20 U.S.C.
United States Code, 2011 Edition
Title 20 - EDUCATION
CHAPTER 70 - STRENGTHENING AND IMPROVEMENT OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Front Matter
From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, www.gpo.gov
Part A—Improving Basic Programs Operated by Local Educational Agencies
subpart 1—basic program requirements
6312.
Local educational agency plans.
6313.
Eligible school attendance areas.
6314.
Schoolwide programs.
6315.
Targeted assistance schools.
6316.
Academic assessment and local educational agency and school improvement.
6317.
School support and recognition.
6318.
Parental involvement.
6319.
Qualifications for teachers and paraprofessionals.
6320.
Participation of children enrolled in private schools.
6321.
Fiscal requirements.
6322.
Coordination requirements.
subpart 2—allocations
6331.
Grants for the outlying areas and the Secretary of the Interior.
6332.
Allocations to States.
6333.
Basic grants to local educational agencies.
6334.
Concentration grants to local educational agencies.
6335.
Targeted grants to local educational agencies.
6336.
Adequacy of funding of targeted grants to local educational agencies in fiscal years after fiscal year 2001.
6337.
Education finance incentive grant program.
6338.
Special allocation procedures.
6339.
Carryover and waiver.
Part B—Student Reading Skills Improvement Grants
subpart 1—reading first
6362.
Formula grants to State educational agencies.
6363.
State formula grant applications.
6364.
Targeted assistance grants.
6365.
External evaluation.
6366.
National activities.
6367.
Information dissemination.
subpart 2—early reading first
6371.
Purposes; definitions.
6372.
Local Early Reading First grants.
6373.
Federal administration.
6374.
Information dissemination.
6375.
Reporting requirements.
subpart 3—william f. goodling even start family literacy programs
6381.
Statement of purpose.
6381a.
Program authorized.
6381b.
State educational agency programs.
6381e.
Eligible participants.
6381g.
Award of subgrants.
6381i.
Indicators of program quality.
subpart 4—improving literacy through school libraries
6383.
Improving literacy through school libraries.
Part C—Education of Migratory Children
6394.
State applications; services.
6395.
Secretarial approval; peer review.
6396.
Comprehensive needs assessment and service-delivery plan; authorized activities.
6398.
Coordination of migrant education activities.
Part D—Prevention and Intervention Programs for Children and Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At-Risk
6421.
Purpose and program authorization.
6422.
Payments for programs under this part.
subpart 1—state agency programs
6432.
Allocation of funds.
6433.
State reallocation of funds.
6434.
State plan and State agency applications.
6436.
Institution-wide projects.
6437.
Three-year programs or projects.
6438.
Transition services.
6439.
Evaluation; technical assistance; annual model program.
subpart 2—local agency programs
6452.
Programs operated by local educational agencies.
6453.
Local educational agency applications.
6455.
Program requirements for correctional facilities receiving funds under this section.
subpart 3—general provisions
6471.
Program evaluations.
Part E—National Assessment of Subchapter I
6492.
Demonstrations of innovative practices.
6493.
Assessment evaluation.
6494.
Close Up fellowship program.
Part F—Comprehensive School Reform
6512.
Program authorization.
6517.
Evaluation and reports.
6518.
Quality initiatives.
Part G—Advanced Placement Programs
6533.
Funding distribution rule.
6534.
Advanced placement test fee program.
6535.
Advanced placement incentive program grants.
6536.
Supplement, not supplant.
Part H—School Dropout Prevention
6553.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 1—coordinated national strategy
6555.
National activities.
subpart 2—school dropout prevention initiative
6561a.
Program authorized.
6561d.
Strategies and capacity building.
6561e.
Selection of local educational agencies for subgrants.
6561f.
Community based organizations.
6561g.
Technical assistance.
6561h.
School dropout rate calculation.
6561i.
Reporting and accountability.
Part I—General Provisions
6571.
Federal regulations.
6572.
Agreements and records.
6573.
State administration.
6574.
Local educational agency spending audits.
6575.
Prohibition against Federal mandates, direction, or control.
6576.
Rule of construction on equalized spending.
6577.
State report on dropout data.
6578.
Regulations for sections 6311 and 6316.
SUBCHAPTER II—PREPARING, TRAINING, AND RECRUITING HIGH QUALITY TEACHERS AND PRINCIPALS
Part A—Teacher and Principal Training and Recruiting Fund
6603.
Authorizations of appropriations.
subpart 1—grants to states
6611.
Allotments to States.
subpart 2—subgrants to local educational agencies
6621.
Allocations to local educational agencies.
6622.
Local applications and needs assessment.
subpart 3—subgrants to eligible partnerships
subpart 4—accountability
6641.
Technical assistance and accountability.
subpart 5—national activities
6651.
National activities of demonstrated effectiveness.
Part B—Mathematics and Science Partnerships
6661.
Purpose; definitions.
6662.
Grants for mathematics and science partnerships.
6663.
Authorization of appropriations.
Part C—Innovation for Teacher Quality
subpart 1—transitions to teaching
Division A—Troops-to-Teachers Program
6672.
Authorization of Troops-to-Teachers Program.
6673.
Recruitment and selection of program participants.
6674.
Participation agreement and financial assistance.
6675.
Participation by States.
6676.
Support of innovative preretirement teacher certification programs.
6677.
Reporting requirements.
Division B—Transition to Teaching Program
6684.
Evaluation and accountability for recruiting and retaining teachers.
Division C—General Provisions
6691.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 2—national writing project
6702.
National Writing Project.
subpart 3—civic education
6714.
We the People program.
6715.
Cooperative civic education and economic education exchange programs.
6716.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 4—teaching of traditional american history
6721.
Establishment of program.
6722.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 5—teacher liability protection
6735.
Preemption and election of State nonapplicability.
6736.
Limitation on liability for teachers.
6737.
Allocation of responsibility for noneconomic loss.
Part D—Enhancing Education Through Technology
6754.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 1—state and local technology grants
6761.
Allotment and reallotment.
6762.
Use of allotment by State.
subpart 2—national technology activities
6771.
National activities.
6772.
National education technology plan.
subpart 3—ready-to-learn television
6775.
Ready-to-Learn Television.
subpart 4—limitation on availability of certain funds for schools
SUBCHAPTER III—LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION FOR LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENT AND IMMIGRANT STUDENTS
6801.
Authorizations of appropriations; condition on effectiveness of parts.
Part A—English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and Academic Achievement Act
subpart 1—grants and subgrants for english language acquisition and language enhancement
6821.
Formula grants to States.
6822.
Native American and Alaska Native children in school.
6823.
State and specially qualified agency plans.
6824.
Within-State allocations.
6825.
Subgrants to eligible entities.
subpart 2—accountability and administration
6842.
Achievement objectives and accountability.
6843.
Reporting requirements.
6844.
Coordination with related programs.
6845.
Rules of construction.
6846.
Legal authority under State law.
6848.
Programs for Native Americans and Puerto Rico.
subpart 3—national activities
6861.
National professional development project.
subpart 4—definitions
Part B—Improving Language Instruction Educational Programs
6893.
Native American children in school.
6894.
Residents of the territories and freely associated states
subpart 1—program development and enhancement
6911.
Financial assistance for language instruction educational programs.
6912.
Program enhancement activities.
6913.
Comprehensive school and systemwide improvement activities.
6916.
Programs for Native Americans and Puerto Rico.
subpart 2—research, evaluation, and dissemination
6933.
Academic excellence awards.
6934.
State grant program.
6935.
Instruction materials development.
subpart 3—professional development
6951.
Professional development grants.
subpart 4—emergency immigrant education program
6962.
State administrative costs.
6966.
Administrative provisions.
subpart 5—administration
6983.
Coordination and reporting requirements.
Part C—General Provisions
7012.
Parental notification.
7013.
National clearinghouse.
SUBCHAPTER IV—21ST CENTURY SCHOOLS
Part A—Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities
7103.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 1—state grants
7111.
Reservations and allotments.
7112.
Reservation of State funds for safe and drug-free schools.
7114.
Local educational agency program.
7115.
Authorized activities.
7117.
Programs for Native Hawaiians.
subpart 2—national programs
7133.
Hate crime prevention.
7134.
Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Advisory Committee.
7135.
National Coordinator Program.
7136.
Community service grant program.
7137.
School Security Technology and Resource Center.
7138.
National Center for School and Youth Safety.
7139.
Grants to reduce alcohol abuse.
subpart 3—gun possession
7151.
Gun-free requirements.
subpart 4—general provisions
7162.
Message and materials.
7164.
Prohibited uses of funds.
7165.
Transfer of school disciplinary records.
Part B—21st Century Community Learning Centers
7171.
Purpose; definitions.
7172.
Allotments to States.
7174.
Local competitive grant program.
7176.
Authorization of appropriations.
Part C—Environmental Tobacco Smoke
7183.
Nonsmoking policy for children's services.
SUBCHAPTER V—PROMOTING INFORMED PARENTAL CHOICE AND INNOVATIVE PROGRAMS
Part A—Innovative Programs
7201.
Purposes, State and local responsibility.
subpart 1—state and local programs
7211.
Allotment to States.
7211a.
Allocation to local educational agencies.
subpart 2—state programs
7213.
State uses of funds.
7213a.
State applications.
subpart 3—local innovative education programs
7215.
Local uses of funds.
7215a.
Administrative authority.
7215b.
Local applications.
subpart 4—general provisions
7217.
Maintenance of effort.
7217a.
Participation of children enrolled in private schools.
7217b.
Federal administration.
7217c.
Supplement, not supplant.
7217e.
Authorization of appropriations.
Part B—Public Charter Schools
subpart 1—charter school programs
7221a.
Program authorized.
7221d.
National activities.
7221e.
Federal formula allocation during first year and for successive enrollment expansions.
7221f.
Solicitation of input from charter school operators.
7221h.
Paperwork reduction.
7221j.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 2—credit enhancement initiatives to assist charter school facility acquisition, construction, and renovation
7223a.
Grants to eligible entities.
7223c.
Charter school objectives.
7223e.
Limitation on administrative costs.
7223f.
Audits and reports.
7223g.
No full faith and credit for grantee obligations.
7223j.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 3—voluntary public school choice programs
7225d.
Requirements and voluntary participation.
7225g.
Authorization of appropriations.
Part C—Magnet Schools Assistance
7231.
Findings and purpose.
7231b.
Program authorized.
7231d.
Applications and requirements.
7231j.
Authorization of appropriations; reservation.
Part D—Fund for the Improvement of Education
7241.
Authorization of appropriations.
subpart 1—fund for the improvement of education
7243.
Programs authorized.
7243b.
Program requirements.
7243c.
Studies of national significance.
subpart 2—elementary and secondary school counseling programs
7245.
Elementary and secondary school counseling programs.
subpart 3—partnerships in character education
7247.
Partnerships in character education program.
subpart 4—smaller learning communities
7249.
Smaller learning communities.
subpart 5—reading is fundamental—inexpensive book distribution program
7251.
Inexpensive book distribution program for reading motivation.
subpart 6—gifted and talented students
7253b.
Rule of construction.
7253c.
Authorized programs.
7253d.
Program priorities.
7253e.
General provisions.
subpart 7—star schools program
7255b.
Grant program authorized.
7255d.
Other grant assistance.
7255e.
Administrative provisions.
subpart 8—ready to teach
7257a.
Application required.
7257b.
Reports and evaluation.
7257c.
Digital educational programming grants.
7257d.
Administrative costs.
subpart 9—foreign language assistance program
7259a.
Program authorized.
7259c.
Elementary school foreign language incentive program.
subpart 10—physical education
7261b.
Program authorized.
7261e.
Administrative provisions.
7261f.
Supplement, not supplant.
subpart 11—community technology centers
7263.
Purpose and program authorization.
7263a.
Eligibility and application requirements.
subpart 12—educational, cultural, apprenticeship, and exchange programs for alaska natives, native hawaiians, and their historical whaling and trading partners in massachusetts
7265a.
Findings and purposes.
7265b.
Program authorization.
7265c.
Administrative provisions.
7265d.
Availability of funds.
subpart 13—excellence in economic education
7267b.
Grant program authorized.
7267e.
Administrative provisions.
7267f.
Supplement, not supplant.
subpart 14—grants to improve the mental health of children
7269.
Grants for the integration of schools and mental health systems.
7269a.
Promotion of school readiness through early childhood emotional and social development.
subpart 15—arts in education
7271.
Assistance for arts education.
subpart 16—parental assistance and local family information centers
7273d.
Administrative provisions.
7273e.
Local family information centers.
subpart 17—combatting domestic violence
7275.
Grants to combat the impact of experiencing or witnessing domestic violence on elementary and secondary school children.
subpart 18—healthy, high-performance schools
7277.
Grant program authorized.
7277a.
State uses of funds.
7277b.
Local uses of funds.
7277c.
Report to Congress.
7277e.
Healthy, high-performance school building defined.
subpart 19—grants for capital expenses of providing equitable services for private school students
7279.
Grant program authorized.
7279b.
Allotments to States.
7279c.
Subgrants to local educational agencies.
7279d.
Capital expenses defined.
subpart 20—additional assistance for certain local educational agencies impacted by federal property acquisition
subpart 21—women's educational equity act
7283.
Short title and findings.
7283a.
Statement of purpose.
7283b.
Programs authorized.
7283d.
Criteria and priorities.
SUBCHAPTER VI—FLEXIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
Part A—Improving Academic Achievement
subpart 1—accountability
7301.
Grants for State assessments and related activities.
7301a.
Grants for enhanced assessment instruments.
subpart 2—funding transferability for state and local educational agencies
7305b.
Transferability of funds.
subpart 3—state and local flexibility demonstration
Division A—State Flexibility Authority
7315a.
Consolidation and use of funds.
7315b.
Performance review and penalties.
7315c.
Renewal of grant of flexibility authority.
Division B—Local Flexibility Demonstration
7321.
Local flexibility demonstration agreements.
7321a.
Consolidation and use of funds.
7321b.
Limitations on administrative expenditures.
7321c.
Performance review and penalties.
7321d.
Renewal of local flexibility demonstration agreement.
subpart 4—state accountability for adequate yearly progress
7325.
Accountability for adequate yearly progress.
7325b.
Technical assistance.
7325c.
Report to Congress.
Part B—Rural Education Initiative
subpart 1—small, rural school achievement program
7345.
Use of applicable funding.
7345a.
Grant program authorized.
subpart 2—rural and low-income school program
subpart 3—general provisions
7355.
Annual average daily attendance determination.
7355a.
Supplement, not supplant.
7355b.
Rule of construction.
7355c.
Authorization of appropriations.
Part C—General Provisions
7371.
Prohibition against Federal mandates, direction, or control.
7372.
Rule of construction on equalized spending.
SUBCHAPTER VII—INDIAN, NATIVE HAWAIIAN, AND ALASKA NATIVE EDUCATION
Part A—Indian Education
7401.
Statement of policy.
subpart 1—formula grants to local educational agencies
7422.
Grants to local educational agencies and tribes.
7425.
Authorized services and activities.
7426.
Integration of services authorized.
7427.
Student eligibility forms.
7429.
State educational agency review.
subpart 2—special programs and projects to improve educational opportunities for indian children
7441.
Improvement of educational opportunities for Indian children.
7442.
Professional development for teachers and education professionals.
subpart 3—national activities
7451.
National research activities.
7452.
In-service training for teachers of Indian children.
7453.
Fellowships for Indian students.
7454.
Gifted and talented Indian students.
7455.
Grants to tribes for education administrative planning and development.
7456.
Improvement of educational opportunities for adult Indians.
subpart 4—federal administration
7471.
National Advisory Council on Indian Education.
7473.
Preference for Indian applicants.
7474.
Minimum grant criteria.
subpart 5—definitions; authorizations of appropriations
7492.
Authorizations of appropriations.
Part B—Native Hawaiian Education
7514.
Native Hawaiian Education Council and island councils.
7516.
Administrative provisions.
Part C—Alaska Native Education
7545.
Administrative provisions.
SUBCHAPTER VIII—IMPACT AID
7702.
Payments relating to Federal acquisition of real property.
7703.
Payments for eligible federally connected children.
7703a.
Impact aid for children with severe disabilities.
7703b.
Assistance to local educational agencies that benefit dependents of members of the Armed Forces and Department of Defense civilian employees.
7704.
Policies and procedures relating to children residing on Indian lands.
7705.
Application for payments under sections 7702 and 7703 of this title.
7709.
State consideration of payments in providing State aid.
7710.
Federal administration.
7711.
Administrative hearings and judicial review.
7712.
Forgiveness of overpayments.
7713a.
School facilities for children of Government employees and other residents in Indian reservations, national parks, and national monuments.
7714.
Authorization of appropriations.
SUBCHAPTER IX—GENERAL PROVISIONS
Part A—Definitions
7802.
Applicability of subchapter.
7803.
Applicability to Bureau of Indian Affairs operated schools.
Part B—Flexibility in the Use of Administrative and Other Funds
7821.
Consolidation of State administrative funds for elementary and secondary education programs.
7822.
Single local educational agency States.
7823.
Consolidation of funds for local administration.
7824.
Consolidated set-aside for Department of the Interior funds.
Part C—Coordination of Programs; Consolidated State and Local Plans and Applications
7842.
Optional consolidated State plans or applications.
7843.
Consolidated reporting.
7844.
General applicability of State educational agency assurances.
7845.
Consolidated local plans or applications.
7846.
Other general assurances.
Part D—Waivers
7861.
Waivers of statutory and regulatory requirements.
Part E—Uniform Provisions
subpart 1—private schools
7881.
Participation by private school children and teachers.
7882.
Standards for by-pass.
7883.
Complaint process for participation of private school children.
7884.
By-pass determination process.
7885.
Prohibition against funds for religious worship or instruction.
7886.
Private, religious, and home schools.
subpart 2—other provisions
7901.
Maintenance of effort.
7902.
Prohibition regarding State aid.
7903.
Privacy of assessment results.
7905.
Equal access to public school facilities.
7906.
General prohibitions.
7907.
Prohibitions on Federal Government and use of Federal funds.
7908.
Armed Forces recruiter access to students and student recruiting information.
7909.
Prohibition on federally sponsored testing.
7910.
Limitations on national testing or certification for teachers.
7911.
Prohibition on nationwide database.
7912.
Unsafe school choice option.
7913.
Prohibition on discrimination.
Part F—Evaluations
SUBCHAPTER X—PROGRAMS OF NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
Part A—Fund for the Improvement of Education
Part B—Gifted and Talented Children
Part C—Public Charter Schools
subpart 1—basic charter school grant program
subpart 2—credit enhancement initiatives to assist charter school facility acquisition, construction, and renovation
Part D—Arts in Education
subpart 1—arts education
subpart 2—cultural partnerships for at-risk children and youth
Part E—Inexpensive Book Distribution Program
Part F—Civic Education
Part G—Allen J. Ellender Fellowship Program
subpart 1—program for middle and secondary school students
subpart 2—program for middle and secondary school teachers
subpart 3—programs for recent immigrants, students of migrant parents and older americans
subpart 4—general provisions
Part H—De Lugo Territorial Education Improvement Program
Part I—21st Century Community Learning Centers
Part J—Urban and Rural Education Assistance
subpart 1—urban education demonstration grants
subpart 2—rural education initiative
subpart 3—white house conferences
Part K—National Writing Project
Part L—Physical Education for Progress
Part M—Territorial Assistance
SUBCHAPTER XI—COORDINATED SERVICES
SUBCHAPTER XII—SCHOOL FACILITIES INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT
SUBCHAPTER XIII—SUPPORT AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS TO IMPROVE EDUCATION
Part A—Comprehensive Regional Assistance Centers
8621 to 8625. Transferred.
Part B—National Diffusion Network
Part C—Eisenhower Regional Mathematics and Science Education Consortia
8671 to 8678. Transferred.
Part D—Technology-Based Technical Assistance
SUBCHAPTER XIV—GENERAL PROVISIONS
Part A—Definitions
Part B—Flexibility in the Use of Administrative and Other Funds
Part C—Coordination of Programs; Consolidated State and Local Plans and Applications
Part D—Waivers
Part E—Uniform Provisions
Part F—Gun Possession
Part G—Evaluations
Part H—Sense of Congress
Codification
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, comprising this chapter, was originally enacted as Pub. L. 89–10, Apr. 11, 1965, 79 Stat. 27, and amended by Pub. L. 89–750, Nov. 3, 1966, 80 Stat. 1191; Pub. L. 90–247, Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 783; Pub. L. 90–576, title III, §307, Oct. 16, 1968, 82 Stat. 1097; Pub. L. 91–230, Apr. 13, 1970, 84 Stat. 121; Pub. L. 92–318, June 23, 1972, 86 Stat. 235; Pub. L. 93–380, Aug. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 484; Pub. L. 94–193, §1(c), Dec. 31, 1975, 89 Stat. 1102; Pub. L. 94–273, §§2(12), 3(8), 49(a)–(c), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 375, 376, 382; Pub. L. 94–482, Oct. 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 2081; Pub. L. 95–112, Aug. 24, 1977, 91 Stat. 911, and was classified to sections 241a et seq., 242 et seq., 331 et seq., 821 et seq., and 1801 et seq. of this title. The Act was subsequently extensively revised and restated by Pub. L. 95–561, Nov. 1, 1978, 92 Stat. 2143, and amended by Pub. L. 96–46, Aug. 6, 1979, 93 Stat. 338; Pub. L. 96–88, Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 668; Pub. L. 96–374, Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1367; Pub. L. 96–470, Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2237; Pub. L. 97–35, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 357; Pub. L. 98–211, Dec. 8, 1983, 97 Stat. 1412; Pub. L. 98–511, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2366; Pub. L. 98–524, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2435; Pub. L. 99–159, Nov. 22, 1985, 99 Stat. 887, and was classified to section 2701 et seq. of this title. The Act was subsequently extensively revised and restated by Pub. L. 100–297, Apr. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 130, and amended by Pub. L. 100–569, Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2862; Pub. L. 100–570, Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2865; Pub. L. 100–690, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4181; Pub. L. 101–226, Dec. 12, 1989, 103 Stat. 1928; Pub. L. 101–250, Mar. 6, 1990, 104 Stat. 96; Pub. L. 101–476, Oct. 30, 1990, 104 Stat. 1103; Pub. L. 101–589, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 2881; Pub. L. 101–600, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3042; Pub. L. 101–647, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4789; Pub. L. 102–62, June 27, 1991, 105 Stat. 305; Pub. L. 102–73, July 25, 1991, 105 Stat. 333; Pub. L. 102–103, Aug. 17, 1991, 105 Stat. 497; Pub. L. 102–325, July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 448; Pub. L. 102–359, Aug. 26, 1992, 106 Stat. 962; Pub. L. 102–545, Oct. 27, 1992, 106 Stat. 3586; Pub. L. 103–227, Mar. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 125; Pub. L. 103–252, May 18, 1994, 108 Stat. 623, and was classified to section 2701 et seq. of this title. The Act was subsequently extensively revised and restated by Pub. L. 103–382, Oct. 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3518, and amended by Pub. L. 104–5, Mar. 23, 1995, 109 Stat. 72; Pub. L. 104–106, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 186; Pub. L. 104–134, Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321; Pub. L. 104–140, May 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1327; Pub. L. 104–193, Aug. 22, 1996, 110 Stat. 2105; Pub. L. 104–195, Sept. 16, 1996, 110 Stat. 2379; Pub. L. 104–201, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2422; Pub. L. 104–208, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009; Pub. L. 105–18, June 12, 1997, 111 Stat. 158; Pub. L. 105–78, Nov. 13, 1997, 111 Stat. 1467; Pub. L. 105–220, Aug. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 936; Pub. L. 105–244, Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1581; Pub. L. 105–277, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681; Pub. L. 105–278, Oct. 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 2682; Pub. L. 105–332, Oct. 31, 1998, 112 Stat. 3076; Pub. L. 106–78, Oct. 22, 1999, 113 Stat. 1135; Pub. L. 106–113, Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1501; Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654; Pub. L. 106–400, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1675; Pub. L. 106–554, Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763; Pub. L. 107–20, July 24, 2001, 115 Stat. 155, and is classified to section 6301 et seq. of this title. Titles I to VII and IX of the Act are shown, herein, however, as having been added by Pub. L. 107–110 without reference to such intervening amendments because of the extensive amendments, renumbering, and reorganization of these provisions by Pub. L. 107–110.