throughout the study were upstream from any influence of lake water. Stream flow in ft.3/sec. and instream temperatures were recorded. Chemical samples for alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrates, pH, total phosphates and turbidity were also collected. This information provided a normal flow baseline for comparison with elevated flow conditions. Throughout the entire study Wilkins Run was sampled approximately four-tenths (4) mile upstream of the mouth. A total of 54 fecal coliform samples, 27 turbidity and 25 temperature measurements were made in Lake Erie immediately adjacent to the mouth of each stream, except Wilkins Run, throughout the summer. These samples were taken during normal stream flow conditions to provide baseline data for lake loading under dry weather conditions. One-half of these samples were taken 100 ft. east of the stream mouth, and one-half of the samples were taken west of the stream mouth. All samples were taken approximately 12 in. below the surface in 3 ft. deep water. Historical data and previous studiesl have established that fecal coliform bacteria is naturally present in Lake Erie and that there are contributing sources other than the tributary streams. This study did not factor in ambient coliform levels that exist and naturally occurring variations generated during high wave activity. Pre-rain, normal flow samples were taken upstream of the mouth on Marshall Run to evaluate pollutant loading from main tributaries. Upstream samples were also collected on Shorehaven Run to evaluate possible sewage lift station overflows. These samples were 1. Presque Isle State Park Bathing Beach Contamination Study, years 1989, 1990, 1991, funded through the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Bureau of Water Resources Management, Division of Coastal Zone Management and prepared by the Erie County Department of Health. 5 evaluated for fecal coliform bacteria, flow in ft.3/sec. and stream temperature. This information provided a normal flow comparison with downstream sample results and a baseline for comparison with elevated flow conditions. Upstream results were compared with downstream results from the same sampling dates. Post-Rain Event Samgfing Eight post-rain, Lake Erie pollutant loading evaluations were conducted during June, July and August. Fecal coliform samples were taken at the mouths of Waldameer, Shorehaven and Marshall Runs (as noted in the pre-rain section). Wilkins Run continued to be sampled four-tenths of a mile upstream of the mouth. Stream flow in ft.3/sec and instrearn temperatures were recorded for comparison with baselined data obtained during normal flow conditions. Chemical samples for alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrates, pH, total phosphate and turbidity were collected. Elevated levels of any of these parameters might indicate if there was domestic sewage was entering the stream. Lake Erie was also sampled during the eight post-rain events to determine post-rain pollutant loading effects immediately adjacent to Waldameer, Shorehaven and Marshall Run stream mouths. Fecal coliform samples, turbidity and temperature measurements were obtained approximately 100 ft. east and west of the streams in approximately 3 ft. of water. This data indicated the direction that stream 'water might take when it reached the lake during a given sampling event. Upstream locations on Marshall Run and Shorehaven Run were sampled for fecal coliform bacteria, stream flow in ft.3/sec. and instream temperature, as during pre-rain sampling. This data could be useful in the future to determine possible sources of instream pollutants. This data was compared with downstream data in an attempt to identify any obvious source of wet-weather pollutant loading. 6 Procedures All field work and laboratory analysis for this study were conducted by Gannon University through a contract with the Erie County Department of Health. Gannon University, as contractor, agreed to collect, store, prepare and analyze all samples using procedures specified in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater or an approved EPA method or the equivalent. Samples were collected prior to the start of predicted rain events, with follow-up samples collected during or after rain events. Chemical and bacteriological samples were collected at the specified stream sites. Sterile bottles were used for the bacteriological samples. Temperature readings of the stream water were recorded, and stream flow at the sampling point calculated. Stream flow was calculated from measurements of stream depth and width at the sampling point, together with the rate of flow. Lake samples were collected approximately 100 feet east and west of the mouths of Waldameer Run, Shorehaven Run and Marshall Run. Bacteriological and turbidity samples were collected at waist depth during lake sampling events. Temperature readings were recorded and wind directions and wave heights were estimated and recorded during lake sampling events. Dissolved oxygen analyses were conducted in the field. Samples were returned to the Gannon laboratory for analysis of all other parameters. Bacteriological samples were analyzed for fecal coliform using the membrane filtration method. Other parameters were analyzed with a Hach DR2000 unit. Split samples were collected on August 15, 1994 for fecal coliform analyses. The second set of samples was analyzed by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources Laboratory in Erie. Results (Table 1) indicate close correlation between the two laboratories. 7 TABLE 1 Fecal Coliforms/100 ml Gannon Lab DER Lab Waldameer Run 1,100 1,000 Marshall Run 3,800 4,000 Marshall Run - East Branch 2,000 2,000 Marshall Run - West Branch 2,750 3,000 Shorehaven Run 6,400 7,000 Shorehaven Run - Upstream 1,100 1,000 Wilkins Run 3,900 4,000 TABLE 2 Pre-Rain Fecal Coliform Levels (colonies/100 ml) Waldameer Run Shorehaven Run Marshall Run Wilkins Run Range 108-2,600 50-1,080 160-1,650 78-600 Arithmetic Mean 1,214 329 439 318 Median 1,000 220 350 270 Geometric Mean 839 219 342 259 WaIdameer Run The mouth of Waldameer Run is approximately 0.25 miles southwest from Beach I West Extension, which is the western-most public bathing beach at Presque Isle State Park (see Figure 1). Waldameer Run is a small stream that has a rather limited watershed in a suburban area. Part of the headwaters are tubed and flow through or along populated areas, and there are springs and seeps on and along the steep lake bank that feed into this stream. Within the watershed an amusement park exists on a lake bluff, and at the bottom of the lake bluff there is a lakeside campground through which the stream flows. Previous inspections of the watershed have not located sanitary sewer pipes or lift stations that would influence the bacteriological quality of the stream. The contractor collected 12 pre and 15 post-rain bacteriological samples at the stream mouth, as well as 9 pre and 8 post rain chemical samples. The contractor also made 14 pre-rain and post-rain measurements for stream flow and temperature. In addition, the contractor collected 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples in Lake Erie approximately 100 ft. east and west of the mouth of Waldameer Run. The contractor also made 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain measurements for temperature and turbidity. Marshall Run The mouth of Marshall Run is located approximately one shoreline mile southwest from Presque Isle State Parles Beach #1 West Extension (see Figure 1). The Marshall Run watershed is located within a rather densely populated suburban area, and much of its upper headwaters now flow through storm drains which are no longer readily discernible as tributary streams. In many areas there are no indications of the former stream bed. Storm water catch basins along some roadways lead to the "buried" branches of the'stream. North of Route 20 there are some areas where the creek flows through open channels-. The east branch flows along a railroad track and through a Superfund dump site. This branch presently receives a temporary increase in its volume from a ground water cleanup operation. The 9 cleanup consists of pumping ground water, treating the water and discharging treated ground water to the stream. The stream north of West 12th Street flows through residential areas and then under Calvary Cemetery. The west branch starts near the south side of the Erie International Airport and is joined in underground pipes by another small tributary near 14th Street and Linden Avenue. This water flows underground and emerges at a point just east from Marshall Drive at I Oth Street, where it joins the east branch of Marshall Run below Calvary Cemetery. From here the stream flows in a rather steeply eroded valley to its confluence with Lake Erie. There are no known sewage discharges from lift stations located on Marshall Run. Rainbow trout have been seen in recent years in this stream near its mouth, and generally the stream near the mouth looks very clean during low flow conditions. There are cottages near the mouth of the stream along Lake Erie. The contractor collected 12 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples at the stream mouth, as well as 8 pre-rain and 8 post-rain chemical samples and 13 pre-rain and 15 post-rain measurements for flow and temperature. In addition, the contractor collected 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples in Lake Erie in waist-deep water approximately 100 ft. east and west of the mouth of Marshall Run. The contractor also made 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain measurements for temperature and turbidity. Samples were taken at two points upstream for bacteriological analysis as well as flow and temperature measurements. One set of samples was taken on each of the two main stream branches before they merge. This information may be of use in the future to determine the source of storm water pollutant loading to the stream. 10 Shorehaven Run The mouth of Shorehaven Run is located about 1-1/2 miles southwest from Presque Isle State Park's Beach I West Extension (see Figure 1). Shorehaven Run consists of a rather small watershed, essentially located north of Route 5, where its headwaters are reported to start in an old spring house just west of Shorehaven Drive. The water flows through a series of "duck ponds" in peoples' yards, after which the stream's gradient increases dramatically and the stream quickly drops through a steep valley to Lake Erie. Potential sources of fecal coliform bacteria on this watershed include ducks (both wild and domestic), as well as a Millcreek Township Sewer Authority lift station that has an emergency overflow pipe. During this project, Millcreek Township did not report any discharges from this lift station, however, in past years Millcreek Township did bypass raw sewage during times of very heavy precipitation. The contractor collected 12 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples at the stream mouth, as well as 9 pre-rain and 8 post-rain chemical samples and 13 pre-rain and 15 post-rain measurements for flow and temperature. In addition, the contractor collected 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain bacteriological samples in Lake Erie 100 ft. east and west of the mouth of the stream and 18 pre-rain and 14 post-rain event measurements for temperature and turbidity. The contractor also collected 13 pre-rain and 15 post-rain samples upstream of the Nfillcreek Township Sewer Authority sewage lift station. The contractor simultaneously made 14 pre-rain and 16 post-rain measurements for flow and temperature. This data may be useful in future determinations of pollutant loading to the stream. Wilkins Run The mouth of Wilkins Run is approximately 3.1 shoreline miles southwest of Beach I at. Presque Isle State Park (see Figure 1). Wilkins Run is a medium-sized stream, about the size of Marshall Run, which flows through the least residentially developed area of any of the four streams evaluated during this study. Its main branch starts southeast of the Erie International Airport and runs under the main airport taxiways, where it joins another branch that flows more or less parallel to Asbury Road. The two branches are tubed and merge under Pa. Route 5. There are two other small tributaries that feed into the stream along with natural springs and seeps. Prior sampling by our Department indicates that this stream is somewhat degraded north of Route 5. The stream receives a considerable amount of what we believe is naturally occurring iron from a storm water drain located beneath Route 5. It has also received runoff from the Erie International Airport and surrounding area. There are two sewage lift stations north of Route 5 that are owned and maintained by the Millcreek Township Sewer Authority. There is the potential for one or both of these stations to bypass raw sewage, however, these are relatively new stations and the Erie County Department of Health has recorded any recent sewage bypassing to Wilkins Run. There are no known chronic point sources of fecal coliform discharge on this stream. Most of Wilkins Run south of Route 5 is tubed. Rainbow trout and coho salmon' have migrated up this steam in past years when stream flows were high. The mouth of Wilkins Run could not be used as a sampling point because it is located on geographically inaccessible and privately held property. The closest accessible stream sampling point is located four-tenths of a mile south of the mouth of the stream. There are no known discha@ges or tributaries between this point and the lake, so its water quality is considered essentially identical to the mouth of the stream. The contractor collected 13 pre-rain samples and 15 post-rain samples during the study, as well as 14 pre-rain and 16 post-rain measurements for stream flow and temperature. 12 Pollutant Loading By Streams Fecal coliform bacteria sample results, chemical parameters and stream flows were chartered for each stream and the data analyzed for normal flow and high flow coliform loading (see Table 2). Fecal coliform bacteria sampling results are expressed in colonies per 100 milliliter (/100 ml) and stream flows are expressed in cubic feet per second (ft.3/sec.). Since the focus of this project is fecal coliform loading to Lake Erie from four tributary streams, the data obtained from stream mouth samples warrants closest attention. Upstream sample data and lake water sample results were examined when needed to provide collaborative or explanatory information. Throughout the study, pre-rain flow measurements were considered to represent normal flow volumes. WaIdameer Run Waldameer Run had the smallest average (1.25 ft.3/sec.) normal flow of the four streams sampled during this project. Pre-rain stream volumes ranged from 0.93 ft.3/sec to 1.25 ft.3/sec (see Table 3 and Figure 2). This stream also had the highest average pre-rain fecal coliform levels of 1,028 colonies/100 ml. The lowest recorded pre-rain measurement was 108/100 ml and the highest was 2,600 colonies/100 ml (see Table 2). Six pre-rain bacteriological samples were below the average and five were above the average. The sampling data indicates the pre-rain fecal coliform levels tended to increase through the sampling period. The highest pre-rain coliform levels occurred in July and early August. Post-rain fecal coliform concentrations were higher than pre-rain levels early in the season. During July and early August post-rain fecal coliform concentrations actually decreased from pre-rain levels. 13 Flf@,ure 2 WALDAMEER RUN to 9 Volume 8 of Flow (ft.%ec.) 7 AL Before 6 Rain 0 After 5 Rain 4 3 2 Fj A- Arl Average Flow D Ea A, Ad 0 c7N O\ CN C@ ON C7\ a\ C\ ON -j -4 -.3 -4 -j -j 00 00 00 ON iz; - i:@ -- i@ - W m -- i@@ uj 00 Uh 00 t,.,W u Lh > TABLE 3 Waldameer Run - Mouth of Stream Date Time Fecal Rate of Flow Stream Alkalinity Diss. 02 NH3-N N03-N pH Total P Turbidity Coliform/100 ml (ft.3/sec.) Temp. (OC) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (FTU) 6/6/94 09:43 1.49 18 6/6/94 14:04 1.44 18 6/9/94 11:35 240 1.44 13 6/10/94 10:15 108 1.42 13 6/11/94 11:00 3,000 1.53 13 6/12/94 11:00 290 1.51 19 6/13/94 10:40 5,900 1.34 19 6/13/94 16:50 >6,000 5.60 17 6/14/94 09:47 23,000 4.00 17 6/21/94 11:35 1,000 -1.22 19 185 8.0 0.38 0.30 7.7 0*.09 18.0 6/23/94 11:50 700 2.48 18 188 11.0 1.00 0.80 7.7 0.14 11.0 Ln 6/24/94 11:40 2,000 2.26 18 150 8.0 0.56 7.6 0.27 39.0 6/28/94 14:25 3,900 1.43 19 195 9.0 0.40 0.39 7.7 0.27 11.0 6/29/94 11:45 6,700 -1.97 18 190 9.0 0.47 0.30 7.8 0.17 8.0 7/14/94 11:00 2,600 1.11 16 175 9.0 0.26 0.30 7.6 0.51 11.0 7/22/94 11:05 2,500 1.01 19 290 10.0 0.29 0.90 7.6 0.29 14.0 7/25/94 11:45 2,100 1.23 19 180 8.0 0.23 0.90 7.7 0.44 10.0 7/26/94 13:30 2,200 0.81 17 195 8.0 0.22 0.40 7.7 1.02 16.0 7/28/94 12:00 1,300 0.98 17 190 9.0 0.19 0.70 7.7 0.14 12.0 7/30/94 10:20 1,200 0.89 18 190 9.0 0.21 0.60 7.6 0.22 10.0 8/2/94 11:00 2,100 0.99 20 225 9.0 0.25 1.00 7.7 0.21 8.0 8/4/94 11:55 2,000 -0.93 18 190 9.0 0.15 0.50 7.6 0.17 13.0 8/4/94 19:10 4,000 2.18 17 105 9.0 2.75 7.8 1.58 461.0 8/5/94 10:35 2,600 1.75 18 150 10.0 0.12 0.40 7.7 0.22 14.0 8/12/94 10:55 920 1.41 17 210 9.0 0.25 0.10 7.8 0.11 16.0 8/13/94 10:15 >2,000 7.19 19 85 9.0 1.41 7.5 0.80 191.0 8/14/94 10:30 2,300 2.59 18 1 8/15/94 1 10:00 1,100 0.97 15 not detectable TABLE 4 LAKE ERIE NEAR WALDAMEER RUN East of Stream West of Stream Date Time Lalce Temp. (oC) Turbidity (FTU) Fecal Lake Temp. (OC) Turbidity (FTLI) Fecal Coliform/1 00 mi Coliform/100 ml 6/21/94 11:40 2C 5.0 200 21 6.0 400 6/23/94 11:50 2@3 10.0 220 23 6.0 120 6/24/94 11:50 119 14.0 2,000 19 13.0 1,000 6/28/94 14:35 20 9.0 160 20 17.0 200 6/29/94 12:00 19 11.0 600 19 8.0 140 7/14/94 11:05 23 7.0 220 23 14.0 220 7/22/94 11:10 25 4.0 160 25 6.0 200 7/25/94 11:50 25 20.0 380 25 22.0 480 7/26/94 13:35 26 37.0 110 26 37.0 90 7/28/94 12:10 25 3.0 330 25 4.0 460 7/30/94 10:20 25 16.0 200 25 12.0 300 8/2/94 11:00 24 12.0 420 24 10.0 210 8/4/94 11:55 24 11.0 320 24 11.0 310 8/4/94 19:10 25 91.0 1,600 25 47.0 2,300 8/5/94 10:35 24 35.0 480 24 35.0 860 8/12/94 10:55 24 3.0 40 24 2.0 40 8/13/94 10:15 2,400 2,400 TABLE 5 Waldameer Run Post-Rain Samples Date Fegal Coliform/100 ml Precipitation Stream Volume (ft.3/sec.) Turbidity (FTU)* 6/11/94 3,000 trace 1.53 6/13/94 5,900 2.68" 1.34 6/13/94 >6,000 2.68" 5.60 6/14/94 23,000 0.03" 4.00 6/24/94 2,000 0.88" 2.26 39.0 6/29/94 6,700 1.47" 1.97 8.0 7/22/94 2,500 0.001, 1.01 14.0 7/26/94 2,200 0.03" 0.81 16.0 7/27/94 1,900 0.111, 7/30/94 1,200 0.03" 0.89 10.0 814/94 4,000 1.68" 2.18 461.0 8/5/94 2,600 0.101, 1.75 14.0 8113/94 >2,000 3.12" 7.19 191.0 8/14/94 2,300 0.79" 2.59 8/15/94 1,100 0.001, 0.97 8/15/94 1,000 0.001, *Contractor reported all turbidity measurements in Formazin Turbidity Units (FTUs). One FTU is equivalent to one NTU. 17 Further studies and investigations of the drainage area will be needed to determine the reason for consistently high fecal coliform loading to the lake during normal flow periods. Fecal coliform levels in Lake Erie east and west of Waldameer Run were above 1,000 col.onies/100 ml on three occasions (see Table 4). All three high samples occurred during high flows caused by area thunderstorms. The June 24th samples showed the lake water east to the stream to have twice the fecal coliform concentration (2,000 colonies/100 ml) than the lake water west of the stream (1,000 per 100 ml), indicating a westerly flow of contaminants. NOAA weather data records a north-easterly wind prevailed prior to the sampling, which would tend to move the coliform laden stream water entering Lake Erie towards the west, resulting in higher coliform counts west of the stream. On August 4 a storm raised the stream flow and coliform loading to Lake Erie (see Tables 4 and 5). The lake water east of the stream mouth was 1,600 colonies/100 ml, and the lake water west of the stream was 2,300 colonies/100 ml, indicating a westerly flow of contaminant migration. A similar storm on August 13 resulted in coliform bacteria counts to Lake Erie water which were identical (2,400 colonies/100 ml), both east and west of the stream mouth. The elevated fecal coliform levels in the lake cannot be solely attributed to stream loading. Fecal coliform bacteria is indigenous to lake waters, and very high fecal coliform levels occur during periods of high waves. Shorehaven Run Shorehaven Run had a normal average flow of 1.44 ft.3/sec. during the sampling period. These pre-rain stream volumes ranged from a low of 0.26 ft.3/sec. to a high of 1.52 ft.3/sec. (see Figure 4). This stream had the lowest average, normal flow fecal coliform concentration of 291 colonies/ 100 ml. The lowest pre-rain concentration was 74 colonies/ 100 MI, and the highest was 1,080 colonies/100 ml (Table 2). The count of 1,080 colonies/100 ml that occurred on 18 June 21 could not be explained because only 0. 0 1 inch of rain occurred 13 hours prior to the sample. The sample was considered a pre-rain sample, however, and was included in the normal flow fecal coliform calculations. The stream flow volume on June 21 was characteristic of normal flows. Eight of the pre-rain fecal coliform concentrations were below the average of 291 colonies/100 ml and two were above the average. The June 21 count of 1,080 colonies skewed the average which would have been 219 colonies/100 ml without the June 21 count. Post-rain fecal coliform levels tended to increase in proportion to the amount of rain and corresponding increase in stream volume (see Tables 6 and 9). A heavy rain of June 13 resulted in an increase of fecal colifonn concentrations from 80 colonies/100 ml to greater than 6,000 colonies/100 ml. An additional sample taken seven hours later showed a drop to 600 colonies/100 ml but an overnight rain raised the concentration to 21,000 colonies/100 ml on June 14. A similar storm on June 23 resulted in fecal coliform concentrations of 2,000 colonies/100 ml. The storm of August 4 resulted in a fecal coliform concentration increase from 200 colonies/100 ml to 2,000 colonies/100 nil. Another series of storm fronts that passed through the area on August 14 resulted in fecal coliform concentrations of 6,400 colonies/ 100 ml. Fecal coliform samples collected upstream of the mouth during pre-rain normal flows and post-rain high flows exhibited similar concentrations with several exceptions (see Table 7). The post-rain upstream samples taken June 13 and June 29 were substantially higher than the stream mouth samples and, conversely, the post-rain upstream samples taken June 29, August 4 and August 15 were substantially lower than the stream mouth samples. Fecal coliform levels in Lake Erie were less than 1,000/100 ml during all pre-rain samples and all but one post rain sample (see Table 8). The July 14 Lake Erie sample east of the mouth was 2,200 colonies/100 ml, and the sample west of the stream mouth was 2,400 colonies/100 ml. 19 Fi,-urc 4 SHOREHAVEN RUN 2.6 Volume 2.4 of Flow (ft.3/SCC.) 2.2 2.01 Before 1.8 Rain I 1.61 El After Rain 1.4 1.2 1.0 ti .8 U, Average Flow L .4 .2 A 0 ...... C@ C\ CN 00 00 00 00 W 00 LA C@ 00 0 Ch t-j "i > > > > > > > > > > > > TABLE 6 Shorehaven Run - Mouth of Stream Date Time Fecal Rate of Flow Stream Alkalinity Diss. 02 NHYN N03-N pH Total P Turbidity Coliform/1 00 ml (ft.3/sec.) Temp. (OC) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (FTU) 6/6/94 8:50 1.24 16 6/6/94 1 13:30 0.96 16 6/9/94 10:30 1.52 13 6/10/94 9:00 74 1.41 13 6/11/94 9:42 4,000 2.29 15 6/12/94 9:55 80 1.12 16 6/13/94 9:57 >6,000 0.74 18 6/13/94 16:15 600 0.69 18 6/14/94 8:53 21,000 1.66 17 6/21/94 10:41 1,080 0.69 20 180 10.0 0.14 0.90 .7.7 0.36 7.5 1-4 6/23/94 10:50 640 0.40 18 175 10.0 0.04 0.80 7.6 0.16 7.0 C4 6/24/94 10:40 2,000 0.59 18 125 10.0 0.48 7.7 0.32 77.0 6/28/94 13:40 200 0.63 18 135 9.0 0.08 7.7 0.27 22.0 6/29/94 11:00 260 0.62 18 127 10.0 0.73 7.8 0.44 125.0 7/14/94 10:25 290 0.48 19 145 10.0 0.07 1.00 7.7 0.49 8.0 7/22/94 10:00 500 0.70 20 150 9.0 0.30 0.40 7.7 0.11 10.0 7/25/94 11:00 440 0.59 19 130 9.0 0.02 0.80 7.6 0.49 9.0 7/26/94 12:30 250 0.39 19 140 9.0 0.34 0.34 7.6 0.21 23.0 7/28/94 11:15 50 0.38 17 180 10.0 0.13 0.70 7.8 0.17 7.0 7/30/94 9:45 200 0.61 20 195 9.0 0.04 0.80 7.7 0.21 6.0 8/2/94 10:15 210 0.56 21 150 8.0 0.06 0.60 7.8 0.35 6.0 8/4/94 11:10 200 0.40 18 150 10.0 0.03 0.80 7.8 0.20 6.0 8/4/94 18:30 2,000 1.09 16 100 9.0 1.00 0.84 7.8 0.78 112.0 8/5/94 9:45 1,000 1.29 19 110 10.0 0.49 7.8 0.36 62.0 8/12/94 10:20 230 0.26 18 160 9.0 0.90 7.7 0.21 4.0 8/13/94 9:40 520 1.68 19 145 9.0 1.30 7.8 1.04 230.0 8/14/94 10:30 800 2.54 18 1 1 8/15/94 1 9:20 6,400 0.80 16 not detectable TABLE 7 Shorehaven Run - Upstream of Sewage Lift Station Date Time Fecal Coliform/100 ml Rate of Flow Stream Temp. (C) (ft.3/sec.) 6/6/94 8:50 2451 18 6/6/94 13:10 1.87 18 6/9/94 10:10 82 3.03 14 6/10/94 8:30 88 2.83 14, 6/11/94 10:14 600 2.85 15 6/12/94 9:30 60 2.11 18 6/13/94 9:44 >6,000 2.21 18 6/13/94 16:05 >6,000 1.91 19 6/14/94 9:08 4,700 5.17 16 6/21/94 10:40 660 2.72 20 6/23/94 10:15 440 1.34 18 6/24/94 10:30 1,300 4.71 18 6/28/94 13:25 400 4.15 20 6/29/94 10:45 1,200 5.66 18 7/14/94 10:15 110 2.93 20 7/22/94 9:50 720 1.56 21 7/25/94 10:45 520 0.93 20 7/26/94 12:15 640 2.55 18 7/28/94 11:00 44 2.29 17 7/30/94 9:30 200 2.45 20 8/2/94 10:10 280 2.87 21 8/4/94 11:05 240 2.14 18 8/4/94 18:20 460 3.48 18 8/5/94 9:30 400 .2.26 18 8/11/94 9:00 920 1.04 18 8/11/94 15:00 360 1.63 17 8/12/94 10:10 220 1.62 18 8/13/94 9:15 400 5.29 19 8/14/94 10:15 810 5.42 18 8/15/94 9:15 1,100 2.91 1 17 22 TABLE8 LAKE ERIE NEAR SHOREHAVEN RUN East of Stream West of Stream Date Time Lake Temp. (oC) Turbidity (FTU) Fecal Lake Temp. (oC) Turbidity (FTU) Fecal Coliform/1 00 ml Coliform/1 00 ml 6/21/94 10:42 20 4.2 11000 20 3.2 2,000 6/23/94 11:05 24 4.0 200 24 5.0 <100 6/24/94 10:50 20 13.0 400 24 25.0 2,000 6/28/94 13:50 20 11.0 <100 20 6.0 <100 6/29/94 11:10 19 15.0 280 19 15.0 2,100 7/14/94 10:30 23 20.0 2,200 23 15.0 2,400 7/22/94 10:05 25 18.0 400 25 4.0 210 7/25/94 11:05 25 19.0 <100 25 19.0 <100 7/26/94 12:35 27 26.0 100 26 31.0 100 7/28/94 11:20 29 5.0 <100 27 5@O <100 7/30/94 9:45 24 17.0 230 24 23.0 260 8/2/94 10:15 24 11.0 210 24 11.0 300 8/4/94 11:20 24 11.0 220 24 10.0 460 8/4/94 18:30 25 67.0 400 25 74.0 800 8/5/94 9:45 25 59.0 400 25 60.0 360 8/12/94 10:20 25 6.0 30 25 3.0 300 8/13/94 9:40 168 620 TABLE 9 Shorehaven Run Post-Rain Samples Date Fecal Coliform/lffl ml Precipitation Stream Volume (ft.3/sec.@ Turbidity CEIW 6/11/94 4,000 trace 2.29 6/13/94 >6,000 2.68" 0.74 6/13/94 600 2.68" 0.69 6/14/94 21,000 0.03" 1.66 6/24/94 2,000 0.881, 0.59 77.0 6/29/94 260 1.47" 0.62 125.0 7/22/94 500 0.001, 0.70 10.0. 7/26/94 250 0.03" 0.39 23.0 7/27/94 210 0.1111 7/30/94 200 0.03" 0.61 6.0 8/4/94 2,000 1.68" 1.09 112.0 8/5/94 1,000 0.101, 1.29 62.0 8/13/94 520 3.1201 1.68 230.0 8/14/94 800 0.79" 2.54 8/15/94 6,400 0.001, 0.80 8/15/94 7,000 0.001, 24 There was no measurable rain for three days prior to sampling on July 14, nor were there unusually high winds recorded by NOAA prior to sampling. The stream samples were 290 colonies/ 100 ml at the mouth and I 10 colonies/ 100 ml upstream. Marshall Run Marshall Run had the highest average (7.02 ft. 3/sec.) normal flow of the four streams sampled during this project. Pre-rain stream volumes ranged from 3.78 ft.3/n-@in. to 14.56 ft.3/sec. (see Figure 3). The normal flow fecal coliform average was 289 colonies/100 ml, with the highest pre-rain concentration of 480 colonies per 100 and the lowest at 144 colonies/100 n-A (see Table 2). The June 9, 1994 concentration of 1,650 colonies/100 n-d was not included in the calculation. There was no rain prior to the June 9 sample; it was the first one taken as part of this study with no prior sampling correlation and its level was inconsistent with known ambient levels. Four pre-rain fecal coliform concentrations were below the average of 28 9 colonies/ 100 ml and six were above the average. The sampling data indicated the normal flow fecal coliform concentrations were consistently below 500 colonies/100 ml throughout the summer. Post-rain fecal coliform levels tended to increase in proportion to the amount of rain and corresponding increase in stream volume (see Tables 10 and 14). Marshall Run receives storm water from its urbanized drainage basin and flows tend to rise and fall rapidly. A heavy, prolonged rain on June 13 raised fecal coliform concentrations to 20,000 colonies/100 ml. Less severe storms on June 24 and June 29 resulted in fecal coliform concentrations of 200 colonies/100 ml and 4,600 colonies/100 ml, respectively. A particularly heavy rainfall on August 4 resulted in fecal concentrations of 34,000/100 ml. Rain on August 13 resulted in a stream fecal coliform level of 5,200 colonies/100 ml. I-Egh instrearn concentrations were recorded on August 14 (2,000 colonies/100 ml) and August 15 (4,000 colonies/100 n-fl). 25 MARSHALL RUN 200 180 Volume 160 of Flow (ft. 3/SeC.) 140 Before 120 Rain C-4 13 After 100 Rain 80 60 40 20 Average Flow A Q 44 ------ 0 C@ ON Os CN C7% C7, C\ C@ cl@ a, -1 Oc 00 coo a% C@ aN 00 00 00 I-j tIj IJ 4- Oo ',0 4@ Us O\ 010 -J, > > > > W > W > > > > > > > TABLE 10 Marshall Run - Mouth of Stream Date Time Fecal Rate of Flow Stream Air Temp. Alkalinity Diss. 02 NH3-N N03-N pH Total P Turbidity Col iforrn/l 00 ml (ft.3/sec.) Temp. (OC) (OC) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1) (FTU) 6/6/94 9:30 7.73 16 6/6/94 1 13:53 10.48 16 1 6/9/94 9:06 1,650 4.41 11 23 6/10/94 9:30 144 4.41 11 18 6/11/94 8:50 6,500 5.33 14 6/12/94 10:30 310 3.78 15 6/13/94 9:00 600 3.89 17 6/13/94 15:25 >6000 4.18 18 6/14/94 8:01 20,000 66.14 18 6/21/94 9:15 440 14.56 18 185 16.0 0.06 1.10 8.3 0.25 5.5 7.9 0.34 5.0 6123194 9:45 160 7.66 17 25 190 11.0 0.02 1.00 6/24/94 9:30 2,000 64.56 17 20 125 8.0 1.19 7.7 0.57 120.0 6/28/94 12:35 2,000 20.03 17 19 187 11.0 0.28 7.9 0.57 6.0 6/29/94 9:55 4,600 64.21 18 25 118 10.0 0.50 7.8 0.25 57.0 7/14/94 9:35 480 12.40 17 20 215 10.0 0.05 1.00 7.8 0.12 4.0 7/22/94 10:00 800 14.74 18 23 215 9.0 0.08 0.90 7.7 0.10 5.0 7/25/94 9:55 440 7.52 18 23 180 10.0 0.04 1.90 7.8 0.18 10.0 7/26/94 11:25 650 13.92 17 7/28/94 10:05 420 7.95 17 22 -190 10.0 0.01 0.70 7.8 0.14 6.0 7/30/94 9:00 500 12.71 18 23 160 9.0 0.04 0.90 7.8 0.08 9.0 8/2/94 9:30 350 7.93 18 25 145 10.0 0.01 0.80 7.8 0.11 4.0 814/94 10:25 200 8.04 16 180 10.0 0.01 0.80 7.8 0.36 3.0 8/4/94 17:45 34,000 151.69 18 75 9.0 1.64 7.4 0.95 215.0 8/5/94 8:50 3,000 26.11 20 80 9.0 0.25 7.7 0.34 28.0 8/12/94 9:40 230 4.81 16 165 10.0 0.01 0.80 7.7 0.39 6.0 8/13/94 9:05 5,200 5.24 18 175 10.0 1.00 7.7 0.01 159.0 8/14/94 9:00 2,000 166.48 19 8/15/94 1 8:45 4,000 31.32 16 not detectable TABLE 11 Marshall Run - East Branch Date Time Fecal Coliform/100 ml Rate of Flow Stream Temp. (C) (ft.3/sec.) 6/6/94 1:30 1.96 14 6/6/94 9:22 2.52 14 6/9/94 9:30 1,800 1.83 10 6/10/94 7:30 4,600 1.99 10 6/11/94 9:15 5,500 1.95 15 6/12/94 8:00 400 1.62 15 6/13/94 9:17 >6,000 2.52 18 6/13/94 15:40 >6,000 3.07 17 6/14/94 8:05 38,000 10.85 17 6/21/94 10:04 1,320 5.72 17 6/23/94 10:15 1,200 3.46 15 6/24/94 10:00 2,000 10.55 1 0 6/28/94 13:05 5,800 5.81 17 6/29/94 10:20 7,800 10.34 17 7/14/94 9:55 700 2.17 15 7/22/94 9:25 4,500 2.71 17 7/25/94 10:20 480 2.88 18 7/26/94 10:30 580 3.08 15 7/28/94 10:30 200 2.88 17 7/30/94 9:20 2,700 3.65 17 8/2/94 9:55 2,000 3.53 18 8/4/94 10:45 440 2.75 17 8/4/94 18:00 40,000 33-84 16 8/5/94 9:10 10,000 4.57 18 8/11/94 8:30 800 3.80 17 8/11/94 14:45 1,200 4.04 16 8/12/94 9:55 920 3.63 1 8/13/94 9:25 2,000 11.92 20 8/14/94 9:14 6,000 70.69 19 8/15/94 8:55 2,000 8.90 16 28 TABLE 12 Marshall Run - West Branch Date Time Fecal Coliform/100 ml Rate of Flow Stream Temp. (C) (ft.3/sec.) 6/6/94 7:30 1.58 15 6/6/94 12:10 4.06 15 6/9/94 9:56 4,100 2.39 11 6/10/94 7:50 220 2.17 11 6/11/94 9:24 3,100 2.70 11 6/12/94 8:15 120 1.77 12 6/13/94 9:27 >6,000 2.53 16 6/13/94 15:50 >6,000 7.11 18 6/14/94 8:36 20,000 10.09 18 6/21/94 10:10 1,600 5.08 17 6/23/94 10:30 1,000 3.65 15 6/24/94 10:10 >2,000 17.26 17 6/28/94 13:10 3,400 6.88 18 6/29/94 10:35 >6,000 11.00 18 7/14/94 10:05 630 3.78 16 7/22/94 9:30 400 3.43 17 7/25/94 10:30 420 2.56 18 7/26/94 12:05 2,200 2.42 15 7/28/94 10:40 550 2.36 17 7/30/94 9:25 4,300 3.29 17 8/2/94 10:05 260 2.88 17 8/4/94 10:45 220 2.00 16 8/4/94 6:15 38,000 24.72 16 8/5/94 9:10 6,000 6.82 19 8/11/94 8:30 1,000 1.94 1 8/11/94 14:50 400 5.81 16 8/12/94 9:55 800 1.95 16 8/13/94 9:10 2,000 4.95 18 8/14/94 9:38 6,000 68-14 19 8/15/94 9:00 3,000 5.49 16 29 TABLE 13 LAKE ERIE NEAR MARSHALL RUN East of Stream West of Stream Date Time Lake Temp. (oC) Turbidity (FTU) Fecal Lake Temp. (OC) Turbidity (FTU) Fecal Coliform/1 00 ml Coliform/1 00 ml 6/21/94 9:20 20 5.3 400 20 12.0 400 6/23/94 9:45 22 3.0 <100 22 2.0 <100 6/24/94 9:35 20 13.0 800 19 40.0 >2,000 6/28/94 13:00 18 14.0 400 18 14.0 230 6/29/94 10:30 19 21.0 >2,000 19 18.0 >2,000 7/14/94 9:45 23 14.0 280 23 12.0 300 C) 7/22/94 9:10 25 17.0 700 25 10.0 450 Cn 7/25/94 10:00 25 18.0 100 25 16.0 80 7/26/94 11:30 27 33.0 80 27 32.0 300 7/28/94 10:10 24 3.0 20 24 3.0 10 7/30/94 9:00 24 19.0 450 24 19.0 600 8/2/94 9:35 24 19.0 200 24 16.0 400 8/4/94 10:30 24 8.0 170 24 7.0 <100 8/4/94 17:45 25 166.0 21,000 25 83.0 20,000 8/5/94 8:50 26 60.0 2,000 26 59.0 6,000 8/12/94 9:40 23 2.0 <100 23 2.0 <100 8/13/94 800 810 TABLE 14 Marshall Run Post-Rain Samples Date Fecal Coliform/100 ml Precipitation Stream Volume Cft.3/sec.@ Turbidity 6/11/94 6,500 trace 5.33 6/13/94 600 2.68" 3.89 6/13/94 >6,000 2.68" 4.18 6/14/94 20,000 0.03" 66.14 6/24/94 2,000 0.88" 64-56 120.0 6/29/94 4,600 1.47" 64.21 57.0 7/22/94 800 0.001, 14.74 5.0 7/26/94 650 0.03" 13.92 7/27/94 480 0.111, 7/30/94 500 0.03" 12.71 9.0 8/4/94 34,000 1.68" 151.69 215.0 8/5/94 3,000 0.101, 26.11 28.0 8/13/94 5,200 3.12" 5.24 159.0 8/14194 2,000 0.79" 166.48 8/15/94 3,800 0.001, 31.32 8/15/94 4,000 0.001, 31 Fecal coliform samples collected upstream of the mouth were generally higher than stream mouth sample results (see Tables I I and 12). It appears one branch may be contributing a disproportionately large amount of fecal coliform bacteria, and further studies are needed to determine the reason for this. Fecal coliform levels in Lake Erie during normal stream flows were consistently below ambient stream concentrations. All fecal coliform concentrations in Lake Erie during normal stream flow conditions were 400 colonies/100 ml or less throughout the summer (see Table 13). As expected, fecal coliform levels in Lake Erie east and west of the stream mouth were significantly higher during and immediately after rain events. The rain events of June 24 and 29 directly corresponded to the two highest fecal coliform levels in the lake east and west of the stream mouth for that month. The severe storm of August 4 corresponded to the highest fecal coliform count in the lake east and west of the stream mouth for the summer. These elevated counts may also be caused by the fecal coliform bacteria that already exist in Lake Erie water. Wilkins Run Wilkins Run had the second highest average (6.66 ft.3/sec.) flow of the four streams sampled during this project. Pre-rain stream volumes ranged from 5.56 ft.3/sec. to 9.44 ft.3/sec., indicating the normal flow to be the most uniform of the four streams (see Figure 5). The normal flow fecal coliform average was 3 3 8 colonies/ 100 ml, with the highest pre-rain concentration of 600 colonies per 100 n-d and the lowest of 75 colonies/100 nil. Six pre-rain fecal coliform samples exceeded the average and six coliform samples were less than the average. These pre-rain samples were also the most uniform and consistent of the four streams sampled (see Table 2). Post-rain fecal coliform concentrations increased in proportion to the amount of rain and corresponding increase in stream flow from rain throughout the sampling period. The heavy rain of June 13 raised the level from 75 colonies/100 n-d to greater than 6,000 colonies/100 ml. The level rose to 26,000 colonies/100 n-d on June 14 (see Tables 15 and 16). 32 A storm on June 24 raised the levels from 280 colonies/100 ml to 1,300 colonies/100 ml and, again, a storm on June 29 raised the concentrations from 590 colonies/100 n-d to 2,000 colonies/100 ml. A severe series of storms on August 13 and 14 raised the fecal coliform levels from 400 colonies/100 ml to 2,000 colonies/100 ml on August 13 and 14 and to 3,900 colonies/100 ml on August 15. 33 WILKINS RUN 5 Yolume 120 of Flow (ft.3/SCC.) Ito 100 A Before 90 Rain 80 E3 Aflcr Rain 70 60 50 40 30 20 10. A- 01% 01% a, @,c or SOD a, - COD 0.- 00 00 00 U. 00 W 00 I-A > > Z: 0 TABLE 15 Wilkins Run Date Time Fecal Coliform/100 ml Rate of Flow Stream Temp. (C) (ft.3/sec.) 6/6/94 8:20 5.56 15 6/6/94 12:30 6.99 15 6/9/94 11:10 78 6.22 11 6/10/94 8:00 132 6.38 11 6/11/94 10:34 72 6.82 13 6/12/94 9:00 75 6.92 16 6/13/94 10:15 1,000 8.03 15 6/13/94 15:45 >6,000 10.28 16 6/14/94 9:28 26,000 75.55 18 6/21/94 11:15 400 7.84 17 6/23/94 11:20 280 9.44 15 6/24/94 11:15 1,300 13.48 17 6/28/94 14:10 590 11-86 17 6/29/94 11:00 2,000 13.64 17 7/14/94 10:45 520 9.05 15 7/22/94 10:25 350 7.17 17 7/25/94 11:20 220 6.39 15 7/26/94 13:00 260 7.81 16 7/28/94 11:40 600 7.94 16 7/30/94 11:00 800 7.35 15 8/2/94 10:35 260 5.74 18 8/4/94 11:35 250 6.77 15 8/4/94 18:55 2,200 36.42 16 8/5/94 10:05 3,000 16.74 16 8/11/94 9:10 600 7.56 16 8/11/94 15:15 1,100 9.12 17 8/12/94 10:40 400 7.37 15 8/13/94 10:00 2,000 30.75 17 8/14/94 9:52 2,000 113.29 19 8/15/94 9:45 3,900 1 20.96 16 35 TABLE 16 Wilkins Run Post-Rain Samples Date Fecal Coliform/100 ml Precipitation Stream Volume (ft.3/secj 6/11/94 72 trace 6.82 6/13/94 1,000 2.68" 8.03 6/13/94 >6,000 2.68" 10.28 6/14/94 26,000 0.03" 75.55 6/24/94 1,300 0.88" 13.48 6/29/94 2,000 1.47" 13.64 7/22/94 350 0.001, 7.17 7/26/94 210 0.03" 7.81 7/26/94. 260 0.03" 7/30/94 800 0.03" 7.35 8/4/94 2,200 1.68" 36.42 8/5/94 3,000 0.101, 16.74 8/11/94 1,100 0.091, 9.12 8/13/94 2,000 3.12" 30.75 8/14/94 2,000 0.79" 113.29 8/15/94 3,900 0.001, 20.96 8/15/94 4,000 0.001, 36 Correlation of Fecal Coliform Loading to-Lake Erie and Presgue Isle Bathing Beach Closures There were 16 beach closures on Presque Isle State Park during the 1994 bathing season, nine of which occurred in the vicinity of Beach I Beach 2 was closed on June 21 for three hours, however, there had only been 0. 0 1 in. of rain for the preceding seven days. There had been westerly winds with peak gusts to 23 mph. Immediately preceding the closure on June 21. Other Presque Isle beaches had elevated bacteria counts on that date. All nine closures in the Beach I area occurred on August 15 (four closures), August 16 (three closures) and August 17 (two closures). A severe wind and rain storm hit the Erie area on August 13 and 14, when 3.91 inches of rain fell and westerly winds gusted to 49 mph. This corresponded with the last series of stream samples conducted as part of this project. The highest flows were recorded in all four streams on August 14. This increased volume, as well as significantly elevated instream. fecal coliform concentrations, resulted in a significant bacte rial loading to Lake Eric. This high lake loading, coupled with the high westerly wind, corresponded with the high fecal coliform levels that closed Beach 1, Beach I East, Beach I West and Beach I West Extension on August 15. Beach 1, Beach I West and Beach I West Extension remained closed on August 16. Beach I and Beach I West remained closed until 1: 15 p.m. on August 17. No other, beaches, except Beach 11, were closed because of high bacteria counts during this period. It is entirely possible the high fecal coliform loading to Lake Erie coupled with a strong westerly wind caused or contributed to the Beach I area closings on August 15, 16 and 17, 1994. 37 Findings and Discussion Fecal coliform. organisms in the streams and in Lake Erie increased following rain events. Changes in bacteriological quality in near-shore Lake Erie water in the vicinity of the stream's mouth were significant. Of interest is Marshall Run, not only because of its high fecal coliform levels during rain events, but particularly because of its recorded high flows. For example, on August 4, 1994 the stream flow went from 8.04 CFS before a rain to 151.69 CFS after the rain. It is calculated that at 1745 hours (5:45 p.m.) the flow was in excess of 98,000,000 GPD. We do not know precisely how long the high flow lasted, but on the morning of August 5, 1994 at 8:30 a.m. the flow was still 26.11 CFS, or about 16.8 millions gallons per day. If the flow was at its peak at 5:45 p.m. and gradually dropped to 16.8 MGD by 8:30 a.m., a total of 14.75 hours, approximately 35,000,000 gallons of water were discharged to Lake Erie during the period from this one stream. The fecal coliform count in the steam during this event was 34,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml. Fortunately the wind during the event carried the plume to the west, away from Presque Isle State Park. Had the wind pushed the plum towards the park, the beaches at the Beach 91 area would have been adversely affected. Not surprisingly the turbidity in Marshall Run closely, but not necessarily linearly, parallels the fecal coliform loadings. We note that every time the turbidity was in excess of 100 FTU, the fecal coliform counts were over 1,000 fecal coliforms/100 MI. When the turbidities were high in Waldameer Creek, the fecal coliform counts were relatively high, but not as high as in Marshall Run. While this trend was also indicated in Shorehaven Creek at times, there were also times when the high turbidities did not predict the relatively low fecal coliform counts that were observed. There is no definitive reason why the high turbidity of 230 FTU in Shorehaven Run on August 14, 1994 occurred with a corresponding fecal coliform of 520 fecal coliforms/100 ml. It is speculated that because this is such a small watershed, fecal coliform bacteria in the watershed were quickly flushed out before the fecal coliform sampling took place. The high turbidity remaining may have reflected naturally 38 occurring clays and silts that were scoured free from the stream bed. One other possibility is that there is more than storm water getting into Marshall Run. Based on experience in other areas, it is not inconceivable that a sanitary sewer line(s) somehow periodically overflows to the storm drain. Chemical data collected in Marshall Run on August 4, 1994 does show a significant increase over ambient concentrations in NH3-N, ammonia-nitrogen, which is an indication of fresh decaying matter, e.g., possibly sewage, as well as an increase in total phosphorus which can also be associated with sewage. This study confirms our hypothesis that during heavy rains, fecal coliform levels in stream water can and do exceed 1,000 fecal coliforms/100 ml. Given the prevailing current directions (west to east) and sufficient flows (e.g., 98,000,000 GPD peak flow), there can be little doubt that nearby Presque Isle Park beaches could be affected. On two of the tributary streams we are aware of potential sources for fecal coliform bacteria, such as overloaded pump stations, etc. However, no known sewer overflows occurred in the study area in 1994. The fecal coliform present in two of these streams during this study is likely from non-point sources, eg., dogs, cats, wild birds and animals, and due to regrowth and/or fragmentation of normally occurring colonies during storm events. More attention is needed to define the exact nature of the sources of fecal coliform input to the streams, especially Waldameer Run, and to particularly look for any possible unpermitted sewage discharges. 39 conclusions During normal stream flows the fecal coliform loading from Marshall Run, Shorehaven Run and Wilkins Run to Lake Erie appears to be within commonly found, naturally occurring concentrations, and there are no discernible, negative effects on Lake Erie. Waldameer Run, however, has unexplainable high concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria during normal stream flows that caused higher than average fecal coliform levels detected in the lake near the mouth of the stream. During rain events that were of sufficient intensity to increase stream flows, fecal coliform levels generally rose in proportion to the increased volume. During prolonged heavy rains, the rise in volume was dramatic. Wilkins Run flow can exceed 73 mgd and the flow of Marshall Run can exceed 107 mgd. Based on this study we now know that high instream fecal coliform concentrations, coupled with high stream flows, are capable of discharging very high levels of fecal coliform bacteria to Lake Erie. Further study would be needed to determine the origins of the bacteria found during high stream flows. Based on this study and previous research and data, we feel that there is a definite correlation between high bacteria loading to Lake Erie during severe rain storms with strong westerly winds and Beach I area closures at Presque Isle State Park. 40 Appendix A Local Climatological Data - Monthly Summary for June, July and August; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina JUN 1994 ISSN # 0298-4500 ERIE, PA. NAT'L WEA SER OFC NOAA A""'Al or cowr ERIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LOCAL v INQUIRIES/COMMENTS CALL (704) 271-4800 VOICE CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA 271-4010 TDD/271-4876 FAX MONTHLY SUMMARY %JAr S a TERMINAL BLDG. LATITUDE 42' 05'N LONGITUDE 80' ll'W ELEVATION (GROUND) 731 FEET TIME ZONE EASTERN 14860 S TEMPERATURE *F DSGR9Z DAYS WEATHER TYPES SNOW/ PRECIPITATIO14 AvZRAr.E WIND SUNSHINE CONER BASS 65 *F I FOI ICE (INCHES) STATION (M.P. H. TENTHS 2REAVY FOG ON E- cn PRESSURZ x PEAK FASTEST 3 THUNDERSTORMS ,z E- c- 4 IC PELLETS RDwr4 (INCIIES GUST 1-MIN ca ca ra 0 a 5 MAIL AT Hq) .3 0 z C4 Or ca > D4 E. DOSTE 0700Z il. ELEV. @,n 7STORK w SE 'a 737 r4 (n SLOW, "' 0- ra a 8 : , OR %( a Tlr4k':g Q u (FT.HSL) a: 1 4 z to a 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7A 7B 8 910 11 12 13, 14 wl so T1617 181 20 21 22 23 3 @ a 01 64 44 54 -8 45 11 0 00.00 0.0 29.140 27 8.510.3 22 W 14 30 5 02 60 44 52* -11 42 13 0 00.00 0.0 29.300 28 9.311.1 21 W 15-27 43 03 66 45 56 -7 46 9 0 00.00 0.0 29.380 27 2.3 6.2 13 NW 931 32 04 70 46 58 -5 44 7 0 00.00 0.0 29.300 30 1.6 5.1 12 NW 933 42 05 80 50 65 1 45 0 0 00.00 0.0 29.210 07 1.3 5.4 16 SE 10 16 54 06 84 62 73 9 58 0 81 3 8 00.11 0.0 28.980 22 9.512.0 30 SW 18 24 a9 07 71 56 64 0 S6 1 01 8 00.00 0.0 29.050 32 3.8 7.0 31 NE 17 05 67 08 65 47 56 -9 45 9 0 0T 0.0 29.230 04 11.3 13.2 29 NE 20 04 55 09 70 44* 57 -8 42 8 0 00.00 0.0 29.290 27 2.9 6.1 15 NW 12 30 32 10 78 48 63 -2 47 2 0 00.00 0.0 29.260 05 5.2 7.3 24 NE 15 04 65 04 11 81 64 73 7 57 0 83 8 0T 0.0 29.145 15 11.312.1 29 SE 16 16 9a 12 81 62 72 6 58 0 7 00.00 0.0 29.150 21 8.010.5 23 S 17 22 44 13 83 64 74 8 63 0 913 8 02.68 0.0 29.160 18 9.810.5 35 S 24 19 98 14 81 67 74 8 66 0 913 8 00.03 0.0 29.230 23 4.4 8.6 25 S 16 17 8a 15 89 74 82 16 71 0 173 8 00.00 0.0 29.360 22 3.3 7.6 15 NW 13 28 66 16 88 75 82 15 71 0 171 a 00.00 0.0 29.390 23 3.2 6.1 15 NW 12 30 45 17 88 72 so 13 72 .0 151 8 00.00 0.0 29.345 30 2.5 6.0 12 NW 10 31 55 18 91* 72 82* 15 72 0 171 8 00.00 0.0 29.300 31 1.5 5.1 12 NW 933 11 19 84 66 75 7 66 0 101 a 00.00 0.0 29.320 04 6.1 8.2 23 NE 16 04 23 20 84 60 72 4 61 0 71 00.01 0.0 29.240 33 1.1 5.0 20 W 835 66 21 82 70 76 8 68 0 211 a 00.00 0.0 29.070 25 8.110.3 23 W 16 25 76 22 76 58 67 -1 57 0 2 00.00 0.0 29.135 29 3.1 6.4 16 N 12 32 54 23 81 61 71 3 56 0 6 00.03 0.0 29.030 07 4.8 8.0 21 E 15 06 88 24 86 64 75 6 68 0 1013 8 00.88 0.0 28.730 13 3.5 8.7 30 SW 18 23 99 25 72 60 66 -3 60 0 11 00.11 0.0 28.800 20 13.013.6 32 SW 17 23 109 26 80 63 72 3 63 0 71 00.28 0.0 29.020 20 5.4 9.1 23 SW 16 22 99 27 66 61 64 -5 62 1 01 00.20 0.0 29.020 03 7.4 8.8 20 NE 15 04 10 10 28 77 61 69 -1 60 01 41 3 0T 0.0 29.060 22 5.2 8.2 18 S 13 19 67 29 77 62 70 _O 63 0 5 01.47 0. 01 28: 9001211 9: 5111 .11 321 W 20122 8a 30 69 61 65 5 61 a 0 8 00.00 0.0 29 070 24 8 9 9.5 24 W 15 26 9R I I I I. I I III sum sum TOTALTOTAL NUMBER OF :AYS TOTAL TOTAL FOR THE MONT TOTAL % sum sum 2124 1793 - 61 170 5.80 0.0 29.155 1 231 2.21 8.-6 351 241 19 FOR 1741 _A PRECIPITAT:ON DAT 8 41 Av. :A=VG-l VG.j DEP- AVG. DEP. DEP. DEPO -;- il -;V-G-. .1 A E.- 13 DATE I I Oss NONTHIAVG 7-7 5 59.41 68. 51 2. ._ 19 73a.01 INCH 101 1.71 16.115.81 NUMBER OF DAYS SEASON TO DATESNOW, ICE GREATEST IN 24 HOURS AND DATES GREATEST DEPTH ON GROUND OF TOTZ'FOTAL . 1.0 INCH 0 SNOW, ICE PELLETS OR ICE MAXIMUM TFMP.IMINIMUM TEMPo 67861 197 THUNDERSTORMS 7PRECIPITATIOt:J [SNOW, ITCE PELLETS AND DATE go, 32' 1 s 32* 1 . 0' DEP. DEP. I HEAVY FOG 02.711 13-14 1 0.0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 5071 9A CLEAR 4 ?.kRTLY CLOUDY 15 CLOUDY 11 1 EXTREME FOR THE MONTH - LAST OCCURRENCE IF MORE THAN ONE. DATA IN COLS 6 AND 12-15 ARE BASED ON 21 OR MORE OBSERVATIONS AT T TRACE AMOUNT. HOURLY INTERVALS. RESULTANT WIND IS THE VECTOR SUM OF WIND SPEEDS - ALSO ON EARLIER DATE(S). AND DIRECTIONS DIVIDED BY THE NU14BER OF OBSERVATIONS. HEAVY FOG: VISIBILITY 1/4 MILE OR LESS. COLS 16 & 17 : PEM GUST - HIGHEST INSTANTANEOUS WIND SPEED. BLANK ENTRIES DENOTE MISSING OR UNREPORTED DATA. ONE OF TWO WINDS IS GIVEN UNDER COLS 18 & 19 : FASTEST MILE- HIGHEST @;?FFD 71OR WHlr-9 A MILE OF WIND PASSES STATION (DIR-ECTION IN COMPASS POINTS). FASTEST OBSERVED ONE MINUTE WIND - HIGHEST ONE TalF - MINUTE SPEED (DIRECTION IN TENS OF DEGREES). ERRORS WILL BE CORRECTED IN SUBSEQUENT PUBLICATIONS. I (T*Rl'IFY I'IIAI' I'lil; IS AN 01-1-1CIAL I'VIALICAlION OF NAIIONALOCFANIC AND AI'MOSPHERIC ADWNISTRAFION, AND IS CO.MPILED I-'ROM RECORDS ON' @11.1; Al' l'IL17. NAI-IONAL CI-IMAI'ICDAIA CEN-rr.R. N,xnoNAL NAIIONAI. )c'l;xN(C AND 0,\lx (11.111A11C DAIA noaaArmosp(timk ADMINISTRA110', AND l\F0R\lA'[luN sj@'RVRT ASlitAIII.F. NOR111 CAROUNA NArI'0NAI- CLIN4AriC DAI'A CFN-I-ER JUL 1994 ISSN # 0198-4500 ERIE, PA. NAT'L WEA SER OFC NOAA 'o."I of Cowk ERIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LOCAL INQUIRIESICOMMENTS CALL r (704) 271-4800 VOICE CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA 271-4010 TDD/271-4876 FAX MONTHLY SUMMARY sr,4,. 0 TERMINAL BLDG. LATITUDE 42' 05'N LONGITUDE 80' 11'W ELEV ATION (GROUND) 731 FEET TIME ZONE EASTERN 14860 K TEMPERATURE 'F DEGREE DAYS WEATHER TYPES SNOW/ PRECIPITATION AVERAGE WIND SUNSHINE cO5VER BASS 65 'r I POG ICE (INCHES) STATION (M. P. H. _"_THS 2 HEAVY roe ON E. th FRESSURE 2 FASTEST 3 THUNDERSTORMS GRDz (INCHES E- GUST I-MIN PELLETS 2:W - Da 4 ICE A, -a 53 ul El C4 3: 04 SH IL OF Hq) C1 0 (ZD GLAZE w w 7 DIISTSTO 'Z 7C@' ELEV. U 7, 24 RM 0700> od E- 8 SMOKE, KAZE -n a, a. ca r4 9 43 cn > @A W 0 0 5 w 737 a3 15 0= SLOWING SHOW C, 3: u (:N. ul U(FT.14SLj O@ C. I 4. 2 3 4 5 67A 7B 18 91 617 18 19 20 21 22 2-3- 1 0 11 12 13 14 15 I= 01 82 58* 70 0 61 0 51 00.00 0029.180 2 1 6.4 8.0 20S 13 21 2 2 02 81 66 74 4 62 0 9 800.00 0.0 29.190 22 6.410.6 23S 18 19 9 9 03 74 63 69 -1 59 0 4 00.00 0.0 29.350 04 9.710.3 23 NE 16 04 5 5 04 82 63 73 3 65 0 a a00.00 0.0 29.340 06 2.0 5.6 16S 13 17 3 3 05 86 74 80 10 68 0 15 800.00 0.0 29.260 21 7.8 9.9 21W 14 21 6 7 06 89 75 82 11 71 0 173 800.00 0.0 29.210 22 5.8 7.8 21 NW 14 20 6 6 07 85 70 78 7 70 0 1313 800 .29 0.0 29.210 18 2.5 6.7 18S 14 21 10 9 08 91 73 82* 11 71 0 1713 80T 0.0 29.200 19 8.4 9.1 18S 15 18 7 7 09 80 72 76 5 65 0 11 80T 0.0 29.200 2 3 10.412.1 3 3W 18 27 7 8 F::@ 10 72 60 66- -5 58 0 11 00. 19 0.0 29.300 28 7.310.5 23W 15 30 9 9 P4 11 73 60 67 -4 57 0 2 00.00 0.0 29.350 29 3.1 7.0 16 NW 13 3 2 3 4 12 85 61 73 2 62 0 8 00 .00 0.0 29.230 21 8.711.2 22S 15 19 7 6 13 80 67 74 3 65 0 93 800.00 0.0 29.260 28 0.7 7.0 21 NE 16 06 4 5 14 77 115 71 0 63 3 0 61 00 * 011 0*0 29*250 10 3*9 1*0 16 SE 907 9 9 15 80 67 74 3 68 0 91 800.00 0.0 29.220 25 6.6 9 .9 24W 17 28 9 9 16 75 62 69 -2 61 0 4 00 .00 0.0 29.350 32 5.6 7.0 15 NW 13 34 6 6 17 80 62 71 - 1 62 0 6 00 .00 0.0 29 .300 04 3.1 5.1 14N 10 04 8 7 18 80 68 74 2 64 0 91 800.02 0.0 29.220 2 3 3.6 7.4 15 NW 12 31 5 5 19 84 65 75 3 61 0 10 00.00 0.0 29 .285 2 4 2.5 6 .9 14S 10 3 0 4 3 20 91* 69 so 8 67 0 15 800.00 0.0 29 .290 18 9.9 10 .3 18S 14 19 6 6 21 90 71 81 9 68 0 161 800.05 0.0 29.160 19 10.3 10.8 3 0S`W 16 19 8 9 22 84 71 78 6 67 0 13 a00.00 0.0 29.050 19 12.312.5 23S 15 20 10 9 23 79 69 74 2 65 0 9 800 .00 0.0 29 .100 23 9.011.1 2 5W 16 28 5 5 24 83 68 76 4 65 0 1113 800 .16 0.0 29.100 2 2 7.8 9 . 77 23 SW 15 25 5 5 25 80 65 7 3 1 61 0 813 00.12 0.0 29 .050 23 5.9 8 .7 3 0NW 14 28 4 5 26 76 61 69 -3 58 0 41 00 .03 0 .0 29.030 2 3 7.3 9 .9 22 NW 16 31 8 7 27 79 60 70 -2 58 0 51 00.11 0.0 29.080 13 3.0 5.7 15E 934 10 9 28 77 61 69 -3 60 0 413 800.00 0.0 29.140 29 0.6 5.9 15N 10 01 9 8 29 78 61 70 -2 57 0 51 800.04 0.0 29.280 04 2.9 7.8 17N 12 08 3 5 30 78 62 70 -2 61 0 51 00.03 0.0129.3301231 3.31 6 12127 6 5 7:51 151SW 131 81 1 64 1 73 1 63 0 811 8 100.001 0.0 29.380 22 2.7 014 NW 1 14 30 1 21 11 - OT TOTAL NUMBER OF ZAYS TOTALITOTALI FOR THE MONTH : -- TOTAL SUM $1-.4 03 - 0 i . 121 0. 0.1 6 .5 331w T 727 FOR 19593 AV(@' P. A V".) El :i! =I1 AVG. AVG. ' Di G. I DEP. I DEP. 1PREcrPiTAT.@CN* DATE: 9 1 DATE. 9 POSS_ O"T"1AVG1A-.-j 31 2.01 63.3 __1 0;71- -01 -2. 16. 316 . 21 81.01 65.61 73. 0 INCH NUMBER OF DAYS SEASON TO OATTSNOW, ICE PEILETS GREATEST IN 24 HOURS AND DATES GREATEST DEPTH ON GROUND OF TOTALITOTAL a 1.0 INCH 111 SNOW, ICE PELLETS OR ICE !MAXIMUM TEMP.1MTNIMUM TEMP. 01 463 THUNDERSTORMS 7TPI ECTPITATION I SNO E PELLETS R W, IC AND DATE 90* 32' DEP. DEP. HEAVY FOG 1 0.291 07 1 11.11 10 1 3 0 CLEAR 5=AR7LY CLOUDY 15 CLOUDY Ii _j EXTREME FOR THE MONTH - LAST OCCURRENCE IF MORE THAN DATA IN COLS 6 AND 12-15 ARE BASED ON 21 OR MORE OBSERVATIONS AT T TRACE AMOUNT. HCURLY INTERVALS. RESULTANT WIND IS THE VECTOR SUM OF WIND SPEE--s + ALSO ON EARLIER DATE(S) . AND DIRECTIONS U:V:DED BY THE WMBER OF OBSERVATIONS. HEAVY FOG: VISIBILITY 1/4 MILE OR LESS. :OLS 16 & 17 : PEAK GUS7 - HIGHEST INSTANTANEOUS WIND SPEED. aLAN-K CrI, UNRE:-ICRTEC, ZATA. '11= IT WT11r)C -s "MCFq 18 1. 19 * FASTEsT M?r-=-- HIGwES7 _@EE`D FCR A MI:.Z 3-1 WIND PASSES STATION @D:RECT=,: @ASTEST CaSERVEz- ONE IiNc =;HEST *@NE MINUTE SPEED kCIRECTION 1.; TENS @F DEGREES). 0 ERRORS WILL BE CORRE"TED IN SU9SEQUENT PUBLICATIONS. I CER111'N' IIIA]' HIIS IS, OF THI. VNI) \IM()SI'111RIC ADMINISIRA11O.N. AND IS COMPILI-D I`ROIA RECORDS ON 1-11-1: Al I'IIF N,\!@ONAL CLINIA11CDAIA (TNIER. NA110NAL noaa FA%IC NND I-NX IR0%.MI`, L\1 4\11 1 1 111, Iml,v 4 1 1%1.\Il( DAIA @ 1 "11-11 DIRECIOR AI'MOSPIII RIC ADMINISHU"10N AND I%FoIz%IAI10\ NI-R% R I. \Silt.% It I F. NoRill ( AROI I\ \ NAHONAL CLINIALIC DAIA CEN-IFIR AUG 1994 ISSN * 0198-4500 ERIE, PA. NAT'L WEA SER OFC NOAA J.'er or C041+ ERIE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT LOCAL ir a INQUIRIES/COKMENTS CALL c r. 704) 271-4800 VOICE LIMATOLOGICAL DATA 271-4010 TDD/271-4876 FAX MONTHLY SUMMARY %sr4,-, 0 TERMINAL BLDG. LATITUDE 42' 05'N LONGITUDE 80* ll'W ELEVATION (GROUND) 731 FEET TIME ZONE EASTERN 14860 TEMPERATURE 'F DEGREE D@YS WEATHER TYPES SNOW/ PRECIPITATION AVERAGE WIND SUNSHINE cs"Y OVER BASE 65 F I FOG ICE (INCHES) STATION tM.P.H. TENTHS 2HEAVY FOG ON PRESSURE PEAK FASTEST w E-4 3VHUNDERSTORNS E' GUST I-MIN 9% z 4 ICE PELLETS GRZ 'w (INCHES 43 1 W u 0 w o S HAIL AT :3 jOF Hg) 2 El Da m E-4 IDUSTST... 0700 Z 11, ELEV. r: w w IJ In Da 3; t 8 MOKE,HAZE V1 w r4 tn ca 9 5 w737 F@ tn' > &LOWING SNOW a. W 0 4 a 2: U(FTAHSL) 22 @l > Cl L@ a= u w a: 4 ul 1 23 4 5 67A 7B a 9 , 10 11 12 13 14 15 T1617 18 19 20 21 22 23 01 84 66 7 5 3 62 0 10 a 0 0.00 0.0 29.295 22 6.2 8.2 16 NW 12 28 2 3 0 2 82 69 76 4 67 0 111 8 0 0.00 0.0 29.255 25 5.4 8.2 17 NW 15 2 9 4 6 0 3 81 67 74 2 65 0 91 8 0 0.00 0.0 29.270 25 2.6 6.5 13 N 10 3 4 5 6 04 85 67 76 4 6 7 0 111 3 8 0 1.68 0.0 29.100 20 11.112.0 4 0 SW 25 26 9 9 05 68 55 62 -9 so 3 0 0 0.10 0.0 29.270 0 210.311.8 25 N 18 0 3 6 7 06 71 52* 62* -9 4 8 3 0 0 0.00 0.0 29.400 04 3.5 7.5 18 N 14 01 4 4 07 7 855 67 -4 53 0 2 0 0.00 0.0 29.330 10 2.7 7.6 17 NE 14 0 3 3 2 0 8 78 61 7 0 -1 59 0 5 8 0 0.00 0.0 29.290 22 4.4 8.5 16 S 14 2 8 4 4 0 9 7 262 67 -4 58 0 21 8 0 0.01 0.0 29.350 29 5.3 9.2 16 NW 13 20 10 9 jc:@ 10 7 061 66 -5 54 0 1 0 0.00 0 .0 29.450 01 3.4 7.1 15 N 12 3 4 9 9 a) P4 11 6 758 63 -8 59 2 01 0 0.09 0.0 29.410 17 2.4 4.6 10 S 918 10 10 12 84 65 75 4 66 0 101 3 8 0 0.15 0.0 29.320 15 2.0 5.9 29 SW 14 20 10 10 13 7 66 7 72 1 68 0 71 3 8 0 3 .12 0.0 29.180 21 11.812.4 49 SW 17 2 5 10 10 14 70 6 2 66 -5 54 0 11 3 0 0.79 0.0 29.100 29 9.9 11.4 26 SW 23 22 8 9 PQ 15 6 956 63 -8 50 2 0 0 0.00 0.0 29.275 2 87.910.2 26 NW 15 3 0 4 4 16 76 54 6 5 -5 53 0 0 0 0 00 0 029 330 14 2 07 6 16 I-Fq 10 3 5 1 2 P@ 17 7 76 4 71 1 63 0 6 8 0 0 : 0 0 0 : 02 9 : 2 7 5 14 5 : 36 : 5 13 E 10 16 10 9 18 7 664 7 0 0 6 5 0 51 8 0 0.00 0.0 29.245 30 3.4 6.0 14 NW 10 31 6 8 19 8.1 62 7 2 2 64 0 71 8 0 0 .00 0.0 29.190 20 5.0 7.7 16 W 13 2 9 4 5 20 86* 67 77- 8 65 0 121 3 8 0 0 .68 0.0 29.055 19 8.910.2 24 S 16 19 10 10 21 7 466 7 0 1 65 0 51 0 0.36 0.0 28.980 27 3.5 7 .7 18 NE 14 0 3 10 10 2 2 7 458 66 -3 56 0 1 0 0.00 0.0 29.210 0 48.5 10 .5 21 UE 16 0 3 4 4 2 3 74 55 65 -4 57 0 0 0 0.00 0.0 29.410 21 0.3 5.2 15 N 10 3 5 2 1 24 80 59 7 0 1 56 0 5 0 0.00 0.0 29.420 18 9.5 9 .8 18 S 14 18 6 5 25 7 866 72 3 6 6 0 71 3 a 0 0.21 0 .0 29.325 23 8.4 9.8 21 SW 16 27 7 7 26 8 36 3 7 3 4 66 0 81 8 0 0.00 0.0 29.300 22 6 . 38 .3 18 W 14 26 9 7 27 8 069 75 6 68 0 101 8 0 0.00 0.0 29.270 2 54.9 7.2 14 NW 10 30 6 6 2 8 81 6 7 7 4 5 66 0 91 3 8 0 0.49 0.0 29.060 22 9.113.3 44 SW 26 24 10 9 2 9 7 256 64 -4 53 1 0 0 0.00 0.0129.1801311 5.21 8.9 22 SW 14 25 4 41 30 74 53 64 -4 54 1 0 0 0.02 0.0 29.280 19 3.5 6.1 13 S 10 18 7 6 131 731621 68 1 0 1 60 Of 31 0 0.021 0.0 29.130 24 8.111.61 261 W 117127 91 91 11A FOR THE MONTH TOT % Sum SUM sum sum T 12@TITAL NUMBER OF DAYS Ll 2 T27-2,91 8 421 1908 '47 TOT@ T@l 9.2 S,,, 26 24 FOR 2374 7 72rol 60 .6 203 204 DEP. DEP. ONTH Avr AvG AVG. AVG.IAVG- DEP_ DEP. PRECIPITAT:ON DATE _3 1 "[email protected], POSS _1.01 AVG. -24 L' .01 INCH 13 76.6 61.51 69.11 59.8 0 3.66 6. 516. NU14BER OF 'DAYS SEASON TO DATE SNOW, ICE PELLETS GREATEST IN 24 HOURS AND DATES GREATEST DEPTH ON GROUND OF ToT3TFoTAL 2t 1*0 INCH Ov SNOW, ICE PELLETS OR ICE' IMAXIMUM TFMP.jMINIMUM TEMP.1 121 610 THUNDERSTORIMS 7 PRECIPITATION1 SNOW, 1,CE PELLETS AND DATE 90* 32* 1 % 32* Is 0* 1 DEP. DEP. HEAVY FOG 0 3.911 13-14 1 0.0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 01 01 126 CLEAR 4 PARTLY CLOUDY 14 CLOUDY 13 1 EXTREME FOR THE MONTH - LAST OCCURRENCE IF MORE THAN ONE. DATA IN COLS 6 AND 12-15 ARE BASED ON 21 OR MORE OBSERVATIONS AT T TRACE AMOUNT. HOTIRLY INTERVALS. RESULTAONT WIND IS THE VECTOR SUM OF WIND SPEEn-S + ALSO ON EARLIER DATE(S). AND DIRECTIONS DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS. HEAVY FOG: VIS151LITY 1/4 MILE OR LESS. COLS 16 & 17 : PEAK GUST - HIGHEST !NSTANTANEOUS WIND SPEED. BLANK ENTRIES DENOTE MISSING OR UNREPORTED DATA. ONE OF TWO WINDS IS GIVEN UNDER COLS 18 S 19 : FASTEST MILE- HIG.4vz- RECORCED SPEED FOR WHICH A MILE OF WIND PASSES STATION (DIRECTION @:=nxss 2c:@:Ts; . F' --=T z:2s= *Z: C,','E A:N'.'TE -.-r_Nc - Hl@-4EST ONE ES IF T: N N -:NUTZ SPEEC @ =REC 3 :N :E S OF OEC; EES) El CORRECTED IN SUBSEQUENT PUBLICATIONS. RRORS WILL BE I CERTIn' THAT TTUS IS AIN OFFICIAL PLBLIc.,@rio,; oi, I'IfF_ NA110N."LLOCEA-NIC AND ArmosPlIERIC ADNtINISTRATION. AND IS COMPILED FROM RECORDS ON FILE Ar rilL \AFION.AL CLIM.-U IC DkT..x cE\-rER. N NAFIONAL N11"10"Al. EANIC AND _NVIRO@\41-NT\L. *;AlT[_llll:. D,\F,\. Cl.l.%lAllC DATA CFNITR DIREC`rOR nomak Ai'\40SP.HcENR'IxCn(A)D.@6AilLNIS,rRAII().%, @ \,'.D INFORNIAnO\ SER\ICI- "ORI'H CAROLINA NAFIONAL CLIMAFIC DArA CENTER Appendix B BEHCH CLOSINGS BUIE TO HPICTE-191H T I M, LE i CLOSED NO -BEACHESI IHOURS. MINUTE3,j MOUR5. MINUTEZ D-A- E EM C LLIS UNTIL CLOSED C, CH CLOSED BEACHES CLCS-D 6 / 2. 1 9 41 T I TWO 10. 40 13.S6 t 3.1 3.16 6 / Z I 1141 T 6 U D NY 10,413 13.S6 1 3.16 3.16 3115 ! ".44 Ill I WEST EXTENSIOV 1,35.50 4-:0.0 0 5 6.50 32-50 ONE WESTI, ONE- ONE EASi7 ELEVEN 8 8 T I WEST EX; T E 145;1 QN-1 12- - G G 1 2"-.Ilo 8.00 1 8.0c, ONE WEST! E 8/16 11:14 T 0 N - 20.00 3 10.130 0. 0 CI I I ELEVEN - I I 7.,'Gl 4 @'A.; ONE 10.00 13.15 2 3.15 A A F., 8/23/9-11 T E L F,.' P 1 13.50 1 20.00 1 -u. 5 0 6.5 C, 2, 4;-S 147! W E L EY E N 1). 0 ;'.'!1 13.01) 1 3.00 31,00- 0''.7.q a; T E L EV E .1-1 10-30 I-10.0s 2. 7 5 NOAA COASTAL SERVICES CTR LIBRARY 1 !411@ 3 6668 14111696 4