[Federal Register Volume 61, Number 200 (Tuesday, October 15, 1996)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 53680-53682]
From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [www.gpo.gov]
[FR Doc No: 96-26324]
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Proposed Rules
Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________
This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.
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Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 200 / Tuesday, October 15, 1996 /
Proposed Rules
[[Page 53680]]
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
Federal Aviation Administration
14 CFR Part 25
[Docket No. NM-133; Notice No. SC-96-6-NM]
Special Conditions: Jetstream Aircraft Limited, Jetstream Model
4100 Series Airplanes, Passenger Airbag Installation
AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration, DOT.
ACTION: Notice of proposed special conditions.
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SUMMARY: This notice proposes to issue special conditions to Jetstream
Aircraft Limited of Prestwick, Scotland (formerly British Aerospace
Public Limited Company (BAe)) for the Jetstream Model 4100 series
airplanes. This airplane series has a novel or unusual design feature
associated with the installation of passenger airbags. Since the
applicable airworthiness regulations do not contain adequate or
appropriate safety standards for this particular design feature, this
notice contains the additional safety standards which the Administrator
finds necessary to establish a level of safety equivalent to that
established by the airworthiness standards for transport category
airplanes.
DATES: Comments must be received on or before November 29, 1996.
ADDRESSES: Comments on this proposal may be mailed in duplicate to:
Federal Aviation Administration, Transport Airplane Directorate (ANM-
100), Attn: Docket No. NM-133, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, Washington
98055-4056; or delivered in duplicate to the Transport Comments may be
inspected in the Rules Docket weekdays, except Federal holidays,
between 7:30 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Jeff Gardlin, Regulations Branch, ANM-114, Transport Airplane
Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service, FAA, 1601 Lind Avenue SW.,
Renton, Washington 98055-4056; telephone (206) 227-2136.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Comments Invited
Interested persons are invited to participate in the making of
these proposed special conditions by submitting such written data,
views, or arguments as they may desire. Communications should identify
the regulatory docket or notice number and be submitted in triplicate
to the address specified above. All communications received on or
before the closing date for comments will be considered by the
Administrator before taking action on this proposal. The proposal
contained in this notice may be changed in light of comments received.
All comments submitted will be available in the Rules Docket for
examination by interested persons, both before and after the closing
date for comments. A report summarizing each substantive public contact
with FAA personnel concerning this rulemaking will be filed in the
docket. Persons wishing the FAA to acknowledge receipt of their
comments submitted in response to this notice must submit with those
comments a self-addressed, stamped postcard on which the following
statement is made: ``Comments to Docket No. NM-133.'' The postcard will
be date/time stamped, and returned to the commentor.
Background
On May 24, 1989, BAe Public Limited Company (currently Jetstream
Aircraft Ltd.) applied for a type certificate for the BAe Model 4100
(currently Jetstream Model 4101) airplane in the transport airplane
category. The Model 4100 was to be derivative of the Model 3100, which
is a small airplane and is certificated under the provisions of part
23. Like the Model 3100, the Model 4100 was a low wing, twin engine
turbo-prop design. The FAA issued Type Certificate (TC) A41NM for the
Jetstream Model 4101 airplane on April 9, 1993. The TC includes
Exemption 5587 from compliance with the head injury criteria (HIC)
requirements in Sec. 25.562 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR)
for the front row of passenger seats.
Section 25.562 of the FAR specifies that dynamic tests must be
conducted for each seat type installed in the airplane. The pass/fail
criteria for these seats include structural as well as human tolerance
criteria. In particular the regulations require that persons not suffer
serious head injury under the conditions specified in the tests, and
that a HIC measurement of not more than 1000 units be recorded, should
contact with the cabin interior occur. The HIC is based on
physiological data, and was first introduced in the automotive
industry. At the time the rule was written, compliance with the HIC
requirement was expected to involve using energy absorbing pads, upper
torso restraints, or increasing spacing between seats and interior
features. In the years following publication of the rule, the
requirement has proved difficult to comply with using ``conventional''
means, and there has been commercial resistance to installation of
upper torso restraint for passengers. Because of the technical
problems, BAe and other manufacturers were granted temporary exemptions
to allow certification of their airplanes while design solutions were
developed.
One design solution that appeared to be impractical early in its
adaptation to aircraft was airbags, even though airbags are widely used
in automobiles as a supplemental restraint system. While the service
history in automobiles is quite good, the operating environment and
conditions of use in aircraft are quite different from automobiles. The
FAA will not enumerate the differences here, but they include exposure
to electromagnetic fields, wear and tear considerations, crash sensing
systems etc., and did serve to help frame the content of the proposed
special conditions. In any case, airbags were not envisioned as a means
of compliance with the FAR, and the rules are not adequate to define
the necessary criteria. Therefore, special conditions are necessary.
Airbags have two potential advantages over other means of head
impact protection. They essentially provide equivalent protection for
all sizes of occupants and they can provide significantly greater
protection than would be expected with energy absorbing pads, for
example. These are significant advantages from a safety standpoint,
since airbags will likely provide a level of safety that exceeds the
FAR minimum standards. Conversely, airbags are an active system, and
must be relied upon to activate properly
[[Page 53681]]
when needed, as opposed to an energy absorbing pad or upper torso
restraint that is always available. These potential advantages must be
balanced against the potential problems in order to develop standards
that will provide an equivalent level of safety to that intended by the
regulations.
The FAA has considered the installation of airbags to have two
primary safety concerns: first, that they perform properly under
foreseeable operating conditions and second, that they do not perform
in a manner or at such times as would constitute a hazard to the
airplane or occupants. This latter point has the potential to be the
more rigorous of the requirements, owing to the active nature of the
system. With this philosophy in mind, the FAA has considered the
following as a basis for the special conditions.
The airbag will rely on electronic sensors for signaling, and
pyrotechnic charges for activation so that it is available when needed.
These same devices could be susceptible to inadvertent activation,
causing deployment in a potentially unsafe manner. The consequences of
such deployment must be considered in establishing the reliability of
the system. For example, there is subjective evidence that there may be
transient overpressure (shock) caused by deployment of the airbag.
Jetstream must substantiate that the effects of an inadvertent
deployment in flight are either not a hazard to the airplane, or that
such deployment is an extremely improbable occurrence (less than
10-9 per flight hour). The effect of an inadvertent deployment on
a passenger that might be positioned close to the airbag should also be
considered. The person could be either standing or sitting. A minimum
reliability level will have to be established for this case, depending
upon the consequences, even if the effect on the airplane is
negligible.
The potential for an inadvertent deployment could be increased as a
result of conditions in service. For example, an airbag installed in a
galley wall or windscreen will be subjected to wear and tear associated
with loading the galley and rough contact from baggage during aircraft
boarding etc. Whether or not these conditions are more severe than in
the automotive world, the installation must take into account wear and
tear so that the likelihood of an inadvertent deployment is not
increased to an unacceptable level. In this context, an appropriate
inspection interval and self-test capability are considered necessary.
Other outside influences are high intensity electromagnetic fields and
lightning. Since the senors that trigger deployment are electronic,
they must be protected from the effects of these threats. Existing
Special Conditions No. 25-ANM-48 are therefore incorporated by
reference. For the purposes of compliance with those special
conditions, if inadvertent deployment could cause a hazard to the
airplane, the airbag is considered a critical system; to the extent
that injuries to persons could result from inadvertent deployment, the
airbag should be considered an essential system. Finally, the airbag
installation should be protected from the effects of fire, so that an
additional hazard is not created by, for example, a rupture, of the
pyrotechnic squib.
In order to be an effective safety system, the airbag must function
properly and must not introduce any additional hazards to occupants as
a result of its functioning. There are several areas where the airbag
differs from traditional occupant protection systems, and requires
special conditions to ensure adequate performance.
Because the airbag is essentially a single use device, there is the
potential that it could deploy under crash conditions that are not
sufficiently severe as to require head injury protection from the
airbag. Since an actual crash is frequently composed of a series of
impacts, this could render the airbag useless is a larger impact
follows the initial impact. This situation does not exist with energy
absorbing pads or upper torso restraints, which tend to provide
protection proportional to the severity of the impact. Therefore, the
airbag installation should be such that the airbag will provide
protection when it is required, and will not expend its protection when
it is not needed. There is no requirement for the airbag to provide
protection for multiple impacts, where more than one impact would
require protection.
The airbag will also potentially serve more than one occupant
although, since seats could be unoccupied, this may not always be the
case. It will be necessary to show that the required protection is
provided for each occupant regardless of the number of occupied seats.
Since a seat could be occupied by a wide range of occupants, the
airbag should be effective for a wide range of occupants. The FAA has
historically considered the range from the 5th percentile female to the
95th percentile male as the range of occupants that must be taken into
account. In a similar vein, these persons could have assumed the brace
position, for those accidents where an impact is anticipated. Test data
indicate that occupants in the brace position do not require
supplemental protection, and so it would not be necessary to show that
the airbag will enhance the brace position. However, the airbag must
not introduce a hazard in that case by deploying into the seated,
braced occupant.
Since the airbag will be electrically powered, there is the
possibility that the system could fail due to a separation in the
fuselage. Since this system is intended as crash/post-crash protection
means, failure due to fuselage separation is not acceptable. As with
emergency lighting, the system should function properly if such a
separation occurs, at any point in the fuselage. A separation that
occurs at the location of the airbag would not have to be considered.
Since the airbag is likely to have a large volume displacement, the
inflated bag could potentially impede egress of passengers. Since the
bag deflates to absorb energy, it is likely that an airbag would be
deflated at the time that persons would be trying to leave their seats.
Nonetheless, it is considered appropriate to specify a time interval
after which the airbag may not impede rapid egress. Ten seconds has
been chosen as a reasonable time since this corresponds to the maximum
time allowed for an exit to be openable. In actuality, it is unlikely
that an exit would be prepared this quickly in an accident severe
enough to warrant deployment of the airbag, and the airbag will likely
deflate much quicker than ten seconds. Since the Jetstream 4101 does
not have an airbag installed at an exit passageway, the case where the
seats are unoccupied is not critical.
Type Certification Basis
Under the provisions of Sec. 21.101, Jetstream must show that
airbag-equipped 4100 series airplanes comply with the regulations in
the U.S. type certification basis established for the Jetstream Model
4101 airplane. The W.S. type certification basis for the Model 4101 is
established in accordance with Secs. 21.29 and 21.17 of the FAR and the
type certification application date. The U.S. type certification basis
is as follows:
--Part 25 of the FAR dated February 1, 1965, as amended by Amendments
25-1 through 25-66 (based on the BAe application date to CAA-UK for
TC), and
--Part 25 of the FAR, Amendments 25-67, 25-68, 25-69, 25-70, and 25-71,
and
--Part 25 of the FAR, Secs. 25.361, 25.729, 25.571(e)(2), 25.773(b)(2)
and 25.905(d), all as amended by Amendment 25-72, and
[[Page 53682]]
--Part 25 of the FAR, Sec. 25.1419 as amended by Amendments 25-1
through 25-66 (BAe elected to comply with this requirement), and
--Special Conditions No. 25-ANM-48 issued August 29, 1991, Lightning
and High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF), and
--Other special conditions
--FAA Exemptions as follows: Exemption No. 5587 issued January 13,
1993, head impact criteria (25.562(c)(5)) for the three most forward
passenger seats in the passenger cabin (Note: Exemption number 5587 is
a time limited exemption that expires at the date specified therein
unless extended by the FAA Transport Airplane Directorate.), and
--FAA Equivalent Safety Findings
--Part 34 of the FAR effective September 10, 1990, and
--Part 36 of the FAR effective December 1, 1969 as amended by
Amendments 36-1 through 36-18 including Appendices A, B and C.
If the Administrator finds that the applicable airworthiness
regulations (i.e., part 25 as amended) do not contain adequate or
appropriate safety standards for Jetstream 4100 series airplanes
because of a novel or unusual design feature, special conditions are
prescribed under the provisions of Sec. 21.16 of the FAR to establish a
level of safety equivalent to that established in the regulations.
Special conditions, as appropriate, are issued in accordance with
Sec. 11.49 after public notice, as required by Secs. 11.28 and
11.29(b), and become part of the type certification basis in accordance
with 21.17(a)(2).
Special conditions are initially applicable to the model for which
they are issued. Should the type certificate for that model be amended
later to include any other model that incorporates the same novel or
unusual design feature, or should any other model already included on
the same type certificate be modified to incorporate the same novel or
unusual design feature, the special conditions would also apply to the
other model under the provisions of Sec. 21.101(a)(1).
Novel or Unusual Design Features
The Jetstream Model 4100 series airplanes will incorporate the
following novel or unusual features:
The Jetstream Model 4100 series airplanes will utilize airbags to
provide head injury protection for occupants seated behind interior
walls and furnishings. The airbags will be activated by acceleration
sensors that integrate the acceleration time history to determine
whether the bag should be deployed. Inflation of the bag is
accomplished by firing of a small pyrotechnic device.
The FAR state the performance criteria for head injury protection
in objective terms, and contain more specific criteria for systems and
equipment. None of these criteria are adequate, however, to address the
specific issues raised by airbags. The FAA has therefore determined
that, in addition to the requirements of part 25, special conditions
are needed to address requirements particular to an airbag
installation.
From the standpoint of a passenger safety system, the airbag is
unique in that it is both an active and entirely autonomous device.
While the automotive industry has good experience with airbags, the
conditions of use and reliance on the airbag as the sole means of
injury protection are quite different. In automobile installations, the
airbag is a supplemental system and works in conjunction with an upper
torso restraint. In addition, the crash event is more definable and of
typically shorter duration, which can simplify the activation logic.
The airplane operating environment is also quite different from
automobiles and includes the potential for greater wear and tear, and
unanticipated abuse conditions (due to galley loading, passenger
baggage, etc.); airplanes also operate where exposure to high intensity
electromagnetic fields could affect the activation system.
The following proposed special conditions can be characterized as
addressing either the safety performance of the system, or the system's
integrity against inadvertent activation. Because a crash requiring use
of the airbags is a relatively rare event, and because the consequences
of an inadvertent activation are potentially quite severe, these latter
requirements are probably the more rigorous from a design standpoint.
Conclusion: This action affects only certain novel or unusual
design features on one model of airplanes. It is not a rule of general
applicability, and it affects only the manufacturer who applied to the
FAA for approval of these features on the airplane.
List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 25
Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation safety, Safety.
The authority citation for these proposed special conditions is as
follows:
Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701, 44702, 44704.
The Proposed Special Conditions
Accordingly, the FAA proposes the following special conditions as
part of the type certification basis for the Jetstream Aircraft
Limited, Jetstream Model 4100 Series Airplanes:
1. It must be shown that inadvertent deployment of the airbag,
during the most critical part of the flight, will either not cause a
hazard to the airplane or is extremely improbable.
2. It must be shown that an inadvertent deployment that could cause
injury to a standing or sitting person, is improbable.
3. For the purposes of complying with Special Conditions No. 25-
ANM-48, high intensity radiated fields (HIRF), the airbag system is
considered a ``critical system'' if its deployment could have a
hazardous effect on the airplane; otherwise it is considered an
``essential'' system.
4. It must be shown that the airbag system is not susceptible to
inadvertent deployment as a result of wear and tear or inertial loads
resulting from inflight or ground maneuvers (including gusts and hard
landings) likely to be experienced in service.
5. It must be shown that the airbag will deploy and provide
protection under crash conditions where its use is necessary to prevent
serious head injury.
6. It must be shown that the airbag will not be a hazard to
occupants that are in the brace position when it deploys.
7. The airbag must provide adequate protection for each occupant
regardless of the number of occupants of the seat assembly.
8. It must be shown that the airbag will not impede rapid egress of
occupants after 10 seconds following its deployment.
9. It must be shown that the airbag will not release hazardous
quantities of gas or particulate matter into the cabin.
10. The airbag must function properly after loss of normal
electrical power, and after a transverse separation of the fuselage at
the most critical location.
11.The airbag installation must be protected from the effects of
fire such that no hazard to occupants will result.
12. There must be a means, that is operable by a crewmember, to
verify the integrity of the airbag activation system.
Issued in Renton, Washington, on October 4, 1996.
Darrell M. Pederson,
Acting Manager, Transport Airplane Directorate, Aircraft Certification
Service, ANM-100.
[FR Doc. 96-26324 Filed 10-11-96; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-13-M