[Federal Register Volume 59, Number 73 (Friday, April 15, 1994)] [Unknown Section] [Page 0] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov] [FR Doc No: 94-9070] [[Page Unknown]] [Federal Register: April 15, 1994] ======================================================================= ----------------------------------------------------------------------- DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 RIN 1018-AC01 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for the Royal Snail and Anthony's Riversnail AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) determines endangered status for the royal snail (Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) ogmorhaphe) and Anthony's riversnail (Athearnia anthonyi) under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). The royal snail is known only from two spring runs on public lands in the Sequatchie River system, Marion County, Tennessee. The extremely limited distribution of the royal snail and the limited amount of occupied habitat make this species extremely vulnerable to extinction. Anthony's riversnail is known from two small populations--one in the Sequatchie River, Marion County, Tennessee, and one in Limestone Creek, Limestone County, Alabama. These populations are threatened by the general water quality deterioration that has resulted from siltation and other pollutants contributed by such factors as coal mining, poor land use practices, and waste discharges. The protection and recovery provisions afforded by the Act for the royal snail and Anthony's riversnail are implemented by this final rule. EFFECTIVE DATE: May 16, 1994. ADDRESSES: The complete file for this rule is available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the Asheville Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 330 Ridgefield Court, Asheville, North Carolina 28806. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. J. Allen Ratzlaff or Mr. Richard G. Biggins at the above address (704/665-1195, Ext. 229 or 228, respectively). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background Royal Snail The royal snail (Marstonia ogmorhaphe) was described by Thompson in 1977 and was later reassigned to the genus Pyrgulopsis by Hershler and Thompson (1987). The royal snail is a small (usually less than 5 millimeters (0.25 inch) in length) annual species distinguished from other closely related species by (1) its relatively large size; (2) its large number of whorls (5.2 to 5.8); (3) its deeply incised, suture- producing, strongly shouldered whorls, which are almost flat above; (4) its complete aperture, which is broadly ovate in shape with a rounded posterior corner; (5) its outer lip, which is slightly arched forward in lateral profile; (6) its thin shell; (7) its conical-terete shape; and (8) its enlarged bursa copulatrix with a completely exposed duct (Thompson 1977). The royal snail is known from only two spring runs in the Sequatchie River system in Marion County, Tennessee. Royal snails are generally found in the diatomaceous ``ooze'' and on leaves and twigs in the quieter pools downstream from the spring source. While no populations of the royal snail are known to have been lost, the general deterioration of the water quality that has resulted from siltation and other pollutants contributed by coal mining, poor land use practices, and waste discharges likely are impacting the species. This could result in serious, irreversible decline of the species. Additionally, because both existing populations inhabit extremely limited areas, they are very vulnerable to extirpation from accidental toxic chemical spills or vandalism. On December 17, 1992, the Service notified by mail (28 letters) the potentially affected Federal and State agencies, local governments, and interested individuals within the species' present range that a status review of the royal snail was being conducted. Three agencies and one private organization responded. The Tennessee Valley Authority supported proposing the species for listing. The Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, and the one responding private organization did not take a position on the potential listing. No objections to the potential listing of the royal snail were received. Anthony's Riversnail Anthony's riversnail was originally described from specimens collected in the Holston River, near Knoxville, Tennessee (``Budd,'' in Redfield 1854). This relatively large freshwater snail, which grows to about 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in length, is ovate and olive green to yellowish brown in color. Anthony's riversnail is listed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation as a threatened species (Bogan and Parmalee 1983). Anthony's riversnail is primarily a big-river species that was historically associated with shoal areas in the main stem of the Tennessee River and the lower reaches of some of its tributaries. There are historical records of the species from the lower French Broad River, Knox County, Tennessee; Nolichucky River, Green County, Tennessee; Clinch River, Jefferson County, Tennessee; Beaver Creek, Knox County, Tennessee; Little Tennessee River, Monroe and Loudon Counties, Tennessee; Tellico River, Monroe County, Tennessee; Sequatchie and Little Sequatchie Rivers and Battle Creek, Marion County, Tennessee; South Chickamauga and Tiger Creeks, Catoosa County, Georgia; Limestone Creek, Limestone County, Alabama; and Tennessee River, Knox and Loudon Counties, Tennessee, and Jackson, Limestone, and Lauderdale Counties, Alabama (Bogan and Parmalee 1983; Gordon 1991; F. Thompson, Florida Museum of Natural History, personal communication, 1991). Presently, only two small populations are known to survive--one in the Sequatchie River, Marion County, Tennessee (M. Gordon, Tennessee Technological University, and S. Ahlstedt, Tennessee Valley Authority, personal communications 1991), and one in Limestone Creek, Limestone County, Alabama (Thompson, personal communication, 1991; Garner 1992). Many populations were lost when much of the Tennessee River and the lower reaches of its tributaries were impounded. The general water quality deterioration that has resulted from siltation and other pollutants contributed by coal mining, poor land use practices, and waste discharges was likely responsible for the species' further decline. These factors continue to impact the Sequatchie River and Limestone Creek populations. Both existing populations inhabit short river reaches; thus, they are very vulnerable to extirpation from accidental toxic chemical spills. As the Sequatchie River and Limestone Creek are isolated by impoundments from other Tennessee River tributaries, recolonization of any extirpated populations would be unlikely without human intervention. Additionally, because these populations are isolated, their long-term genetic viability is questionable. Anthony's riversnail (Athearnia anthonyi) first appeared as a candidate species (category 2) on May 22, 1984, in the Invertebrate Notice or Review (49 FR 21664-21675). This taxon was reassigned from category 2 to category 3B on January 6, 1989, in the Animal Notice of Review (54 FR 554-579). The change in category was based on information that Anthony's riversnail was not a distinct species, but that it was instead the same as another category 2 species, the boulder snail (Leptoxis (=Athearnia) crassa). Gordon (1991) examined juveniles of both species and concluded that the two snails are distinct species. However, as the boulder snail is apparently extinct (Bogan and Parmalee 1983, Gordon 1991), their distinctiveness is irrelevant. On June 12, 1992, the Service notified by mail (37 letters) the potentially affected Federal and State agencies, local governments, and interested individuals within the species' present range that a status review of the Anthony's riversnail was being conducted. Four agencies responded. The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation supported proposing the species for listing. The Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, and Tennessee State Planning Office responded to the notification letter but did not take a position on the potential listing. No objections to the potential listing of the Anthony's riversnail were received. Summary of Comments and Recommendations In the August 5, 1993, proposed rule (58 FR 41690) on the royal snail and Anthony's riversnail and through associated notifications, all interested parties were requested to submit factual reports and information that might contribute to the development of a final rule for the royal snail and Anthony's riversnail. Appropriate Federal and State agencies, and interested parties were contacted by letters dated August 16, 1993. Legal notices were published in the Chattanooga Times and Chattanooga News-Free Press on August 19, 1993, and in the Decatur Daily on August 23, 1993. One written comment was received on the proposed rule to list the royal snail an Anthony's riversnail. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service responded by stating they had no additional information on either of the species. Summary of Factors Affecting the Species After a thorough review and consideration of all information available, the Service has determined that the royal snail and Anthony's riversnail should be classified as endangered species. Section 4(a)(1) of the Act and regulations (50 CFR part 424) promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the Act were followed. A species may be determined to be an endangered or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1). These factors and their application to the royal snail (Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) ogmorhaphe) and Anthony's riversnail (Athearnia anthonyi) are as follows: A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range The royal snail is known from only two spring runs in the Sequatchie River system in Marion County, Tennessee, and has never been found outside these areas. This extremely limited distribution, the limited amount of occupied habitat, the ease of accessibility, and the species' annual life cycle make the royal snail extremely vulnerable to extinction. Threats to the species include siltation; road construction; logging; agricultural, municipal, industrial, and mining runoff (both direct and from sub surface flows); cattle grazing; vandalism; and pollution from trash thrown in the springs. Further, timber harvesting for wood chip mills proposed for southeastern Tennessee and northeastern Alabama could impact this species. Anthony's riversnail was once rather widespread in the Tennessee River system. (See ``Background'' section for a discussion of the species' historic range.) Presently, only two small populations are known to survive--one in the Sequatchie River, Marion County, Tennessee (Gordon and Ahlstedt, personal Communications, 1991), and one in Limestone Creek, Limestone County, Alabama (Thompson, personal Communication, 1991; Garner 1992). Anthony's riversnail is primarily a big-river species that was historically associated with shoal areas in the main stem of the Tennessee River and the lower reaches of some of its tributaries. When the Tennessee River impoundments were constructed, most of the Tennessee River's riverine habitat was lost, and the lower reaches of its tributaries were also inundated. Populations that were able to survive in the remaining limited unimpounded habitat were apparently lost due to the general deterioration of water quality that has resulted from siltation and other pollutants contributed by coal mining, poor land use practices, and waste discharges. These factors continue to impact the Sequatchie River and Limestone Creek populations. Additionally, timber harvesting for wood chip mills proposed for southeastern Tennessee and northeastern Alabama could impact the species. B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Educational Purposes There is no indication that over-utilization has been a problem for the royal snail or Anthony's riversnail. The specific areas inhabited by these species are presently not known by the general public; until the proposed rule was published, they were likely unaware of the presence of these rare snails. If the specific areas inhabited by these two species were revealed, it would be extremely easy for vandals to seriously impact them. Therefore, the present range of these species has been described only in general terms. C. Disease or Predation Although the royal snail and Anthony's riversnail are consumed by predatory animals, there is no evidence that predation or disease are serious threats to the species. D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms The State of Tennessee prohibits taking fish and wildlife, including freshwater snails, for scientific purposes without a State collecting permit. However, the royal snail and Anthony's riversnail are generally not protected from other threats. Federal listing will provide additional protection for these species from collectors by requiring Federal endangered species permits to take these species and by requiring Federal agencies to consult with the Service when projects they fund, authorize, or carry out may affect the species. E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting its Continued Existence Because the royal snail is presently restricted to two small spring runs, it is very vulnerable to extinction from accidental toxic chemical spills; and because the populations are physically isolated from each other, recolonization of an extirpated population would not be possible without human intervention. Additionally, because natural gene flow among populations is not possible, the long-term genetic viability of these remaining isolated populations is questionable. Both existing Anthony's riversnail populations inhabit short river reaches; thus, they are vulnerable to extirpation from accidental toxic chemical spills. As the Sequatchie River and Limestone Creek are isolated by impoundments from other Tennessee River tributaries, recolonization of any extirpated populations would be unlikely without human intervention. Additionally, because these populations are isolated, their long-term genetic viability is questionable. The Service has carefully assessed the best scientific and commercial information available regarding the past, present, and future threats faced by these species in determining to make this rule final. Based on this evaluation, the preferred action is to list the royal snail and Anthony's riversnail as endangered. The royal snail is known from only two populations in spring runs in Marion County, Tennessee. Anthony's riversnail is currently known from two small populations--one in the Sequatchie River, Marion County, Tennessee, and one in Limestone Creek, Limestone County, Alabama. These snails and their habitats have been and continue to be threatened, and Anthony's riversnail has undergone a significant range reduction. Their limited distribution also makes them vulnerable to toxic chemical spills. Because of their restricted distributions and both snails' vulnerability to extinction, endangered status appear to be the most appropriate classification for these species. (See ``Critical Habitat'' for a discussion of why critical habitat is not being designated for these snails.) Critical Habitat Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as amended, requires that, to the maximum extent prudent and determinable, the Secretary designate critical habitat at the time the species is determined to be endangered or threatened. The Service's regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(l)) state that designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or both of the following situations exist: (1) The species is threatened by taking or other activity and the identification of critical habitat can be expected to increase the degree of threat to the species or (2) The designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the species. The Service finds that designation of critical habitat is not presently prudent for these species. Such a determination would result in no known benefit to these species, and designation of critical habitat could further threaten both species. Section 7(a)(2) and regulations codified at 50 CFR part 402 require Federal agencies to ensure, in consultation with and with the assistance of the Service, that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat, if designated. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal agencies to confer informally with the Service on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a proposed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. (See ``Available Conservation Measures'' section for a further discussion of section 7.) As part of the development of the proposed rules, Federal and State agencies were notified of the snail's general distribution, and they were requested to provide data on proposed Federal actions that might adversely affect the two species. No specific projects were identified. Should any future projects be proposed in areas inhabited by these snails, the involved Federal agency will already have the general distributional data needed to determine if the species may be impacted by their action; if needed, more specific distributional information would be provided. Each of these snails occupies very restricted stream reaches. Thus, as any significant adverse modification or destruction of these species' habitat would likely jeopardize their continued existence, no additional protection for the species would accrue from critical habitat designation that would not also accrue from listing the species. Therefore, habitat protection for these species will be accomplished through the section 7 jeopardy standard and section 9 prohibitions against take. In addition, because these species are very rare, with populations restricted to extremely short stream reaches, unregulated taking for any purpose could threaten their continued existence. The publication of critical habitat maps in the Federal Register and local newspapers and any other publicity accompanying critical habitat designation could increase the collection threat and increase the potential for vandalism, especially during the often controversial critical habitat designation process. (See ``Summary of Factors Affecting the Species'' section for a further discussion of threats to these species from vandals.) The locations of populations of these species have consequently been described only in general terms in this final rule. Precise locality data is available to appropriate Federal, State, and local government agencies and individuals from the service office described in the Addresses section and from the Service's Cookeville Field Office, 446 Neal Street, Cookeville, Tennessee 38501. Available Conservation Measures Conservation measures provided to species listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act include recognition, recovery actions, requirements for Federal protection, and prohibitions against certain practices. Recognition through listing encourages and results in conservation actions by Federal, State, local, and private agencies, groups, and individuals. The Act provides for possible land acquisition and cooperation with the States and requires that recovery actions be carried out for all listed species. The protection required of Federal agencies and the prohibitions against taking and harm are discussed, in part, below. Section 7(a) of the Act, as amended, requires Federal agencies to evaluate their actions with respect to any species that is proposed or listed as endangered or threatened and with respect to its critical habitat, if any is being designated. Regulations implementing this interagency cooperation provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section 7(a)(2) requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or to destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency must enter into formal consultation with the Service. The Service notified Federal agencies that could have programs affecting these species. No specific proposed Federal actions were identified that would likely affect the species. Federal activities that could occur and impact the species include, but are not limited to, the carrying out or the issuance of permits for reservoir construction, stream alterations, wastewater facility development, pesticide registration, and road and bridge construction. It has been the experience of the Service, however, that nearly all Section 7 consultations can be resolved so that the species is protected and the project objectives are met. The Act and implementing regulations found at 50 CFR 17.21 set forth a series of general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to all endangered wildlife. These prohibitions, in part, make it illegal for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States to take (include harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, or collect; or to attempt any of these), import or export, ship in interstate commerce in the course of commercial activity, or sell or offer for sale in interstate or foreign commerce any listed species. It also is illegal to possess, sell, deliver, carry, transport, or ship any such wildlife that has been taken illegally. Certain exceptions apply to agents of the Service and State conservation agencies. Permits may be issued to carry out otherwise prohibited activities involving endangered wildlife species under certain circumstances. Regulations governing permits are at 50 CFR 17.22 and 17.23. Such permits are available for scientific purposes, to enhance the propagation or survival of the species, and/or for incidental take in connection with otherwise lawful activities. In some instances, permits may be issued for a specified time to relieve undue economic hardship that would be suffered if such relief were not available. These species are not in trade, and such permit requests are not expected. National Environmental Policy Act The Fish and Wildlife Service has determined that an Environmental Assessment, as defined under the authority of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, need not be prepared in connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. A notice outlining the Service's reasons for this determination was published in the Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). References Cited Bogan, A. E., and P. W. Parmalee. 1983. Tennessee's rare wildlife, Volume II: the mollusks. 123 pp. Garner, J. T. 1992. A survey for Anthony's river snail, Athearnia anthonyi (``Budd,'' in Redfield 1854), in tributaries of the middle reaches of the Tennessee River. Unpublished report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 25 pp. Gordon, M. E. 1991. Species accounts for Anthony's riversnail (Athearnia anthonyi). Unpublished report to The Nature Conservancy. 4 pp. Hershler, Robert, and Fred G. Thompson. 1987. North American Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissoacea): Redescription and Systematic Relationships of Tryonia Stimpson, 1865, and Pyrgulopsis Call and Pilsbry, 1886. The Nautilus 101(1):25-32. Refield, J. H. 1854. Descriptions of new species of shells. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York 6:130-132. Thompson, Fred G. 1977. The Hydrobiid snail genus Marstonia. Bull. Florida State. Mus., Biol. Sci., Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 113-158. Author The primary authors of this final rule are Mr. J. Allen Ratzlaff and Mr. Richard G. Biggins (see Addresses section) (704/665-1195, Ext. 229 and 228, respectively). List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, and Transportation. Regulation Promulgation Accordingly, part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, is amended as set forth below: PART 17--[AMENDED] 1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows: Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201-4245; Pub. L. 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. 2. Amend Sec. 17.11(h) by adding the following, in alphabetical order, under snails, to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife, to read as follows: Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife. * * * * * (h) * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Species Vertebrate population ---------------------------------------------------- Historic range where endangered or Status When listed Critical Special Common name Scientific name threatened habitat rules -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Snails * * * * * * * Snail, royal............. Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) U.S.A. (TN)............. NA...................... E 438 NA NA oqmorhaphe. * * * * * * * Riversnail, Anthony's.... Athearnia anthonyi...... U.S.A. (AL, GA, TN)..... NA...................... E 438 NA NA * * * * * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dated: April 1, 1994. Mollie H. Beattie, Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. [FR Doc. 94-9070 Filed 4-14-94; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310-55-M