Federal Register, Volume 60 Issue 163 (Wednesday, August 23, 1995)

[Federal Register Volume 60, Number 163 (Wednesday, August 23, 1995)]
[Notices]
[Pages 43779-43785]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 95-20878]

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Notice of Intent To Prepare Supplemental Environmental Impact
Statement Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, Disposal Phase

AGENCY: Department of Energy.

ACTION: Notice of intent to prepare a supplemental environmental impact
statement.

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SUMMARY: The Department announces its intent to prepare a Supplemental
Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS II) for the proposed continued
phased development of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) for
disposal of transuranic (TRU) waste. The Department will prepare the
SEIS II pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of
1969, in accordance with the Council on Environmental Quality
regulations for implementing the procedural provisions of NEPA and the
Department's implementing procedures, and to conduct public scoping
meetings.
The Department has been proceeding with the phased development of
WIPP to meet its statutory responsibility to demonstrate the safe
disposal of TRU waste resulting from United States defense activities.

[[Page 43780]]

After preparing an EIS in 1980, the Department decided in its 1981
Record of Decision to begin phased development of a research and
development facility to demonstrate the safe disposal of TRU wastes in
salt by constructing WIPP near Carlsbad, New Mexico. The Department
prepared its first Supplemental EIS in 1990 to analyze changes in
environmental impacts resulting from significant new information and
changed circumstances since the 1980 EIS. In a 1990 Record of Decision,
the Department decided to continue with phased development of WIPP by
conducting test phase activities to demonstrate WIPP's compliance with
applicable disposal regulations. Test phase activities were to have
included tests with TRU waste in the excavated underground area of
WIPP. In October 1993, however, the Department decided to conduct tests
using radioactive wastes in above-ground laboratories rather than
underground at WIPP. Some experiments to further examine the
hydrologic, geologic and physical characteristics of the repository
continue to be conducted underground at WIPP.
In the Record of Decision for the 1990 Supplemental EIS, the
Department stated that it would prepare the SEIS II before deciding
whether to proceed with the WIPP disposal phase. The Department
proposes to continue phased development of WIPP to begin waste disposal
in 1998. The Department is aware that a bill, H.R. 1663, has been
introduced in Congress that, if enacted, could accelerate this planned
schedule. The Department intends to prepare the SEIS II to further
examine the environmental impacts of the proposed future phases of
WIPP, including the disposal, closure, and post-closure phases.

DATES: The Department invites all interested parties to submit comments
or suggestions concerning the scope of the issues to be addressed,
alternatives to be analyzed, and the environmental impacts to be
assessed in the SEIS II during a comment period ending September 30,
1995. All comments will be considered in preparation of the SEIS II.
Written comments must be postmarked by September 30, 1995 to assure
consideration. Comments postmarked after that date will be considered
to the extent practicable.
The public is also invited to attend scoping meetings where
comments will be received on the SEIS II. Public scoping meetings will
be held on the dates and at the locations given below:

Carlsbad, New Mexico.................. September 7, 1995................ Holiday Inn Carlsbad, 601 South Canal
Street, Carlsbad, NM 88220, (505)
885-8500.
Albuquerque, New Mexico............... September 12, 1995............... Pyramid Holiday Inn, 5151 San
Francisco Road NE., Albuquerque, NM
87109, (505) 821-3333.
Santa Fe, New Mexico.................. September 14, 1995............... Best Western High Mesa Inn, 3347
Cerrillos Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501,
(505) 473-2800.
Denver, Colorado...................... September 19, 1995............... Denver Marriott West, 1717 Denver
West Boulevard, Golden, CO 80401,
(303) 273-4022.
Boise, Idaho.......................... September 20, 1995............... Red Lion Inn Riverside, 2900 Chinden
Boulevard, Boise, ID 83714, (208)
343-1871.

Scoping meetings will be conducted in the afternoon and evening at
the New Mexico locations. Only evening scoping meetings are planned for
Denver and Boise. The hours for scoping meetings will be: 2:00 PM to
5:00 PM for the afternoon meetings and 7:00 PM to 10:00 PM for the
evening meetings.
The scoping meetings will be conducted as workshops. Displays will
provide an overview of the WIPP project, and Department personnel will
be present to answer general questions about the project. Separate
displays will explain individual aspects of the WIPP project in more
detail and experts will be present to answer questions on a variety of
topics, including transportation, waste handling and disposal plans,
and long-term performance issues (including geology, hydrology, and
health impact assessment). Additional displays and experts may be added
to the presentation based on public input before the scoping meetings.
Note takers will capture the substance of public comments in the
display and discussion areas. A separate area also will be available
where the public can write their own comments or record them on
audiotape.
Records of, and responses to, the oral and written scoping comments
will be presented in the Implementation Plan for the SEIS II. The
Implementation Plan will also provide guidance for preparation of the
SEIS II and state the planned scope and content (10 CFR 1021.312). The
Implementation Plan will be issued as soon as possible after the close
of the public scoping process, but in any event before issuing the
draft SEIS II.

ADDRESSES: Copies of the Implementation Plan will be provided to
interested and affected members of the public upon request and will be
available for inspection in the public reading room locations indicated
below:

Public Library Reading Room, Department of Energy, 1000 Independence
Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20585
Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board, 625 Indiana Avenue, NW., Suite
700, Washington, DC 20004
Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Technical Information
Center, Department of Energy, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
WIPP Public Reading Room, National Atomic Museum, Albuquerque
Operations Office, Department of Energy, P.O. Box 5400, Albuquerque, NM
87115
Zimmerman Library, Government Publications Department, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87138
Carlsbad Public Library, 101 S. Halagueno Street, Carlsbad, NM 88220
Pannell Library, New Mexico Junior College, 5317 Lovington Highway,
Hobbs, NM 88240
Thomas Brannigan Memorial Library, 200 E. Picacho, Las Cruces, NM 88005
Raton Public Library, 244 Cook Avenue, Raton, NM 87740
New Mexico State Library, 325 Don Gaspar, Santa Fe, NM 87503
Martin Speare Memorial Library, New Mexico Institute of Mining and
Technology, Campus Station, Socorro, NM 87801
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Boise Office, 816 West Bannock,
Suite 306, Boise, ID 83706
Shoshone-Bannock Library, Human Resources Center, Bannock and Pima,
Fort Hall, ID 83203
Public Reading Room, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Technical
Library, 1776 Science Center Drive, Idaho Falls, ID 83402
University of Idaho Library, Government Document Department, University
of Idaho Campus, Rayburn Street, Moscow, ID 83403
Moscow Environmental Restoration Information Office, 530 South Ashbury,
Suite 2, Moscow, ID 83843

[[Page 43781]]

Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Pocatello Office, 1651 Al Ricken
Drive, Pocatello, ID 83201
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Twin Falls Office, 233 2nd
Street North, Suite B, Twin Falls, ID 83301
Standley Lake Library, 8485 Kipling Street, Arvada, CO 80005
Information Center, Colorado Department of Public Health and
Environment, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Building A, Denver, CO
80222-1530
Superfund Records Center, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 999
18th Street, 5th Floor, Denver, CO 80220
Rocky Flats Public Reading Room, Department of Energy, Front Range
Community College Library, 3645 West 112th Avenue, Westminster, CO
80030
Citizens Advisory Board, 9035 N. Wadsworth Parkway, Suite 2250,
Westminster, CO 80021

Comments on the scope of the SEIS II, questions concerning the
Department's proposal to begin the WIPP disposal phase, and requests
for copies of the Implementation Plan and/or the Draft SEIS II should
be directed to the designated Carlsbad Area Office contact below.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Written questions and comments should
be directed to: Harold Johnson, NEPA Compliance Officer, Attn: Scoping
Comments, Mail Stop 535, Carlsbad Area Office, U.S. Department of
Energy, Post Office Box 3090, Carlsbad, NM 88221.
Oral and faxed questions and comments should be directed to the
SEIS II Project at the numbers below: Telephone: 1-800-336-9477,
Facsimile: 1-505-224-8030.
For information on the Department's NEPA process, contact: Carol M.
Borgstrom, Director, Office of NEPA Policy and Assistance (EH-42), U.S.
Department of Energy, 1000 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, D.C.
20585, Telephone: 202-586-4600 or leave a message at 1-800-472-2756.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Background

The ``National Security and Military Applications of Nuclear Energy
Act of 1980'' (Pub.L. 96-164) authorized the Department to develop a
research and development facility to demonstrate the safe disposal of
radioactive waste generated by national defense activities. WIPP is
intended to meet the statutory requirements of Pub.L. 96-164. Initially
the WIPP mission was to include experimentation with high-level
radioactive wastes, but subsequent legislation has limited the
radioactive component of waste the Department proposes to place in WIPP
to TRU waste.
TRU waste is waste that contains alpha particle-emitting
radionuclides with an atomic number greater than that of uranium (92),
half-lives greater than 20 years, and concentrations greater than 100
nanocuries per gram of waste. TRU waste is classified according to the
radiation dose rate at a package surface. Contact-handled TRU waste has
a radiation dose rate at a package surface of 200 millirem per hour or
less; this waste can be safely handled directly by personnel. Remote-
handled TRU waste has a radiation dose rate at a package surface
greater than 200 millirem per hour; this waste must be handled remotely
(e.g., with machinery designed to shield the handler from radiation).
Alpha radiation is the primary factor in the radiation health hazard
associated with TRU waste. Alpha radiation is not energetic enough to
penetrate human skin but poses a health hazard if it is taken into the
body (e.g., inhaled or ingested). Remote-handled TRU waste also emits
gamma and/or beta radiation, which can penetrate the human body and
requires shielding during transport and handling.
The Department's TRU waste inventory has resulted primarily from
research and development, nuclear weapons production, and fuel
reprocessing activities at Departmental sites. [Idaho National
Engineering Laboratory; Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site; the
Hanford, Savannah River, Mound and Nevada Test Sites: and Los Alamos,
Oak Ridge, Lawrence Livermore and Argonne (Chicago) National
Laboratories have historically generated over 90 percent of the
Department's TRU waste, with smaller sites generating the remainder.]
Currently, about 2.6 million cubic feet of contact-handled TRU waste
and about 42,000 cubic feet of remote-handled TRU waste are in
retrievable storage at Departmental sites around the country. The
Department projects that approximately 1.8 million additional cubic
feet of contact-handled TRU waste and 127,000 cubic feet of remote-
handled TRU waste will be generated through the year 2022 from
continuing site activities and decontamination and decommissioning.
Additional TRU waste would be generated by environmental restoration
activities at Departmental sites, but the volume and characteristics of
this waste that might be disposed of at WIPP are uncertain. (Decisions
on the disposition of waste and contaminated media from environmental
restoration activities are made on a cleanup-by-cleanup basis, and such
decisions have not yet been made for many of the Department's
environmental restoration activities. The Department has also not yet
sufficiently characterized all of the contaminated sites to be certain
as to the specific wastestreams from those cleanups.) The potential for
disposal at WIPP of TRU waste from environmental restoration activities
will be analyzed in the cumulative impacts section of the SEIS II as a
reasonably foreseeable future action.
Before 1970, material that is now classified as contact-handled TRU
waste was not segregated from low-level waste and was buried along with
low-level waste. At the time of burial, the Department did not intend
to retrieve that waste. Since the Atomic Energy Commission (one of the
Department's predecessor agencies) adopted a policy requiring
retrievable storage of certain waste containing transuranic
radionuclides in 1970, Departmental TRU waste has been stored in
containers so that it could be easily retrieved when future decisions
were made regarding the management or disposition of this waste.
About 55 percent of the Department's current TRU waste inventory
contains hazardous substances regulated under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act and is referred to as TRU mixed waste. The fraction of
TRU waste streams that is mixed waste is expected to decrease in the
future due to Departmental pollution prevention activities. Under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, land disposal of waste
containing certain listed hazardous constituents is prohibited, unless
the waste is treated to substantially diminish the waste's toxicity or
substantially reduce the likelihood of migration of hazardous
constituents from the waste so that short-term and long-term threats to
human health and the environment are minimized. (This prohibition, and
the required treatment level, are referred to as the ``land disposal
restrictions.'') The Environmental Protection Agency can grant an
exemption from the land disposal restrictions if it finds that there
will be no migration of hazardous constituents from the disposal unit
for as long as the wastes remain hazardous (a ``no-migration
exemption''). (The Department received such an exemption for the WIPP
test phase.) The Department plans to submit a petition for a no-
migration exemption for the WIPP disposal phase to the Environmental
Protection Agency in

[[Page 43782]]
June 1996. As discussed further below, the SEIS II will analyze three
levels of TRU waste treatment to provide for any decision the
Environmental Protection Agency may make on that petition.
The Department has been proceeding with the phased development of
WIPP since 1981. In the Final Environmental Impact Statement, Waste
Isolation Pilot Plant (DOE/EIS-0026, 1980), the Department examined the
environmental impacts of the WIPP and alternatives and in the 1981
Record of Decision (46 FR 9162, January 23, 1981) decided to begin
construction of the WIPP facility to demonstrate the safe disposal of
TRU waste in salt formations. In the following nine years, construction
of WIPP surface facilities and shafts necessary for waste and salt
handling and ventilation were completed, and the experimental area and
a portion of the underground disposal area were excavated.
In 1990, the Department prepared the Final Supplemental
Environmental Impact Statement, Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (DOE/EIS-
0026FS, 1990), which reexamined the environmental impacts of WIPP in
light of new information and changed circumstances (including a
reduction in the expected volume of TRU waste, inclusion of high-curie
and high-neutron waste in the TRU waste inventory, a decision not to
emplace high-level waste in WIPP for experimental purposes, and changes
from a vented to a non-vented TRU waste transportation package). In the
1990 Record of Decision (55 FR 25689, June 22, 1990), the Department
decided to continue phased development of WIPP by conducting test phase
activities to reduce uncertainties associated with performance
assessment predictions that are necessary to determine whether WIPP
would comply with applicable disposal regulations. Test phase
activities were to have included tests with TRU waste in the
underground area of WIPP. On October 21, 1993, in response to comments
from the Environmental Protection Agency, the scientific community, and
the public, the Department decided to conduct tests using radioactive
wastes in above-ground laboratories rather than underground at WIPP.
Performance assessment models based on these tests are being used to
demonstrate compliance with applicable disposal regulations.
In the 1990 Record of Decision, the Department announced it would
prepare this SEIS II before proceeding with the proposed waste disposal
phase at the WIPP. The Department is proposing to begin the disposal
phase of WIPP operations in June 1998. (The Department is aware that a
bill, H.R. 1663, has been introduced in Congress that, if enacted,
could accelerate disposal to March 1997.) The Department is preparing
the SEIS II to provide updated information about the environmental
impacts of the proposed action and alternatives.
The 1990 Record of Decision stated that the scope of the SEIS II
would include an analysis of the long-term performance of WIPP in light
of the information obtained during the test phase activities and a more
detailed analysis of the processing and handling of TRU waste at the
generator facilities. In 1992, Congress passed the ``Waste Isolation
Pilot Plant Land Withdrawal Act'' (Pub.L. 102-579) (Land Withdrawal
Act), which imposed additional requirements on the Department's phased
development of the WIPP site. As explained more fully below, the SEIS
II will also discuss these statutory changes and other changed
circumstances to the extent that they could affect the environmental
impacts of WIPP.
Additional changes to the Land Withdrawal Act proposed in H.R.
1663, if enacted, could further affect the scope of the SEIS II
analysis.

Changed Circumstances and New Information:

Several changed circumstances since 1990 that could affect the
environmental impacts of the WIPP disposal phase will be examined in
the SEIS II, as part of the analysis of the proposed action or of
alternatives or subalternatives to the proposed action, including the
following:
Waste Management Programmatic EIS. The Department is
examining various options for waste management across the Departmental
complex in the Waste Management Programmatic EIS (DOE/EIS-0200) (PEIS).
The Notice of Intent was published on October 22, 1990 and an
Implementation Plan was issued on December 23, 1993. The Department
proposed to modify the scope of the PEIS in January 1995 (60 FR 4607,
January 24, 1995). The Draft PEIS is scheduled for issuance in
September 1995. The PEIS is examining alternatives for treatment,
storage, and disposal of specified waste types complex-wide, including
post-1970 generated TRU waste. Because the SEIS II will examine impacts
of TRU waste disposal at WIPP, the PEIS does not examine those impacts.
Under all of the PEIS TRU waste alternatives, disposal at WIPP of all
post-1970 Department-generated retrievably-stored TRU waste is assumed
for purposes of analysis.
The PEIS examines the potential environmental impacts of treating
the waste to three levels: treatment to meet the planning-basis WIPP
waste acceptance criteria (primarily designed to decrease waste
mobility), intermediate treatment to also reduce the gas generation
potential of the waste, and enhanced treatment of TRU mixed waste to
also meet Resource Conservation and Recovery Act land disposal
restrictions at various Departmental sites that generate TRU waste.
WIPP is the only Departmental site not currently generating TRU waste
that would be considered as an alternative treatment site (for contact-
handled TRU waste only).
To fulfill the commitments made in the 1990 Record of Decision to
examine the impacts of waste processing and handling at the generator
sites, the SEIS II will summarize and incorporate by reference the PEIS
analysis of the alternatives for TRU waste treatment locations that are
being considered in the PEIS. The SEIS II will also include an analysis
of the impacts of disposal of waste treated to meet the three treatment
levels being considered in the PEIS. The information from the PEIS
concerning impacts of various treatment levels at the treatment sites
and the SEIS II analysis of disposal impacts at WIPP from various
treatment levels will inform the Department's decision on final WIPP
waste acceptance criteria.
The Department proposes to use WIPP to dispose of post-1970
retrievably-stored and newly-generated TRU waste generated by defense-
related activities. For completeness, however, the SEIS II also will
assess the impacts of disposing of a relatively small volume (when
compared to defense-related waste) of non-defense TRU waste at WIPP,
consistent with the PEIS action alternatives. The SEIS II will
incorporate the PEIS analysis by reference and supplement it as
appropriate. Statutory changes would be required before WIPP could
dispose of non-defense generated TRU waste.
The scope of the analysis in the SEIS II will differ from that of
the PEIS in several major aspects resulting from the documents'
different purposes. Specifically, the SEIS II, but not the PEIS, will
analyze the impacts of TRU waste disposal at WIPP. In addition, because
the PEIS assumes for analytic purposes that WIPP will operate, the
long-term environmental impacts of indefinite storage of TRU waste at
generator sites are not included in the PEIS analysis. The PEIS no-
action alternative analyzes the impacts of continued storage of TRU
waste at generator sites until disposal at WIPP,

[[Page 43783]]
assuming that existing waste management facilities would be used. The
impacts of storage for an indefinite time will be analyzed as part of
the no-action alternative in the SEIS II.
More Generator Sites. Ten generator sites for the majority
of the Department's TRU waste were identified in the 1990 Supplemental
EIS (listed under Background, above), but the Department since then has
identified additional sites that generate small quantities of TRU waste
that would be disposed of at WIPP. Options for managing this waste are
being addressed in the PEIS (and will be incorporated by reference in
the SEIS II), including treatment at the small generator sites to meet
the planning-basis WIPP waste acceptance criteria and direct shipment
from these sites to WIPP for disposal (which would require activities
such as certification, treatment, storage, and loading for
transportation to be done at each small generator site) and using one
or more of the main generator sites to perform such waste management
activities.
Less Waste. The volumes of contact-handled and remote-
handled TRU waste in retrievable storage and estimated to be generated
at the generator/storage sites from continuing operations have greatly
decreased since 1990, primarily because of the Department's reduced
nuclear weapons production activities.
Land Withdrawal Act. The Land Withdrawal Act contains
provisions that could affect the environmental impacts of various WIPP
alternatives. One section of the Act sets an upper limit on the volume
of TRU waste (6.2 million cubic feet) and the radioactivity (5.1
million curies) of remote-handled waste that can be disposed of at
WIPP. The SEIS II would examine whether these limitations would affect
the previous analysis of the impacts and whether the Department may
need to dispose of more waste than the Act would allow to be disposed
of at WIPP. Also, the Land Withdrawal Act requires the Department to
perform certain studies, including one on rail and truck transportation
alternatives, one on remote-handled TRU waste, and one on waste
processing and volume reduction technologies. Any new information
contained in studies required by the Land Withdrawal Act will be used,
as appropriate, in preparing the SEIS II.
WIPP Experimental Program. The WIPP experimental program
has provided additional information regarding the site, the waste, and
potential interactions between the waste and the WIPP environment that
are relevant to the performance of the WIPP site. To date, experimental
results appear to confirm previous expectations regarding the
suitability of WIPP as a TRU waste repository. Performance assessment
models based on these tests are being used to demonstrate compliance
with applicable disposal regulations, and will be used to provide
information on waste disposal impacts in the SEIS II.
Waste Acceptance Criteria. DOE has revised the planning-
basis WIPP waste acceptance criteria since 1990. The revision that
could potentially affect environmental impacts the most is the addition
of a requirement to treat waste to eliminate corrosive characteristics.
The planning-basis WIPP waste acceptance criteria could potentially
change again to conform with decisions made regarding TRU waste
treatment based on the analysis of treatment subalternatives in the
SEIS II.
Transportation Routes. The Department has made minor
changes to the local portions of some of the truck transportation
routes that were presented in the 1990 Supplemental EIS.

Purpose and Need For Agency Action

As discussed under Background, above, since the mid-1940s, the
Department's research and development, nuclear weapons production, and
fuel reprocessing activities have produced TRU waste. Continued
operation of Departmental facilities, decontamination and
decommissioning of defense production facilities, and environmental
restoration activities (including remediation of sites where pre-1970
wastes were buried) at Departmental sites are expected to generate
additional TRU waste. The Department needs to safely dispose of the
accumulated TRU waste and provide for the disposal of the additional
TRU waste to be generated. TRU waste emits alpha radiation for a long
period of time and must be isolated from means of environmental
transport (primarily air and water). Similarly, the hazardous
constituents of the TRU mixed waste also pose a hazard if they are
taken into the body and need to be isolated or treated to reduce
exposure and its consequences. As noted above, Congress authorized the
Department in Pub.L. 96-164 to develop a research and development
facility to meet the Department's need for disposal. The Department
also needs to examine reasonable alternatives for treatment of the TRU
waste to ensure that the disposal of the waste is protective of human
health and the environment.
Proposed Action

The Department's proposed action is to continue phased development
of WIPP by beginning the disposal phase of TRU waste operations at the
facility. Any unfinished compliance activities would continue until the
Department obtains regulatory approvals needed to begin receiving
waste. (Compliance activities are ongoing now, and are scheduled for
completion before a decision on the WIPP disposal phase.) The remainder
of the planned waste disposal area at WIPP would be excavated to
accommodate the waste, as needed. (Approximately one-eighth of the
planned disposal area has already been excavated.)
Under the proposed action, retrievably-stored defense-generated
waste would be characterized, packaged, and certified at the generator
sites to meet WIPP waste acceptance criteria (to be determined based on
the analysis in the SEIS II) and then loaded into approved reusable
shipping containers for transportation to WIPP by truck. When the waste
arrives at WIPP, the shipping container would be unloaded and the waste
containers would be inspected before being emplaced underground at
WIPP.
Under the proposed action, the SEIS II will analyze the impacts of
waste storage, characterization, certification, treatment, and loading
at the generator sites, and of transporting TRU waste from the
generator sites to WIPP. The SEIS II will also discuss mitigation and
accident prevention measures and emergency response procedures to
protect the safety and health of workers and the public at the
generator sites and along transportation routes, and tracking of waste
shipments to WIPP. Much of this analysis will have already been done in
the context of the PEIS and the previous WIPP Supplemental EIS, and
will be summarized and incorporated by reference, and supplemented or
updated as necessary.
The impacts of waste disposal operations at WIPP also will be
analyzed under this alternative in the SEIS II, including the impacts
of waste receipt and waste package inspection, monitoring, emplacement,
and subsequent activities associated with eventual closure,
decommissioning and institutional control of the WIPP after waste
disposal operations have been completed. Loss of institutional controls
will also be considered.

Alternatives to the Proposed Action

The SEIS II will consider a no-action alternative that consists of
continued management of TRU waste at the

[[Page 43784]]
generator facilities and decommissioning or other disposition of the
WIPP facility. This alternative will be analyzed to provide a baseline
of environmental impacts if the waste were not disposed of at WIPP.
Analysis of the no-action alternative would compare the impacts of
continued storage of TRU waste (including an assumed loss of
institutional controls after 100 years) with the expected post-closure
impacts of WIPP under the proposed-action alternative.

Subalternatives

Subalternatives of the proposed action would also be considered.
The effects on the performance of WIPP as a disposal site of several
TRU waste treatment subalternatives would be considered in the SEIS II
to help the Department establish final WIPP waste acceptance criteria.
Another set of subalternatives would address the disposal of non-
defense generated TRU waste. Transportation subalternatives, including
rail common carrier service and dedicated rail service, particularly
for remote-handled waste, would also be reexamined in the SEIS II.

Preliminary Identification of Environmental Issues

The issues listed below have been tentatively identified for
analysis in the SEIS II. This list is presented to facilitate public
comment on the scope of the SEIS II. It is not intended to be all-
inclusive or to predetermine the potential impacts of any of the
alternatives.
(1) Potential effects on the public and on-site workers from
releases of radiological and non-radiological materials during normal
operations and from reasonably foreseeable accidents;
(2) Pollution prevention and waste minimization;
(3) Potential effects on air and water quality and soils, and other
environmental consequences of normal operations and reasonably
foreseeable accidents;
(4) Potential cumulative effects of operations at the WIPP site,
including relevant impacts from other past, present, and reasonably
foreseeable activities at the site;
(5) Potential effects on endangered or threatened species, other
species of concern, floodplain/wetlands, and archaeological/historical
sites;
(6) Effects from normal transportation and reasonably foreseeable
transportation accidents;
(7) Potential socioeconomic impacts on communities surrounding WIPP
and the generator sites;
(8) Environmental justice considerations;
(9) Unavoidable adverse environmental effects;
(10) Short-term uses of the environment versus long-term
productivity; and
(11) Potential irretrievable and irreversible commitments of
resources.