[Background Material and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means (Green Book)]
[Index]
[From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov]
[1998 Green Book] INDEX
AAPCC; see Adjusted average per capita cost
Ability to work, 336-337
Abstinence education, 526
Accelerated death benefits, tax benefits for, 859-861
ACR; see Adjusted community rate
ADC; see Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Adjusted average per capita cost (AAPCC), 169; 180-183
Adjusted community rate (ACR), 180; 195-6; (Table 2-36), 200
Adjusted gross income (AGI), 677
Administrative law judge (ALJ), 46-47; (Table 1-25), 49
Adolescent pregnancy and use of AFDC, 537-541
Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS),
782-803; 809-812
Adoption and Safe Families Act, 815-819
Additional provisions, 819
Adoption eligibility, 818
Adoption incentive payments, 817
Child safety to preserve families, 815-816
Demonstration waivers, 819
Family Preservation Program:
Reauthorization, 818
Renaming, 818
Medical assistance eligibility, 818
Performance, State accountability for, 818
Permanancy hearings, 816-817
Reasonable efforts to preserve families, 815-816
Reasonable efforts to promote adoption, 816
State innovation, 819
Termination of parental rights, 816-817
Adoption assistance agreements (definition), 750-751
ADOPTION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM, 749-760
Adoption incentive payments, 817
Adoption subsidies, 751
AFCARS, 782-803; 809-812
AFDC-eligible children, 749; 750-751
Aggravated circumstances, 815
Agreements, 750; 750-751
CBO baseline projections, (Table 11-4), 733
Characteristics of children in adoptive care, 799-803
Child safety, 815-816
Concurrent planning, 816
Data, 782-785
Demonstration waivers, 819
Eligibility for medical assistance, 818
Expenditures, 754; (Table 11-11), 758-760
Funding, (Table 11-1), 730; (Table 11-2), 731
Incentive payments, 817
Information systems, 809-812
Lack of adequate data, 809-811
Legislation in the 105th Congress, 815-819
Legislative history, 812-819
Medicaid coverage, 751
Medical assistance, 815
Nonrecurring adoption costs, 750; 754; (Table 11-10), 755-757
Parental rights, termination of, 816-817
Participation rates, (Table 11-3), 732; 742-743
Payment rates, (Table 11-9), 752-753
ADOPTION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM--Continued
Payments, 750-753
Performance, State accountability for, 818
Permanency hearing, 816-817
Reasonable efforts, 815-816
Adoption, promotion of, 816
Special needs child (definition), 725-726; 750; 751; 754;
(Table 11-34), 803; 818
SSI-eligible children, 750-751
Subsidies, 751
TANF, interaction with, 503
Tax provisions, 887
Termination of parental rights (TPR), 816-817
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829
See also Adoption and Safe Families Act
See also Child Welfare
Adoption subsidies, 751
Adult caretakers, 400
AFCARS; see Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System
AFDC; see Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program
AFDC Child Care Program, 681-682; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 686-690
AFDC Single Parent Program, (Table 7-5), 409
AFDC-UP (Unemployed Parent), 397-398; (Table 7-5), 409; 420;
(Table 7-12), 421-422
Benefit payments, 420-422
JOBS, interaction with, 471-472; 484-485; 487-488
Medicaid, interaction with, 403
Aged; see Elderly
Agency caused errors, 465
Aggravated circumstances, 815
AGI; see Adjusted gross income
AIDS, SSI interaction with, 272-273
AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN (AFDC) PROGRAM, 397-543
Administrative costs by State, 421-423
Adolescent pregnancy and use of AFDC, 537-541
Adoption Assistance Program, interaction with, 749; 750-751
Adult caretakers, 400
AFDC Child Care Program, 681-682; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 690-
694
Agency caused errors, 465
Benefit levels:
Maximum benefits, 415; (Table 7-8), 416-418
State combined AFDC and food stamps, (Table 7-8), 416-418
Trends, (Table 7-6), 413
Benefits data:
Expenditures, 425; (Table 7-15), 432-434
National, 410-414
State, 415-425; (Table 7-15), 432-434; 520-525
Caseload data:
National, 410-414
State, 415-425; 519-520
Characteristics of AFDC recipients, 435-437; (Table 7-19),
440-442
National, 435-451
State, 451-458
Childbearing, 537-541
Child care, title IV-A, 681-683; (Tables 9-17 to 9-20), 700-
708
See also Child Care
Coverage:
Children by State, 415; (Table 7-10), 420-421
History of eligible categories, 401-405
CSE, interaction with, 405; 406-407; 545; 576; 599; 600-601
Bankruptcy, 588
Collection of child support, (Table 8-13), 632-633; (Table
8-15), 636-637; (Table 8-18), 642-643
Paternity establishment, 556-560; (Tables 8-21 & 8-22),
648-651
Cycled between work and welfare, 438
Data:
National, 410-414; 440-451
AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN (AFDC) PROGRAM--Continued
Data--Continued
State, 410-414
Summary data, 1936-96, (Table 7-2), 402
Demonstration projects:
Section 1115, 455; 465
Disregarded income amounts, recipients of, (Table 7-22), 445
Duration of AFDC, 531-532
EIC, treatment of, 406
Emergency Assistance (EA) Program, 489-494
Employment status, (Table 7-20), 443
Endings and beginnings of AFDC spells, 531-536
Enrollment trends, 401; (Table 7-2), 402; (Table 7-6), 413
State, 421-423
Error measurement, 466-472
Error rates, 466-472
Exits and returns, 532-535
Expenditures:
National, 410-414
State, 415-425
Food Stamp Program, interaction with, 406; (Table 7-8), 416-
418; 940
Foster Care Program, interaction with, 403-404; 742; 749
Exclusion from AFDC assistance units, 749
Fraud, 465
Funding, 405; 425; 435; (Tables 7-16 to 7-18), 436-439
History, 401-405
Income, treatment of, 403
Intergenerational transmission of AFDC receipt, 535-536
JOBS; see Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program
JTPA, interaction with, 407
Legislative history, 541
LIHEAP, interaction with, 407
Maximum benefits, 414-420; 423; 429-431
Means-tested programs, 409-410; 920-922
Medicaid matching rates, 1984-98, (Table 7-16), 436-437
Medicaid Program, interaction with, 401; 405-406; 407; (Table
7-3), 408; (Chart 7-1), 409; (Table 7-16), 436-437; 951-952
Medically needy, 406
Need standard, 407; (Table 7-8), 416-418; (Table 7-9), 419-
420; 423-428
Negative case actions, 472
Nonmarital births, 537-541
Out-of-wedlock childbearing and use of AFDC, 537-541
Overview, 398-399
Packaged AFDC, 438
Pass through, 405
Public housing, 407; 409
Purpose, 401
Quality control system, 465-472
Recipient-caused errors, 465
Resources, treatment of, 500
School Lunch and Breakfast Programs eligibility, 407
Section 8 housing subsidy, 407; 409
Section 1115 [of the Social Security Act], 402; 455; 462
Social Security benefits, treatment of, 407
Social services, 403
Spells on AFDC, 531-535
Spending trends, 401; (Table 7-2), 402
SSI, interaction with, 407
State data, 415-425
Summary data, 1936-96, (Table 7-2), 402
Teenage mothers, 537-541
Territories, (Table 12-4), 828-829
Time on AFDC, length of, 531-536
Title IV-A child care, 681-682; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 690-
694; (Tables 9-17 & 9-18), 700-703
Unemployed-Parent Program; see AFDC-UP
AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN (AFDC) PROGRAM--Continued
Unmarried women, 537-541
Waivers, 405; 458; 465
Welfare-to-work programs, 404
WIC, interaction with, 407
Work requirements, 404
Work rewards, 404
See also AFDC Child Care Program
See also AFDC Single Parent Program
See also AFDC-UP
See also Emergency Assistance (EA) Program
See also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program
See also Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
AIME; see Average indexed monthly earnings
Alaska Native Organizations, 494
See also Indian tribes and tribal organizations
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant,
Transfer of funds with Social Services Block Grant, 717
Aliens; see Noncitizens
See also Appendix J
ALJ; see Administrative law judge
Ambulance services, 162
Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), 154; 158-159
American Bar Association Child Support Project, 550
American Lithotripsy Society v. Sullivan, 158
American Samoa, 823-834
Anesthesiologists, 145
ASCs; see Ambulatory surgical centers
Assignment; see Appendix E
Assignment rules, 591-594
ATP card; see Authorization-to-participate card
At-Risk Child Care Program, 660; 683; (Tables 9-15 & 9-16), 695-
699
Authorization-to-participate card (ATP), 935
Automated registries, 555-556
Automated systems, 588-590
Automatic benefit increase, 36-38
Availability for work, 336-337
Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), 19; 23-24; 25
Average monthly benefits, (Table 1-8), 17
Average weekly insured unemployment (AWIU), 356
AWIU; see Average weekly insured unemployment
Baby boomers, 66
Baby trough generation, 66
Barium enema tests, 160
Base year, 334-336; 373
Bend points, 30
Benefit period (definition), 102
Benefit year, 373
Best interests of the child, 551-553
Black lung benefits, tax exclusion of special benefits, 880-881
Blind, additional standard deduction for, 881
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
See also Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program
Block grants:
See Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) Program
See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
Bone mass measurements, 161
Boren amendment, 959
Break-even point, 305
Breakfast Program; see School Lunch and Breakfast Programs
Buy-in agreements, 222; (Table 2-45), 245
CACFP; see Child and Adult Care Food Program
Cafeteria plans, 856-858
CAPTA; see Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
Categorically needy, 950; 951-953
CCDBG; see Child Care and Development Block Grant Program
CDR; see Continuing disability review
Certificates of medical necessity, 152
Certified nurse midwife services, 147
Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), 147
Change in circumstance, 565-566
Chargeable employer, 338
Charitable organizations, 500
Child abuse and neglect, 729; 772-774
Fatalities, 774
Reporting of, 773
Substance abuse, 771-772
Substantiated cases (definition), 774
Trends, 772
Types of maltreatment, 774
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), 772
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), 678-680; 687-688
Childbearing, 537-541
CHILD CARE, 659-712
AFDC Child Care Program, 681-682; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14), 690-
694; (Tables 9-17 & 9-18), 700-703
Afterschool care, 667-668
Arrangements used by working mothers, 664-670
At-Risk Child Care Program, 660; 683; (Tables 9-15 & 9-16),
695-699
CACFP, 678-680; 687-688
CCDBG, interaction with, 660; 677; 678-680; 681; 683-686
Child care certificates, 685
Costs, 670-672
Costs, disregard of, 682
Data, 690-710
Dependent care tax credit, 678-681; 870; 872-874
Early childhood development, 676-678
Early childhood programs, 663-665
Eligible providers, 685-686
Federal role:
Background and overview, 676-678
Major programs, 678-689
Guaranteed funds, 684
Head Start, 678-679; 689
Indian tribes and tribal organizations, 684
Introduction, 659-660
JOBS, interaction with, 474-475; 476; 681-683; (Tables 9-17 &
9-18), 700-703
Known supply, 678
Labor force participation of mothers, 660-664
Lanham Act, 676
Latchkey children, 663; (Table 9-6), 668
Maintenance-of-effort (MOE) requirements, 677; 684
Mandatory funds, 684
Marital status of mothers, 660-664
Matching requirements, 677; 684
Nursery schools; see Early childhood development
See also Early childhood programs
Profile of child care settings (PCS), 672-674
Providers, supply of, 672-674; 678
Qualifying individual, 678
Regulation, 674-675
Sectarian providers, 686
SSBG, interaction with, 678-680; 684; 686-687
Standards, 674-675
TANF, interaction with, 500; 684
Tier I homes, 688
Tier II homes, 688
Title IV-A, 681-683; (Tables 9-17 to 9-20), 700-708
Title XX, interaction with, 678-680; 684; 686-687
Transitional child care (TCC), 682-683; (Tables 9-13 & 9-14),
690-694; (Table 9-21), 708-709
CHILD CARE--Continued
See also AFDC Child Care Program
See also At-Risk Child Care Program
See also Child Care and Development Block Grant Program
See also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training
Program
See also Social Services Block Grant
See also Transitional Child Care (TCC) Program
Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG) Program, 660; 677;
678-680; 681; 683-686
Administration, 686
Data, collection of, 686
Eligibility, 685
Financing, 683-685
Funds, use of, 685-686
Indian tribes and tribal organizations, 684
State allocations, (Table 9-22), 710-711
TANF, 497
Target population groups, 685
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
Child nutrition, 503
See also Child and Adult Care Food Program
See also Food Stamp Program
See also School Lunch and Breakfast Programs
See also Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
Infants, and Children (WIC)
Child Support Enforcement and Paternity Establishment Program; see
Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Program
CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) PROGRAM, 545-657
Administration of program, 546
Administrative process, 560-562
AFDC Program, interaction with, 405; 406-407; 545; 576; 599;
600-601
Bankruptcy, 588
Collection of child support, (Table 8-13), 632-633;
(Table 8-15), 636-637; (Table 8-18), 642-643
American Bar Association Child Support Project, 550
Assignment rules, 591-594
Audits and financial penalties, 590-591
Automated registries, 555-556
Automated systems, 588-590
Award rates, 565
Bankruptcy, 588
Best interests of the child, 551-553
Blood tests, 558
Bonds, securities and other guarantees, 577
Change in circumstance, 565-566
Child support lien, 577
Collection of child support, 571-581
Assignment of, 591-594
Collection methods, 571-572
Distribution of, 587-588; 591-594
State collection, 587-588; (Tables 8-11 to 8-16), 627-639;
(Table 8-18), 642-643; (Table 8-20), 646-647
Summary information, (Table 8-3), 572; 586
Commission on Interstate Child Support Enforcement, 584-585
Cost avoidance, 601-602
Credit Bureau Reporting, 578-579
Criminal penalty for nonpayment of support, 585
Demographic trends, 547-548
Demonstration projects, 555
Distribution rules, 591-594
DNA tests, 558-559
Effectiveness of program, 602-611
Evaluation, 550-551
Expedited process, 556-558
Expenditures by State, (Table 8-11), 627-629
Extradition (definition), 581
Fair Credit Reporting Act, 578
CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) PROGRAM--Continued
Family Support Act of 1988, 557; 558; 562; 566-567
Federal courts, 582-583
Federal criminal penalty for nonpayment of support, 585
Federal garnishment of wages, 571-581
Federal employees, 579
Military personnel, 579-580
Federal matching rate, 575
Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 554-556
Federal role, 548-551
Financial penalties, 590-591
Foster care:
Agencies, 553
Orders, review of, 566
Full faith and credit, 558; 577; 584
Funding of State programs, 594-602
Garnishment of wages, 573-574; (Table 8-3), 572
Genetic tests, 557; 559
Good cause regulations, 551-552
Immediate income withholding rule, 556
Impact on:
National child support payments, 603-610
Poverty, 603
Taxpayers, 602-603
Incentive payments, 595-596
Income (definition), 574
Income shares, 562-563; (Table 8-24), 654
Income tax refund offset:
Federal, 574-575; (Table 8-3), 572; (Table 8-19), 644-645
State, 575-576; (Table 8-3), 572
Income withholding, 583
Interstate enforcement, 581-586
IRS full collection process, 577-578
Judge surrogate, 560-561
Judgment, 568
Judicial process, 560-562
Legislative history, 611-626
Locating absent parents, 554-556
Long-arm statutes, 582
Medical child support order, 571
Medical support, 568-571; (Table 8-8), 600; 606
Health insurance coverage, 568-571; (Table 8-8), 602;
(Table 8-17), 640-641
Medicaid, interaction with, 553; 566-567; 568-571
State requirements, 553
Melson-Delaware formula, 562-563
Military personnel, 579-580
National Child Support Enforcement Reference Center, 550
New Hires, Directory of, 555-556
Notice, 561; 573
Obligation, 560
Obligor, 573
Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 548; 550-551; 555
Offsets:
Federal, 574-575; (Table 8-19), 644-645
State, 575-576
Unemployment compensation, 576
Orders:
Establishing, 560-566; (Table 8-17), 640-641
Reviewing and modifying orders, 566-568; (Table 8-17),
640-641
Out-of-wedlock births, (Table 8-22), 650-651
See also Paternity establishment
Overview, 545-547
Passthrough, 599
Paternity acknowledgments, 558
Paternity establishment, 556-560; (Tables 8-21 & 8-22), 648-
651
Percentage of income, 562-563
Primary support amount, 562-563
CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT (CSE) PROGRAM--Continued
Probability of exclusion tests, 559
Probability of paternity tests, 559
Processing of CSE, 554-586
Project 1099, 555; 577
Property liens, 576-577
Rebuttable presumption, 562; 566
Registry, automated, 555-556
Retroactive modifications, 567-568
Securities, 577
Service of process, 561
Single-parent families, 547-548
Small business loans, 580
State Employment Security Agency, 552-553
State parent locator service, 554
State role, 551-554
CSE Program savings, (Table 8-23), 652-53
State Tax Intercept Program, 575-576; (Table 8-3), 572
Statistical tables, 627-654
Support orders:
Amount, 562-565
Established, enforced, and modified, (Table 8-17), 640-
641
TANF, interaction with, 406-409; 493; 546-547; 551; 558; 560;
566; 591-595; 600; 602-603
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829
Trends, Program, 548; (Table 8-1), 549
Unemployment compensation intercept, (Table 8-3), 572; 576
Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA), 586
Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA), 585-586
Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA), 581-
582
Voluntary acknowledgment of paternity, 557; 558
Wage withholding, 573-574; (Table 8-3), 572
Withholding notice, 573
Child support orders, 558-561; (Table 8-17), 636-637
Child tax credit, 887-888
CHILD WELFARE, 727-821
Background, 728-729
Federal programs, 729-733
Legislative history, 812-819
See also Adoption and Safe Families Act
See also Adoption Assistance Program
See also Child Welfare Services Program
See also Family preservation programs
See also Foster Care Program
See also Independent Living Program
See also Social Services Block Grant
Child Welfare Services Program (Title IV-B), (Table 11-1), 730
Demonstration waivers, 819
Funding, (Table 11-2), 727
Participation rates, (Table 11-3), 728
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
See also Adoption and Safe Families Act
See also Foster Care Program
Clinical laboratory services, 147-149
Clinical psychologists, 147
Clinical social workers, 147
Close actuarial balance, 72-73
CMPs; see Competitive medical plans
COBRA; see Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
COLA; see Cost-of-living adjustment
Commission on Interstate Child Support Enforcement, 584-585
Comparable severity, 267
Competitive bidding, 152-153
Competitive grants for welfare-to-work, 526; 529
Competitive medical plans (CMPs) (definition), 169
Competitive Pricing Advisory Committee (CPAC), 211
Computation years, 19
Concurrent planning, 816
Conformity review system, 771-772
Consolidated billing provision, 130
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA), Health
care continuation rules, 858-859
Continuing disability review (CDR), 47; (Table 1-25), 49; (Chart
1-1), 48; (Table 1-26), 50
Periodic review, 44
Continuous home care day (definition), 141
Contract providers (definition), 204
Contract With America Advancement Act of 1996, Social Security
earnings limit, 32
Coordinated care plan, 176-177; (Table 2-37), 202-203; 204; 205
Cost avoidance, 601-602
Cost-of-living adjustment (COLA), 36-38
CPAC; see Competitive Pricing Advisory Committee
Credit Bureau Reporting, 578-579
CRNA; see Certified registered nurse anesthetists
CSE; see Child Support Enforcement Program
Currently insured, 12
DA&As, see Drug addicts and alcoholics
Day care; see Child care
DDSs; see State Disability Determination Services
Deferred arrangements, 841
Defined benefit plan (definition), 903-905
Defined contribution plan (definition), 903-905
Delayed retirement credit (DRC), 18-19; (Table 1-11), 20; 29; 31
Demonstration projects:
Competitive bidding, 153
CSE, 555
Managed care, 209-211
Medicare Select, 218-219
Section 1115, 455; 465
SNFs, 130
Dependent care:
Employer-provided, tax exclusion for, 877-878
Tax credit, 678-681; 870; 872-874
DI; see Disability Insurance Program
Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 127
Disability (definition), 13-14
Disability for children (definition), 266
Disability Insurance (DI) Program:
Administrative law judge (ALJ), 46-47; (Table 1-25), 49
Adjudication process, 43
Appeals, 46-47
Attorneys' fees and representation, 44-45
Awards and recipients, 47; 50-52
Budgetary treatment of, 79-82
Characteristics of recipients, 52-53, (Tables 1-31 & 1-32),
55-56
Claims, 46-47
Pending claims, 51-52; (Table 1-29), 53
Continuing disability review (CDR), 47; (Table 1-25), 49;
(Chart 1-1), 48; (Table 1-26), 50
Periodic review, 44
Determination of benefits, 42-45
Application of law and regulations, 43
Attorneys' fees and representation, 44-45
Determination of disability, 42
Federal review of State determinations, 44
Medical evidence, 44
Medical improvement standard, 44
Periodic review, 44
Disability (definition), 13-14
Disabled widow(er), 29
Drug addicts and alcoholics (DA&A), 302-304
Extended period of eligibility, 14
Insured for disability, 12
Maximum family benefit, 30
Disability Insurance (DI) Program--Continued
Medical evidence, 44
Medical improvement standard, 44
Medical listings, 43
Medicare, interaction with, 14-15
Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA), 46
Offsets for other public benefits, 33-36
SSI, interaction with, 45
State Disability Determination Services (DDSs), 42; 46; 51
Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 13-14; 43
Trial work period (TWP), 14
Trust Funds,
Background, 61; 65-66
Summary, 61; (Table 1-38), 62-63; (Chart 1-2), 64; (Table
1-39), 64
Vocational grid, 43
Vocational rehabilitation, 45-46
Waiting period, 14; (Table 1-29), 53
Workers' compensation offset, 33-35
Work incentive provisions, 14-15
Working disabled, 305-306
See also Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Program
See also Social Security
Disabled:
Tax credit for, 882-883
See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program
See also Medicare
See also Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program
Disabled adult children, 276
Disproportionate share hospital (DSH), 182
DME; see Durable medical equipment
DNA tests, 558-559
Domestic violence, 497
DRC; see Delayed retirement credit
DRG; see Diagnosis-related group
Dropout years, 19
Drug addicts and alcoholics (DA&As), 302-304
Drug-related convictions, 496
Drugs, 111; 161-162
DSH; see Disproportionate share hospital
Dual benefit payments (windfall), 363-364; 370
Dual entitlement, 28
Duggan v. Bowen, 133
Durable medical equipment (DME), 149-153
EA; see Emergency Assistance Program
Early childhood development, 676-678
Early childhood programs, 663-665
Earned income credit (EIC):
AFDC, 406
TANF, interaction with, 503
Tax provisions, 866-870
Earned right, 5
Earnings data; see Appendix F
EB; see Extended Benefits Program
EBT; see Electronic benefit transfer
Economic data; see Appendix I
Education:
Education IRAs, 876-877
Qualified State tuition plans, 876-877
Student loan interest deduction, 877
See also HOPE credit
See also Lifetime learning credit
Education IRAs, 876-877
EIC; see Earned income credit
Elderly:
Data; see Appendix A
Health care data; see Appendix B
Elderly--Continued
Needy elderly; see Supplemental Security Income Program
Tax provisions, 881-883; 888-889
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
See also Medicare
See also Social Security
Electronic benefit transfer (EBT), 928-934
Emergency advance payments, 280
Emergency Assistance (EA) Program, 489-494
Territories, (Table 12-4), 828-829
Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program, 339; 343;
(Table 4-6), 344
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 837; 848
Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), tax provisions, 841
Employment data; see Appendix F
Employment security administration account (ESAA), 346-347
Employment Service (ES), 356
Empowerment Zone Program, 722-723
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 162-168
Coverage, 162-167
Payment rates (Medicare+Choice), 185
Reimbursement, 167-168
Secondary payer, 214
Enhanced administrative funding, 839
Enterprise communities, 722-723
ERISA; see Employee Retirement Income Security Act
Error measurement, 466-472
Error rate, 466-472; 936-939
ES; see Employment Service
ESAA; see Employment security administration account
ESOP; see Employee stock ownership plan
ESRD; see End-Stage Renal Disease Program
Essential persons (definition), 280
EUC; see Emergency Unemployment Compensation Program
EUCA; see Extended unemployment compensation account
Extended Benefits (EB) Program, 336; 337; 341-342; 343-344
Extended period of eligibility, 14
Extended unemployment compensation account (EUCA), 338; 343; 346;
347; 355-357
Extradition (definition), 581
Fair Credit Reporting Act, 578
Families, data on; see Appendix G
Family cap, (Table 7-44), 515-518
Family preservation programs, 738-741; 780-781
Indian tribes, 738
Legislative history, 812-819
Reauthorization, 818
Renaming of program, 818
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
Family Support Act of 1988, 557; 558; 562; 566-567; 655
See also Family Preservation Programs
FECA; see Federal employee compensation account
Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act, 570
Federal employee compensation account (FECA), 346
Federal garnishment, 571-581
Federal Housing Assistance, 989-998
Budget authority, 993-998
Commitments, 992-998
Outlays, 993-998
Tax provisions, 883-887
Types of housing assistance, 989-992
Traditional homeowner assistance, 991
Traditional rental assistance, 990-991
Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), 5; 57-60
See also Social Security financing
Federal Parent Locator Service (FPLS), 554
Federal spending; see Appendix K
Federal unemployment account (FUA), 346-347
State borrowing from, 350
Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), 331; 355-356
FICA; see Federal Insurance Contributions Act
50-50 rule, 170
Firewall provisions, 81-82
Fiscal data; see Appendix I
Five-percent tolerance, 72
Food Stamp Program, 923-949
Administration, 923-927
Federal responsibilities, 924
State and local responsibilities, 924
AFDC, interaction with, 406; (Table 7-8), 416-418; 940
Application processing, 935-936
Assets, allowable, 930-931
Authorization-to-participate card (ATP), 935
Benefits, 934-936
Categorical eligibility rules, 928; 933-934
Electronic benefit transfers (EBTs), 928-934
Eligibility, 928-934
Funding, 926-927
Household (definition), 928-929
Income eligibility, 929
Interaction with other programs, 940
Issuing of food stamps, 935-936
JOBS, interaction with, 502-503
Legislative history, 942; 946-947
Monthly allotments:
Maximum, 934
Minimum, 934-935
Processing of benefits, 935-936
Program options, 925-926
Prorated benefits, 934-935
Quality control (QC), 936-940
Recipiency rates, 940-942; (Table 15-9), 943-945
SSI, interaction with, 276; 282; 288-291; (Tables 3-9 & 3-
10), 292-293; 940; 941
TANF, interaction with, 502; 925-926; 928-929; 940
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829;
924-925
Trigger for eligibility, 934
Using food stamps, 936
Work-related requirements, 931-933
FOSTER CARE PROGRAM (TITLE IV-E), 742-749
Adoption incentive payments, 817
Adoptions, 799; 802-803
AFCARS, 782-803; 809-812
AFDC, interaction with, 403-404; 742
Exclusion from AFDC assistance units, 749
Aggravated circumstances, 815
Caseloads, 776-779
CBO baseline projections, (Table 11-4), 733
Concurrent planning, 816
Conformity review system, 771-772
Costs, 803-809
CSE, interaction with, 553; 566
Data, 782-786; (Table 11-19), 787; (Table 11-22), 789
Demonstration waivers, 819
Expenditures, 742-743
Financial review procedures, 771-772
427 reviews, 767-772
Funding, (Table 11-2), 731
Funding environment, (Table 11-1), 730
Information systems, 809-812
Lack of adequate data, 809-810
Kinship care, 779-780
Legislative history, 812-819
Medicaid, interaction with, 742
Parental rights, termination of, 816-817
FOSTER CARE PROGRAM (TITLE IV-E)--Continued
Participation rates, (Table 11-3), 732
Payment rates, 743; (Table 11-8), 746-748
Permanency hearing, 816-817
Placements, number and duration, 793; (Tables 11-28 to 11-
32), 796-801
Protections for children in foster care, 763-772
Reasonable efforts requirement, 765-767
Section 427, 767-772
Substance abuse, 774-776
TANF, interaction with, 503; 742; 749
Termination of parental rights (TPR), 816-817
See also Adoption and Safe Families Act
See also Family Preservation Programs
See also Independent Living Program
See also Substitute care
401(k) plans, tax provisions for, 841
427 reviews, 464; 767-772
FPLS; see Federal Parent Locator Service
FUA; see Federal unemployment account
Full faith and credit, 558; 577; 584
Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act, 580
Full retirement age, 16-19; (Table 1-11), 20
Fully insured, 12
FUTA; see Federal Unemployment Tax Act
Gag clauses (definition), 208
Garnishment, 571-581
Genetic tests, 557; 559
GME; see Graduate medical education
Good cause regulations, 551-552
Graduate medical education (GME), 182; 185
Group health plans, tax provisions, 859
Guam, 823-834
Guaranteed issuance, 217
Guaranteed open enrollment, 217
Hard social services (definition), 723
HCD approach; see Human capital development approach
HCFA; see Health Care Financing Administration
HCPP; see Health care prepayment plan
Head Start, 1009-1011
Child care, 678-679; 689
Health care expenditures; see Appendix C
Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 103
Health care of the elderly; see Appendix B
Health care prepayment plan (HCPP), 169
Health Care Quality Improvement Initiative, 213
Health insurance:
Continuation rules under COBRA, 858-859
CSE, interaction with, 568-571; (Table 8-8), 602; (Table 8-
17), 640-641
Premiums, tax exclusion of employer contributions, 790-
792; (Table 13-9), 855
Self-employed individuals, tax deductions for, 863
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 850;
855
Health maintenance organization (HMO) (definition), 168
Hemodialysis, 167
HI; see Hospital Insurance (HI) Program
HIPAA; see Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
HIV, SSI interaction with, 272-273
HMO; see Health maintenance organization
Home health care, 110-111; 138-139
Coverage, 133
Growth in payments, 137-139
Per beneficiary limit, 135-136
Prospective payment, 135-136
Reimbursement, 134-135
Home health care--Continued
Transfer of some home health payments to part B, 136-137
HOME Investment Partnerships Block Grant Program, 991
Home Ownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere (HOPE)
Program, 991
Home oxygen equipment, 150; 153
HOPE credit, 874-875
HOPE Program; see Home Ownership and Opportunity for People
Everywhere Program
Hospice care, 111; 139-145
Cap amount, 142
Coverage and benefits, 139-141
General inpatient care day (definition), 141
Inpatient respite care day (definition), 141
Program data, 142-145
Reimbursement, 141-142
Routine home care day (definition), 141
Hospital Insurance (HI) Program:
Benefits and beneficiary cost sharing, 110-113
Coverage and payments, 126-145
Financial status, 67-69; 117-123
Payroll taxes, 114
Railroad retirement, 367-370
Social Security, interaction with, 57-58
Trust Fund, 114-116
Financial status, 117-123
Hospital market basket index (MBI), 127; 142; 157
Hospitals:
Medicare reimbursement; see Appendix D
See also Medicare
Household (definition), Food stamp, 928-929
Housing:
Tax provisions, 883-887
See also Federal Housing Assistance
See also Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program
Human capital development (HCD) approach, 488-489
ICH; see Interagency Council on Homelessness
IDA; see Individual development account
IFA; see Individualized functional assessment
Illegal aliens; see Appendix J
Immigration policy; see Appendix J
Immigration Responsibility Act of 1998, Social Security benefits
for noncitizens, 40
Incident to physician services, 146
Income:
Data; see Appendix I
Definition, 574; 836
Income-tested benefits; see Appendix K
Independent Living Program (Title IV-E), 761-763
CBO baseline projection, (Table 11-4), 733
Funding, (Table 11-1), 726; (Table 11-2), 727
Legislative history, 809-812
Participation, (Table 11-3), 728
Indexing year, 19
Indian tribes and tribal organizations:
CCDBG, 684
Child care, 684
Family preservation programs, 738
TANF, 494; 513-514
Individual development account (IDA), 499-500
Individualized functional assessment (IFA), 266-267; 301-302
Individual responsibility plan (IRP) (definition), 500
Individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), tax provisions for,
848-851
Inherent reasonableness, 152
Institutionalized persons, 274
Insured for disability, 12
Insured unemployment rate (IUR), 341-342
Interagency Council on Homelessness (ICH), 304
Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD), 167
Intermittent skilled nursing care, 133-134
Interstate enforcement of child support, 581-586
IPD; see Intermittent peritoneal dialysis
IRA; see Individual retirement arrangements
IRP; see Individual responsibility plan
IRS full collection process, 577-578
IUR; see Insured unemployment rate
Job-attached workers, 342
Job Corps, 1008
Job losers, 333
Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training Program, 472-
489
Activities requirements, 473-474
Administration, 472
AFDC-UP, interaction with, 471-472; 484-485; 487-488
Case management under, 472
Child care, interaction with title IV-A, 474-475; 476; 681-
683; (Tables 9-17 & 9-18), 700-703
Child care guaranteed under, 684
Community work experience, 473-474
Earned income disregard, 474
Educational requirements of, (Table 7-35), 482-483
Employability plans, 472
Exemptions, 474
Food Stamp Program, interaction with, 502-503
Funding of, 475-488
Human capital development (HCD), 488-489
Indian tribes, 488
Job search, requirements for, 473
Labor force attachment (LFA) approach, 488-489
Nondisplacement, 473
Participant (definition), 475
Participation requirements, 475
Purpose, 472
State-level data, (Tables 7-33 to 7-37), 477-488
Supportive services under, 475-476
Targeting of funds under, 475-488
Territories, (Table 12-4), 828-829
Transitional child care (TCC), 474-476
Transportation, reimbursement of, 476
Welfare-to-work efforts, assessments of, 488-489
Work-related expenses, reimbursement of, 476
Work supplementation, 474
JOBS; see Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training Program
Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), 1003-1009
AFDC-UP, interaction with, 407
Job Corps, 1008
TANF, 527-528
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
JTPA; see Job Training Partnership Act
Judge surrogate, 560-561
Judgment (definition), 568
Judicial process, 560-562
Expedited, 556-558
Kinship care, 779-780
Labor force attachment (LFA) approach, 488-489
Lanham Act, 676
Latchkey children, 663; (Table 9-6), 668
LFA; see Labor force attachment approach
Lifetime learning credit, 874-875
LIHEAP; see Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program
Listing of impairments, 266
Long-arm statutes, 582
Long-term care; see Appendix B
Long-term care insurance, tax benefits for, 859-863
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), 1011-1017
AFDC, interaction with, 407
Transfer of funds with Social Services Block Grant, 717
Maintenance-of-effort (MOE) provision:
Child care, 677; 684
SSI, 282
TANF, 398; 495; 510-513; 529
Mammography screening, 159-160
Managed care:
Medicaid, 960-962
Medicare; see Private plan options
Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant:
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
Transfer of funds with Social Services Block Grant, 717
MBI; see Hospital market basket index
MCBS; see Medicare, MCBS
Means-tested programs, 409-410; 920-922
Medicaid matching rates, 1984-98, (Table 7-16), 436-437
Medicaid Program, 950-988
Administration, 960
Adoption Assistance Program, interaction with, 751
AFDC, interaction with, 401; 405-406; 407; (Table 7-3), 408;
(Chart 7-1), 409; (Table 7-16), 436-437; 951-952; 984-988
Boren amendment, 959
Categorically needy, 950; 951-953
CSE, interaction with, 553; 566-567; 568-571
Eligibility, 950-956
AFDC-related groups, 951-952
Aliens, 955
Families, pregnant women, and children, 953
Institutionalized persons and related groups, 954
Poor, 952; 956
Qualified Medicare beneficiaries and related groups, 954
SSI-related groups, 953-954
Financing, 958
Foster care, interaction with, 742
Freedom of choice waiver, 960
Legislative history, 962-968
Managed care, 960-962
Medically needy, 950; 955-956
Medicare, interaction with, 137; 221-225; 954
Noncitizens, 955
Program data, 968-988
Reimbursement policy, 958-960
Ribicoff children, 951
Services, 956-958
Spend down, 953
SSI, interaction with, 270; 273; 275-276; 278-279; 281-301;
305-306; 953-954
TANF, 502; 951-952
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829
Medical care:
Tax exclusion of employer contributions, 852-855
See also Appendix B
See also Appendix C
See also Appendix D
See also Appendix E
See also Health . . .
See also Medicaid Program
See also Medicare
Medical child support order, 571
Medical evidence, 44
Medical expenses, deductibility of, 863-866
Medical improvement standard, 44
Medical listings, 43
Medically needy, 406; 950; 955-956
Medical savings accounts (MSAs), 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-203;
854
See also Medicare+Choice MSA
Medical support:
CSE, interaction with, 553; 568-571; 606; (Table 8-8), 602;
(Table 8-17), 640-641
See also Medicaid Program
MEDICARE, 101-260
Adjusted average per capita cost (AAPCC), 169; 180-183
Adjusted community rate (ACR), 180; 195-6; (Table 2-36), 200
Administration of program, 103
Aged, (Table 2-48), 249
Definition of covered population, 109
Growth in numbers, (table 2-43), 243
Ambulance services, 162
Ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), 154; 158-159
American Lithotripsy Society v. Sullivan, 158
Anesthesiologists, 145
Area specific or (local) rate, 183
Assignment; see Appendix E
Balance billing, 146; 201
Barium enema tests, 160
Beneficiaries, number of, 110
Benefit payments, 103-109; (Table 2-46), 247; (Table 2-47),
248
Benefit period (definition), 102
Benefits, 102-103; (Tables 2-2 & 2-3), 105-107; 110-113
Bone mass measurements, 161
Budget Reconciliation Acts, 1981-93, 240
Buy-in agreements, 222; (Table 2-45), 245
Capped rental category, 149
Certificates of medical necessity, 152
Certified nurse midwife services, 147
Certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), 147
Clinical laboratory services, 147-149
Clinical psychologists, 147
Clinical social workers, 147
Colorectal screening, 160
Competitive bidding, 152-153
Composite rate, 167-168
Consolidated billing provision, 130
Cost sharing, 110-113
Coverage, 102; (Tables 2-1 to 2-3), 104-109; 109-110
Data, historical, 241-259
Demonstration projects:
Competitive bidding, 153
Managed care, 209-211
Medicare Select, 218-219
SNFs, 130
Department of Defense facilities, 182
DI, interaction with, 14-15
Diabetes screening tests, 160
Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 127
Disabled, (Table 2-49), 252-253
Definition of covered population, 110
Growth in numbers, (Table 2-44), 244
Medicare+Choice payment rates, 185
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
Disproportionate share hospital (DSH), 182
Drugs, 111; 161-162
Duggan v. Bowen, 133
Durable medical equipment (DME), 149-153
Eligibility, 109-110
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Program, 162-168
Coverage, 162-167
Payment rates (Medicare+Choice), 185
Reimbursement, 167-168
Secondary payer, 214
Financing, 103; 114-126
See also Hospital Insurance (HI) Trust Fund
MEDICARE--Continued
Financing--Continued
See also Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Trust Fund
Graduate medical education (GME), 182; 185
Guaranteed issuance, 217
Guaranteed open enrollment, 217
Health Care Quality Improvement Initiative, 213
Hemodialysis, 167
Home health care, 110-111; 138-139
Coverage, 133
Growth in payments, 137-139
Per beneficiary limit, 135-136
Prospective payment, 135-136
Reimbursement, 134-135
Transfer of some home health payments to part B, 136-137
Home oxygen equipment, 150; 153
Hospice care, 111; 139-145
Cap amount, 142
Coverage and benefits, 139-141
General inpatient care day (definition), 141
Inpatient respite care day (definition), 141
Program data, 142-145
Reimbursement, 141-142
Routine home care day (definition), 141
Hospital Insurance (HI) Program:
Benefits and beneficiary cost sharing, 110-113
Coverage and payments, 126-145
Financial status, 67-69; 117-123
Payroll taxes, 114
Social Security, interaction with, 57-58
Trust Fund, 114-116
Financial status, 117-123
Hospital market basket index (MBI), 127; 142; 157
Hospital services:
Inpatient hospital care, 110; 126-127; (Table 2-13), 128
Outpatient department (OPD) services, 153-158
See also Appendix D
Incident to physician services, 146
Inherent reasonableness, 152
Intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD), 167
Intermittent skilled nursing care, 133-134
Legislative history (1980-97), 225-259
Long-term care insurance, interaction with; see Appendix B
Mammography screening, 159-160
Managed care; see Private plan options below
MCBS (Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey), 219-220
Medicaid, interaction with, 137; 221-225; 954
Medicare+Choice:
Capitation rates, 182-184
Contract providers (definition), 204
Contracts, termination of, 209
Emergency services, access to, 204
Enrollment rules, 177-178
Financial incentive plan (definition), 208
Financial requirements, 207
Fraud, 208
Gag clauses (definition), 208
Grievances and appeals, 205-206
Guaranteed issuance, 217-218
Information to beneficiaries, 179-180
Marketing rules, 178
Nondiscrimination, 180
Organizational requirements, 207
Payment area (definition), 185-186
Payments to plans, 182-188
Plan options, 176-177
Provider protections and requirements, 208
Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 206-207
MEDICARE--Continued
Medicare+Choice--Continued
Prudent layperson (definition), 204
Sanctions, 209
Standards, 206-209
Waivers, 207-208
See also Private plan options below
Medicare+Choice MSA:
Demonstration, 209-210
Payments, 182-83; 186
See also Private plan options below
Medicare economic index (MEI), 145
Medicare Select, 218-219
Medicare Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review
Organization, 211-213
Medicare volume performance standard (MVPS), 145
Medigap, 216-218
Creditable coverage, 218
Guaranteed open enrollment or guaranteed issuance, 218
Medicare Select, 218-219
Preexisting condition limitation, 217-218
Nonparticipating physicians, 146-147
Nurse practitioners, 146-147
Occupational therapists, 147
Orthotics, 149-153
Outlays, 103-109
Overview of program, 102-109
Oxygen and oxygen equipment, 150; 153
Palliative medical care (definition), 139
Pap smears, 160
Part A; see Hospital Insurance (HI) Program
Part B; see Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program
Participating Physician Program, 146
Peer review organizations (PROs), 211-213
Pelvic exams, 160
Peritoneal dialysis, 166-167
Physical therapists, 147
Physician assistants, 146-147
Physicians, 145-146
See also Appendix E
Postinstitutional home health services (definition), 137
Preventive services, 111; 159-161
Private plan options:
Average payment rate, 191
Beneficiary protections, 201-206
Budget neutrality, 185
Capitation payments, 180-181
Capitation rate, 182-183
Competitive medical plans (CMPs) (definition), 169
Competitive Pricing Advisory Committee (CPAC), 211
Competitive pricing methodology, 211
Coordinated care plan, 176-177; (Table 2-37), 202-203;
204; 205
Cost contract, 169
Cost sharing, 196-7; (Table 2-37), 202-203
Demonstrations, 209-210
Competitive pricing, 210
Medicare+Choice enrollment, 211
MSAs, 209-210
Employer-based policies, 219
Enrollment, 170; (Table 2-42), 242
50-50 rule, 170
Health care prepayment plan (HCPP), 169
HMO (definition), 168
Medicare+Choice; see Medicare+Choice
Medicare+Choice MSAs; see Medicare+Choice MSAs
Medicare Choices Demonstration Project, 173
Medicare Risk Contract Program, 168
Minimum percentage rule, 185
MEDICARE--Continued
Private plan options--Continued
Minimum rate, 183; 184
MSA plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-203
National growth percentage (definition), 185
National rate, 183
Payment area (definition), 185-186
Payment rates:
AAPCC, 169; 180-183
Floor rate, 183-184
Geographic variations, 185-189
Impact of reforms beyond 1998, 193-195
Medicare+Choice capitation rate, 182-186
Payments to plans, 180-188
Point-of-service (POS) options, 169
Preexisting condition limitation, 217
Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), 169
Premiums, 198-200
Private fee-for-service plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37),
202-203; 204
Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 169; 206
Risk adjustment, 186
Risk contract, 168-169; 170-172
Section 1876 [of the Social Security Act], 168-169; 201
Special election periods, 177
Trends, 170-176
Availability, 170-172
Enrollment, 172-176
User fee, 179
U.S. per capita costs (USPCC), 181
See also Medicare+Choice
See also Medicare+Choice MSA
Prospective payment system (PPS), 103
ESRD, 162-168
Home health care, 135-136
Hospice care, 141-142
Inpatient hospital services, 126-127
Outpatient department (OPD) services, 154
SNFs, 129-133
Prostate cancer screening tests, 160
Prosthetic devices (definition), 149-153
Qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 223
Qualified hospitals (definition), 148
Qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs), 221-225
Benefits, 221-222
Buy-in, 222; (Table 2-40), 224
Data, 223-224
Eligibility, 221
Payment of benefits, 222
QDWIs, 223
SLMBs, 222-223
Quality review, 211-213
Railroad retirement, interaction with, 114
Regional referral centers (RRCs), 127
Reimbursement to hospitals; see Appendix D
Reimbursement to physicians; see Appendix E
Resource utilization groups (RUGs), 130
Retiree health coverage, 219
Risk-Contracting Program, 168
Savings estimates for Budget Reconciliation Acts, 1981-93,
240
Scope of work, 213
Secondary payer, 213-221
Skilled nursing facility (SNF), 110; 127-133
Coverage, 127-129
Growth in payments, 130-133
Reimbursement, 129-130
Social Security, interaction with, 57-58; 114; 116
Sole community hospitals (SCHs), 127; 154
Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiary (SLMB) Program,
222-223
MEDICARE--Continued
Spell of illness (definition), 137
Spending, 103-109
Supplementary coverage, 216-221; (Table 2-45), 245-246
Employer-based policies, 219
Impact on Medicare spending, 219-221
Medicare Select, 218-219
Medigap, 216-218
Open enrollment, 218
Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program:
Benefits and beneficiary cost sharing, 111-113
Coverage and payments, 145-162
Trust Fund, 116-117
Financial status, 123
Sustainable growth rate, 145
Tax exclusion of benefits, 863
Territories, 824; 827
Trust Fund, 116-117
Financial status, 123; (Table 2-10), 124
Unassigned basis, 146
Utilization review, 211-213
Vaccines, 111; 161-162
Venipuncture, 134
Veterans Administration facilities, 182
Workers' compensation, interaction with, 214
See also Medicare+Choice
See also Medicare+Choice MSAs
See also Private plan options above
Medicare+Choice:
Capitation rates, 182-184
Contract providers (definition), 204
Contracts, termination of, 209
Emergency services, access to, 204
Enrollment rules, 177-178
Financial incentive plan (definition), 208
Financial requirements, 207
Fraud, 208
Gag clauses (definition), 208
Grievances and appeals, 205-206
Guaranteed issuance, 217-218
Information to beneficiaries, 179-180
Marketing rules, 178
Nondiscrimination, 180
Organizational requirements, 207
Payment area (definition), 185-186
Payments to plans, 182-188
Plan options, 176-177
Provider protections and requirements, 208
Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 206-207
Prudent layperson (definition), 204
Sanctions, 209
Standards, 206-209
Waivers, 207-208
See also Private plan options
Medicare+Choice MSA:
Demonstration, 209-210
Payments, 182-83; 186
Medicare economic index (MEI), 145
Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC), 171
Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP) Program, 213-221
Medicare Select, 218-219
Medicare Utilization and Quality Control Peer Review Organization
Program, 211-213
Medicare volume performance standard (MVPS), 145
Medigap, 216-218
Creditable coverage, 218
Guaranteed open enrollment or guaranteed issuance, 218
Medicare Select, 218-219
Medigap--Continued
Preexisting condition limitation, 217-218
MedPAC; see Medicare Payment Advisory Commission
MEI; see Medicare economic index
Melson-Delaware formula, 562-563
Mental impairment, 302
Military personnel, CSE, 579-580
MOE; see Maintenance-of-effort provision
Monetarily eligible, 337
Moneysworth (definition), 86-89
MSA; see Medical savings accounts
MSP; see Medicare Secondary Payer Program
Multiemployer plan (definition), 905; 908-909; 917
Financing, 912
MVPS; see Medicare volume performance standard
NAFTA Worker Security Act, 390-392
National Child Support Enforcement Reference Center, 550
National Commission on Childhood Disability, 301
National growth percentage (definition), 185
National Home Ownership Trust Demonstration, 991
Need-based benefits; see Appendix K
Need standard (definition), 407; (Table 7-8), 416-418; (Table 7-
9), 419-420; 423-428
Negative case actions, 472
Noncitizens:
Medicaid, 955
Social Security benefits, 40
SSI, 267; 304
TANF, 496; (Table 7-44), 515-518
UC, denial of benefits, 337
See also Appendix J
Nonparticipating physicians, 146-147
Nonrecurring adoption costs, 750; 754; (Table 11-10), 755-757
Northern Marianas, 823-834
SSI, 267; 281
Notice, 561; 573
NSLP; see School Lunch and Breakfast Programs
Nurse practitioners, 146-147
Nursery schools; see Early childhood development
See also Early childhood programs
Nursing homes; see Skilled nursing facility
OASDI; see Social Security
See also Hospital Insurance (HI) Program
OASI; see Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Program
Obligation (definition), 560
Obligor (definition), 573
Occupational therapists, 147
OCSE; see Office of Child Support Enforcement
Office of Child Support Enforcement (OCSE), 548; 550-551; 555
Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA), 46
Offsets:
CSE, 574-576; (Table 8-10), 644-645
Social Security, 33-36
UC, 338
OHA; see Office of Hearings and Appeals
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program:
Actuarial reduction, 28-29
Budgetary treatment of, 79-82
Characteristics of recipients, 52-56
Delayed retirement credit (DRC), 18-19; (Table 1-11), 20; 29;
31
Early retirement, 28
Earnings limit, 30-33
Full retirement age, 16-19; (Table 1-11), 20
Lump-sum death benefit, 16
Maximum family benefit, 29-30
Payback times, illustrations, 89; 96-98
Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program--Continued
Retirement age, trends, 19; (Tables 1-12 & 1-13), 21
Trust Funds,
Background, 61; 65-66
Summary, 61; (Table 1-38), 62-63; (Chart 1-2), 64; (Table
1-39), 64
See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program
See also Social Security
Old-Age Assistance and Aid to the Blind; see Supplemental Security
Income (SSI) Program
Old-law taxable earnings base, 26
One-third reduction of benefit standard, 278
OPD; see Prospective payment system (PPS), Outpatient department
services
Outlying areas; see Territories
Out-of-wedlock births:
AFDC, use of, 537-541
Paternity establishment, 556-560; (Tables 8-21 & 8-22), 648-
651
Palliative medical care (definition), 139
Parental rights, termination of, 816-817
Parent locator service:
See Federal Parent Locator Service
See State parent locator service
Participant (definition), 475
Participating Physician Program, 146
PASS; see Plan for achieving self-support
Pass-along provision, 282
Pass through, 405; 599
Paternity establishment, 556-560; (Tables 8-21 & 8-22), 648-651
Pay-as-you go rule, 81
Payment area (definition), 185
PBGC; see Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
PCS; see Profile of child care settings
Peer review organizations (PROs), 211-213
Pennington v. Doherty, 335
PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION (PBGC), 903-917
Administration of, 903
Budgetary treatment of, 912-913
Defined benefit plan, 903-905
Defined contribution plan, 903-905
Financial condition of, 909-912
Future, 913-915
Financing, 910-912
Legislative history, 916-917
Multiemployer plan (definition), 905; 908-909; 917
Financing, 912
Plan termination, 905-909
Plan termination insurance, 903-905
Section 401 [of the Internal Revenue Code], 905
Single-employer plan (definition), 905; 916-917
Asset allocation, 908
Benefit payments, 907
Employer liability, 907
Financing, 910-911
Guaranteed benefits, 907-908
Section 4022(c) benefits, 908
Terminations, 905-906
Trusteeship, 907
Pensions:
Coverage, 845-847
Tax exclusion of pension contributions and earnings, 837-847
UC offset, 338
See also Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
Percentage of income, 562-563
Permanency hearing, 816-817
Personal needs allowance (PNA), 271; 278-279; 283
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of
1996:
See Child Care and Development Block Grant Program
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of
1996--Continued
See Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
See also Appendix L
Physical therapists, 147
Physician assistants, 146-147
Physician Payment Review Commission (PPRC); see Medicare Payment
Advisory Commission
Physicians, Medicare reimbursement to; see Appendix E
PIA; see Primary insurance amount
PICs; see Private industry councils
Plan for achieving self-support (PASS) (definition), 268; 305-306
PNA; see Personal needs allowance
Point-of-service (POS) options, 169
Poor, effect of tax provisions on the income and taxes of, 888;
898-901
POS; see Point-of-service options
Postinstitutional home health services (definition), 137
Poverty:
CSE impact on, 603
Data; see Appendix H
Threshold comparison, 291-293
PPA; see Pension Protection Act
PPRC; see Medicare Payment Advisory Commission
PPS; see Prospective payment system
Preventive Health and Health Services Block Grant, transfer of
funds with Social Services Block Grant, 717
Primary insurance amount (PIA), 16; 25-26
Primary support amount, 562-563
Prisoners:
Social Security, suspension of benefits, 36
SSI, 274
Private fee-for-service plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-203; 204
Private industry councils (PICs), 528
Private plan options:
Average payment rate, 191
Beneficiary protections, 201-206
Budget neutrality, 185
Capitation payments, 180-181
Capitation rate, 182-183
Competitive medical plans (CMPs) (definition), 169
Competitive Pricing Advisory Committee (CPAC), 211
Competitive pricing methodology, 211
Coordinated care plan, 176-177; (Table 2-37), 202-203; 204;
205
Cost contract, 169
Cost sharing, 196-7; (Table 2-37), 202-203
Demonstrations, 209-210
Competitive pricing, 210
Medicare+Choice enrollment, 211
MSAs, 209-210
Employer-based policies, 219
Enrollment, 170; (Table 2-42), 242
50-50 rule, 170
Health care prepayment plan (HCPP), 169
HMO (definition), 168
Medicare Choices Demonstration Project, 173
Medicare Risk Contract Program, 168
Minimum percentage rule, 185
Minimum rate, 183; 184
MSA plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-203
National growth percentage (definition), 185
National rate, 183
Payment area (definition), 185
Payment rates:
AAPCC, 169; 180-183
Floor rate, 183-184
Geographic variations, 185-189
Impact of reforms beyond 1998, 193-195
Medicare+Choice capitation rate, 182-284
Private plan options--Continued
Payments to plans, 180-188
Point-of-service (POS) options, 169
Preexisting condition limitation, 217
Preferred provider organizations, 169
Premiums, 198-200
Private fee-for-service plan, 177; 197; (Table 2-37), 202-
203; 204
Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 169; 206
Risk adjustment, 186
Risk contract, 168-169; 170-172
Section 1876 [of the Social Security Act], 168-169; 201
Special election periods, 177
Trends, 170-176
Availability, 170-172
Enrollment, 172-176
User fee, 179
U.S. per capita costs (USPCC), 181
See also Medicare+Choice
Probability of exclusion tests, 559
Probability of paternity tests, 559
Profile of child care settings (PCS), 672-674
Program of Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled; see
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program
Program of last resort, 275
Project Head Start; see Head Start
Project 1099, 555; 577
Promoting Safe and Stable Families, 815
ProPAC; see Medicare Payment Advisory Commission
Property liens, 576-577
PROs; see Peer review organizations
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission (ProPAC); see Medicare
Payment Advisory Commission
Prospective payment system (PPS), 103
ESRD, 162-168
Home health care, 135-136
Hospice care, 141-142
Inpatient hospital services, 126-127
Outpatient department (OPD) services, 154
SNFs, 129-133
Prosthetic devices (definition), 149-153
Protections for children in foster care, 763-772
Provider-sponsored organizations (PSOs), 169; 206-207
Prudent layperson (definition), 204
PSOs; see Provider-sponsored organizations
Public assistance, tax exclusion of benefits, 870
Public housing, 407; 409
Puerto Rico, 823-834
QC; see Quality control system
QDWIs; see Qualified disabled and working individuals
QMBs; see Qualified Medicare beneficiaries
Qualified alien, 267
Qualified cash arrangements, 841
Qualified disabled and working individuals (QDWIs), 223
Qualified hospitals (definition), 148
Qualified Medicare beneficiaries (QMBs), 221-225
Benefits, 221-222
Buy-in, 222; (Table 2-40), 224
Data, 223-224
Eligibility, 221
Medicaid eligibility, 954
Payment of benefits, 222
QDWIs, 223
SLMBs, 222-223
Qualified State tuition plans, 876-877
Quality control (QC) system:
AFDC, 465-472
Food stamps, 936-940
Quarters of coverage, 12
Quern v. Mandley, 487
RAILROAD RETIREMENT, 361-382
Administration of program, 361
Annuity structure:
Disability annuities, 364
Spouse annuities, 365
Supplemental annuities, 365
Benefits, (Table 5-2), 366
Lump-sum death benefits, 365
Survivor benefits, 365
Cash benefits, (Table 5-1), 363
Disability annuities, 364
Dual benefit payments (windfall), 363-364; 370
Financial interchange, 368-370
Financial status of the railroad retirement account, 371-372
Financing, 367-370
General revenue appropriations, 370
Hospital Insurance (HI) Program, 367-370
Investment income, 370
Jurisdiction of, 362
Legislative history, 379-381
Lump-sum death benefits, 365
Medicare, interaction with, 114
Overview, 361-362
Payroll taxes, 367-368
Program data, 366-367
Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), 361
Social Security, interaction with, 363-364; 367-370
Spouse annuities, 365
Supplemental annuities, 365; 370
Survivor benefits, 365
Taxation of benefits, 370-371; 851-852
Tax exclusion of benefits, 851-852
Tier I benefits, 363; 364; 365; 367-368; 370
Tier II benefits, 363; 364; 365; 367-368; 370
Wage base, 367
Windfall benefits (dual benefit payments), 364
See also Railroad Unemployment Insurance (RUI) System
Railroad retirement account (RRA), Financial status, 371-372
Railroad Retirement Board (RRB), 361
Railroad Unemployment Insurance (RUI) System, 379
Base year, 373
Benefits, 373-377
Benefit year, 373
Eligibility requirements, 373-377
Financing, 377-379
Program statistics, (Table 5-7), 374-375
Statement of sickness, 373
Taxes, 377
See also Railroad Retirement
Reasonable efforts, 765-767
Reasonable efforts to preserve families, 815-816
Reasonable efforts to promote adoption, 816
Rebuttable presumption, 562; 566
Recipient-caused errors, 465
Reed Act transfers, 347
Refugees; see Appendix J
Regional referral centers (RRCs), 127
Religious organizations, 500
Replacement rates, 26-27
Representative payee (definition), 302-303
Reserve ratio, 347
Resource utilization groups (RUGs), 130
Ribicoff children (definition), 951
Risk contract, 168-169; 170-172
RRA; see Railroad retirement account
RRB; see Railroad Retirement Board
RRCs; see Regional referral centers
RUGs; see Resource utilization groups
RUI; see Railroad Unemployment Insurance System
SACWIS; see Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information Systems
Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE) retirement
plans, 843
SBP; see School Lunch and Breakfast Programs
School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, 998-1000
AFDC, interaction with, 407
S-CHIP; see State Children's Health Insurance Program
SCHs; see Sole community hospitals
Scope of work, 213
SDAs; see Welfare-to-work (WTW), Service delivery areas
SECA; see Self-Employment Contributions Act
Secondary Payer Program; see Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP)
Program
Sectarian providers, 686
Section 8 housing subsidy, 407; 409
Section 16 [of the Child Support Enforcement Amendments of 1984],
564
Section 17 [of the National School Lunch Act], 683-684
Section 219 [of the Internal Revenue Code], 844
Section 401 [of the Internal Revenue Code], 905
Section 422(b)(9) [of the Social Security Act], 764-767
Section 427 protections, 767-772
Section 429 [of the Social Security Act], 725
Section 460 [of the Social Security Act], 578
Section 475 [of the Social Security Act], 765-767
Section 1115 [of the Social Security Act], 402; 455; 462
Section 1123 [of the Social Security Act], 468
Section 1130A [of the Social Security Act], 763
Section 1615(d) [of the Social Security Act], 276-277
Section 1618 [of the Social Security Act], 282
Section 1619 [of the Social Security Act], 274; 276; 305-306
Section 1631(a)(4)(B) [of the Social Security Act], 272-273
Section 1634 [of the Supplemental Security Income Law], 275
Section 1876 [of the Social Security Act], 168-169; 201
Section 9403 [of COBRA], 213
Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA), 5-6; 57-60
See also Social Security Financing
Service of process, 561
SGA; see Substantial gainful activity
SIMPLE; see Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees retirement
plans
Single-employer plan (definition), 905; 916-917
Asset allocation, 908
Benefit payments, 907
Employer liability, 907
Financing, 910-911
Guaranteed benefits, 907-908
Section 4022(c) benefits, 908
Terminations, 905-906
Trusteeship, 907
Skilled nursing facility (SNF), 110; 127-133
Coverage, 127-129
Growth in payments, 130-133
Reimbursement, 129-130
SLMB; see Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiary Program
SMI; see Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program
SNF; see Skilled nursing facility
Social insurance, 5; 87
SOCIAL SECURITY, 1-99
Actuarial reduction, 28-29
Administrative expenses, 81
Budgetary treatment of, 82
Administrative law judge (ALJ), 46-47; (Table 1-25), 49
AFDC, interaction with, 407
Automatic benefit increase, 36-38
Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME), 19; 23-24; 25
SOCIAL SECURITY--Continued
Average monthly benefits, (Table 1-8), 17
Baby boomers, 66
Baby trough generation, 66
Bend points, 30
Beneficiaries:
Numbers of, (Table 1-8), 17
With income, 39-40
Benefit formula, 25
Benefits:
Amounts, 26
Computation of, 16-26
Deficit, (Table 1-47), 80
Eligibility, 12-16
Reduction and increase, 27-36
Relationship to taxes, 86-89; (Tables 1-49 to 1-51), 90-
95
Replacement rates, 26-27
Budgetary treatment of, 79-82
Points of order, 80
Budget rules pertaining to, 81
Characteristics of recipients, 52-56
Child's benefit, 15
Close actuarial balance, 72-73
Computation years, 19
Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, 32
Cost-of-living adjustment (COLA), 36-38
Coverage, 6-11
Currently insured, 12
Delayed retirement credit (DRC), 18-19; (Table 1-11), 20; 29;
31
Dependents, 15-16; (Tables 1-8 to 1-10), 17-18
Disability (definition), 13-14
See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program
Dropout years, 19
Dual entitlement, 28
Early retirement benefits, 28
Earnings limit, 30-33
Eligibility, 12-16
Employee contribution, 5-6
Employer contribution, 5-6
Father's benefit, 15
Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), 5; 57-60
Financial condition, Procedural rules (House and Senate) to
protect, 81-82
Financing, 57-79
1997 Trustees' Report, 61
Long-range forecast, 66-71
OASI and DI Trust Funds, 61-71
Social Security surplus, 77-79
Status, 71-73
Financing mechanism, 5-6
Firewall provisions, 81-82
Five-percent tolerance, 72
Full retirement age, 16-19; (Table 1-11), 20
Fully insured, 12
General information, 3-6
Brief history, 6; (Table 1-1), 7
Government employees, State/local, (Table 1-5), 10-11
Government pension offset, 35
Income rate, 73
Indexing year, 19
Insured status, 12-13
Legislative history, 82-86
Longevity, trends in, 19; (Table 1-14), 22-23
Lump sum death benefit, 16
Maximum family benefit, 29-30
Maximum taxable earnings, 87
Medicare, interaction with, 57-58; 114; 116
Moneysworth (definition), 86-89
SOCIAL SECURITY--Continued
Monthly benefit amounts, (Table 1-8), 17
Mother's benefit, 15
Noncitizens, benefits for, 40
Offsets, 33-36
Old-law taxable earnings base, 26
Parent's benefit, 16
Pay-as-you go rule, 81
Payback times, 89; 96-98
Percent of taxable payroll, 71
Present value method, 72
Primary insurance amount (PIA), 16; 25; 26
Prisoners, suspension of benefits to, 36
Procedural rules (House and Senate) pertaining to, 81-82
Public pension offset, 35-36
Quarters of coverage, 12
Railroad Retirement, interaction with, 363-364; 367-370
Relative value of benefits, 86-89
Replacement rates (definition), 26-27
Retired worker:
Actuarial reduction, 28
Earnings of, 33; (Table 1-19), 34
Retirement age, trends in, 19; (Tables 1-12 & 1-13), 21
Self-employed, 57-60
Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA), 5-6; 57-60
Social insurance, 5; 87
Special minimum benefit, 25-26
Spending authority, 65
Spouse's benefit, 15
Actuarial reduction, 28
SSI, interaction with, 269; 275; 276; 280-281; (Tables 3-9 &
3-10), 292-293
State/local government employees, (Table 1-5), 10-11
Surpluses, 77-79; (Table 1-47), 80
Survivor benefits, 15-16; 28-29
Suspension of benefits to prisoners, 36
Taxation of benefits, 39-40; (Tables 1-23 & 1-24), 41-42
Taxes, 77-79
Tax exclusion of benefits, 851-852
Territories, 824-827
Trust Funds:
Background, 61; 65-66
Nature of, 73-79
Summary, 61; (Table 1-38), 62-63; (Chart 1-2), 64; (Table
1-39), 64
Widow(er)'s benefit, 15
Actuarial reduction, 28-29
Windfall elimination provision, 35-36
See also Disability Insurance (DI) Program
See also Old-Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) Program
SOCIAL SERVICES BLOCK GRANT, 713-725; (Table 11-1), 730
Allocation formula, 713; (Table 10-2), 715-717
Child care, 678-680; 684; 686-687
Empowerment Zone Program, 722-723
Enterprise communities, 722-723
Expenditures on social services, 718-721
Funding levels, 713-714
Hard social services, 723
Legislative history, 723-725
Program goals, 713; 718
Qualified plan, 722
Recipients, 718-721
Reporting requirements, 718
Services provided, 718-721
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
Transfer of funds to and from other grant programs, 721
Use of funds, 718
Sole community hospitals (SCHs), 127; 154
Special needs child (definition), 725-726; 750-751; 754; (Table
11-34), 803; 818
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and
Children (WIC), 1000-1002
AFDC eligibility, 407
TANF, interaction with, 503
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829
Specified Low-Income Medicare Beneficiary (SLMB) Program, 222-223
Spell of illness (definition), 137
Spend down, 275; 953
SSI; see Supplemental Security Income Program
SSP; see Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program, State
supplementary payments
State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP), 502
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826
State Disability Determination Services (DDSs), 42; 46; 51
State Employment Security Agency, 552-553
Statement of sickness, 373
State parent locator service, 554
State Tax Intercept Program, 575-576; (Table 8-3), 572
Statewide Automated Child Welfare Information Systems (SACWIS),
811-812
Student loan interest deduction, 877
Substance abuse:
Child abuse and neglect, impact on, 774-776
Foster care placements, impact on, 771-772
SSI, impact on, 302-304
Substantial gainful activity (SGA), 13-14; 43; 266
Substitute care, 782-795
Characteristics, 786-789
Living arrangements, 793-795
Permanency goals, 790-792
Reasons for placement, 790
See also Foster Care Program
Suitable work, 336
Sullivan v. Zebley, 266; 267; 299; 302
SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME (SSI) PROGRAM, 261-326
Administration of program, 262-263
Adoption assistance program, 750-751
AFDC, interaction with, 407
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 272-273
Alcoholics, eligibility of, 302-304
Asset limit, 271
Background, 262-263
Benefits, 277-293
Federal, 277; (Table 3-3), 278
Former recipients of State assistance, 280
Individuals living independently, 283-291
Persons living in a Medicaid institution, 278-279
Persons living in the household of another, 277-278;
(Table 3-4), 279
Break-even point, 305
Burial funds, 270
Cash out food stamp benefits, 282
Categorical requirements, 266-267
Children, SSI Program for, 266-267
Citizenship requirement, 267
Comparable severity, 267
Costs, 312-317
Countable income, 268; 271
Countable resources, 269-271
Deeming for aliens; see Appendix J
Deeming of income and resources, 268-269; 271-272
Disability for children (definition), 266
Disabled adult children, 276
Drug addicts and alcoholics (DA&As), 302-304
Earned income disregards, 305
Eligibility, 266-274
SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME (SSI) PROGRAM--Continued
Emergency advance payments, 280
Essential persons, 280
Federal benefit standard, 269; 277; (Table 3-3), 278
Food Stamp Program, interaction with, 276; 282; 288-291;
(Tables 3-9 & 3-10), 292-293; 940-941
Fugitives, prohibition of payment to, 267
HIV, 272-273
Homeless, 304
Immediate payments, 280-281
Income exclusions, 268-269
Income floor, 275
Income requirement, 267-269
Individualized functional assessment (IFA), 266-267; 301-302
Institutionalized individuals, 274
Legal immigrants (aliens), 267
See also Appendix J
Legislative history, 1993-97, 318-325
Life insurance policies, 270
Listing of impairments, 266
Living in the household of another, 277-278; (Table 3-4), 279
Maintenance-of-effort provision (MOE), 282
Medicaid, interaction with, 270; 273; 275-276; 278-279; 281;
301; 305-306; 953-954
Medical institutionalization, 273-274
Medical listings, 267
Mental impairment, 302
National Commission on Childhood Disability, 301
Noncitizens, 267; 304
See also Appendix J
One-third reduction of benefit standard, 278
Optional supplementation, 281-282
Overpayments, 271; 280
Participation rates, 306-309
Pass-along provision, 282
Personal needs allowance (PNA), 27; 278-279; 283
Plan for achieving self-support (PASS), 268; 305; 306
Population characteristics, 294-302
Poverty threshold comparison, 291-293
Presumptive eligibility, 272-273
Prisoners, 274
Program of last resort, 275
Prohibition of payments to residents of public institutions
rule, 274
Public institution requirement, 273-274
Qualified alien, 267
Recipiency rates, 306-312
Recipients, changes in numbers of, 309-312
Representative payee (definition), 302-303
Residency requirement, 267
Resource requirement, 269-270
Section 1619 [of the Social Security Act], 305-306
Social Security, interaction with, 269; 275; 276; 280-281;
(Tables 3-9 & 3-10), 292-293
Spend down, 275
State supplementary payments (SSP), 281-288; (Table 3-23),
315-316
Administrative fees, 283
Levels over time, 283-288
Mandatory, 281
Optional, 281-282
Variation in payment amount, 282-283
Substance abuse, 302-304
Substantial gainful activity, 266
Sullivan v. Zebley, 266; 267; 299; 302
Tax exclusion of benefits, 870
Territories, 262; 824; 827; 830
Threshold amount (definition), 306
Tolerance level, 270; 939
Transfer of resources, 270
SUPPLEMENTAL SECURITY INCOME (SSI) PROGRAM--Continued
Trends, 263-266; 294-302
Adult disabled, characteristics of, 294; (Tables 3-13 to
3-15), 297-299
Aged, characteristics of recipients receiving benefits on
the basis of, 295; (Tables 3-14 to 3-17), 298-301
Blind recipients, characteristics of, 294; (Table 3-15),
299
Caseload developments, overview of, 302
Children receiving benefits, characteristics of, 298
Recipients, number of, 294; (Tables 3-11 & 3-12), 295-296
209(b) option, 275-276
Vocational rehabilitation, 276-277
Work disincentives, 305-306
Working disabled, 305-306
Zebley decision, 266; 267; 299; 302
Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) Program:
Benefits and beneficiary cost sharing, 111-113
Coverage and payments, 145-162
Trust Fund, 116-117
Financial status, 123
Support orders:
Amount determination, 562-565
Established, enforced, and modified, (Table 8-17), 640-641
Sustainable growth rate, 145
Suter v. Artist M., 763
TAA; see Trade Adjustment Assistance Program
TANF; see Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, 844
TAX PROVISIONS, 835-902
Accelerated death benefits, tax benefits for, 859-861
Adoption:
Employer-provided, tax exclusion for, 887
Tax credit, 887
Black lung benefits, tax exclusion of special benefits, 880-
881
Blind, additional standard deduction for, 881
Cafeteria plans, 856-858
Child tax credit, 887-888
Deferred arrangements, 841
Dependent care:
Employer-provided, tax exclusion for, 877-878
Tax credit, 678-681; 870; 872-874
Disabled, tax credit for, 882-883
Earned income credit (EIC), 866-870
Education:
Education IRAs, 876-877
Qualified State tuition programs, 876-877
Student loan interest deduction, 877
See also HOPE credit
See also Lifetime learning credit
Elderly:
Additional standard deduction for, 881
Effect of tax provisions on the income and taxes of, 888-
898
Tax credit for, 882-883
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 837; 848
Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), 841
401(k) plans, 841
Group health plan requirements, 859
Health insurance:
Continuation rules under COBRA, 858-859
Premiums and medical care, tax exclusion for employer
provided, 790-792; (Table 13-9), 855
Self-employed individuals, deduction for, 863
HOPE credit, 874-875
See also Education
Housing:
Low-income housing credit, 885-887
Owner-occupied housing, 883-885
TAX PROVISIONS--Continued
Income (definition), 836
Individual retirement arrangements (IRAs), 848-851
Lifetime learning credit, 874-875
See also Education
Long-term care insurance, tax benefits for, 859-863
Medical care, tax exclusion of employer contributions, 852-
854; (Table 13-9), 855
Medical expenses, deductibility of, 863-866
Medical savings accounts (MSAs), 854
Medicare benefits, tax exclusion of, 863
Pensions:
Coverage, 845-847
Exclusion of contributions and earnings, 837-847
Trends in coverage, 846-847
Poor, effect of tax provisions on the income and taxes of,
888; 898-901
Public assistance, tax exclusion of benefits, 870
Qualified cash arrangements, 841
Railroad Retirement benefits, taxation of, 370-371; 851-852
Savings Incentive Match Plan for Employees (SIMPLE)
retirement plans, 843
Social Security benefits, taxation of, 851-852
SSI, tax exclusion of benefits, 870
State tuition programs, 876-877
Welfare-to-work tax credit, 879-880
Workers' compensation, tax exclusion of benefits, 880-881
Work Opportunity Tax Credit, 878-879
TCC; see Transitional Child Care Program
Ted Weiss Child Support Enforcement Act, 574
Teenage mothers and use of AFDC, 537-541
TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES (TANF), 397-398; 494-525
Abstinence education, 526
AFDC, differences from, 398-399
Adoption assistance, interaction with, 503
Alaska Native Organizations, 494
Aliens, 496; (Table 7-44), 515-518
Benefit levels, 517-522
Caseloads, 516-517
CCDBG, interaction with, 497
Charitable organizations, 500
Child care, 500; 684
Child nutrition, 503
Client agreements, 500
Client contracts, 500
Community service, 496; 497
Competitive grants for welfare-to-work, 526; 529
CSE, interaction with, 406-407; 493; 546-547; 551; 558; 560;
566; 591-595; 600; 602-603
Domestic violence, 497
Drug-related convictions, 496
Duration on welfare, 531-536
EIC, interaction with, 503
Eligibility:
Families, 495
Ineligible persons, 496
Conditions for, 496
Exits and returns to welfare, 532-535
Family cap, (Table 7-44), 515-518
Food stamps, interaction with, 502; 925-926; 928-929; 940
Foster care, interaction with, 503; 742; 749
Funding, 503-513
Contingency fund, 509-510
High performance bonus, 509
Loan fund, 513
Out-of-wedlock birth rate bonuses, 509
State family assistance grant, 503-505
TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES (TANF)--Continued
Funding--Continued
Successful performance, 526; 529-530
Supplemental grants to States, 505-509
Transfer and reservation of funds, 513
Welfare-to-work grants, 526-530
Guarantee child care, 500
Historic State expenditures, 511-513
Housing (public or assisted), interaction with, 503
Income, treatment of, 499
Indian tribes, 494; 513-514
Individual development account (IDA), 499-500
Individual responsibility plan (IRP) (definition), 500
Ineligible persons, 496
Interstate migrants, (Table 7-44), 515-518
JTPA, interaction with, 527-528
Maintenance-of-effort rule (MOE), 398; 495; 510-513; 529
Maximum benefits, (Table 7-8), 416-418; (Table 7-9); 419-420
Medicaid, interaction with, 502; 951-952
Minimum work participation rates, 398; 495
Nondisplacement, 498
Outlying areas, 494; (Table 12-2), 825-826
Overview, 398-399
Penalties:
Against individuals for refusing to work, 499
Against States:
Failing participation rates, 499
General, 501-502
Privatization of administration, 500
Pro rata reduction for refusing to work, 499
Purpose, 495
Religious organizations, 500
Repeat spells, 531-532
Reservation of funds, 513
Resources, treatment of, 500
SSBG, interaction with, 496; 513
State Children's Health Insurance Program (S-CHIP), 502
State TANF plans, 514-518
Data, 519-525
Major provisions, (Table 7-44), 515-518
Territories, 494; (Table 12-2), 825-826
Time limits, 495; (Table 7-44), 515-518; 531-532
Exemption, 530
State Benefit cutoffs, 496
State work triggers, 496
Title XX, interaction with, 496; 513
Transfer of funds, 513
Unwed mothers:
Births, 537-541
Eligibility for benefits, 496
Welfare dynamics, 531-536
Welfare spells, 532
Welfare-to-work:
Grants, 495; 510; 513; 526-531
Long-term TANF recipient (definition), 529
Private industry councils (PICs), 528
Service delivery areas (SDAs), 527-528
Targeting of funds, 529
Tax credit, 879-880
Welfare use, intergenerational patterns of, 535-536
WIC, interaction with, 503
Work activities (definition), 495; 497-498
Work Opportunity Tax Credit, 878-879
Work participation rates:
Minimum requirements, 398; 495; 498-499
Penalties, 499
Work requirements, 495; 497-498; (Table 7-44), 515-518
TEMPORARY ASSISTANCE FOR NEEDY FAMILIES (TANF)--Continued
See also Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
Program
See also Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG)
Program
See also Emergency Assistance (EA) Program
See also Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training
Program
See also Welfare-to-work
Terminally ill; see Hospice care
Termination of parental rights (TPR), 816-817
TERRITORIES, 823-834
See also American Samoa
See also Guam
See also Northern Marianas
See also Puerto Rico
See also Virgin Islands
Threshold amount (definition), 306
Tier I benefits [of Railroad Retirement Act], 363-368; 370
Tier II benefits [of Railroad Retirement Act], 363-368; 370
Tier I homes, 688
Tier II homes, 688
Time limits, 495; (Table 7-44), 515-518; 531-532
Exemption, 530
State Benefit cutoffs, 496
State work triggers, 496
Title IV-A [of the Social Security Act]; see Aid to Families with
Dependent Children
Title IV-A Child Care, participants receiving child care, 681-683;
(Tables 9-17 to 9-20), 700-708
Title IV-B [of the Social Security Act]:
See Child Welfare Services Program
See Family preservation programs
Title IV-E [of the Social Security Act]:
See Adoption Assistance Program
See Foster Care Program
See Independent Living Program
Title XVI [of the Social Security Act]; see Supplemental Security
Income Program
Title XX [of the Social Security Act]; see Social Services Block
Grant
Tolerance level, 270; 939
Total unemployment rate (TUR), 342
TPR; see Termination of parental rights
TRA; see Trade readjustment allowances
TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE (TAA) PROGRAM, 383-395
See also Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Firms
See also Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Workers
Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Firms, 392-394
Benefits, 392-393
Funding, 394
Legislative history, 394-395
Trade Adjustment Assistance Program for Workers, 383-392
Administration of program, 383
Cash benefit levels, 386-388
Certification requirements, 383-384
Duration, 386-388
Funding, 392
Job search allowances, 388-390
Legislative history, 394-395
NAFTA Worker Security Act, 390-392
Qualifying requirements, 384-386
Relocation allowances, 388-390
Training and employment services, 388-390
Trade readjustment allowances (TRA), 383-392
Transitional Child Care (TCC) Program, 474-476; 682-683; (Tables
9-13 & 9-14), 690-694; (Table 9-21), 708-709
Trial work period (TWP), 14
Triggers,
Benefit extension, 339; 341-343
Food stamp eligibility, 934
Trust Funds:
See Medicare
See Social Security
See Unemployment Compensation Program
TUR; see Total unemployment rate
209(b) option, 275-276
TWP; see Trial work period
UC; see Unemployment Compensation (UC) Program
UEFJA; see Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act
UIFSA; see Uniform Interstate Family Support Act
UIS; see Unemployment Insurance Service
Unemployment data; see Appendix F
Unemployment compensation intercept, (Table 8-3), 572; 576
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION (UC) PROGRAM, 327-359
Ability to work, 336-337
Administration of program, 327
Administrative financing and allocation, 354-357
Availability for work, 336-337
Average weekly insured unemployment (AWIU), 356
Base funds, 357
Base period wages, 338
Base year (definition), 334-336
Benefits, 328-346
Amount, 339-341
Coverage, 328-331
Duration, 339-341
Eligibility, 333-339
Exhaustion, 342-343
Extension, 343
Supplemental, 343-344
Taxation, 338-339
Chargeable employer, 338
Contingency funds, 357
Coverage, 328-331
CSE, interaction with, 576; (Table 8-3), 573
Denial of benefits, 336-337
Disqualifications, 337
Eligibility, 333-339
Monetary qualifications, 334-336
Emergency Unemployment Compensation (EUC) Program, 339; 343;
(Table 4-6), 344
Employment security administration account (ESAA), 346; 347
Employment Service (ES), 356
Exhaustion of benefits, 342-343
Ex-service members, 338
Extended benefits, 336; 337; 341-342; 343-344
Extended unemployment compensation account (EUCA), 338; 343;
346; 347; 355-357
Federal employee compensation account (FECA), 346
Federal unemployment account (FUA), 346; 347
State borrowing, 350
Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), 331; 355; 356
High-cost multiple, 347
Highest cost rate, 347
Insured unemployment, 331-333
Insured unemployment rate (IUR), 341-342
Job-attached workers, 342
Job losers, 333
Legislative history, 358
Monetarily eligible, 337
Noncitizens, denial of UC benefits, 337
Overview, 327-328; (Table 4-1), 329-330
Pennington v. Doherty, 335
Pension offset, 338
Program statistics, (Table 4-1), 329-330
Reed Act transfers, 347
Reserve ratio, 347
UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION (UC) PROGRAM--Continued
State unemployment taxes, 352-355
Suitable work, 336
Taxable wage base for unemployment taxes, 351-353
Taxation of benefits, 338-339
Territories, (Table 12-2), 825-826; (Table 12-4), 828-829
Total unemployment rate (TUR), 342
Triggers for benefit extension, 339; 341-343
Trust Fund, 346-355
Financial condition, 347-350
Wagner-Peyser Act, 357
Weekly benefit amounts, 334-336; 344-346
Unemployment Insurance Service (UIS), 356
Unemployment Trust Fund, 346-351
See also Employment security administration account
See also Extended unemployment compensation account
See also Federal employee compensation account
See also Federal unemployment account
Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (UEFJA), 586
Uniform Interstate Family Support Act (UIFSA), 585-586
Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA), 581-582
URESA; see Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act
User fee, 179
USPCC; see U.S. per capita costs
U.S. per capita costs (USPCC), 181
VCIS; see Voluntary Cooperative Information System
Venipuncture, 134
Veterans:
Benefits and services, 1017-1020
Facilities, 182
Virgin Islands, 823-834
Vocational grid, 43
Vocational rehabilitation (VR):
DI, interaction with, 45-46
SSI, interaction with, 276-277
Voluntary Cooperative Information System (VCIS), 778-779
VR; see Vocational rehabilitation
Wage base, 367
Wagner-Peyser Act, 357
Waivers:
Adoption and Safe Families Act, 819
Adoption Assistance Program, 819
AFDC, 405; 458; 465
Child welfare services program, 819
Foster care, 819
Medicare+Choice, 207-208
Welfare, length of time, 531-536
Welfare dynamics, 531-536
Welfare reform, research on; see Appendix L
Welfare-to-work (WTW):
AFDC, 404
Assessments of, 488-489
Grants, 495; 510; 513; 526-531
Long-term TANF recipient (definition), 529
Private industry councils (PICs), 528
Service delivery areas (SDAs), 527-528
Targeting of funds, 529
Tax credit, 879-880
Welfare waivers, 402; 455; 462
WIC; see Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
Infants, and Children
WIN; see Job Opportunities and Basic Skills (JOBS) Training
Program
Windfall benefits (dual benefit payments), 364
Windfall elimination provision , 35-36
Work activities (definition), 495; 497-498
Work disincentives, 305-306
Workers' compensation, 1020-1027
DI, interaction with, 33-35
Medicare secondary payer, 214-216
Social Security, 35
Tax exclusion of benefits, 880-881
Working disabled, 305-306
Work Opportunity Tax Credit, 878-879
Work participation rates:
Minimum requirements, 398; 495; 498-499
Penalties, 499
Work requirements, 404; 495; 497-498; (Table 7-44), 515-518
Work rewards, 404
WTW; see Welfare-to-work
Zebley decision, 266; 267; 299; 302
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